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19
Inductance
Point E with zero current, there is no magnetic flux. The field can be
considered collapsed into the wire.
The next half-cycle of current allows the field to expand and collapse
again, but the directions are reversed.
When the flux expands at points F and G, the field lines are clockwise.
From G to H and I, this clockwise field collapses into the wire.
19
19--1: Induction by
Alternating Current
Characteristics of inductance are important in:
AC circuits: In these circuits, the current is
continuously changing and producing induced
voltage.
DC circuits in which the current changes in value: DC
circuits that are turned off and on (changing between
zero and its steady value) can produce induced
voltage.
19
19--2: Self-
Self-Inductance L
The symbol for inductance is L, for linkages of magnetic
flux. VL
L=
di / dt
air-core d iron-core
symbol symbol
( r = 1) (r >> 1)
N 2A
L = r 1.26 106 H
l
Where:
L is the inductance in henrys.
r is the relative permeability of the core
N is the number of turns
A is the area in square meters
l is the length in meters
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19
19--2: Self-
Self-Inductance L
Typical Coil Inductance Values
Air-core coils for RF applications have L values in
millihenrys (mH) and microhenrys (H).
Formula: di
vL = L
dt
LI 2
Energy =
Where the energy is in joules:
2
L is the inductance in henrys
I is the current in amperes
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19
19--4: How vL Opposes
a Change in Current
Lenz Law states that the induced voltage produces
current that opposes the changes in the current causing
the induction.
The polarity of vL depends on the direction of the
current variation di.
When di increases, vL has polarity that opposes the
increase in current.
When di decreases, vL has opposite polarity to oppose
the decrease in current.
In both cases, the change in current is opposed by the
induced voltage.
19--5: Mutual Inductance LM
19
Mutual inductance (LM) occurs when current flowing
through one conductor creates a magnetic field which
induces a voltage in a nearby conductor.
Two coils have a mutual inductance of 1 H when a
current change of 1A/s induces 1 V in the other coil.
Unit: Henrys (H)
Formula:
L M = k L 1L 2
19--5: Mutual Inductance LM
19
Coefficient of coupling, k, is the fraction of total flux from
one coil linking another coil nearby.
Specifically, the coefficient of coupling is
k = flux linkages between L1 and L2 divided by
flux produced by L1
There are no units for k, because it is a ratio of two
values of magnetic flux. The value of k is generally
stated as a decimal fraction.
19--5: Mutual Inductance LM
19
The coefficient of coupling is increased by placing the
coils close together, possibly with one wound on top of
the other, by placing them parallel, or by winding the
coils on a common core.
A high value of k, called tight coupling, allows the
current in one coil to induce more voltage in the other.
Loose coupling, with a low value of k, has the opposite
effect.
Two coils may be placed perpendicular to each other
and far apart for essentially zero coupling to minimize
interaction between the coils.
19--5: Mutual Inductance LM
19
Fig. 19-8: Examples of coupling between two coils linked by LM. (a) L1 or L2 on paper or plastic
form with air core; k is 0.1. (b) L1 wound over L2 for tighter coupling; k is 0.3. (c) L1 and L2 on the
same iron core; k is 1. (d) Zero coupling between perpendicular air-core coils.
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19--5: Mutual Inductance LM
19
Calculating LM
Mutual inductance increases
with higher values for
primary and secondary
inductances.
LM = k L1 L2
where L1 and L2 are the self-
inductance values of the two
coils, k is the coefficient of
coupling, and LM is the
mutual inductance.
19--6: Transformers
19
Transformers are an
important application of
mutual inductance.
A transformer has two or
more windings with mutual
inductance.
The primary winding is
connected to a source of ac
power.
The secondary winding is
connected to the load.
Transformer steps up voltage (to 100V) and steps current down (to 1A)
Fig. 19-9: Iron-core transformer with 1:10 turns ratio. Primary current IP induces secondary
voltage VS, which produces current in secondary load RL.
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19--6: Transformers
19
A transformer can step up or step down the voltage
level from the ac source.
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19--6: Transformers
19
Turns Ratio
The ratio of the number of turns in the primary to the
number in the secondary is the turns ratio of the
transformer.
Turns ratio equals NP/NS.
where NP equals the number of turns in the primary and
NS equals the number of turns in the secondary.
The turns ratio NP/NS is sometimes represented by the
lowercase letter a.
19--6: Transformers
19
The voltage ratio is the same as the turns ratio:
VP / VS = NP / NS
VP = primary voltage, VS = secondary voltage
NP = number of turns of wire in the primary
NS = number of turns of wire in the secondary
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19--6: Transformers
19
Current Ratio is the inverse of the voltage ratio. (That
is voltage step-up in the secondary means current
step-down, and vice versa.)
The secondary does not generate power but takes it
from the primary.
The current step-up or step-down is terms of the
secondary current IS, which is determined by the load
resistance across the secondary voltage.
19--6: Transformers
19
Current Ratio 1:3
IL = 1/3 x 0.3
= 0.1 A
120 V Primary Secondary Load 360 V
0.3 A
0.1 A
IS/IP = VP/VS
3:1
IL = 3 x 0.1
= 0.3 A
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19--6: Transformers
19
Transformer efficiency is the ratio of power out to
power in.
Stated as a formula
% Efficiency = Pout/Pin x 100
Assuming zero losses in the transformer, power out
equals power in and the efficiency is 100%.
Actual power transformers have an efficiency of
approximately 80 to 90%.
19--6: Transformers
19
Transformer Efficiency 3:1
P
2
N
ZP = ZS
primary NS secondary
19--8: Impedance Transformation
19
NP ZP
=
NS ZS
19--8: Impedance Transformation
19
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19--8: Impedance Transformation
19
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19--8: Impedance Transformation
19
VG 2
PL = ( ) RL
ri RL
100V
=( ) 2 8
200 8
= 1.85W
Fig. 19-20(c): Using a transformer to make the 8- RL appear like 200 in the primary.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
19--8: Impedance Transformation
19
Turns ratio
NP ZP
=
NS ZS
200
200
=
8
5
=
1
19-9: Core Losses
Eddy Currents
Eddy currents are induced in the iron core of an
inductor or transformer.
Fig. 19-28: Inductances L1 and L2 in series but with mutual coupling LM. (a) Aiding magnetic
fields. (b) Opposing magnetic fields.
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19--12: Inductances in
19
Series or Parallel
To calculate the total inductance of two coils that are
series-connected and have mutual inductance,
LT = L1 + L2 2LM
Fig. 19-29: Equivalent circuit of an RF coil. (a) Distributed capacitance Cd between turns of
wire. (b) Equivalent circuit.
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19-
19-14: Stray Capacitive and
Inductive Effects
As shown by the high-frequency
equivalent circuit in Fig. 19-30, a
resistor can include a small
amount of inductance and
capacitance.
The inductance of carbon-
composition resistors is usually
negligible.
Wire-wound resistors, however,
have enough inductance to be
evident.
Fig. 19-33: The internal dc resistance ri of a coil is in series with its inductance L.