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Per Unit System Practice Problem Solved
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BY ADMIN ON JUNE 26, 2011 53 COMMENTS subscribe to this blog and
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Lets understand the concept of per unit system by solving an example. In the

one-line diagram below, the impedance of various components in a power

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system, typically derived from their nameplates, are presented. The task now is

to normalize these values using a common base. Email Address

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F ROM T H E W E B

Figure 1: Oneline Diagram Of A Power System

POPUL A R P O ST S
Now that you have carefully examined the system and its parameters, the
equivalent impedance diagram for the above system would look something like Per Unit System -
Practice Problem
the following.
Solved For Easy

Understanding

Power Circuit Breaker

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Control Scheme

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Capacitive e ects between lines and to ground are ignored as well.

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To obtain the new normalized per unit impedances, rst we need to gure out Surface Engineering:
the base values (Sbase, Vbase, Zbase) in the power system. Following steps will An Overview of What a
lead you through the process. Geotech Survey Reveals

Step 1: Assume a system base

Assume a system wide of 100MVA. This is a random assumption and chosen

to make calculations easy when calculating the per unit impedances.

So, = 100MVA

Step 2: Identify the voltage base

Voltage base in the system is determined by the transformer. For example, with a

22/220kV voltage rating of T1 transformer, the on the primary side of T1 is

22kV while the secondary side is 220kV. It does not matter what the voltage
rating of the other components are that are encompassed by the zone.

See gure below for the voltage bases in the system.

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Figure 3: Voltage Base In The Power System

Step 3: Calculate the base impedance

The base impedance is calculated using the following formula:

Ohms..(1)

For T-Line 1: = 484 Ohms

For T-Line 2: = 121 Ohms

For 3-phase load: = 1.21 Ohms

Step 4: Calculate the per unit impedance

The per unit impedance is calculated using the following formulas:

..(2)

.(3)

The voltage ratio in equation (3) is not equivalent to transformers voltage ratio.

It is the ratio of the transformers voltage rating on the primary or secondary

side to the system nominal voltage on the same side.

For T-line 1 using equation (2): = 0.1 pu

For T-line 2 using equation (2): = 0.5 pu

For 3-Phase load:

Power Factor:

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Thus,

= 1.1495+j1.53267 Ohms

Per unit impedance of 3-phase load using equation (2)= =

0.95+j1.2667 pu

For generator, the new per unit reactance using equation (3)

= 0.2 pu

For transformer T1: = 0.2 pu

For transformer T2: = 0.15 pu

For transformer T3: =0.16 pu

For transformer T4: =0.2 pu

For Motor, =0.25 pu

The equivalent impedance network with all the impedances normalized to a

common system base and the appropriate voltage base is provided below.

Per Unit Impedance Diagram

Summary:

1. Assume a Sbase for the entire system.

2. The Vbase is de ned by the transformer and any o -nominal tap setting it
may have.
3. Zbase is derived from the Sbase and Vbase.

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4. The new per unit impedance is obtained by converting the old per unit

impedance on old base values to new ones. See equations (2) and (3).

*****

TA G G E D W I T H base values per unit per unit impedances per unit system per unit value Power
transformers

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F ROM T H E W E B

53 Responses to Per Unit System Practice Problem Solved For

Easy Understanding

Tom says:
May 22, 2017 at 5:28 am

Can someone help please how can i calculate R and X from p.u. to
base units?

samantha says:
April 25, 2017 at 4:29 am

please help: Three transformers each rated 25 MVA, 38. 1 /3.81 kV

are connected star-delta with a balanced load of three 0.6?, Y-
connected resistors. Choose a base of 75 MVA, 66 kV for the high-

voltage side of the transformer and specify the base for the low-
voltage side. Determine the per-unit resistance of the load on the
base for the low-voltage side. Then, determine the load

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resistance R_L i n ohms referred to the high-voltage side and the

per-unit value of this resistance on the chosen base.

daran says:
March 30, 2017 at 12:23 am

please add more

Rusty says:
March 13, 2017 at 12:55 am

Shouldnt the 3-ph load be multiplied by (100/57)?

Mian Faizan says:

March 8, 2017 at 3:36 pm

Love it.. A job well done.

PAUL PEREZ says:

January 29, 2017 at 11:17 pm

HELP! How do determine the equivalent three phase impedance of

three single phase transformer? Example. Three each of 10 kva
transformer, 7.52kv-240V, wiith an individual impedance of 4%.

What is the equivalent impedance when they are connected in

three phase at 30 kva.

Admin says:
December 20, 2016 at 11:55 am

@sayonsom

What we developed in this exercise is a positive sequence

network. A transformers winding con guration does not a ect

it. The positive sequence network is good for calculating balanced

load current and 3 phase faults (not involving ground).

The zero sequence network however does get a ected by

transformer winding con guration. Delta and ungrounded Y have

a big impact in the design of zero sequence impedance network.

You will need a zero sequence network for unsymmetrical fault

current analysis like L-G or L-L-G etc.

I am getting into symmetrical components with this discussion.

Vanjinathan P says:
November 22, 2016 at 11:38 pm

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good thing, to see a dedicated power system website.

sayonsom says:
August 31, 2016 at 1:36 pm

How does the calculations change if the transformers are Y-Y or

Y-Delta connected in di erent parts of the network?

Shalini says:
July 25, 2016 at 7:20 pm

Awesome !!! Best explanation ever.. thank u

Naz says:
February 3, 2016 at 11:36 pm

good job. its a comprehensive article. Appreciate your hard work

Jathin says:
November 8, 2015 at 4:32 am

Thanks a lot.. Nice elaboration..

Ashwin says:
October 15, 2015 at 1:59 am

Can someone tell me what would happen if for T2 and T4, the
Primary and Secondary were swapped i.e. T2 would be 11/220 and

T4 would be11/110?

I have a simialr problem and I am getting two di erent values for

Vbase4.

narayan says:
October 3, 2015 at 4:14 am

IJAJ :what do you mean by.. s*-??

ans: it mean conjugate of S i.e changing sign of angle only

mike: When calculating Xtl2 using (22/22) . Vbase in T2 is 220

primary and 11 secondary, 220 come from?

ans: in all transformer we are allowed only take primary or

secondary as reference. here primary is taken

Harsh says:
September 8, 2015 at 5:43 am

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sir how to choose base kv value transformer? some time you take

(22/22) nd sometime (10.45/11)

Aslam says:
July 30, 2015 at 8:37 pm

Hi, thanks for the nice sharing,

I wana know how to model delta-grounded y transformer for load

ow calculation.thanks

tua says:
July 4, 2015 at 7:08 pm

nice job dude, highly comprehensible and presise, thumbs up

CJ says:
June 15, 2015 at 2:38 am

Good example of the method but pay attention the generator can

supply only 90MVA the loads absorb 57 + 66.5 =123.5 MVA the

network will in reality overload or under power the loads

Amey says:
April 14, 2015 at 12:45 am

if the transformers secondary is grounded by a neutral

impedance then how to proceed with the calculations please

suggest with an example

demis tesfaw says:

March 22, 2015 at 8:45 am

is that posible to calculate each parameter without giving a base

voltage?

adel ahmed says:

March 19, 2015 at 1:28 pm

good job

IJAJ says:
September 20, 2014 at 6:37 am

what do you mean by.. s*-??

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an says:
September 10, 2014 at 1:51 am

Can we nd the short circuit current at each end?

samuel says:
August 31, 2014 at 11:57 am

A load of 50mw at 0.8 power factor lagging is taken from the

33kv.( taking a base MVA of 100mva), calculate the terminal

voltage of the synchronous machine? (Please help me solve this

question) thanks

Nikhil says:
July 12, 2014 at 12:07 pm

very useful thanks

alshaia says:
April 1, 2014 at 8:22 am

How can we determine the voltage on the bus 1

BRian says:
March 26, 2014 at 12:33 am

Do you know how to nd the voltage at the bus?

Thanks

tahseen says:
March 25, 2014 at 1:46 am

Hi

how we can nd the voltage in bus1 in PU and in volte

noa says:
February 8, 2014 at 9:59 pm

tanks alot save me alot of stress

abi says:
January 10, 2014 at 10:56 am

. Obtain the per unit impedance(reactance) diagram of the power

system shown in the g

G1 : 30MVA , 10.5KV, X?=1.6 ?

G2 : 15MVA , 6.6KV, X?=1.2 ?

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G3 : 25MVA , 6.6KV, X?=0.56 ?

T1 (3 phase): 15MVA , 33/11KV , X= 15.2 ? per phase on the high

tension side

T2 (3 phase): 15MVA , 33/6.2KV , X= 16 ? per phase on the high

tension side

Transmission line : 20.5 ohm per phase

Load A : 15MW , 11KV , 0.9 p.f lagging

Load B : 40MW , 6.6KV , 0.85 p.f lagging

abi says:
January 10, 2014 at 10:50 am

how to convert ohms value to per unit value

Lee Taylor says:

November 19, 2013 at 1:29 pm

Hi, great article thanks very much! I have a similar problem to

solve but I am struggling with the Zact calculation. My inputs are

Vrated = 4.16kV, S = 2MVA <-36.87. Can you help?!

bhanu says:
October 10, 2013 at 7:49 am

awesome

kaushik vastarpara says:

September 15, 2013 at 12:42 pm

its really bcoz by reading this my confusion abut selection of base

nd other is very clearsommust read it frend /thank u

Admin says:
September 14, 2013 at 9:21 am

@Pavan @Mike: Thats a typo. Correct values are now shown in

the calculations. Since the ratio of Vbase_old/Vbase_new is the

same, the end result, therefore, does not change. Appreciate the

feedback.

Pavan says:
September 13, 2013 at 2:57 am

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This is really helpful. I didnt really got it when reading through

this, but when I saw the below comment by Mike, it seems like a

question worth answering. However the content is really clear

and understandable. Keep up the good work!

Thanks,

mike says:
May 25, 2013 at 5:35 pm

I dont understand one part: When calculating Xtl2 you are using
(22/22) which is re ected from where? Vbase in T2 is 220 primary

and 11 secondary, so where does 22 come from?

The same for Xtl4.

mark says:
June 25, 2012 at 7:30 am

will the impedance or p.u impedance in each line will be like in

series? will the current for the PRIMARY AND SECONDARY of the

transformer now be equal??? how will i nd the actual line

current for each line and for the whole system

chris says:
April 9, 2012 at 11:42 am

A single phase ,350 kva, 1380v generator has an internal

impedance Zg of j6 ohms. The generator is used to supply a load

of 250kva/440v at power factor 0.78 lagging. determine: the turns

ratio of the transfomer, the impedance per km if the line between

the generator and the transformer is 5km, the voltage regulation

of the system.
Using the ratings of the generator as base values determine the

generated per unit voltage that is required to produce a full load

current under short circuit condition.

CAN SOMEONE HELP ME WIT THESE CALCULATION PLZ!!!

Admin says:
March 19, 2012 at 10:28 am

Kam,

Once you have the impedance network, use the current division
rule to determine the current owing each line. I am not sure I

understand voltage at 3, if bus 3 is faulted (3ph) then it is zero

otherwise it should be the same as nominal voltage as seen on the

secondary side of the transformer.

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I will solve one for the currents in the future but for now, you
will have to learn how to reduce a circuit (using KVL and KCL) to

determine the currents.

kam says:
March 19, 2012 at 10:19 am

sorry but i didnt get my reply yet, so could you pls help me
out???????? thanks a lot

karthik says:
March 19, 2012 at 5:57 am

very well explained but could you pls show me how to calculate
voltage and current in both lines, will be very greatful , thanks a
lot.

kam says:
March 17, 2012 at 10:10 am

It is really well explained but could you pls show me how to

calculate voltage at but 3 and current in both lines, will be very

greatful , thanks a lot

manish says:
March 16, 2012 at 8:19 am

what if transformers are connected in star and delta connection?

Anayat says:
March 7, 2012 at 6:13 pm

i am very new to Power side , so i really dont know abt all these
concepts , what we only have T1 and T2 , and all the rating given
are three phase line to line ? how we ll solve it then?

richa says:
February 11, 2012 at 3:14 am

very nicely explained.to the point and complete..thanks a lot

Sanket says:
February 8, 2012 at 12:21 am

VERY NICELY EXPLAINED THANK-YOU

I WILL VISIT WEBSITE AGAIN FOR FURTHER REFERENCES.

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BABULS RAJ says:

January 30, 2012 at 2:10 am

Thank u so much..after searching for a proper explanation for

the same in so many sites, i got it nally from your site. Clear

explanation with proper diagrams with multi colour.very nice

..

Admin says:
December 15, 2011 at 11:09 am

Nice catch. Fixed it. Thanks.

Renjith M says:
December 15, 2011 at 8:14 am

Commendable work. But there is a small error. The per-unit

system is the ratio of two quantities of the same units. Therefore
it is unitless. Well that is what I know. So accordingly we specify

the per-unit quatities as just P.U. So you need to remove the

Ohms from the text and insert p.u

Alfredo says:
December 10, 2011 at 8:41 am

It was very useful, but it is short because is necessary to get the

complete solution, any way I liked.

Abdul Rau says:

November 12, 2011 at 5:52 am

Very Good Info About PSA.Thanks Alot

Hilary says:
September 1, 2011 at 4:22 am

Protection engieering, i have been give the reactance as Xd to

calculate faults on a system do i convert to Xd how do i do this

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