1.

A fertilizer is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that
is applied to soils or to plant tissues (usually leaves) to supply one or more plant nutrients
essential to the growth of plants. This also depends on its soil fertility as well as organic
things such as humic acid, seaweed and worm castings.
Different Kinds Of Fertilizers
Synthetic Fertilizers
Synthetic fertilizers have the same ingredients as that of organic fertilizers. The only difference,
however, is that they come from a different source. Synthetic fertilizers are synthetically made
using a combination of different chemicals. Synthetic fertilizers are your best bet when plants are
almost dying and need fertilizers straight away to resuscitate them. If you are into gardening, then
keeping synthetic or inorganic fertilizers at home can come handy at times.
Phosphorous-Based Fertilizers
Steamed bone meal is probably the most recommended phosphorus based organic fertilizer. This
fertilizer works best when applied while planting. Expert gardeners suggest that bone meal in
pulverized or a powdered form works best. If you are looking for inorganic phosphorus-based
fertilizers, then superphosphates are a good choice for you. You may use single, double, or triple
superphosphates according to the need of increasing the phosphoric acid levels in the soil.
Organic Fertilizer
Organic fertilizers stimulate soil microbes to work on the soil. The microbes, in turn, break down
the fertilizer and slowly release nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium into the soil. The most
common organic fertilizers include vermin-compost, seaweed, fish and bone meal, and mushroom
compost. Nevertheless, before applying organic fertilizers, you should examine the soil and the
type of plant you are growing as the activities of different fertilizers vary differently in different
soil types.
Potassium Based Fertilizers
Potassium based fertilizers are best for crops that grow in sandy soil. This type of fertilizer boosts
the growth of plants like chilies, fruit trees, and potatoes. However, before applying this fertilizer,
you should check the potassium content of the soil and apply it only if it is not present in adequate
amounts. The two most popular varieties of potassium-based fertilizers include muriate of potash
and sulfate of potash. Both these fertilizers are very water soluble and dissolve in the soil quickly.
Nitrogen Based Fertilizers
Nitrogen based fertilizers are beneficial for all types of plants. This kind of fertilizer works slowly
by releasing nitrogen in the soil. This fertilizer is applied only after plantation. The most common
sources of nitrogen-based fertilizers are plant and animal byproducts. Fish meal and manure are
most popular organic nitrogen based fertilizers, while sodium nitrate is popular among the
inorganic fertilizers. While applying this fertilizer, remember to follow the manufacturers
instruction guidebook.
Time Release Fertilizers
Time release fertilizers are used widely these days. These fertilizers are released slowly over time,
ideally over 2-6 months. The fertilizers are released in a controlled manner so that the plants dont
see a surge of nutrients. The release of nutrients is accelerated in the presence of moisture in the
soil.
Fertilizer With Pesticide
If you are looking for something that can provide nutrition to your plants as well as keep insects
at bay, then opt for fertilizers that come along with pesticides. While such fertilizer will boost up
the health of the plant by providing essential nutrients, the pesticides will keep away the insects.
Plus, it is much more economical than buying pesticides and fertilizers individual

2. Ways in preparing fertilizers

a) Manures and composts
Out of all the organic fertilizers, good quality manure is excellent source of organic
nutrients, which consists of solid and liquid feces and litter.
Fresh manure may be available from the livestock operations. Commercial, packaged
manures generally contain composted material.
Compost can be made from the materials such as yard waste, sawdust, manures and
industrial by-products.
Composted materials are generally ready to mix into the soil when you can no longer
identify what the material originally consisted of.
It usually has a dark brown appearance, is granular in size and has a musty smell.
Human manure, some people refer to human excreta as human manure, and the word
humanure has also been used. Just like animal manure, it can be applied as a soil
conditioner.
Sewage sludge is a material that contains human excreta, as it is generated after mixing
excreta with water and treatment of waste water in a sewage treatment plant
b) Green manures
Green fertilizing is a method of organic fertilizing when a plant is produced for the purpose
of turning its whole mass into the soil as a fertilizer before it begins to bloom.
Green manures are crops grown for the express purpose of plowing them in, thus increasing
the fertility through the incorporation of nutrients and organic matter into the soil.
Leguminous plants such as clover are often use for this, as they fix nitrogen using Rhizobia
bacteria in specialized nodes in the root structure.

c) Plant, stubble and root residues

The roots of cultivated plants play a significant role in the maintenance of the fertility,
digestion of nutrients and improving the structure of the soil.
They have a great advantage on the organic manures that they homogenously net in the soil
and in this way the organic material distribution is even.
The amount of the root residues is considerable, in the upper 200 mm layer of the soil
expressed in dry matter per hectare the values are the following: peas 600kg, maize
2500kg, sunflower 3900kg.
Beside the roots the stem residues also have a remarkable role. The amount is influenced
by the sowing density and the stubble height.
d) Other fertilizers
Peat, is also suitable for organic fertilizing, primarily to correct the harmful characteristics
of manures and sub serve composting.
e) Its advantages are the great hygroscopic ability and bactericidal effect, which facilitate the
use of malodorous materials and the considerable decrease of the number of pathogens
 3. BENEFITS IS USING FERTILIZER AND PESTICIDES
Positive Effects of Fertilizers
There is no doubt that fertilizers increase yields of crops around the world. Use of modern
fertilizers exploded after World War II. New, ammonia-based fertilizers also fed the process of
specialization that was occurring in agriculture. Farmers rotated crops less, which led more quickly
to soil exhaustion. Norman Borlaug, the father of the 1960s Green Revolution, which vastly
expanded food production and helped stave off world hunger, has argued that modern farming,
including the use of fertilizers and herbicides, could double or triple food production in Africa.
Increased yields also reduce the need for conversion of wild lands to agriculture, contributing to
the conservation of biodiversity.
Pesticides
Controlling pests and plant disease vectors
Improved crop/livestock yields
Improved crop/livestock quality
Invasive species controlled
Controlling human/livestock disease vectors and nuisance organisms
Human lives saved and suffering reduced
Animal lives saved and suffering reduced
Diseases contained geographically
Controlling organisms that harm other human activities and structures
Drivers view unobstructed
Tree/brush/leaf hazards prevented
Wooden structures protected

4. Safety Precautions on chemical fertilizer

Exercise care in the handling and use of ammonia fertilizer by doing the following:
Always wear chemical goggles and adequate skin cover.
Inspect equipment before each day's work and correct any abnormal conditions.
Water is the first aid treatment of choice when ammonia gets into the eyes or on the skin.
In case of mishap, flush affected areas for 15 minutes and get medical help as soon as
possible.
Make sure all valves, lines, and connections are secure in order to reduce the chance of
either leaks or being doused during transfer.
Safe Use Practices for Pesticides
Some of the most important factors include selecting the appropriate product, and using
that product according to the label directions. The label directions are written to minimize
the risk of problems and to define the legal uses for the product.
Make sure kids, pets, and anyone non-essential to the application is out of the area before
mixing and applying pesticides.
Be sure to wear clothing that will protect you when using pesticides. Consider wearing a
long sleeve shirt, long pants, and closed-toe shoes in addition to any other protective
clothing or equipment required by the label.
Mix pesticides outdoors or in well-ventilated areas.
Mix only what you need to use in the short term to avoid storing or disposing of excess
pesticide.
 Be prepared for a pesticide spill. Have paper towels, sawdust or kitty litter, garbage bags,
and non-absorbent gloves on hand to contain the spill. Avoid using excessive amounts of
water, as this may only spread the pesticide and could be harmful to the environment.
Read the first aid instructions on the label before using the product. Have the telephone
number for the Poison Control Center
Remove personal items, such as toys, clothing, or tools from the spray area to avoid
contamination.
When spraying pesticides indoors, make sure the area is well ventilated.
When applying pesticides as a spray or dust outside, avoid windy conditions and close the
doors and windows to your home.
After using pesticides, wash your hands before smoking or eating.

5. RECORD DATA
JACKFRUIT CULTIVATION

PLANTING
The place chosen for the planting should be first cleared from old tree stumps and old roots to
avoid termites and root disease. When necessary, the soil should be ploughed first, then rows are
made to mark the planting intervals. Usually, jackfruits are planted at a distance of 30 ft. x 30 ft.
In an acre, 48 trees can be planted. In a new area the planting interval can be reduced to 25 ft. x 25
ft., and 69 trees can be planted in an acre.
Planting holes of 2 ft x 2 ft x 2 ft., should be prepared, and top soil with 4 oz. CIRP should be
added into each hole. For not every fertile soils, it is advisable to add 40 lbs. of cowdung to the top
soil. Usually the planting holes are left open for fourteen (14) days before they are filled up again,
and only then is the budgrafted jackfruit tree planted. It is important to remember that during
planting, the bud patch is not to be covered with soil. It would otherwise cause the bud patch to rot
and die. The amount of sunlight can be reduced by using shade from coconut fronds. Usually, bud-
grafted trees are planted during the rainy season so that they do not have to be watered. Since
watering is quite a problem in large scale cultivation, planting should be done when there is rain
in order to make sure that tne plants can grow well. This is important to prevent the plants from
being stunted. Shading from the coconut fronds can be removed after two weeks if the weather is
fine. Otherwise, it should be left for another week or more.
For sandy soil and clay soil or the Holyrood series, legumes are required as cover crops.
Calopogonium, Centrosema and Pueraria in a ratio of 5:4:1 are usually used. Cover crops are
required to prevent weeds from growing, to alter the condition and fertility of the soil and also to
prevent the soil from becoming too hot especially in bris areas.
FERTILIZER AND MANURING
A consistent, well-balanced manurial programme is important so as to stimulate rapid growth in
young trees and to ensure maximum yield when the plants come into bearing. As nitrogen,
phosphate and potash play a vital role in the plant metabolism, and markedly affect fruit
production, a balanced supply of these nutrients in the fertilizer mixture must be applied to the
plant.
The amount and time of fertilizer application are as shown below:

Fertilizer Amount per tree/

Year Time of application
mixture application
1st year G 4 oz every 3 months
2nd year G 6 oz every 3 months
3rd year F 1 lb. every 4 months
4th year F 2 lb. every 4 months
5th year F 3 lb. every 6 months
6th year F 5 lb. every 6 months
7th year onwards F 6-7 lb. every 6 months

G = Growth mixture
F = Flowering mixture