THE CLASSICAL DUVAL TRIANGLE 1 FOR TRANSFORMERS, BUSHINGS AND CABLES FILLED WITH MINERAL OIL

ppm CH4 33 % CH4 100.0 Fault PD

ppm C2H4 0 % C2H4 0.0
ppm C2H2 0 % C2H2 0.0 ENTER
33

100 0

% CH4 % C2H4

100 % C2H2
 100 % C2H2

% CH4 % C2H4 % C2H2 Fault Color Date

100.0 0.0 0.0 PD 12/9/2005 0:00

DELETE SELECTED RESULT DELETE ALL RESULTS

Note: you can enter above the date of each DGA point
LES FILLED WITH MINERAL OIL

PD = Corona partial discharges

D1 = Electrical discharges of low energy
D2 = Electrical discharges of high energy

T1 = Thermal faults of temperature T < 300 C

T2 = Thermal faults, 300 C < T < 700 C
T3 = Thermal faults, T > 700 C
DT = Mixtures of electrical and thermal faults

Note: a fault appearing in zone D2 may also be due in some cases to a mixture of faults D1 and T3.

100

0
 0

Record No.
1

te of each DGA point

THE DUVAL TRIANGLE 2 FOR LOAD TAP CHANGERS FILLED WITH MINERAL OIL

ppm CH4 0 % CH4 0.0 Fault D1

ppm C2H4 3 % C2H4 6.1
ppm C2H2 46 % C2H2 93.9 ENTER
49

Triangle 2 applies to conventional, compartment-type LTCs where normal operation involves mostly arc breaking in oil
For LTCs of the conventional, vacuum bottle-type with no sparking of the selector in the cooling oil, use Triangle 1.

For LTCs of the in-tank type (e.g., Reinhausen) where most or a significant portion of current is dissipated in transition resistor
the normal operating zone may be located in a different part of the Triangle (e.g., in T3 or T2). New versions of Triangle 2 are i

100 0

% CH4 % C2H4
 0

100 % C2H2
% CH4 % C2H4 % C2H2 Fault Color Date

DELETE SELECTED RESULT DELETE ALL RESULTS

Note: you can enter above the date of each DGA point
 N = Normal operation
T3 = Severe thermal fault T3 (T > 700C), heavy coking
T2 = Severe thermal fault T2 (300 < T < 700C), coking

X3 = Fault T3 or T2 in progress, or abnormal severe arcing D2

D1 = Abnormal arcing D1
X1 = Abnormal arcing D1 or thermal fault in progress

ostly arc breaking in oil

oil, use Triangle 1.

dissipated in transition resistors and heats up the resistors,

New versions of Triangle 2 are in preparation for such LTCs.
 100

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Record No.

te of each DGA point

THE DUVAL TRIANGLE 3 FOR BIO TEMP OILS

ppm CH4 3 % CH4 3.5 Fault D1

ppm C2H4 3 % C2H4 3.5
ppm C2H2 79 % C2H2 92.9 ENTER
85

100 0

% CH4 % C2H4

100 % C2H2
% CH4 % C2H4 % C2H2 Fault Color Date

DELETE SELECTED RESULT DELETE ALL RESULTS

Note: you can enter above the date of each DGA point
 PD = Corona partial discharges
D1 = Electrical discharges of low energy
D2 = Electrical discharges of high energy

T1 = Thermal faults of temperature T < 300 C

T2 = Thermal faults, 300 C < T < 700 C
T3 = Thermal faults, T > 700 C
DT = Mixtures of electrical and thermal faults

% C2H4

100

0
 Record No.

te of each DGA point

THE DUVAL TRIANGLE 3 FOR FR3 OILS

ppm CH4 2 % CH4 4.5 Fault D1

ppm C2H4 2 % C2H4 4.5
ppm C2H2 40 % C2H2 90.9 ENTER
44

100 0

% CH4 % C2H4

100 % C2H2
% CH4 % C2H4 % C2H2 Fault Color Date

DELETE SELECTED RESULT DELETE ALL RESULTS

Note: you can enter above the date of each DGA point
 PD = Corona partial discharges
D1 = Electrical discharges of low energy
D2 = Electrical discharges of high energy

T1 = Thermal faults of temperature T < 300 C

T2 = Thermal faults, 300 C < T < 700 C
T3 = Thermal faults, T > 700 C
DT = Mixtures of electrical and thermal faults

% C2H4

100

0
 Record No.

te of each DGA point

THE DUVAL TRIANGLE 3 FOR MIDEL OILS

ppm CH4 0 % CH4 0.0 Fault D1

ppm C2H4 25 % C2H4 25.0
ppm C2H2 75 % C2H2 75.0 ENTER
100

100 0

% CH4 % C2H4

100 % C2H2
% CH4 % C2H4 % C2H2 Fault Color Date

DELETE SELECTED RESULT DELETE ALL RESULTS

Note: you can enter above the date of each DGA point
 PD = Corona partial discharges
D1 = Electrical discharges of low energy
D2 = Electrical discharges of high energy

T1 = Thermal faults of temperature T < 300 C

T2 = Thermal faults, 300 C < T < 700 C
T3 = Thermal faults, T > 700 C
DT = Mixtures of electrical and thermal faults

% C2H4

100

0
 Record No.

te of each DGA point

THE DUVAL TRIANGLE 3 FOR SILICONE OILS

ppm CH4 50 % CH4 50.0 Fault D2

ppm C2H4 15 % C2H4 15.0
ppm C2H2 35 % C2H2 35.0 ENTER
100

100 0

% CH4 % C2H4

100 % C2H2
% CH4 % C2H4 % C2H2 Fault Color Date

DELETE SELECTED RESULT DELETE ALL RESULTS

Note: you can enter above the date of each DGA point
 PD = Corona partial discharges
D1 = Electrical discharges of low energy
D2 = Electrical discharges of high energy

T1 = Thermal faults of temperature T < 300 C

T2 = Thermal faults, 300 C < T < 700 C
T3 = Thermal faults, T > 700 C
DT = Mixtures of electrical and thermal faults

% C2H4

100

0
 Record No.

te of each DGA point

THE DUVAL TRIANGLE 4 FOR LOW TEMPERATURE FAULTS AND FAULTS IN PAPER IN MINERAL OILS

ppm H2 300 % H2 14.0 Fault C

ppm CH4 1500 % CH4 69.8
ppm C2H6 350 % C2H6 16.3 ENTER
2150

Warning: The Triangle 4 for low temperature faults in mineral oils uses gases H2, CH4 and C2H6.
Use the Triangle 4 only for a more precise diagnosis of faults identified as low temperature faults (PD, T1 or T2)
Do not use the Triangle 4 for faults D1, D2 or T3 in mineral oils.

100 0

% H2 % CH4
 0

100 % C2H6
% H2 % CH4 % C2H6 Fault Color Date
91.2 6.9 1.9 S 11/2/2010 12:04

DELETE SELECTED RESULT DELETE ALL RESULTS

Note: you can enter above the date of each DGA point
R IN MINERAL OILS

PD = Corona partial discharges

S = Stray gassing of mineral oil
C = Hot spots with carbonization of paper (T > 300C)

O = Overheating (T < 250C)

N/D = Not determined

w temperature faults (PD, T1 or T2) with the Duval Triangle 1 for mineral oils (using CH4, C2H4 and C2H2).
 100

0
Record No.
1

RESULTS

ove the date of each DGA point

THE DUVAL TRIANGLE 5 FOR LOW TEMPERATURE FAULTS AND FAULTS IN PAPER IN MINERAL OILS

ppm CH4 1500 % CH4 54.5 Fault C

ppm C2H4 900 % C2H4 32.7
ppm C2H6 350 % C2H6 12.7 ENTER
2750

Warning: The Triangle 5 for low temperature faults in mineral oils uses gases CH4, C2H4 and C2H6
Use the Triangle 5 only for a more precise diagnosis of faults identified as low temperature faults (PD, T1 or T2)
Do not use the Triangle 5 for faults D1, D2 in mineral oils.

100 0

% CH4 % C2H4
 0

100 % C2H6

% CH4 % C2H4 % C2H6 Fault Color Date

DELETE SELECTED RESULT DELETE ALL RESULTS

Note: you can enter above the date of each DGA point
R IN MINERAL OILS

PD = Corona partial discharges

S = Stray gassing of mineral oil
C = Hot Spot with carbonization of paper (T > 300C)

O = Overheating (T < 250C)

T3 = Thermal faults of very hygh temperature T > 700 C
N/D = Not determined

H4 and C2H6.
w temperature faults (PD, T1 or T2) with the Triangle 1 for mineral oils (using CH4, C2H4 and C2H2).

% C2H4
 100

Record No.

te of each DGA point

THE DUVAL TRIANGLE 6 FOR LOW TEMPERATURE FAULTS IN FR3 OILS

ppm H2 52 % H2 45.1 Fault S

ppm CH4 2.2 % CH4 1.9
ppm C2H6 61 % C2H6 53.0 ENTER
115.2

Warning: The Triangle 6 for low temperature faults in FR3 oils uses gases H2, CH4 and C2H6.
Use the Triangle 6 only for a more precise diagnosis of faults identified as low temperature faults (PD, T1 or T2)
Do not use the Triangle 6 for faults D1, D2 and T3 in FR3 oils.

100 0

% H2 % CH4
 0

100 % C2H6

% H2 % CH4 % C2H6 Fault Color Date

DELETE SELECTED RESULT DELETE ALL RESULTS

Note: you can enter above the date of each DGA point
 PD = Corona partial discharges
S = Stray gassing of FR3 oil
C = Hot spots with carbonization of paper (T > 300C)

O = Overheating (T < 250C)

N/D = Not determined

w temperature faults (PD, T1 or T2) by the Triangle 3 for FR3 oils (using CH4, C2H4 and C2H2).

% CH4
 100

Record No.

te of each DGA point

THE DUVAL TRIANGLE 7 FOR LOW TEMPERATURE FAULTS IN FR3 OILS

ppm CH4 4 % CH4 3.3 Fault S

ppm C2H4 4 % C2H4 3.3
ppm C2H6 114 % C2H6 93.4 ENTER
122

Warning: The Triangle 7 for low temperature faults in FR3 oils uses gases CH4, C2H4 and C2H6.
Use the Triangle 7 only for a more precise diagnosis of faults identified as low temperature faults (PD, T1 or T2)
Do not use the Triangle 7 for faults D1, D2 in FR3 oils.

100 0

% CH4 % C2H4
 0

100 % C2H6

% CH4 % C2H4 % C2H6 Fault Color Date

DELETE SELECTED RESULT DELETE ALL RESULTS

Note: you can enter above the date of each DGA point
 PD = Corona partial discharges
S = Stray gassing of FR3 oil
C = Hot Spot with carbonization of paper (T > 300C)

O = Overheating (T < 250C)

T3 = Thermal faults of very high temperature T > 700 C
N/D = Not determined

w temperature faults (PD, T1 or T2) with the Triangle 3 for FR3 oils (using CH4, C2H4 and C2H2).

% C2H4
 100

Record No.

te of each DGA point