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Technical and System Requirements for

Advanced Distribution Automation
Technical Report
Technical and System
Requirements for Advanced
Distribution Automation
1010915
Final Report, June 2004
EPRI Project Manager

F. Goodman
EPRI 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304 PO Box 10412, Palo Alto, California 94303 USA
800.313.3774 650.855.2121 askepri@epri.com www.epri.com
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CITATIONS
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Enernex Corporation
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Principal Investigator
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This report describes research sponsored by EPRI.
The report is a corporate document that should be cited in the literature in the following manner:
Technical and System Requirements for Advanced Distribution Automation, EPRI, Palo Alto,
CA: 2004. 1010915.
iii
REPORT SUMMARY
Traditional distribution systems were designed to perform one function: distribute electrical
energy to end-users. Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA) is a concept for a fully
controllable and flexible distribution system that will facilitate the exchange of both electrical
energy and information between participants and system components. This report presents
background information on distribution automation technologies and develops a roadmap to
achieve the ADA systems required for future power delivery systems.
Background
ADA will be a revolutionary approach to managing and controlling distribution systems. It will
achieve a fully controllable and automated distribution system, resulting in tremendous gains in
system reliability, power quality, and efficiency. There are two critical components to the
concept of ADA: an open communication architecture to facilitate the system monitoring and
control functions of ADA and a redeveloped electrical architecture to enable an interoperable
network of intelligent electronic devices. These two elements, working synergistically, will
comprise the distribution system of the future.
Objectives
To describe the vision for ADA and characterize its benefits for the power system of the future;
to determine the system and technology requirements for realizing this ADA vision over the next
20 years; to identify research needed to develop ADA; to define EPRIs role in developing the
technology.
Approach
The project team reviewed existing distribution automation programs and research initiatives
from North American and international utilities, manufacturers, and research organizations. They
consulted EPRI advisors, industry experts, literature, research organizations, and standards
working group members, such as those involved in writing IEC and IEEE standards, to
characterize the needs of the future system. The team reviewed research initiatives currently
planned by EPRI and other research organizations relating to these needs and identified areas in
which research could be coordinated. In cooperation with EPRI advisors and the EPRI project
manager, the team developed preliminary timetables and estimates of research budget
requirements for the various project areas.
v
Results
The report outlines the current state of the art in distribution automation and develops a
requirements definition for ADA. Significant development in a number of technology areas will
be required to achieve the objectives and the vision of ADA. This report provides a roadmap for
these development efforts, organized into five main research areas:
1. Distribution system topologies
2. Communication and information systems
3. Advanced technologies such as power electronics
4. Sensors and monitoring systems
5. Advanced protection and control systems
The report also addresses economic issues and evaluates the value proposition for ADA based on
four categories of benefits:
1. The value of reliability and power quality
2. Improved operations and asset management
3. Reduced loses
4. Overall system energy management, reliability, and security
EPRI Perspective
The electric power distribution system faces a whole series of challenges and opportunities:
aging systems, availability of improved distribution system technologies, demand for higher
reliability, customer outage intolerance, industry restructuring, need for improved customer
service options, and management of distributed generation. These forces set the stage for
fundamental change in distribution system infrastructure. Recognizing the costs and benefits of
this change and its importance to the nations security and economic well-being, EPRI created
the ADA Program to help the industry develop a more economical and effective distribution
system. This report identifies the research needed to realize the ADA vision and explores ways
in which stakeholders can collaborate to further the development process.
Keywords
Distribution automation Advanced distribution automation
Substation automation Feeder automation
Distributed energy resources Distributed generation and storage
Distribution communication systems Intelligent electronic devices
Power electronics Power quality and reliability
vi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Project Overview
Traditional distribution systems were designed to perform one functiondistribute electrical

energy to end-users. Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA) is a concept for a fully
controllable and flexible distribution system that will facilitate the exchange of electrical energy
AND information between participants and system components. The lines between supplier and
consumer will blur because many of participants will assume both roles and will need to switch
effortlessly between these roles, possibly several times a day. The exchange of data and
information will facilitate the supplying or using of electrical energy based on dynamic
rather than static prices.
ADA is distinct from traditional distribution automation (DA). Traditional DA has been
principally concerned with automated control of basic distribution circuit switching functions.
ADA is concerned with complete automation of all the controllable equipment and functions in
the distribution system to improve strategic operation of the system. The various components are
made interoperable in ADA, and the communication and control capabilities are put in place to
operate the system. The result is added functionality and better performance, reliability, and cost,
relative to todays system operations. In total, ADA will be a revolutionary change to distribution
system infrastructure, as opposed to simple incremental improvements to DA. However, this
revolutionary change will occur in an evolutionary manner due to the tremendous investment in
legacy systems and the rate of technological progress.
There are two critical components to the concept of ADA:
1. An open communication architecture to facilitate the system monitoring and control

functions of ADA
2. A redeveloped power system from an electrical architecture standpoint to enable an

interoperable network of components.
These two elements are synergistic and inter-related with each other and together they comprise
the distribution system of the future.
In the EPRI Electricity Technology Roadmap for the Power Delivery System and Electricity
Markets of the Future, Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA) is described as the Heart of
the Smart Power Delivery System. Automation will play a central role in providing the
enhanced levels of Security, Quality, Reliability, and Availability (SQRA) that must be
characteristic of future power delivery systems.
vii
This report presents background information on distribution automation technologies and
develops a roadmap to achieve the ADA systems required for the future power delivery systems.
Project Objectives
Specific objectives of the research include:

Describe the vision for ADA and characterize the benefits for the power system of the future
Determine the system and technology requirements for realizing this ADA vision over the
next 20 years.
Identify existing work within EPRI and elsewhere that will contribute to meeting these
requirements.
Identify key gaps that are the basis for development initiatives for future R&D programs.
Recommend the future roles for EPRI in developing the technology to meet the ADA
requirements in a manner that complements work going on elsewhere.
Project Results
In order to accomplish these objectives, the report outlines the current state-of-the-art in
distribution automation and develops a requirements definition for the ADA system of the future.
This definition of requirements for the system is needed to guide and coordinate the body of
interrelated programs that will evolve ADA. Additionally, this vision of the physical possibilities
and realities of what can and cannot be achieved in ADA will serve as a basis for the business
models that make sense for the distribution business in the future.
Significant development in a number of technology areas is required to achieve the objectives

and the vision of ADA. This report explores some of the important areas where additional
development is needed after reviewing important technologies that are already available and
under development. Priorities for future development are identified and an overall roadmap for
achieving the vision is presented. Some of the important areas where development is required
include:
Assist utility migration to open systems for automation equipment.
Provide guidelines for utility specification of automation equipment to meet immediate needs
and also provide a migration path to fully automated systems.
Develop and refine device models for specific application areas.
Implement open systems in real world environments and capture lessons learned and
necessary refinements.
Contribute to the development of key open standards specifications.
Develop flexible electric distribution system topologies, including advanced configurations
and capabilities, such as two-way power flow, intentional islanding, microgrids, dc ring
buses, and looped secondaries.
viii
Develop key electrical and power-electronic components that enable the flexible electric
architecture and are cornerstones of ADA (such as the intelligent universal transformer and
new solid-state switchgear).
Develop and implement intelligent monitoring systems to identify possible equipment and
system problems, characterize causes of disturbances, evaluate interface issues with end
users and Distributed Energy Resources (DER), and utilize open communication architecture
for integration with the overall automation systems.
Develop new approaches for fast simulation and modeling and predicting system
performance in real time (including contingency analysis for future conditions based on the
existing conditions), using information from advanced monitoring systems and improved
electrical models of the system (including end user systems and DER systems).
Develop tools to assist utilities in developing specifications for components of ADA,
facilitating integration with the overall ADA implementation over time.
The ADA Value Proposition
The first task in the ADA research initiative will be to establish the value proposition that will
drive the next generations of product and standards development leading to the completely
automated and flexible system. The value proposition for ADA will have to consider four (4)
categories of benefits that will be extremely important for the power system of the future:
1. The value of reliability and quality. Outages and disturbances cost over $100B per year at
the present time. Improving system reliability and quality will have tremendous advantages
for end user productivity and result in benefits for the entire economy. Systems must be
structured to allocate the costs and benefits for the investments in improved reliability but the
opportunity is tremendous.
2. Improved operations and asset management. This is currently the biggest driver for
substation and distribution automation. The systems result in direct savings in investments
and operation of the delivery system. Improved asset management, reduced manpower
requirements to operate the system, faster response and clearing of faults all have tremendous
benefits. The ADA system will take these benefits to another level with advanced
diagnostics, local intelligence, and integrated operation of DER and customer systems to
benefit the entire power system.
3. Reduced losses. ADA will result in continuous optimizing of system performance, resulting
in the most efficient delivery system possible. This will take into account reconfiguration
options, integrated voltage and var management using conventional and advanced
technologies, advanced power electronics, and integrated operation of customer systems and
DER (with real-time pricing systems for incentives to be part of the system optimization).
4. Overall system energy management, reliability, and security. ADA systems will be
integrated with wide area energy management systems for overall optimization of generation
mixes, system demand, power flows, and system security. The flexibility added with DER
and customer load management is tremendous.
ix
The ADA Development Roadmap
Achieving these benefits requires a coordinated development effort involving a number of

important initiatives. In this report, we divide the initiatives into five categories and an overview
of the important milestones in the development effort is provided in the illustration below. The
specific project areas that are recommended to make up the overall ADA initiative are described
and important research areas for coordination are identified.
This roadmap for ADA should become a living document. Efforts should be continued to track
ongoing research that is leading to ADA. A workshop is recommended to help focus the
development of the value proposition and provide additional direction for the roadmap from a
broad cross-section of key stakeholders in ADA.
Figure 1
Important milestones divided into five categories for ADA development efforts.
x
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions received from various engineers that
provided material, reviewed drafts, and answered questions as part of developing this document.
These include, but are not limited to, the following:
Robert HuberWe Energies

Ray LitwinNortheast Utilities
Bruce HirschBaltimore Gas & Electric
Les BarrettCity Public Service (San Antonio)
Chuck WallisAlabama Power (Southern Company)
Brian SmithMidAmerican Power
Emil TurekLincoln Electric
Dave GordonAmerican Electric Power
Bob YingerSouthern California Edison
Russ McNultyNew York State Electric & Gas
Frederic GorgetteElectricite de France
xi
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................1-1
Background ...........................................................................................................................1-1
Objectives .............................................................................................................................1-1
Approach ...............................................................................................................................1-2
Organization of the Report ....................................................................................................1-3
2 VISION FOR ADVANCED DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION ..................................................2-1

2.1 Flexible Electrical Architecture.....................................................................................2-2
2.2 Open, Standardized Communication Architecture.......................................................2-2
2.3 The Power Exchange System of the Future..............................................................2-3
2.4 New Distribution System Technologies .......................................................................2-4
2.4.1 Electrical and Electronic Technologies ...............................................................2-5
2.4.2 Communications, Computing, and Information Technologies.............................2-5
2.5 Synergy........................................................................................................................2-6
2.6 International Focus ......................................................................................................2-7
2.7 Development Steps .....................................................................................................2-7
3 ADA FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................3-1

3.1 Communication and Control Infrastructure ..................................................................3-1
3.2 Automation of All Controllable Equipment and Functions............................................3-2
3.3 Application of Advanced Technologies ........................................................................3-5
3.4 Integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) ....................................................3-5
3.5 Modeling and Real-Time Simulation Systems .............................................................3-8
4 EXAMPLE DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION SYSTEMS ........................................................4-1

4.1 Peer-to-Peer Communications.....................................................................................4-1
4.2 Application of Automatic Circuit Reclosers ..................................................................4-5
4.3 Sweden Automatic Load Restoration Example............................................................4-6
xiii
4.4 Distribution Vision 2010 (DV 2010)..............................................................................4-8
4.5 Southern California Edison Circuit of the Future........................................................4-10
4.6 Georgia PowerDistribution Voltage and Reactive Power Control ..........................4-11
4.7 Nevada Power Company (Capacitor Switching and DG) ..........................................4-13
4.8 Electricit de France (EdF)DA with Multi-Platform Capability ................................4-15
4.9 Distributed Energy Resource (DER) Example ...........................................................4-16
4.10 European Projects for DER and DA integration.........................................................4-17
4.10.1 EdF SILIERE Project .....................................................................................4-18
4.10.2 DISPOWER European Project.......................................................................4-18
4.10.3 MICROGRIDS European project ...................................................................4-19
4.11 Omaha Public Power District (OPPD) Substation Integration Project .......................4-19
4.12 Advanced Sensor Applications - Vattenfall ................................................................4-21
4.13 Con Edison - Urban Underground Low-cost Sensor Technology ..............................4-21
4.14 BC Hydro - Power Electronics Technology Application .............................................4-24
4.15 MidAmerican Energy CompanyCost/Benefit Analysis of Substation
Automation ..........................................................................................................................4-26
4.16 EdF NextGen Project .................................................................................................4-29
4.17 DOE GridWise Alliance..............................................................................................4-31
4.17.1 Architecture vs. Design vs. Standards ...........................................................4-32
5 TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADA IMPLEMENTATION.................................................................5-1

5.1 Technologies for Electrical and Electronic Equipment and Systems ...........................5-1
5.1.1 Distributed Energy Resources (DER) .................................................................5-1
5.1.2 Control and Management of Distributed Energy Resources (DER)....................5-2
5.1.3 Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED).....................................................................5-4
5.1.4 Standardized Universal Interconnection Technology (UIT).................................5-5
5.1.5 Advanced Sensor Technologies and Systems....................................................5-9
5.1.6 Advanced Switchgear Technologies .................................................................5-12
5.1.7 Distribution Power Electronics Technologies ....................................................5-13
5.1.8 Monitoring Technologies With Intelligent Applications ......................................5-23
5.2 Technologies for Communication, Computing, and Information Systems .................5-25
5.2.1 Communications Architecture for ADA..............................................................5-25
5.2.2 Object Modeling ................................................................................................5-38
5.2.3 Information Models for DER Technologies .......................................................5-44
5.2.4 Other Existing Information Models ....................................................................5-48
xiv
5.2.5 Object Models Not Yet Defined.........................................................................5-48
5.2.6 Advanced Communication Media and Related Systems for ADA.....................5-49
5.2.7 Database and Data Collection Systems for End User System Information ......5-49
5.2.8 Database and Data Collection for Real-time State Estimation Systems...........5-49
5.2.9 Distributed Processing Systems for System Management and Control............5-50
5.3 Overall System Management and Control Technologies...........................................5-50
5.3.1 Advanced Distribution Automation Applications................................................5-51
5.3.2 System Fault Management, Reliability Management, and Restoration ............5-53
5.3.3 Adaptive Protection Systems ............................................................................5-56
5.3.4 Load Management and Real-Time Pricing Systems (Demand Response
Systems).........................................................................................................................5-57
5.3.5 Asset Management and Work Management System Integration......................5-60
6 FUTURE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES ..........................................................6-1

6.1 Urban Networks ...........................................................................................................6-2
6.2 Suburban Systems ......................................................................................................6-3
6.3 Rural Systems .............................................................................................................6-5
6.4 Special Configurations .................................................................................................6-5
6.4.1 Microgrids............................................................................................................6-5
6.4.2 DC Distribution Systems and DC Microgrids ......................................................6-7
6.4.3 Custom Power Parks ..........................................................................................6-7
7 STATEMENT OF REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................7-1

7.1 Basic Characteristics ...................................................................................................7-1
7.2 Technologies ...............................................................................................................7-1
7.3 Functions .....................................................................................................................7-2
7.4 Communications ..........................................................................................................7-3
7.4.1 Scalability ............................................................................................................7-3
7.4.2 Reliability.............................................................................................................7-3
7.4.3 Federation ...........................................................................................................7-4
7.4.4 Interoperability.....................................................................................................7-4
7.4.5 Adaptability..........................................................................................................7-4
7.4.6 Securability..........................................................................................................7-4
7.4.7 Implementation Issues and Costs .......................................................................7-4
xv
8 ADA DEVELOPMENT ROADMAP ........................................................................................8-1
8.1 System Topologies ......................................................................................................8-2
8.2 Communications Infrastructure ....................................................................................8-2
8.2.1 Communications Media.......................................................................................8-7
8.2.2 Communication Protocols ...................................................................................8-7
8.2.3 Object Modeling and Database Schemas...........................................................8-7
8.2.4 Consumer Systems Interface..............................................................................8-8
8.2.5 Federated Services .............................................................................................8-8
8.3 Sensors and Intelligent Monitoring Systems................................................................8-9
8.4 Universal Interconnection Technology (UIT)..............................................................8-10
8.5 Industry Standards.....................................................................................................8-11
8.6 Intelligent Equipment (Continuous Two-Way Communications)................................8-12
8.7 Adaptable Dynamic Protective Philosophy (ADPP) ...................................................8-12
8.8 New Power Electronics-Based Components .............................................................8-13
8.9 Advanced Computing and Control Systems ..............................................................8-13
8.10 Evolution Path for ADAResearch and Development Projects ...........................8-14
8.10.1 System Topologies (Configuration, Protection, Control)................................8-15
8.10.2 Communications Architecture and Information Model Development .............8-16
8.10.3 Technologies .................................................................................................8-17
8.10.4 Sensors and Monitoring .................................................................................8-19
8.10.5 Advanced Distribution System Controls.........................................................8-20
8.11 Opportunities for New Technology Demonstrations..............................................8-24
8.12 Coordination With Other Research .......................................................................8-25
8.13 Next Steps.............................................................................................................8-25
9 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................9-1
9.1 Documents...................................................................................................................9-1
9.2 Web Sites ....................................................................................................................9-3
10 GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ACRONYMS .....................................................................10-1
A APPENDIX AADA FUNCTION LISTING FROM IECSA PROJECT................................. A-1
B APPENDIX BDESCRIPTIONS OF RELATED RESEARCH PROJECTS AND

STANDARDS ........................................................................................................................... B-1
B.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. B-1
B.2 Reference Grid ........................................................................................................... B-2
B.3 Project Descriptions .................................................................................................... B-6
B.4 Standards Descriptions............................................................................................. B-26
xvi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1 Conceptual view of ADA and the distribution system of the future ...........................2-4
Figure 2-2 The flexible electrical architecture and open communication architecture
empower eachother to provide a whole that is greater than the sum of the parts
in ADA................................................................................................................................2-6
Figure 2-3 The basic steps for achieving the ADA vision ..........................................................2-8
Figure 3-1 Substation automation functional diagram ...............................................................3-4
Figure 3-2 Adaptable island or microgrid concept ...................................................................3-7
Figure 4-1 Distribution feeder protection scheme ......................................................................4-2
Figure 4-2 Web-based communication loop control ..................................................................4-3
Figure 4-3 Typical application of reclosers and sectionalizers...................................................4-5
Figure 4-4 Remote switching of distribution feeders ..................................................................4-7
Figure 4-5 Variation of SAIFI, SAIDI, and CAIDI for different levels of automation ...................4-8
Figure 4-6 Concept for demonstration of DV2010 functions with advanced concepts for
the future shown.................................................................................................................4-9
Figure 4-7 Typical switched capacitor bankGeorgia Power .................................................4-12
Figure 4-8 Feeder voltage profile before and after capacitor switching (no DG) .....................4-14
Figure 4-9 Feeder voltage profile before and after capacitor switching (2 MW of DG) ............4-15
Figure 4-10 Software application control architecture..............................................................4-16
Figure 4-11 OPPD Substation 912 simplified system diagram ................................................4-20
Figure 4-12 Example of primary monitoring sensors with wireless communications ...............4-21
Figure 4-13 Underground sensor installation concept .............................................................4-22
Figure 4-14 Typical Real time display for Harlem network ......................................................4-23
Figure 4-15 Typical daily load profile display for Harlem network............................................4-23
Figure 4-16 66-kV line loading and 66-kV bus voltage (at end of line) ....................................4-25
Figure 4-17 D-VAR regulation response and resulting voltage profile .....................................4-25
Figure 4-18 Business case methodology.................................................................................4-27
Figure 4-19 Conceptual diagram illustrating typical system configuration for European
distribution systems..........................................................................................................4-29
Figure 4-20 Conceptual diagram illustrating the integration of DER technologies on the
MV and LV systems .........................................................................................................4-30
Figure 4-21 Communication and control system that must be implemented to facilitate
integration of DR technologies .........................................................................................4-30
xvii
Figure 4-22 The role of intelligent communication and control systems in the automated
system of the future..........................................................................................................4-31
Figure 4-23 OLE for Process Control (OPC) architecture........................................................4-33
Figure 4-24 E-business ebXML reference architecture ...........................................................4-34
Figure 4-25 Moving from architecture towards implementation ...............................................4-35
Figure 5-1 Structure and functionality of the decentralized energy management system
DEMS.................................................................................................................................5-3
Figure 5-2 Modular concept of stochastic energy source access management ........................5-4
Figure 5-3 Example of substation IED .......................................................................................5-5
Figure 5-4 Example of a UIT-like interface (Kohler PD-100) ...................................................5-7
Figure 5-5 Inverter module for UIT-like device ........................................................................5-7
Figure 5-6 UIT (next generation) interconnect design ...............................................................5-8
Figure 5-7 Underground sensor control and communication architecture .................................5-9
Figure 5-8 Printed circuit board Rogowski Coil........................................................................5-11
Figure 5-9 Rogowski Coil integrated signals compared to the laboratory CT (high power
tests at 25kA RMS, 66kA peak) .......................................................................................5-12
Figure 5-10 Schematic diagram of an SVC .............................................................................5-13
Figure 5-11 Schematic diagram of a basic STATCOM ............................................................5-14
Figure 5-12 Voltage variation with change in source reactance for SVC and STATCOM .......5-15
Figure 5-13 Basic configuration of DVR...................................................................................5-16
Figure 5-14 Basic configuration of a transfer switch ................................................................5-17
Figure 5-15 Structure of the STS Scheme...............................................................................5-18
Figure 5-16 Illustration of fault current limiting application.......................................................5-20
Figure 5-17 Power schematic of a single-phase electronic transformer employing a high
frequency AC link stage ...................................................................................................5-21
Figure 5-18 Solid state power conversion using high-frequency AC transformer isolation
(ABB design) ....................................................................................................................5-22
Figure 5-19 Effect of tree trimming on the high frequency noise current measured on a
distribution feeder circuit (tree trimming on October 23) ..................................................5-23
Figure 5-20 Example of using a substation monitoring system for automatic fault location
(courtesy of Carolina Power & Light) ...............................................................................5-24
Figure 5-21 Example of using a substation monitoring system for automatic fault
locationmapping the possible fault locations onto a feeder GIS map (courtesy of
Carolina Power & Light) ...................................................................................................5-25
Figure 5-22 Overview of GID and its underlying technologies .................................................5-35
Figure 5-23 Distribution management system with IEC 61968 compliant interface
architecture ......................................................................................................................5-36
Figure 5-24 Illustration of the Common Information Model (CIM) and the IEC 61968
interface to standardize the information interface for a wide variety of applications,
including ADA applications (from IEC 61968). .................................................................5-37
Figure 5-25 ACSI Server (conceptual).....................................................................................5-42
xviii
Figure 5-26 Information flows between ADA applications .......................................................5-52
Figure 5-27 Three recloser loop scheme .................................................................................5-54
Figure 5-28 Peer-Peer broadcasting configuration ..................................................................5-54
Figure 5-29 Peer-Peer implementation model diagram ...........................................................5-55
Figure 5-30 Sample trip and close logic for Peer-Peer scheme...............................................5-56
Figure 5-31 Energy market price profile (maximum daily price) - Seattle area, 1998-1999.....5-57
Figure 5-32 Hourly energy market price profile - Seattle area, peak day ................................5-58
Figure 5-33 Annual savings from a standard CP pricing program ...........................................5-59
Figure 6-1 A secondary network configuration that would allow local microgrids and two-
way power flows to incorporate flexible integration of DER ...............................................6-3
Figure 6-2 Basic architecture of suburban system configuration - The autoloop
configuration will be the predecessor of future configurations that integrate DER
technologies and solid state switches to facilitate flexibility in reconfiguring system
in real time..........................................................................................................................6-4
Figure 6-3 Illustration of distribution architecture and control that allows separation into
multiple microgrids based on topology, specific system conditions, local generation,
etc. .....................................................................................................................................6-6
Figure 6-4 Illustration of different locations where alternative microgrid concepts could
apply in an ADA system .....................................................................................................6-7
Figure 8-1 Examples of parameters and information requirements for distribution control
(from CEIDS DER/ADA project).........................................................................................8-3
Figure 8-2 IEC TC 57 Reference Architecture ...........................................................................8-4
Figure 8-3 Roadmap for development of a universal interconnection technology for DER .....8-11
Figure 8-4 Different parts of the ADA research initiative..........................................................8-14
Figure 8-5 Important initial projects for the ADA research initiative .........................................8-23
Figure 8-6 Illustration of important milestones and general flow of development in the
ADA initiative....................................................................................................................8-26
Figure A-1 CEIDS IECSA collaboration web site..................................................................... A-1
xix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3-1 Benefits and Liabilities of DER ..................................................................................3-6

Table 4-1 Recloser-sectionalizer protection scheme operation .................................................4-2
Table 4-2 Comparison of a traditional protection scheme with the peer-to-peer system ...........4-4
Table 4-3 Comparison of a traditional protection scheme with the peer-to-peer system .........4-14
Table 4-4 Opportunity matrix (SA function vs. business drivers) .............................................4-28
Table 4-5 Matrix of economic benefits as a function of substation automation functions ........4-28
Table 5-1 Summary of communication system development activities....................................5-28
Table 5-2 Logical nodes being considered for IEC standards for DER information models ....5-46
xxi
1
INTRODUCTION
Background
In the EPRI Electricity Technology Roadmap for the Power Delivery System and Electricity
Markets of the Future [1], Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA) is described as the Heart
of the Smart Power Delivery System. Automation will play a central role in providing the
enhanced levels of Security, Quality, Reliability, and Availability (SQRA) that must be
characteristic of future power delivery systems.
Of course, automation means different things to different people. To a consumer, automation

may mean receiving hourly electricity price signals, which can automatically adjust home
thermostat settings via a smart consumer portal. To a distribution system operator, automation
may mean automatic islanding of a distribution feeder with local distributed energy resources
in an emergency. To a power system operator, automation means a self-healing, self-optimizing
smart power delivery system that automatically anticipates and quickly responds to disturbances
to minimize their impact, minimizing or eliminating power disruptions altogether.
This smart power delivery system will also enable a revolution in consumer services via
sophisticated retail markets. Through a two-way consumer portal that could replace todays
electric meter, consumers will tie into this smart power delivery system. This will allow price
signals, decisions, communications, and network intelligence to efficiently flow back and forth
between consumer and service provider in real time. The resulting fully functioning retail
marketplace will offer consumers a wide range of services, including premium power options,
real-time power quality monitoring, home automation services, and much more.
This report presents background information on distribution automation technologies and

develops a roadmap to achieve the ADA systems required for the future power delivery systems.
Objectives
Specific objectives of the research are summarized here.

Describe the vision for ADA and characterize the benefits for the power system of the future
Determine the system and technology requirements for realizing this ADA vision over the
next 20 years
Identify existing work within EPRI and elsewhere that will contribute to meeting these
requirements
1-1
Introduction
Identify key gaps that are the basis for development initiatives for future R&D programs
Recommend the future roles for EPRI in developing the technology to meet the ADA
requirements in a manner that complements work going on elsewhere
Approach
There has been no foundation study to develop a vision for ADA, its benefits, and the physical
characteristics of the distribution system of the future. This definition of requirements for the
system is needed to guide and coordinate the body of interrelated programs that will evolve
ADA. Additionally, this vision of the physical possibilities and realities of what can and cannot
be achieved in ADA will serve as a basis for the business models that make sense for the
distribution business in the future.
This project defines the system and technology requirements for the distribution system of the
future based on a review of the current situation and the most realistic expectations and timeline
for assimilation of new technologies over the next 20 years.
Significant development in a number of technology areas is required to achieve the objectives

and the vision of ADA. This report explores some of the important areas where additional
development is needed after reviewing important technologies that are already available and
under development. Priorities for future development are identified and an overall roadmap for
achieving the vision is presented. Some of the important areas where development is required are
listed here:
Assist utility migration to open systems for automation equipment.
Provide guidelines for utility specification of automation equipment to meet immediate needs
and also provide a migration path to fully automated systems.
Develop and refine device models for specific application areas.
Implement open systems in real world environments and capture lessons learned and
necessary refinements.
Contribute to the development of key open standards specifications.
Develop flexible electric distribution system topologies, including advanced configurations
and capabilities, such as two-way power flow, intentional islanding, microgrids, dc ring
buses, and looped secondaries.
Develop key electrical and power-electronic components that enable the flexible electric
architecture and are cornerstones of ADA (such as the intelligent universal transformer and
new solid-state switchgear).
Develop and implement intelligent monitoring systems to identify possible equipment and
system problems, characterize causes of disturbances, evaluate interface issues with end
users and Distributed Energy Resources (DER), and utilize open communication architecture
for integration with the overall automation systems.
1-2
Introduction
Develop new approaches for fast simulation and modeling and predicting system
performance in the real time (including contingency analysis for future conditions based on
the existing conditions), using information from advanced monitoring systems and improved
electrical models of the system (including end user systems and DER systems).
Develop tools to assist utilities in developing specifications for components of ADA,
facilitating integration with the overall ADA implementation over time.
Organization of the Report

This report is organized into 8 sections:
Section 2 provides the vision for ADA and its role in the power system of the future. The critical
and complementary roles of an open communications system architecture and new electrical
system topologies are described. The roles of new technologies, such as power electronics
technologies, are also described.
Section 3 develops the functional requirements for ADA. These are developed in three major
categories: communication and control systems, integration of distributed energy resources, and
modeling and control system requirements.
Section 4 provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in distribution automation systems by
looking at typical examples of automation systems that are being used and implemented today.
Important research initiatives are described and an international perspective is used.
Section 5 describes important technologies that are needed for implementation of ADA systems.
These include equipment technologies (including distributed energy resources), protection
systems, monitoring and sensor technologies, and communication technologies.
Section 6 focuses on future electric system topologies and architectures. Requirements are
defined for different types of systems: urban networks, suburban systems, rural systems, and
special systems (such as custom power parks).
Section 7 is a requirements summary for ADA systems. The requirements are defined as basic
characteristics, technologies, functions, and communications.
Section 8 provides the R&D roadmap for the ADA development. The roadmap is structured into
five main research areas:
1. System topologies
2. Communications infrastructure
3. New technologies (power electronics, etc.)
4. Sensors and intelligent monitoring systems
5. Advanced distribution controls
This section provides a detailed research plan with initial cost estimates for the research
initiatives identified.
1-3
2
VISION FOR ADVANCED DISTRIBUTION
AUTOMATION
Traditional distribution systems were designed to perform one functiondistribute electrical energy
to end-users while ADA systems will facilitate the exchange of electrical energy AND information
between participants and system components. The lines between supplier and consumer will blur
because many of participants will assume both roles and will need to switch effortlessly between
these roles, possibly several times a day. The exchange of data and information will facilitate the
supplying or using of electrical energy based on dynamic rather than static prices.
ADA is distinct from traditional distribution automation (DA). Traditional DA has been
principally concerned with automated control of basic distribution circuit switching functions.
ADA is concerned with complete automation of all the controllable equipment and functions in
the distribution system to improve strategic operation of the system. The various components are
made interoperable in ADA, and the communication and control capabilities are put in place to
operate the system. The result is added functionality and better performance, reliability, and cost,
relative to todays system operations. In total, ADA will be a revolutionary change to distribution
system infrastructure, as opposed to simple incremental improvements to DA. However, this
revolutionary change will occur in an evolutionary manner due to the tremendous investment in
legacy systems and the rate of technological progress.
Neither the future nor ADA is optional. ADA will happen to meet the growing and changing role
of electricity in our society. The availability and the need to use distributed generation resources,
the impact of electrical/hybrid vehicles, the growing importance of electrical reliability along
with economic pressures resulting from the globalization of world economies and/or the
diminishing stockpile of natural resources are all drivers behind this change. The transition to the
ADA system is already underway and several examples are presented in this report.
There are two critical components to the concept of ADA:
1. An open communication architecture to facilitate the system monitoring and control
functions of ADA.
2. A redeveloped power system from an electrical architecture standpoint to enable an
interoperable network of components.
These two elements are synergistic and inter-related with each other and together they comprise
the distribution system of the future. These elements are described briefly here along with
technologies that are required to make them a reality. They are explored in more detail with
examples and identification of research requirements to make them a reality in subsequent
sections of this report.
2-1
Vision for Advanced Distribution Automation
2.1 Flexible Electrical Architecture
ADA is the cornerstone for evolving the distribution system of the future. ADA will be based on
new technologies, such as the intelligent universal transformer (a multi-functional power-
electronic device to replace distribution transformers) and sophisticated and interactive use of
smart sectionalizing, switched capacitors, sag correctors, voltage regulators, multi-function
distributed generation, load management devices, new sensors, power-electronic controls, and
others. ADA will also be based on advanced system configuration concepts such as intentional
islanding (including microgrids), looped secondaries, and dc ring buses.
A flexible electrical architecture is needed that will allow interoperability of a multitude of

controllable electrical and electronic devices within the distribution system in an organized
strategic manner that provides improved functionality, performance, reliability, and power
quality from the system. The flexible electrical architecture must provide the basis for easily
integrating the new electrical and electronic technologies from an electrical system design
standpoint. The various devices must be enabled by the architecture to provide the maximum
functionalities within their limits. For example, power electronic devices may provide VARS,
sag correction, switching and other power quality functions. Also, the flexible electrical
architecture must enable the advanced system configuration concepts noted earlier.
The legacy infrastructure must be evolved in an orderly way over time to enable this distribution
system of the future. The future electrical infrastructure should enable interoperability of the new
technologies in a way that provides options for strategically operating the system to improve
performance and reliability through automated use of the technologies, either individually or in
combinations. ADA is revolutionary in nature, as opposed to simple incremental improvements
to what has been traditionally called distribution automation.
In ADA, a top-down view of the system is needed in which the role of each technology being
integrated is considered in terms of the system benefits it can provide and its interactions with
the other new distribution technologies that are simultaneously being woven into the distribution
system of the future. These technologies become components of a larger system with intelligent
supervisory control. Strategic operation of the system will involve real-time trade-offs, such as
getting voltage support from a distributed generator when a capacitor bank is out of service. The
strategic possibilities are endless. The electrical architecture will be a complex and flexible
network of interactive devices. A complex communication network will in turn, operate this
electrical system.
2.2 Open, Standardized Communication Architecture
An open, standardized communication architecture is needed to achieve the requisite central and
local control by which the flexible electrical system described above will be strategically
operated using predetermined algorithms.
In general, the communication architecture will be comprised of two major elements, object
models and protocols. An object model is a detailed data template for the information exchange
needed for monitoring and controlling a device within the architecture of a power distribution
2-2
system (or other system). The object model makes the device recognizable and controllable (i.e.,
interoperable) to the power system. This is analogous to hooking up remote devices to a
computer. The remote devices are interrogated by the operating system of the computer and an
interoperable interface is established.
The other principal component of the communications architecture is the communication

protocols. Protocols are the rules for transfer of the data within the communication system. For
example, the protocols are the rules for taking the information from the DER (as represented in
its object model) and transferring it to a SCADA or other device.
None of this gets into communication media such as microwaves, radio, PLC, fiber optics, or
other physical media. The architecture is just the structured way of handling a lot of information,
regardless of which media are chosen. However, in implementing ADA, judicious choices must
also be made of communications media.
The architecture can be proprietary or open. There are many proprietary architectures. The
principal open architecture is UCA, which is being standardized via such documents such as IEC
61850 and others. Consensus standards are evolved and agreed upon by stakeholder communities
to get consistent practice to the benefit of all. The agreed upon consensus standards for open
communication architecture should, over time, become the dominant architecture. Proprietary
architectures will then wane in importance. Adopters of the open architecture approach benefit
because they can easily integrate new technologies, if they have been suitably conformed for
interoperability.
In some respects, the job is never done in evolving the open architecture, because as new device
types are invented and developed, consensus standards are needed for their object models to
make them interoperable with the open architecture.
2.3 The Power Exchange System of the Future
Ultimately, the distribution system is expected to evolve into a power exchange medium that is
capable of collecting power and transferring it elsewhere, as well as distributing it. Hence,
looking into the future, it will be more appropriate to think of as a power exchange system
rather than a distribution system. Therefore, ADA is, in reality, reinventing the distribution
system into something new. Figure 2-1 presents a conceptual view.
2-3
Figure 2-1
Conceptual view of ADA and the distribution system of the future
ADA has one other challenging and interesting aspect. Both the electrical and communication
architectures described above for the distribution arena are really subsystems of the overall
power system, including generation, transmission, sub-transmission, distribution, and customer
electric systems. Hence, ADA must be interoperable with the broader context of the power
system. Examples where this broader concept is important include:
Distribution system acting as a generator (power supplier) for the overall system as a result
of local distributed generation that exceeds local loads.
Reactive power control for the overall system coordinated with the reactive power devices
and capabilities of the local distribution system.
Power quality control for local loads coordinated with characteristics of the supplying
transmission system (e.g. control of voltage sags caused by transmission faults and control of
transient overvoltages caused by transmission operations, such as capacitor switching).
Local load control and energy conservation measures implementation to support
requirements for the overall system (e.g. load reduction to support system contingencies
coordinated with local loads and distributed resources).
2.4 New Distribution System Technologies
New technologies are becoming available that will shape the distribution system of the future.
Some of these have recently become available and others are in the final stages of development.
Still others are not yet known, but will emerge over the next 20 years. The new technologies that
2-4
will shape ADA come from both the electrical (and electronic) equipment sector and from the
information technology sector.
Some technologies that will be important for the overall ADA implementation and are evaluated
in this report include the following:
2.4.1 Electrical and Electronic Technologies

Distributed energy resources (distributed generation and storage)
New sensor technologies that will allow collection of electrical and performance information
from devices and components throughout the system
Monitoring and analysis technologies for identifying system and equipment problems before
actual failures (e.g. distribution fault anticipator, capacitor problem identification, regulator
problem identification, etc.)
Power quality enhancement technologies for the distribution system (e.g. DVR, Statcom)
Solid state breakers and switches for fast fault clearing, system reconfiguration, and
transient-free switching (e.g. capacitors)
Load management technologies (end user systems that must be coordinated with ADA)
Power quality enhancement technologies for end user facilities that should be coordinated
with ADA
Advanced metering capabilities that will allow intelligent applications to be coordinated with
detailed characteristics of end user systems
Advanced electrical system configurations, such as intentional islanding (including
microgrids), dc ring buses, looped secondary systems, and advanced distribution networks
Automatic switching systems to reconfigure the system for disturbances (e.g. faults), load
conditions, DER conditions, quality and reliability requirements, etc.
Intelligent universal transformer (a multi-functional, solid-state replacement for distribution
transformers)
2.4.2 Communications, Computing, and Information Technologies

Open, standardized communication architecture
Advanced, secure communication media (including wireless, PLC, satellite, etc.)
Open information exchange model for work process management
Consumer Portal (to be described later)
Sensing and monitoring devices implementing features of new communications architecture
and with integrated intelligent applications that become an integral part of overall system
control schemes
2-5
Real time state estimation and predictive systems (including fault simulation modeling) to
continuously assess the overall state of the distribution system and predict future conditions,
providing the basis for system optimization
Advanced control systems to optimize performance of the entire distribution system for
efficiency, asset management, reliability, quality, and security
Load management and real time pricing systems that integrate with end user and DER
systems to optimize overall system performance and efficiency
Asset management and work management systems that integrate with intelligent monitoring
systems, customer information systems, and forecasting tools to optimize investments and
maintenance based on the specific requirements of individual systems
Collectively, these technologies are the tools that are available to create ADA.
2.5 Synergy
The two families of technologies summarized above together form the basis for the ADA system
of the future. The advances in electrical and electronic technologies enable the flexible electrical
architecture and associated functions, but they are only achievable with the advanced
communication and information technologies to supervise them. The two families are completely
inter-related, as illustrated in Figure 2-2.
Flexible Open
Electrical Communication
Architecture Architecture
Figure 2-2
The flexible electrical architecture and open communication architecture empower
eachother to provide a whole that is greater than the sum of the parts In ADA
2-6
In ADA, more sophisticated control concepts will be used. As the distribution system becomes
more widely monitored via advances in sensor and monitoring technologies, and the system has
more microprocessor-controlled components (e.g., the intelligent universal transformer or new
load management devices), these components can be used for strategic operating advantage. To
do so will require a more sophisticated control system. First, the system must be based on the
interoperability of all of its parts. This means migration to an open communication architecture.
Second, local distribution control via distributed computing will be used. The local distribution
control concept will involve using a central control center at the distribution system level for
coordination with control at the transmission level. This is necessary for overall power flow
supervision and coordination of DER dispatch at the distribution level with central generation at
the transmission level, as well as for coordinating volt/VAR management. (DER can be a source
of VARs, as well as kWs.) The central distribution control center would also supervise the
distributed control capabilities that are dispersed throughout the distribution system. These
include microprocessors embedded in intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) throughout the
distribution system and other local control agents.
2.6 International Focus
The technologies and systems for ADA must have an international focus. There are many
differences in distribution system designs and operations around the world. However, the basic
equipment and requirements are the same. Future electrical system architectures and open
communication system architectures (especially the standards defining these systems) must result
in technologies that can be applied throughout the world. This will greatly enhance the speed of
development and implementation of these technologies and eliminate the need for expensive
duplication of research efforts across different systems.
2.7 Development Steps
The overall flow of development to achieve the ADA system of the future is illustrated in Figure
2-3. The focus of this report is on the last stepdefining the requirements for future work and a
roadmap for this work. However, a review of existing technologies and systems is required
before any attempt at a definition of future work is possible. Therefore, the next chapters review
some existing distribution automation technologies and specific implementations. Then this
state-of-the-art information is used to identify important gaps that must be filled in order for the
ADA vision to be realized. Filling these gaps is the basis for the future development priorities.
2-7
Assessment Requirements
Definition Future Work
Flexible
New electrical Technology
technologies architecture
development
requirements
ADA Synergy Systems

functions development
Open
communication
Past and architecture Standards
current work requirements development
Figure 2-3
The basic steps for achieving the ADA vision
2-8
3
ADA FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
ADA will consist of many individual functions and applications (see Appendix A). These
functions incorporate many new systems, equipment, and applications that will be part of the
overall ADA system. Five important functional requirements can be defined for the overall system.
1. Communication and control infrastructure allowing integration of all distribution equipment

and end user technologies into the ADA system
2. Automation of all controllable distribution equipment and functions
3. Application of advanced technologies (e.g. power electronics) where appropriate for

advanced control and system performance enhancement
4. Integration of distributed generation and storage resources
5. Modeling and real-time simulation systems to optimize performance (via predictive control)
and response to disturbances at all times
3.1 Communication and Control Infrastructure
Neither distribution automation nor ADA is possible without widespread communication

between the controllable devices and one or more control unit(s). At times the control unit may
be a central processor and at other times it may be another controllable device as in peer-peer
communication.
Adding communication links to individual distribution components is becoming more prevalent,

in part due to the reduction in communication costs. The communication costs have come down
due to new technology developments and increased competition. Economic analysis is more
likely to show that the cost of adding communication links is offset by the resulting improvement
in system reliability and improved O&M efficiencies.
Reference 17 indicates that distribution automation communications media can be placed into the
following three major categories:
1. Power Line Carrier
2. Landlines
3. Wireless
3-1
ADA Functional Requirements
Power line carrier systems have been most successful in automatic meter reading (AMR) and
load control applications. For distribution applications, power line carrier suffers from the open
circuit problem. In other words, communication is lost with devices on the far side of an open
circuit. This severely restricts the usefulness of power line carrier systems for applications
involving reclosers, switches, sectionalizers, and outage detection.
Landline communication options include telephone and fiber optics. Leased telephone lines are
often brought into substations for SCADA-RTU communications. For distribution automation,
telephone lines are not often used because of the costs associated with installation of the phone
line, the dielectric isolation equipment, and the monthly cost. Fiber optics is a very technically
attractive solution, offering comparatively unlimited bandwidth. Its dielectric and EMI/RFI noise
immunity characteristics make it an ideal fit for the high-voltage operating environment. Single-
mode fiber is a very practical solution for transmission applications. Unfortunately, the installed
cost per drop for single-mode fiber is still too high for most distribution applications.
Wireless solutions have shown the greatest potential for automating distribution networks
because they communicate virtually anywhere at a very low cost. Companies exploring wireless
solutions have two choices; install a private (owner operated) wireless network or utilize an
existing infrastructure of a public network.
Private wireless networks allow utilities to have more control over their communications system
but requires a significant up-front investment in infrastructure as well as the on-going
maintenance costs. Utilizing an existing public network, for example, the public cellular
network, allows a utility to forgo upfront infrastructure as well as most of the on-going
maintenance costs. These cost saving must be weighed against the fact that the network is not
captive to the utility. With security features like secure socket layers (SSL), 128-bit encryption,
and frame relays, the security risks of using a public network are becoming negligible.
ADA systems will also incorporate communication and control functions that integrate with end
use technologies for implementation of demand response and real time pricing systems. These
systems will help optimize the performance of individual distribution systems as well as provide
the means to better match generation resources with load characteristics. Work on the consumer
portal is defining the requirements for the communications and control systems that go across
the customer meter.
Regardless of the technologies employed, the communications architecture must allow for plug
and play implementation of technologies that are required for ADA systems to be economically
deployed. Information models, object models, and protocols must be standardized so that
systems with a variety of components can be integrated and expanded in a modular fashion.
3.2 Automation of All Controllable Equipment and Functions
The functionality of ADA could be explained as the deployment of substation and feeder
operating functions and applications ranging from SCADA and alarm processing to integrated
volt/var control in order to optimize the management of capital assets and enhance operation and
maintenance (O&M) efficiencies with minimal human intervention. The automation process will
3-2
also be accompanied by an integration phase in which equipment and information will be

consolidated. The integration of protection, control, and data acquisition functions into a minimal
number of platforms will reduce capital and operating costs, reduce panel and control room
space, and eliminate redundant equipment and databases.
The automation and functionality of the system will evolve to a very complete and
comprehensive scheme. The system will be given more data along with more switching and
corrective action responsibilities. The security and integrity of the automation system will also be
enhanced with dispersed control, more redundancy and more sophisticated fail safe strategies.
The continual addition of IEDs to the distribution system, either through attrition or new
construction, will ensure that more data is available and more distribution components will be
controllable through automation. The integration of distributed energy resources will add new
challenges since power or current may be flowing in any direction. This will result in reclosers
being replaced or modified with bi-directional reclosers, which in turn will require a more
sophisticated control and automation scheme.
In order to fully exploit the full vision of ADA, it will be required to automate more controls. For
example, human operator response time will not be sufficient to perform the switching necessary
in order to create self sustaining islands subsequent to system disturbances.
Figure 3-1 (Reference 18) depicts the substation automation functional architecture as well as the
various data paths that exist between the distribution equipment and the overall utility enterprise
system. The operational data flows to the SCADA system while the non-operational data flows
to the data warehouse and a data path providing remote access to the IEDs exists. It should be
noted that many of the IEDs associated with the ADA vision will not physically exist at the
substation but will be out on the feeders.
3-3
Figure 3-1
Substation automation functional diagram
Future ADA systems will extend the control out onto the distribution system and even into
customer facilities in order to optimize the performance and response of the overall system.
3-4
3.3 Application of Advanced Technologies
Optimizing the performance and the response of the distribution system in the future will take
advantage of advances in power electronics technology. Important advantages of power
electronics technology applications will include:
Faster, transient-free switching for better response to disturbances and system
reconfiguration.
Continuous voltage and var control, as well as control of harmonic distortion
Ride through systems for improved power quality and reliability for customers that require
this level of service
Important technologies to realize these benefits include:

Static compensators for voltage and var control
Active filters for harmonic control
Series compensators for ride through support and voltage control
Energy storage systems with power electronics to optimize performance and the system
interface
Intelligent universal transformer (IUT) for complete management of the customer interface
Solid state switches for fast, transient free switching and system reconfiguration
Many of these power electronic technologies may be integrated with distributed resources or
end-use devices. However, their controls must be integrated with the overall ADA system.
3.4 Integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER)
The distribution system will need to transition from a single function (energy delivery) system to
a multi-function (energy exchange) system in order to fulfill the ADA vision. Automation and
control functionality will need to be increased and this functionality will be integrated with
distributed resources throughout the distribution system.
A major functional goal of the ADA vision is to seamlessly integrate small power generation and
storage devices throughout the system. This integration process will ideally maximize the
benefits of DER while minimizing some of the potential liabilities. The development of a
flexible electrical architecture as well as the development of an open communication architecture
are both critical to achieving this goal.
The following table outlines some of the more common benefits and liabilities of DER. The long
list and importance of the benefits justifies the effort required to advance the successful
integration of these devices.
3-5
Table 3-1
Benefits and Liabilities of DER
Potential Benefits of DER Potential Liabilities of DER
Improved energy efficiency Personnel safety
reduced system losses Added system complexity
reduced need for transmission and distribution Higher percentage of generating

expansions sources being dependent on
meteorological conditions
more diversified environmentally friendly power sources
higher power quality and reliability potential
additional volt/VAR capabilities
The electrical architecture (and, in some cases, the natural gas infrastructure) will need to be able
to accommodate a wide variety of different types and sizes of DER devices. There is a broad
range of energy sources and generation technologies that can be used as DER. The most common
generation technologies include:
Gas combustion turbine-generators
Gas combustion microturbines with alternators-inverters
Gas to hydrogen fed fuel cells and electronic inverters
Gas and oil fired reciprocating engine-generators
Wind-driven turbines with induction generators or alternators-inverters
Solar photovoltaic cells and inverters
Solar thermal-electric power plants
Hydroelectric micro- and small-scale power plants
Geo-thermal driven steam turbine-generators
In addition to these technologies, there are energy-storage technologies that are also classified as
DER. These include battery energy-storage systems, flywheel energy-storage systems, super-
conductive magnetic energy storage (SMES), super-capacitor (ultra-capacitor) energy-storage
technologies, and other types of energy storage. A storage technology functions like a generator
during dispatch of power from the storage medium, and so it basically has all of the
characteristics of a generator during that period of time; it has the characteristic of a load during
recharge periods.
The electrical architecture will also need to be able to accommodate both the presence and
absence of these resources which may come and go several times a day depending upon the
availability of renewable resources, economic dispatch or other considerations. This means that
3-6
MW, MVAR and voltage demands of the system as well as the associated equipment ratings are
going to have to be continuously balanced against a very diversified and fluid set of resources.
The development of standardized interconnection systems for DER resources will facilitate the
rapid introduction of additional DER resources onto the system. These systems must be
integrated with the overall distribution automation system as part of system performance
management. In order to maximize some of the reliability and power quality benefits associated
with DER, the electrical architecture will also need to be able to break apart into microgrids or
self sustaining islands, during certain power system disturbances. Figure 3-2 demonstrates the
different levels at which DER can be deployed as well as how different self sustaining islands
may be formed during power system disturbances. In general, irrespective of standardizing the
interconnection systems, the distribution electrical system design must be modified to
accommodate increasing penetration of DER.
Figure 3-2
Adaptable island or microgrid concept
In order to facilitate the integration and real-time dispatch of DER, a secure real-time
communications and control infrastructure must be provided. It will be necessary to have
coordinated protection and control of these resources so the needs of the system can be balanced
against the availability of the resources. In order to minimize the incremental burden on system
operators, much of the control and automation of these resources will have to be automated.
Security and redundancy of the communication system will be critical to offsetting the added
complexity associated with the integration of these resources.
DER technology is changing rapidly, with new requirements, new vendors, and new capabilities.
Therefore, it is critical to use a standard communications protocol that will ensure that these
disparate devices can communicate in a well-known manner. In addition, the standard
communication protocol must incorporate self-defining capabilities using object-oriented
technology, so that each implementation of a new type of device and each deployment of
additional devices (which may eventually number in the thousands) can occur rapidly and with
3-7
minimal cost. The Utility Communications Architecture (UCA) meets the need for a standard,
self-defining, object-oriented communications protocol. All major distribution automation and
substation automation field devices are becoming compliant with the UCA standard, as defined
by the 1999 IEEE UCA Technical Reports and by the IEC standardization work-in-progress.
The integration of DER resources will also require new industry standards development as well
as coordination with industry, state, and local government organizations to accelerate regulatory
policies, codes, permitting and siting.
3.5 Modeling and Real-Time Simulation Systems
Control of all equipment and even customer systems will require an extensive real-time system
model and information system along with supporting simulation tools to continually optimize
system performance. The first requirement is a system information model that facilitates the wide
variety of applications that will have to operate on this model. The information model must take
into account future as well as existing technologies that are part of the distribution system.
Important elements include:
Substation equipment
Protection systems
Distribution system topology with line and cable characteristics
Distribution switchgear and characteristics (including solid state switches)
Var control and voltage control technologies (regulators, series compensators, shunt
capacitors, shunt compensators)
Transformers (substation and customer)
Intelligent universal transformers with full functionality in the future
Distributed generation and storage devices with controls and protection systems
End use technologies, load characteristics
Demand response and real time pricing systems and components
GIS systems
Important applications that must become real-time capabilities for the ADA system include:
Load flows, voltage profiles, var flows, etc.
Harmonic distortion level calculations and simulations
System loss simulations to optimize topology and equipment controls
Price response simulations as part of demand management and system performance
optimization
Fault location
3-8
Optimized restoration following fault conditions

System restoration following major outages, including coordination with end user and DR
systems
All of these systems require extensive data collection and management systems to match the
system representations with real-time conditions. These functions will require faster simulation
and state-estimation systems for the distribution systems. These systems will also be required to
continually predict future conditions on the distribution system to develop optimization
approaches for the system performance.
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4
EXAMPLE DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
The objective of this section is to review some existing distribution automation technologies and
to describe some specific real world implementations. Each case study is designed to illustrate
a specific technology or system design concept that will be critical to the implementation of the
ADA vision.
The case studies describe the state-of-the-art technology applications and designs. They form
the basis for the evolutionary path to the fully functional ADA system of the future.
A key contribution of these examples is to illustrate possible migration paths or strategies that
can be used to transition the existing power distribution network into that described by the ADA
vision. The importance of industry standards to this process is also highlighted.
4.1 Peer-to-Peer Communications
Reference 11 describes the positive impact that peer-to-peer communication can have on
traditional distribution protection systems (recloser, sectionalizers). A protection scheme based
on microprocessor relays, equipped with Internet communication capabilities, is shown to
eliminate undesired losses of un-faulted load, reduce outage duration as well as reduce thermal
and mechanical stress resulting from successive re-energizations under fault conditions.
A peer-to-peer communication system enables distribution relays to share information with

others connected to the TCP/IP communication network without having a master device. Every
relay is able to ask from, and send to, the network un-requested information. Thus, any relay can
master the re-configuration of the distribution system itself after a contingency occurs. The
system can be programmed to isolate every possible fault after a certain number of reclosing
operations as well as to reenergize un-faulted loads. As a result, the traditional protection system
is transformed into an adaptive protection system that is able to reconfigure itself to successfully
face contingency conditions.
A traditional recloser protection scheme has the disadvantage that it exposes system components
to large thermal and mechanical forces every time the recloser closes into a fault. If a recloser is
set for three re-closing operations and the fault is permanent (non auto-extinguishing), the system
will have to carry the fault current four times before the fault is permanently cleared and all these
duties are imposed on the system components in a very short period of time. Furthermore, the
voltage drop caused by the fault might affect the quality of service to other customer connected
to the same distribution substation.
4-1
Example Distribution Automation Systems
The use of sectionalizers, as shown in Figure 4-1 and Table 4-1 have the potential to improve
this situation somewhat, depending on where the fault occurs.
Figure 4-1
Distribution feeder protection scheme
Table 4-1
Recloser-sectionalizer protection scheme operation
In brief, the traditional recloser-sectionalizer distribution scheme increases the performance of

the distribution system by allowing permanent faults to be cleared without shutting down the
whole feeder. The major negative effect of this approach is the increment on thermal and
mechanical stress put on the distribution feeder due to several application of the fault current in a
relatively short period of time.
Reference 12 describes a peerpeer communication scheme based on the TCP/IP protocol.

Figure 4-2 shows the architecture of the proposed system. The scheme must be implemented
with a fallback operation procedure for those times when communication is not available. This
fallback operation procedure operates similar to the traditional non-communication recloser-
sectionalizer scheme.
4-2
Figure 4-2
Web-based communication loop control
The PCD device in the above figure refers to the ABB PCD2000. The PCD2000 and SCD units
combine monitoring, control, switching and communication in one package.
The access to the TCP/IP protocol was accomplished by using low cost Java Application Control
Engines. Every PCD/SCD 2000 unit was tied to a Java based control device through a Modbus
serial communication link using RS-232 port. Specifically, Jace-501/502 Java based control
devices made by Tridium were used. The Jace-501/502 units manage the serial communication
with the PCD/SCD control units as well as the TCP/IP access. The Jace-501/502 also runs the
fault location, fault isolation and system restoration algorithms.
The PCD2000 and SCD2000s includes a register (40819) that provided an event counter during
fault occurrence. The 40819 counter registers provide key information for fault location tasks.
Comparing the event counter of successive PCD/SCD2000, it is possible to determine the
location of the fault without having to wait for several reclosing operations. There is enough data
to initiate the proper sectionalization process before the first reclosing operation; the system
always allows one reclosing operation in order to avoid operating for a non-permanent fault.
Devices are constantly posting in the network their event counter (40819) and status registers
(open/close). Furthermore, they are constantly reading from the network event counter and status
of all devices in the power distribution network. Having this information enables them to
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evaluate the system condition. When a fault occurs anywhere in the distribution system, the
recloser starts its sequence of operations. Thus, event counter registers increase with every
reclosing operation only in devices that see the fault current. The fault location is accomplished
by comparing 40819 register of successive devices. If a device sees the current but its down
stream fellow does not, the fault is between them. Once the fault was located, the closest device
masters the reconfiguration of the network. It generates and sends open/close/lock commands to
other devices according to the operating philosophy described above.
Table 4-2 summarizes the obtained results. It shows a comparison in terms of the number of
reclosing operations, unfaulted load losses, and recovery time for several contingences between
the traditional protection system and Peer-to-Peer Communication-Based protection system
applied to distribution networks.
Table 4-2
Comparison of a traditional protection scheme with the peer-to-peer system
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4.2 Application of Automatic Circuit Reclosers
Reclosers and sectionalizers have long been a part of the distribution network infrastructure and
a typical application of these devices is shown below in Figure 4-3. A recloser is like a circuit
breaker (capable of interrupting fault current) but it is also designed to be able to close into a
fault. The recloser will detect a fault and open for a pre-programmed time, before closing again
automatically. This cycle can be repeated 3 times with lockout typically on the fourth trip. A
sectionalizer on the other hand is a switch (not capable of interrupting fault current). It is used in
conjunction with an upstream recloser or circuit breaker. The sectionalizer counts the
interruptions created by the recloser during the fault sequence and then on a preset count of trips,
during the dead time of the up stream recloser, it opens and isolates the potentially faulty
network section.
Figure 4-3
Typical application of reclosers and sectionalizers
Recent advances in recloser technology include the use of vacuum interrupters as opposed to an
oil interrupting medium and the use of electronic timing devices as opposed to hydraulic oil
timing. These advances, coupled with advances in communication capabilities, allow much
greater flexibility in the setting of the current-time trip characteristic of these devices and it
also allows the trip characteristics to be changed remotely based upon weather, seasonal or other
considerations. The increased communication capabilities also allow the recloser to
automatically notify control room operators of a loss of supply and thereby reduce the time
required to take corrective action.
Improved flexibility in the setting of the current-time trip characteristic allows for greater
coordination with both upstream and downstream devices. This improved coordination also
improves system reliability by minimizing the number of loads interrupted.
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Reference 8 describes an example in New South Wales, Australia where the new capabilities of
the automatic circuit reclosers were leveraged into significant financial savings for the utility by
minimizing lost revenue and repair costs. In a period of 5 years, Great Southern Energy of
NSW Australia installed approximately 300 remote controlled electronic reclosers in order to
reduce fire risk and outage time. Prior to the installation of these reclosers, the 1983 Ash
Wednesday bushfires killed 75 people, 268,000 head of livestock and destroyed 2000 homes. A
large portion of the damage was due to wires clashing. The new reclosers were able to clear
faults within their protection zone within 1 second, which significantly reduced the risk of
bushfire.
Remotely controlled electronic reclosers are now being successfully employed by the industry
and the feature set for this technology seems adequate for widespread application. Improvements
resulting from R&D will help improve the economics and help standardize the communication
protocols.
4.3 Sweden Automatic Load Restoration Example
In the event of a system failure, automated restoration can rapidly recover the load, which has
been disconnected by automatically transferring the load to another part of the system. Presently,
load restoration is normally done manually. This example, as described in Reference 10,
addresses the important issue of how load recovery using auto-sectionalizing and auto-reclosing
affects customer load point indices and the system reliability.
Power distribution systems are usually composed of many radial feeders. Each feeder is divided
into load sections with sectionalizing switches and has connections to other feeders via normally
open switches. These normally open tie line switches (normally open points) play an important
role in the service restoration. In the event of a system failure, the open points can be closed and
the loads that have been disconnected can be transferred to support feeders via the tie switches.
This load recovery procedure can have a marked effect on the reliability indices of a load point,
because loads that would otherwise have been left disconnected until repair had been completed
can now be transferred to another part of the system. This concept is demonstrated in the
following figure showing how the system responds before (A) during (B) and after (C) a fault.
4-6
Figure 4-4
Remote switching of distribution feeders
As automation is introduced to power distribution systems, fault location, isolation/

sectionalizing and reclosing can be achieved sequentially and automatically. When these actions
operate correctly, the time needed for system reconfiguration and load recovery can be reduced
dramatically. Therefore, automating the network reconfiguration and service recovery has
become an important function of distribution automation.
Significant reductions in reliability indices System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)
and Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI) can be achieved as the operating
time for sectionalizers and tie breakers are reduced from the manual switching times (typically 1
hour) to about 2 minutes. The reduction in SAIDI and CAIDI for different levels of automation
(more and more sectionalizers on feeder equipped with automation) is depicted in Figure 4-5.
4-7
Figure 4-5
Variation of SAIFI, SAIDI, and CAIDI for different levels of automation
4.4 Distribution Vision 2010 (DV 2010)
The DV2010 consortium was initiated by We Energies in 2000 to look beyond existing
technologies and provide a path to the automation of distribution systems in the future. DV2010
focuses specifically on improving customer reliability through communication and automated
operation of protection equipment on the distribution circuits. It takes the peer-peer
communications technologies described above another step forward to enhance the reliability
and performance of the distribution system.
Demonstrations are currently being designed at We Energies and BC Hydro to illustrate the
operation and benefits of a new primary network design tied to multiple source buses and using
directional overcurrent protection, distribution automation, high speed communications, and
automated real-time system analysis to reduce annual outage times experienced by customers by
a factor of 10. Specific objectives of the pilot projects include:
Demonstrate enhanced high-speed communication-based distribution protection schemes to
provide reliable and secure fault isolation on complex branching network feeder designs
within 3-5 cycles.
Demonstrate instant reconfiguration of the system once a fault has been isolated.
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Demonstrate management of the system configuration in real time with high speed
communication and integration with an Energy Management System.
Demonstrate real time voltage monitoring and control.
The research includes a number of important developments and deliverables that will be
demonstrated as part of the project (as described by Bob Huber in presentations to the EPRI
Distribution Advisors):
PeerCommTM Communications System (Cooper Industries)allows continuous
communication between reclosers for fast isolation of faults
Enhancements to the Cooper Form 6 Recloser Control with enhanced overcurrent protection
functions
Reverse Vacuum Fault Interruptor (RVFI)supplies a reduced cost high speed transfer
capability.
DA Master from NovaTechdistribution system automatic reconfiguration controller.
Real time distribution system analyzer for wide area voltage control and system operation
management.
New fault locating algorithmsUniversity of Wisconsin.
Figure 4-6
Concept for demonstration of DV2010 functions with advanced concepts for the future
shown
4-9
4.5 Southern California Edison Circuit of the Future

Southern California Edison (SCE) has identified a need to come up with new ideas to build more
reliable and efficient distribution circuits. Bob Yinger from SCE described to a meeting of the
Consortium for Electrical Infrastructure for a Digital Economy (CEIDS) a unique approach for
addressing the problem of coming up with new approaches for the design of automated
distribution systems (2003 meeting of the advisors to the Distributed Energy
Resources/Advanced Distribution Automation project).
The vision for the next generation distribution grid at SCE mirrors the ADA vision presented in
this report. Some components of the future grid, as envisioned by SCE:
Maintenance Free Equipment
No moving parts
Smart Equipment and Structures
Remote analysis, high speed comm, video
Distributed control - Localized intelligence
Unmanned Switching Centers
Remote operations
Real-Time Analysis available at the Desktop
Integration Distributed Generation/ Storage
Single Black Box Hub in Substation
Merge distribution and substation automation
The project has identified one distribution substation that will be the basis of a demonstration
project. The specific characteristics of the automation system to be demonstrated will be the
result of a competition of four regional distribution engineering design teams. They will each
take into account common design requirements:
220/ 66/ 12 kV substation to be online in 2005
Use intelligent relaying devices
Extensive monitoring
Circuit breakers
Transformers
Getaway temperature
All monitoring & control interconnected with fiber Ethernet (today Modbus, future IEC
61850)
Substation controller for automation functions and forward data to SCADA
Non SCADA data forwarded to data historian for later access and analysis
4-10
The functional designs proposed by these teams will be evaluated in three functional areas:
1. Safety
a. Identify and clear all faults quickly
b. Eliminate risk of contact for humans and wildlife
c. Minimize short circuit duty while maintaining voltage regulation
d. Equipment has safe failure modes and low environmental consequences
e. Design poles and vaults with inherent safety
2. Reliability
a. Minimize the frequency of interruptions
b. Minimize the number of customers affected by event
c. Minimize the duration of interruptions
d. Minimize power quality incidents
3. Cost
a. Increase field equipment life
b. Minimize need for operator intervention
c. Maximize utilization of feeder/ grid while minimizing losses
d. Minimize maintenance expense
SCE is organizing a panel of judges to evaluate these proposals and then will select the best for
moving to the next stage of a detailed design and implementation. This approach has the
advantage of direct involvement of the engineers that will have to design, implement, and
operate the system.
4.6 Georgia PowerDistribution Voltage and Reactive Power Control
The Georgia Power Distribution Efficiency Program (DEP), as described in Reference 9, brought
together several new technologies in order to achieve the fundamental goal of shaving peak
demand by 200 MW without affecting energy sales at non-peak times when energy was plentiful.
The DEP surpassed its goals when it reduced the 2001 peak demand by 264 MW. The project not
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only deferred the need for generating capacity, but it has also helped relieve stress on the
distribution system and substations during seasonal peaks. Net savings were estimated at $24.1
million over 15 years.
The fundamental engineering principal involved the controlled lowering of the voltage
magnitude at the distribution level in order to lower electrical power demand. The objectives
were achieved through remote control of voltage regulators, along with a large number of
capacitor banks with voltage-sensing controls. A total of 354 feeders in 171 substations were
involved.
An important requirement for the success of this project was to flatten the voltage profile along
the length of a feeder. This was necessary in order to keep the voltage levels acceptable at the
end of the feeder when the voltage was reduced at the substation. Flattening the voltage profile
was accomplished by installing switched capacitor banks all along the line. The banks installed
were smaller than had been customary, and there are more of them per feeder. For example, a
circuit which previously had two or three 1200 kvar banks might after DEP have four to six 600
kvar or 900 kvar banks. These banks correct the feeders power factor to near 100%. The
capacitor controls are voltage sensing, and their settings are coordinated to ensure that they come
on in the proper sequence. They are not remote-controlled, but some of them are monitored by
the SCADA system. A typical switched capacitor bank installation is shown in Figure 4-7. The
white radio antenna (lower right) transmits the capacitor status back to the SCADA system.
Figure 4-7
Typical switched capacitor bankGeorgia Power
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The voltage-sensing controls are digital electronic devices instead of the older analog style. A
significant number are equipped for remote control through the SCADA system, which has now
expanded beyond the substation fence out onto the distribution lines. On switched banks,
Georgia Power changed in 2001 from oil switches to vacuum switches, which are expected to
require less maintenance.
Prior to DEP, Georgia Power had SCADA installed in most of its substations, but voltage
regulators were not monitored or controlled remotely. For DEP, voltage regulators and load tap
changers were retrofitted with electronic controls, which were then connected to the SCADA
system. Programmers set up software commands that would let distribution operators lower the
voltage simultaneously on large groups of feeders by executing simple commands. This came to
be known as pushing the big red button, and it only takes two commands to lower the voltage
on all of the DEP feeders.
This example demonstrates the positive impact that automation of all controllable equipment
can have on the power system. The transition to digital electronic controls enables this type of
complete control while developments with universal communication protocols will make the
implementation much more seamless.
4.7 Nevada Power Company (Capacitor Switching and DG)
Distributed generation (DG) will naturally impact the voltage profile of the feeder and that will
have a direct effect on the adequacy of any existing capacitor control schemes. The impact on the
feeder voltage will be different for different types of DG because they have different reactive
power contribution characteristics. For example, inverter-based generators are often designed to
operate at unity power factor while conventional synchronous machines can both supply and
absorb reactive power. Finally, induction generators used in wind and Stirling engine systems
can only operate at a lagging power factor (i.e., absorb reactive power while generating real
power). These various reactive power characteristics along with the voltage control
characteristics of the DG will influence how much of an impact the DG will have on the feeder
voltage profile. Also there is typically no set schedule for when a DG is going to be available
(particularly those based on renewable resources) so a successful capacitor control scheme is
going to have to accommodate the variable nature associated with the impact that DG can have
on feeder voltages.
Table 4-3 quantifies the different types of capacitor control schemes that are in common use
today and identifies a qualitative assessment of that schemes inherent ability to accommodate
DG. It should be noted that even a scheme with poor inherent capabilities may be able to be
successfully tuned in order to accommodate a specific DG / feeder situation.
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Table 4-3
Comparison of a traditional protection scheme with the peer-to-peer system
Capacitor Control Characteristics Inherent

Scheme Ability to
accommodate
DG
Time Capacitor on and off based on time of day (battery Poor

backup for clock required). A good scheme for
predictable feeder characteristics.
Temperature Capacitor on and off based on ambient temperature. A Poor

good scheme for predictable feeder characteristics.
Voltage Capacitor on and off based on voltage magnitude Average

(sometimes combined with other inputstime, temp)
VAR Capacitor on and off based on VAR flows Average
Intelligent Control / Multiple inputs and optimum capacitor switching Good

SCADARadio algorithms (optimize voltage profile while minimizing
controlled number of switching events).
Reference 22 quantifies how a typical feeder voltage profile is impacted by the switching of
capacitors on during the day (time control schemeFigure 4-8) and how that profile can be
adversely affected by the presence of DG (2 MW at Node 7 - Figure 4-9).
Figure 4-8
Feeder voltage profile before and after capacitor switching (no DG)
4-14
Figure 4-9
Feeder voltage profile before and after capacitor switching (2 MW of DG)
The incorporation of DG or DER into a feeder circuit will require a review and most likely a
resetting of any existing capacitor switching controls. Intelligent capacitor controls (using several
input signals) and / or radio controlled capacitor switching by operators are inherently better
suited to dealing with the dynamic and less predictable voltage profiles that result when DG is
incorporated into the feeder circuit.
4.8 Electricit de France (EdF)DA With Multi-Platform Capability
A distribution network remote-control system, designed by EDF Research, is described in detail

in Reference 20. The system was derived in part from its predecessor and one of the major goals
of the new system was to allow the reduction in the number of control centers from 100 to 35.
The remote control system is currently required to manage and control 120 source substations
and 8000 remote-controlled devices.
Major technical challenges included:

Increase in data volume (due in part to the consolidation of control centers)
Changing data and data requirements
Different computer platforms being used.
In order to have an open system and one that supported multi-platform capability, the design is
centered on a software bus based on CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture)
as shown in Figure 4-10. The changing data requirements was handled by utilizing an object
oriented data server with data marked by a version number and the configuration tool that goes
with it.
4-15
Figure 4-10
Software application control architecture
Since 1998 the new system has been successfully installed in 16 of the control centers and a new
installation is scheduled every six weeks. A key ingredient of the project success was utilizing
one control center as an experimental workbench where operators assisted in the experiments
and made necessary comments.
4.9 Distributed Energy Resource (DER) Example
This example, which is documented completely in Reference 7, describes the successful

integration of a 200 kW Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) into an existing power distribution
network. The PAFC fuel cell consists of electrodes made of carbon paper coated with finely
dispersed platinum catalyst. This catalyst strips electrons off the hydrogen-rich fuel at the anode,
which are then carried by liquid phosphoric acid electrolyte supported by a silicon carbide matrix
to the cathode. PAFC fuel cells are an improvement on earlier fuel cell designs in that they are
more tolerant of impurities, particularly CO2, in both the fuel and oxidant (air) streams. In
addition, the fuel cells 200 degree C operating temperature results in steam production sufficient
for space and water-heating applicationswhen so used, the systems fuel efficiency can reach
80%. Nonetheless, the fuel efficiency of the PAFC is relatively low in single-cycle designs (only
37-42%), external fuel reforming is required, and material costs are high. Systems can be
constructed at costs of roughly $4000/kW.
The facility, OCM BOCES (the Onondaga, Cortland, Madison Board of Cooperative Educational
Services), is a state entity that supports, through its regional information center, more than 50
school districts. OCM BOCES serves more than 100,000 students at 52 locations in upstate New
York. The 200 kW fuel cell system powers the regional information center and in addition to
supplying 75-100% of the facilitys power needs, steam emitted from the unit is used for heating
throughout four zones of the facility providing more than 700,000 Btu per hour of usable heat for
4-16
the 29,000 square-foot building. The system was installed in January, 1997 and the organization
is currently evaluating a second system due to the positive results experienced with their existing
system. The system will save more than 40,000 pounds of air pollution and 2 million pounds of
potential greenhouse gases during each year of operation.
The serious ramifications of power disruptions were the primary driver for evaluating and
implementing this particular system. Power outages and small interruptions caused serious
damage to occur to the facilitys mainframe resulting in significant downtime for the system.
Bringing the system back up was time consuming and expensive, while also disrupting the
educational process. Finding a source of reliable high-quality power; therefore, was of primary
concern. As an educational facility, reducing the ecological impact of their power choice by
utilizing a clean source of power was important to the organization. The low emissions
associated with fuel cells; therefore, fit their overall philosophy.
Cost reduction wasnt a driver, but cost was a concern. Project costs totaled $800,000 with grants
received from the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA)
and $200,000 provided by the U.S. Department of Defense Climate Change Project.
The system was installed and is maintained by Niagara Mohawk Energy. The fuel cell system
has operated for more than 22,000 hours and has eliminated brownouts, weather-related power
failures, and other power interruptions.
The facility is interconnected with Niagara Mohawk. There is no net metering arrangement in
place, but this is not a concern for OCM BOCES at this time because they use all of the power
produced by the fuel cell. OCM BOCES purchased and installed static switches that automatically
and seamlessly switch over to the grid in the event that the fuel cell system is down.
Many of the interconnection hurdles that affect typical DER installations were most likely
avoided in this case because the utility (Niagara Mohawk) installed and maintains this fuel cell.
Many of the typical economic hurdles were lowered or diminished in this case because of the
grants. Future DER projects, particularly those that might put economic pressure on the local
utility, will probably not be able to count on such full support from the local utility, however
advances in the Universal Interconnection Technology (UIT), along with advances in industry
interconnection standards and laws that encourage DER, should reduce the interconnection
hurdles. Overcoming the economic hurdles are going to require a combination of technological
advances resulting from increased R&D efforts and full exploitation of the energy utilization
factor as demonstrated by combined heat and power (CHP) projects.
4.10 European Projects for DER and DA integration
There are a number of important projects under way with funding from various utilities and
organizations in Europe that are demonstrating important aspects of integrating distributed
generation and distributed resources with distribution automation. These research projects are
designed to overcome specific constraints associated with DR integration:
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Short circuit currents and protection system settings

Voltage profiles (both steady state and dynamic due to variable loads)
Quality of supply characteristics (harmonics, voltage dips, flicker, etc.)
Response of DG to system disturbances
Grid planning and operation with DG
Unpredictable energy production and variable characteristics of energy production
Ancillary services (var control, voltage control, etc.)
Some of the important efforts are mentioned briefly here. The reader is directed to appropriate
web sites for up to date information on these projects that are ongoing.
4.10.1 EdF SILIERE Project
This project is evaluating innovative solutions for the integration of wind farms into power
systems.
DC vs AC links for connection of offshore wind farms
Wind farm integration with weak systems and island systems
Impacts and behavior of different WTG technologies
Solutions for temporary grid capacity limitations and network congestions
Combination of wind farms with energy storage systems
Library of WTG Models for Eurostag software (dynamics and stability studies)
4.10.2 DISPOWER European Project
This project evaluates special concerns associated with high penetration levels of DG
technologies on distribution systems. It includes 37 partners and 11 European countries.
Information can be found at www.dispower.org.
Problem analysisnew concepts and strategies
Development of new tools, systems, and services
Grid planning and operation tools
Internet information services
PoMSOperation and PQ management system for LV Network with integrated DG,
storage systems, etc.
Laboratory validation and tests
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Implementation and demonstration

National grids
Island systems
Pilot installations
Synthesis of results
4.10.3 MICROGRIDS European project
This project evaluates large-scale integration of very small DG systems (micro-generation) into
LV grids. It evaluates the operation of these systems in either an islanded mode or connected to
the main grid. Control strategies, communication requirements, and functional requirements of
the systems are being evaluated. The project involves 14 partners and 11 countries. More
information can be found at http://microgrids.power.ece.ntua.gr. The concepts will be
demonstrated on example systems in Greece, Portugal, and Guadeloupe.
4.11 Omaha Public Power District (OPPD) Substation Integration Project
The OPPD Substation Integration project (Reference 6) specifies an integrated approach for
control, metering, and data collection using IEDs as shown below in Figure 4-11. One of the
goals of this project was to get the important substation data into a database and make it
available at a corporate level. UCA was specified for the IED protocols in the substation as well
as the protocol to communicate the substation information to the EMS (Energy Management
System).
The substation personal computer collects all data and appropriately displays it or passes it on to
the EMS or the corporate data warehouse. Fault summary phase or distance to fault information
is now being passed on to system operators and engineers.
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Figure 4-11
OPPD Substation 912 simplified system diagram
Several areas within the substation were not changed. Protection schemes remained hardwired
with breaker tripping either direct or by a lockout relay. Although equipment control within the
substation now is done normally through the HMI (Human Machine Interface), control switches
were installed for emergency backup in case the SI system is non-operational.
IEDs for this project were selected based on their ability to do their primary intended function,
such as to protect or monitor, not on their ability to communicate or integrate. The system
supports the proprietary SI LAN for non-UCA IEDs and the Ethernet LAN for UCA devices and
data warehouse connection. The desirable future configuration is one that is scalable to UCA
IEDs because of UCAs beneficial aspects.
The two main benefits associated with the substation integration project included improved
safety (switching is done from the HMI) and reduced or shortened outages (due to better
information availability). The main challenge involved training employees to operate and
maintain new types of equipment.
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4.12 Advanced Sensor Applications - Vattenfall
Vattenfall is evaluating the application of new wireless sensor technology for distribution system
monitoring [Reference 33]. This type of technology is required for many ADA applications and
functions. Figure 4-12 shows the sensors that are being used. The sensors include a built-in GPS
module to provide accurate location information. They get their power directly from the line and
they communicate via radio with a nearby receiver, eliminating the need for physical connections
primary circuits being monitored.
Figure 4-12
Example of primary monitoring sensors with wireless communications
4.13 Con Edison - Urban Underground Low-cost Sensor Technology
In order to be able to respond to power distribution problems rapidly and avoid power outages,
utilities need the means to monitor, in real time, the condition of their power distribution grids.
Equipment needed to perform this monitoring is available, and is being used in limited locations,
but it is too expensive to be widely used by the utilities across their distribution power lines. As
described in Reference 27, Con Edison participated in a pilot project employing new prototypes
for low cost current and voltage sensors.
In 1997 Con Edison installed 28 low cost sensors and 3 gateway collectors in the Harlem area.
The sensors provided the following real time data:
RMS Voltage, each of three phases
RMS Current, each of three phases and neutral
Current Harmonic Analysis
Direction of Flow
4-21
The sensors communicated with the gateway collectors via CEBus power line carrier and the
collectors communicated with the control station via CDPD (cellular digital packet data) and the
control station made the data available via the Internet.
The basic installation concept is shown below in Figure 4-13.
Figure 4-13
Underground sensor installation concept
The sensors / monitor stations shown in Figure 4-13 are sometimes referred to as smart sensors
because they consist not only of the primary sensing element but they also can filter and process
the data and then communicate this information back to the gateway collectors.
The key design characteristics for the pilot project were:

Processing of data and analysis of line conditions at the sensor.
Communications are to be incorporated in the sensor.
Low power requirements (preferably self-powered)
No interruptions of service for installationeasy installation with low cost.
Compact and low weighteasily attached to manhole walls.
Low costallows many sensor locations.
The sensors can report real time data on a scheduled basis, when polled or on an exception basis
(threshold limits exceeded). Figure 4-14 shows a typical real time display as viewed on a web
browser.
4-22
Figure 4-14
Typical Real time display for Harlem network
A typical daily trend plot (RMS voltage and current) for one of the monitors on the Harlem
network is shown below in Figure 4-15.
Figure 4-15
Typical daily load profile display for Harlem network
4-23
The Harlem network of low cost sensors has been in operation since 1997. Future versions of the
sensor and collector stations are anticipated to have the following capabilities:
RMS voltage, each of three phases (2% accuracy)
RMS current, each of three phases and neutral (3% accuracy)
Phase angle, 4 quadrant (2 degree accuracy)
Current THD, each of the three phases and neutral (2% accuracy)
Current 2nd and 3rd harmonic, each of the three phases and neutral (2%)
Internal temperatures (2 degree C)
Current impulse, each of the three phases and neutral
Voltage THD, 2nd, 3rd harmonic for each of the three phases (2%)
4.14 BC Hydro - Power Electronics Technology Application
Reference 21 describes BC Hydros experience using a small STATCOM device in order to

address utility voltage problems. FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) devices such as
Static Compensators (STATCOMs) have been used previously to solve utility voltage problems.
Generally these have been on large-scale installations on interconnected systems providing
economies of scale benefits for the utilities. Recent developments and availability of smaller
capacity, modular STATCOMs have proved to be just as useful for utilities in addressing a wider
array of problems on both transmission and distribution systems.
In this case an 8 MVA D-VAR device was procured in order to solve a variety of transmission
related problems for a long radial fed substation serving a mix of residential and commercial
customers. The addition of this device provided a means to defer costly transmission reinforcement
until the year 2009 when the thermal limit of the existing line is expected to be exceeded.
The 63-km long 66-kV transmission line has a large processing load at the end of the line and the
quality of the power supply has historically been an issue. During extreme winter peak loading,
the 66-kV voltages could decline below 0.9pu. The relatively weak supply also impacted on the
maximum motor size that could be started at the industrial customer site. Figure 4-16 shows the
large daily load variations for this line along with the corresponding voltage profile.
The D-VAR device, located near the end of the 66 kV line, provides sufficient dynamic reactive
capability to address transient events including faults, motor starting, etc. while also regulating
the bus voltage within specified limits during periods of heavy loading. The D-VAR device
contains multiple voltage-source IGBT converters capable of delivering fast and effectively
controlled near instantaneous injection of reactive power into the transmission system. The
selected device also has an instantaneous overload capability of 2.3x rated capacity for one
second. For system events that do not require full overload discharge, the overload can be
sustained for a much longer period of time. If needed, the device is also capable of up to 8
MVAR of leading or lagging reactive injection continuously to assist the post-fault system for as
long as necessary.
4-24
Figures 4-16 and 4-17 show the daily bus voltage profile (near the end of the line) and D-VAR
output current during the course of a winter day (worst case). The D-VAR output is plotted as a
percentage of full steady state rating. It can be seen that the D-VAR unit maintains the voltage
within prescribed limits.
Figure 4-16
66-kV line loading and 66-kV bus voltage (at end of line)
Figure 4-17
D-VAR regulation response and resulting voltage profile
4-25
The D-VAR device effectively regulates the 66-kV bus voltage within the required range during
slow voltage variations due to normal changes in load and also responds to severe disturbances
very quickly. This application shows that small STATCOM devices have a significant role to
play in addressing a wide range of transmission and distribution problems.
Power electronics technologies such as STATCOMs will have to be integrated into the overall
ADA concept.
4.15 MidAmerican Energy CompanyCost/Benefit Analysis of Substation

Automation
Reference 19 provides details on an integrated approach for implementing substation automation

(SA) systems so that the wealth of information available in IEDs could be fully exploited in a
cost effective manner. The overall objective of the study was to determine what additional
functionality changes, if any, to MidAmericans current standard approach to substation
monitoring and control architecture are economically justified.
The two major tasks associated with accomplishing the objective were:
1. Identify additional SA functions that produce significant operational benefits
2. Determine the economic justification for implementing some or all of these functions using
benefit-cost analysis
The business case methodology employed by MidAmerican is shown below in Figure 4-18.
4-26
Figure 4-18
Business case methodology
One of the most important results of the management interviews was a list of business drivers
to be addressed in the SA business case. MidAmericans key business drivers pertaining to SA
are:
Reliability and quality of service
Customer loyalty
Cost of service
Deliverance of information to the enterprise
Proactive response to industry developments
A list of candidate SA functions was derived from the results of the interviews. These
candidates are the SA functions that appear to provide solutions to MidAmericans business
problems and needs. The list of candidate functions and their relationship to the key business
drives is depicted below in the Table 4-4.
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Table 4-4
Opportunity matrix (SA function vs. business drivers)
A benefit-cost analysis was then performed to determine which of the candidate SA functions
identified during the information-exchange process is economically justified. The candidates
believed to be most economically suitable for MidAmerican and their corresponding benefits are
tabulated below.
Table 4-5
Matrix of economic benefits as a function of substation automation functions
SA Function Anticipated Benefit

Online Equipment Condition Fewer routine inspections (transformers, circuit breakers), Fewer
Monitoring catastrophic failures (15% reduction in circuit breakers and 20%
reduction in substation transformers), Equipment life extension (1
year for breakers and transformers)
Dynamic Equipment Ratings Gain additional capacity from existing equipment during peak load
periods. This, in turn, will allow MidAmerican to defer capital
expenditures and, in some extreme cases, can help avoid load
shedding
Adaptive Relay Settings This application function will enable MidAmerican to change normal
feeder protective-relay settings to fuse-saving settings under
conditions (such as storms) when numerous momentary faults are
likely to occur. Fuse saving will prevent feeder branch line fuses
from blowing for momentary faults, thus avoiding unnecessary
extended outages for some customers at the expense of numerous
momentary outages for all customers on the feeder.
Power System Disturbance Data Having more convenient access to the power system disturbance
data contained in IEDs (relay targets, fault location and magnitude,
etc.) will assist field crews in investigating and locating the fault and
thereby reduce both investigation time and feeder patrol time. This
reduces the average customer outage duration, which in turn results
in a significant reliability improvement benefit.
Automatic Load Restoration This SA system candidate function will enable MidAmerican to
automatically restore power to customers whose service has been
interrupted due to a high-voltage supply-line or substation
transformer failure (no high side circuit breakers). A significant
reliability improvement benefit can be attributed to this SA system
candidate function.
4-28
4.16 EdF NextGen Project
The NextGen project was proposed to the European Community with the following main goal:
Create a radically new vision for the future EU electrical power supply (Distribution and
Generation) in a competitive market environment, in which the driving forces are:
Distributed intelligence and ICTs,
Distributed energy resources (DER).
The project was not funded in the last round of funding from the European Community but the
ideas developed provide valuable input to the overall roadmap for development of the fully
functional ADA system of the future and EdF is interested in partnership opportunities to move
forward with this concept.
Figure 4-19 illustrates the overall system configuration for typical European systems today.
Figure 4-20 illustrates the integration of new DR technologies to the MV and LV systems. Figure
4-21 illustrates the communication and control system (ICT) that must be implemented to
manage this integration. There is another layer of communication and control that must be
implemented for market operation functions. The overall concept is illustrated in Figure 4-22.
The system as it is today

TSO Operation centre
Substat
ion ion
Substat
DSO Operation centre
Substat
ion
Figure 4-19
Conceptual diagram illustrating typical system configuration for European distribution
systems
4-29
Penetration of DER on MV and LV systems

TSO Operation centre
Substat
ion ion
Substat
Aggregator or ESP
Operation centre
Substat
ion
Figure 4-20
Conceptual diagram illustrating the integration of DER technologies on the MV and LV
systems
DSO - ICT infrastructure for grid operation TSO Operation centre
(scalable, reliable, flexible and low cost)
Substat
ion ion
Substat
Aggregator or ESP
Operation centre
Substat
ion
Figure 4-21
Communication and control system that must be implemented to facilitate integration of
DR technologies
4-30
Next Grid
Voltage and frequency control,
Protection of the dist. equipment,
Operation of the dist. system,
New Decentralized Players

ICT
Next Market Places
Market Forecasting and Scheduling, Remote control of the DER units,
Bidding, real time, Optimization of generation,
Trading and award processing, Load leveling,
Clearing, metering and settlement, Maintenance,
New services like ancillary services. Billing, and payment of the cust. and
generators,
Figure 4-22
The role of intelligent communication and control systems in the automated system of the
future
4.17 DOE GridWise Alliance
This alliance is comprised of Alstom, Battelle, IBM, PJM, RockPort Capital Partners, Sempra
Energy, UAI, and E2I (at the time of this writingnew partners are joining the alliance all the
time). The concept is to provide a focus for development and demonstration of stronger, more
strategic and innovative science-based solutions to federal agencies and power generation and
distribution organizations.
The alliances mission is to lead the transformation of the U.S. electric system into the
information age including generation to delivery, down to customer appliances and
equipment. This transformation would empower consumers through direct participation in
energy markets and benefit market participants by offering solutions that cross the enterprise and
regulatory boundaries. Additionally, the integration of information technologies into the grid is
expected to enhance security and reliability by creating a flexible and adaptive system.
Individually, the alliance partners have invented different technologies and approaches that could
be leveraged by the alliance.
GridWise is a concept of how advanced communications, information and controls technology

can transform the nations energy systemacross the spectrum of large scale, central generation
to common consumer appliances and equipmentinto a collaborative network, rich in the
exchange of decision making information and an abundance of market-based opportunities.
At the foundation of the GridWise initiative is a commonly held understanding that the
information age will significantly impact the traditional ways in which energy is managed in our
society today. The change is inevitable; however, the speed and effectiveness of change can be
4-31
enhanced with coordinated forethought to the way it becomes realized over time. The
architectural aspects of GridWise provide a reference vision and guidelines for stakeholder
communication and decision making.
The GridWise vision covers a wide spectrum of interactions related to the electric power
industry. It focuses beyond individual organizations areas of responsibility to promote cross-
party transactions that benefit the system as a whole. It sees continued evolution of todays
control structures, processes, and organizational boundaries and imagines an electric
infrastructure that more fully integrates with the operation of the economy in general. The actual
nature of the future operational structure of electric energy in our economy is the product of a
series of choices to which we each contribute, but cannot fully control.
In an open economic environment, businesses strive for efficiency and quick response to
changing conditions as driven by their clients freedom of choice. Good economic policy
encourages competition and protects social choice; it does not prescribe what we choose or how
we choose. This right is articulated, agreed upon, and maintained in laws and rules of
engagement. At its most effective, these rules identify abstract concepts through which the spirit
of the law can be applied to the widest number of actual circumstances.
As with good social law and rules of engagement, so should the GridWise architecture identify
abstract concepts and describe a philosophy of inter-system operation that preserves the freedom
to innovate, design, implement, and maintain each organizations portion of the system for which
they are responsible. Critical to the success and longevity of this philosophy is that it reflects the
shared beliefs and values of the constituency to which it applies.
To stimulate interest and initiate engagement with those who believe they have the background,
architectural skills, and conviction to contribute to this undertaking, this information provides a
provocative set of philosophical tenets and illustrative examples related to the nature of the
GridWise architecture under consideration. As such, the following material should be taken as
suggestive, not prescriptive.
4.17.1 Architecture vs. Design vs. Standards
The architecture describes the philosophy and structural patterns that frame the technical and
economic designs, demonstrations, implementations, and standards related to the GridWise
vision. The architecture is abstract. It does not prescribe specific designs or methods for
implementation; however, it expresses a common language for conceptual understanding and a
set of high level tenets and requirements within which designs and implementations must
conform. It organizes concepts for ease of communication and clarity; however, this organization
does not necessarily transfer directly to specific designs.
Take the reference model for OPC (OLE for Process Control) industrial SCADA consortium.
The OPC group created a framework from which industry standards for systems integration
could be derived. The high level architecture specifies a component reference model and certain
requirements (such as the use of Microsoft DCOM specification for component connectivity).
Figure 4-23 shows overly simplified aspects of the framework. Industrial systems consist of
4-32
servos with local controllers that are integrated into plant controllers that coordinate activity
throughout a shop floor. The servo controllers reveal OPC interfaces that allow a plant controller
to query information about the status of the device (points with attributes of value, quality, and
timestamp) and issue commands. Servo components register in standard OLE mechanisms to aid
in integration. They support an introspective interface that allows the plant controller to
understand what information the servo component has to offer. OPC can integrate several servos
and also work in a hierarchical control arrangement with other OPC servers. Underlying this
framework is a master/slave relationship where the component serves the plant controllers
OPC Server, and the server provides information to the OPC clients. Such an operational
philosophy is an important part of the OPC architecture and permeates the interface standards.
Figure 4-23
OLE for Process Control (OPC) architecture
4-33
In contrast to this industrial process control architecture, collaborative approaches are emerging
for electronic business integration. ebXML is an example of such a framework, see Figure 4-24.
Figure 4-24
E-business ebXML reference architecture
In a B2B (business to business) or B2C (business to customer) situation, the interaction is more
peer to peer than master to slave. A requirement of the architecture is that transacting parties
have the ability to hide their internal business processes. Also, since each organization has its
own procedures for doing business, the architecture allows external business processes to be
defined and stored in a registry available to potential partners. If you are Partner B and you want
to do business with Partner A, then you can obtain Partner As business service specification,
negotiate a collaboration contract with the company, and set up business integration using the
business service specification.
Both OPC and ebXML go further in their specifications to facilitate interoperation for their
development communities, but the level of concern for the GridWise Architecture Board is the
reference model and framework that point out the places where specification and standardization
can be most beneficial.
The GridWise vision does not stipulate a shared design specification to which all functioning
components of our complex energy system must adhere. From a requirements point of view, the
specification of each component must be flexible and changeable, because the components may
be owned and managed by independent entities. Given the autonomous nature of these
independent entities, this system of systems is less specifiable than a federated enterprise system
of subsystems. It is more like a society of components, reflecting an economic paradigm based
on contracts and transactions. It must have the flexibility that businesses have to interact with
each other; but to effectively approach the GridWise vision it must exhibit smoother mechanisms
for configuration (collaboration, discovery, and initialization) and interoperation.
4-34
Though more abstract than a design, the GridWise architecture must layout some fundamental
rules to which specific designs and resulting implementations must conform. Creating a
commonly held architecture for our scope of applications will reveal prime areas for
standardization, while avoiding duplicative and inconsistent nomenclature and philosophical
approaches that are not sufficiently flexible or scalable to meet the general system requirements.
An objective of the architecture reference material is to identify areas for standardization that
facilitate significant levels of interoperation between system components; but it does not specify
standards. Rather, an architecture reference helps the work of existing or emerging standards
organizations to create standards that promote interoperation. The Architecture Board supports
these standards making groups through interpretation and guidance so that attention is placed on
the areas where the least amount of agreement provides the greatest leverage to interoperability.
Figure 4-25 depicts the position of the GridWise Architecture Board and associated standards
work in relation to designs and implementation. To be complete, one must consider that the
experience gained from existing designs, implementations, and standards greatly influences the
architecture. Above all, this percolating process is about developing mindshare to make
significant change achievable.
Figure 4-25
Moving from architecture towards implementation
4-35
5
TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADA IMPLEMENTATION
This section describes important technologies that are required to achieve the ADA vision. The
current state-of-the-art for these technologies is described along with development needs. The
discussion is divided into two basic categories of technologies that will be required:
1. Distribution equipment and architecture technologies
2. Information and communication architecture technologies
The list of technologies discussed in this section is not meant to be all-inclusive. It provides a
cross-section of the important technologies that are required for ADA in order to help identify
development requirements.
5.1 Technologies for Electrical and Electronic Equipment and Systems
5.1.1 Distributed Energy Resources (DER)
Distributed energy resources are a major driver behind the ADA vision and refers broadly to the
use of on-site generators that can operate independently of a central-station power plant. DER
may be owned by either a consumer or supplier of electricity and can operate either
independently or interconnected with the grid. Renewable energy technologies can be considered
a subset of DER fueled by renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, or biomass
power. Fuel cells, powered by natural gas will also be an important form of DER in the future. A
not so obvious source of potential DER in the future will be the electrical vehicle. The ability to
use renewable energy sources and/or deliver more of the energy in a useful form to the consumer
is one of the main advantages of DER.
The ADA vision will need to be able to recognize and accommodate the different purposes for
the individual DER (base-load, emergency, cogeneration, premium power) as well as the four
different interconnection options shown below:
1. No Interconnection - Complete Isolated Operation
2. Isolated DR - Automatic Transfer to EPS
3. Parallel DR Operation - No Power Export
4. Parallel DR Operation with Power Export
5-1
Technologies for ADA Implementation
The use of decentralized distributed resources is expected to make the overall electric power
system more flexible and secure. Such resources also promise to lower the cost of electricity,
make electrical generation cleaner and more efficient, reduce transmission and distribution line
loss and congestion, and improve power reliability and quality, among other benefits. It is
important to recognize when developing the ADA vision that DER can have many functions
besides kWh production.
Some forms of DER, like a conventional gas turbine or diesel generator, are native to or best
suited for Alternating Current (AC) power production while others like fuel cells and solar are
native to Direct Current (DC) power production. Both forms of DER power production offer
unique challenges to both the existing distribution system and the ADA vision. Some of those
challenges are: unintentional islanding, changes in radial feeder power flow, reverse power flow
in distribution networks, loss of effective voltage regulation, ferroresonance voltage swings,
harmonic injection and distortions, voltage fluctuation and flicker, and overcurrent-protective
device coordination. Some of the technologies like bi-directional reclosers, smart sectionalizers,
power conditioners and advanced relaying schemes are used to address these challenges.
In addition to defining some of the technological requirements for the ADA system, DER is also
central to the overall system design and operational concepts like microgrids which extend the
DER concept to encompass several DER resources linked together. Finally the interconnection
of DERs with the EPS will require the development and refinement of industry standards and
laws.
5.1.2 Control and Management of Distributed Energy Resources (DER)
Recent studies have predicted that by the year 2010, distributed generation will account for up to
25% of all new generation (Reference 13). Many countries have set targets aimed at increasing
the share of renewable energy sources being used to generate electricity and have also
emphasized the need for increasing the efficiency of power generation by utilizing the
cogeneration of heat and electrical power. Advances in the control and management of these
resources will be required in order to maximize the benefits of the DER.
The current engineering practice for DER/Utility interconnected systems is to revert the utility
systems to its original configuration with all interconnected DG units de-energized whenever an
unexpected disturbance occurs in the system. Since most distribution systems comprise radial
feeders, this practice leads to the discontinuation of the supply for all the downstream customers.
Reference 14 describes a system where programmable logic controllers (PLCs) can be used to
implement a control strategy whereby DER can still supply loads during utility disturbances (i.e.
intentional islanding). Advances in this area of DER control can result in improved system
reliability.
Another control issue associated with some types of DER is associated with their power outputs
being dependent on meteorological conditions (wind generators, photovoltaics, etc.). The
importance of this issue naturally increases as the proportion of these devices increase in relation
to more conventional power sources. Reference 15 describes the use of a decentralized energy
management system (DEMS) that prepares and manages the optimized schedule for the
5-2
dispersed generation, storage and power exchange units in accordance with the weather and the
load forecast. The functional diagram for the DEMS is shown in Figure 5-1. When the DEMS is
used online, its control output is connected to all units participating in the energy management
process
via
commu
nicatio
n links.
Figure 5-1
Structure and functionality of the decentralized energy management system DEMS
A more modular approach to this control problem is presented in Reference 16. In this case, the
meteorological dependent power output devices are coupled with both long- and short-term
storage devices in order to create a virtual power plant. This virtual power plant is connected to
the grid via a power electronic converter as shown in Figure 5-2.
5-3
Figure 5-2
Modular concept of stochastic energy source access management
The grid interface module shown in Figure 5-2 comprises a power electronic converter and a
transformer. The power electronic converter is a switch-mode DC-AC voltage sourced inverter,
and a pulse width modulated switching scheme is used. This approach allows both the active
power output Pg and the reactive power output Qg to be controlled much like a conventional
power plant.
5.1.3 Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)
One of the most important components that is going to make ADA a reality is the Intelligent
Electronic Device. An IED is any device incorporating one or more processors with the
capability to receive or send data/control from or to an external source (e.g., electronic
multifunction meters, digital relays, controllers). An example of a relay IED is shown below. In
this context, we are using the term IED to refer to the communications and control capability that
could be added to virtually any device in a substation or on the distribution system. For instance,
a transformer could be an IED with an interface that provided communication about load,
temperature, voltage, etc.
5-4
Figure 5-3
Example of substation IED
All electric utilities are implementing IEDs in their substations. The next step that needs to be
accomplished is the successful integration of the IED into the overall distribution system. In this
case integration refers to the consolidation of protection, control, and data acquisition functions
into a minimal number of platforms in order to reduce capital and operating costs, reduce panel
and control room space, and eliminate redundant equipment and databases.
5.1.4 Standardized Universal Interconnection Technology (UIT)
An interconnection system is the equipment that makes up the physical link between DER and
the Area Electric Power System (Area EPS), which is usually the local electric distribution
system. The complexity of the interconnection system depends on the level of interaction
required between the DER, the customer loads, and the Area EPS. Typically, complete systems
that allow a DER unit to parallel with the grid include the following components, which may or
may not be modular:
Exciter control system for the generators
Synchronizer for the reliable transfer of power between the generators and the grid
Automatic transfer switch control
Import/export control
Protective relay functions including over/under frequency and voltage at the interconnection
points, directional real and reactive power flow, and phase-to-phase current balance
5-5
Metering or net metering, depending on the tariff

Remote communications capabilities to accommodate control from remote control centers
(e.g., direct transfer trip, in some cases)
Different applications of DER require different levels of interconnection complexity, and most
interconnection today is still performed on a site- and DER unit-specific basis. This greatly
increases the cost compared with what it would be if the interconnection system were
standardized. Beyond this, the lack of standardization of interconnection systems can be
confusing for DER users and deter them from interconnecting with the grid.
For these reasons, there has been substantial interest in developing a Universal Interconnection
Technology (UIT). Development of a UIT would define a standard architecture for functions to
be included in the interconnection system. This standard architecture would allow both DER
manufacturers and end-users to easily integrate their power systems with the area EPS.
A Universal Interconnection Technology would include at least the following functions:

Power conversion
Power conditioning and quality
Protection functions
Synchronization
DER (both generation and/or storage) and load controls
Communications
Metering
Dispatch
Other useful features could include the ability to provide ancillary services to the distribution
system and the ability to communicate back to the utility the status of the distribution system.
There currently exists UIT-like or generation 1 versions of UIT devices on the market. Two
types of UIT-like systems in use are traditional non-inverter-based pre-engineered systems that
allow for synchronization and parallel operation with the grid (Kohler PD-100) and inverter-
based UIT-like systems for prime movers with DC or high frequency AC output (Advanced
Energy System, Ballard EcoStar). A diagram of the Kohler PD-100 is shown in Figure 5-4.
The inverter-based UIT-like systems are designed for use with prime movers with DC or high
frequency AC output (i.e., photovoltaics systems, wind, fuel cells, and microturbines). These
technologies are expected to increase their share of total power produced in the United States and
abroad, setting the stage for inverter-based UIT-like systems to interface DC power sources with
the grid. Microturbines, which produce high-frequency AC, are well suited for use with inverter
based UITs because their rectified output (i.e., DC) can be directly fed to the inverter, which then
converts it to 60-Hz AC. The basic building blocks for a universal inverter module are shown in
Figure 5-5.
5-6
Figure 5-4
Example of a UIT-like interface (Kohler PD-100)
Figure 5-5
Inverter module for UIT-like device
5-7
The next generation of UIT development will be similar to what is depicted in Figure 5-6. The
key characteristics of this next generation are:
The interconnect is a standalone box interfacing the DG and grid. It is technology neutral and
can be used for different DG devices.
There are two major modules in the interconnect box. One is power-carrying devices (PCD),
and the other is intelligent electronic devices (IED). The interfaces between these two
modules should be normalized to allow for plug-and-play.
There are four types of interfaces, as marked in the figure: (I1) power interface to link DG
and grid; (I2) measurement interface to obtain voltage, current, and others status; (I3) control
signal interface to send/receive I/O status and controls; and (I4) communication interface for
the interconnect to communicate with DG and the grid.
Figure 5-6
UIT (next generation) interconnect design
A separate hardware-based interconnection technology may never be standardized because each

DER manufacturer tends to build the interface into the distributed resource technology. It will be
most important that the communication interfaces to these interfaces be standardized for
integration with ADA systems. These standards must address all aspects of the distributed
resource (including protection functions) so that it can be used to help optimize the distribution
system performance.
5-8
5.1.5 Advanced Sensor Technologies and Systems
Smart Sensors
Advanced / smart sensors are needed to collect data from around the distribution system. The
major challenge is collecting information about the voltages and currents throughout the primary
distribution system. Much of the monitoring information needed for ADA will be obtained from
embedded monitoring capability within equipment on the system (reclosers, transformers,
customer revenue meters, etc.). Even devices like fuses and arresters may get embedded
monitoring capability with appropriate sensor technology. Wireless systems and powerline
carrier have the potential to solve many of the communication issues associated with collecting
data from this network of sensors.
Much of the required information may be able to be derived from monitoring of secondary
locations, in combination with advanced state estimation systems. However, it is likely that
sensors to monitor performance on the primary system will also be needed to optimize system
performance. This is especially true for advanced protection functions and fault location.
Smart sensors can integrate communications and control functions in order to optimize system
performance. They can also be powered from the line and typically incorporate advanced
communication technologies. The sensor control and communication architecture for a system
that monitored the underground distribution system in Harlem, NY is shown in below in Figure
5-7.
Figure 5-7
Underground sensor control and communication architecture
5-9
The system and architecture shown above allows high sampling rate with accurate waveform
measurement for many inputs. As reported in reference 27, the voltage and current waveforms
are picked up and processed and the following values are calculated and reported by the smart
sensor:
Voltage (phase-neutral, three phases) reported in Volts RMS
Current (three phases and neutral) reported in Amps RMS
Temperature (of the monitor station) reported in degrees C.
Instantaneous current (three phase and neutral). Pulses of 20,000 amps lasting less than 0.5
microseconds are accurately measured.
Power factor (three phases)
Harmonic distortion (three phases and neutral)
Reactive power (three phases) reported in VAR
Real Power (three phases) reported in Watts
Voltage (phase to phase, three combinations)
The smart sensor monitors the line continuously and reports at scheduled intervals, on demand or
when threshold limits have been exceeded. For the Con Edison system described previously, the
smart sensors transmit data to their respective collector stations via a Power Line Carrier (PLC)
modem using CEBus transmission protocol. Transmissions between the collector station and the
utility control station are DNP v3.0 using whatever wireless WAN is the most effective in the
area of operation. These WANs utilize existing infrastructures and include systems like: CDPD,
PCS digital data and GSM digital data. The network in Harlem, NY used CDPD.
Rogowski Coils (RC)
Rogowski coils (RCs) were first introduced in 1912 to measure magnetic fields. At that time,
they could not be used for current measurements because coil output voltage and power were not
sufficient to drive the measuring equipment burden. However, with todays microprocessor-
based equipment, RCs are more suitable for such applications. Current transformers (CTs) have
been traditionally used for protection and measurement applications in part because of their
ability to produce the high power output needed by electromechanical equipment. Microprocessor-
based equipment makes high power CT output unnecessary and opens the door for other
measurement techniques such as RCs, which have many advantages over conventional CTs.
As explained in reference 28, traditional RCs consist of a wire wound on a non-magnetic core.
The coil is then placed around conductors whose currents are to be measured. The output voltage
is proportional to the rate of change of measured current and to obtain measured current, the coil
output voltages must be integrated. In order to prevent influence of nearby conductors carrying
high currents, RCs must be designed with two wire loops connected in electrically opposite directions.
This approach cancels electromagnetic fields coming from outside the coil loop. A recently
patented RC design consists of two wound coils implemented on a pair of printed circuit boards
located next to each other as shown in Figure 5-8.
5-10
Figure 5-8
Printed circuit board Rogowski Coil
The RC output voltage is in the millivolt to several-volt range and can reliably drive digital
devices designed to accept low power signals. Integration of the signals can be performed in the
relay (by using analog circuitry or digital signal processing techniques) or immediately at the
coil. Connections to relays can be by wires or through fiber optic cables. Technical committees
worldwide are actively working on standardizing low power current and voltage sensor output
levels as well as interfaces between sensors, relays, and IEDs (IEEE C37.92 and IEC 61850-9-1
and 9-2).
The RC shown in Figure 5-8 (Reference 29) has the following characteristics:
Measurement accuracy reaching 0.1%
Wide measurement range (the same coil can measure currents from 1 to over 100,000 A)
Frequency response linear up to 700 kHz
Short-circuit withstand is unlimited with the window type design
Galvanically isolated from the primary conductors (similar to current transformers)
Can be encapsulated and located around bushings or cables, avoiding the need for high
insulation.
5-11
RCs can also be of the split-core design and still maintain their accuracy as shown below in
Figure 5-9.
Figure 5-9
Rogowski Coil integrated signals compared to the laboratory CT (high power tests at 25kA
RMS, 66kA peak)
5.1.6 Advanced Switchgear Technologies
The DV2010 project is evaluating vacuum switch technology that can provide bi-directional
switching for circuit reconfiguration much faster than present technologies. This type of
technology is also coupled with sensors and communications to provide intelligent switching of
primary distribution systems to optimize performance and provide fast reconfiguration for
reliability improvement. There are many examples of adding intelligence and communications to
switchgear technologies to advance the state-of-the-art towards completely automated systems.
Future developments will implement standard object models for these devices so that they can be
easily integrated into automation systems.
The next generation of development will take advantage of solid state switching technology with
similar intelligence and communications (see next section).
5-12
5.1.7 Distribution Power Electronics Technologies
Power electronics is one of the fastest changing enabling infrastructure technologies in

electrical engineering. Power electronics-based transmission and distribution controllers are the
key elements for transforming systems from being a passive to an active system, i.e.,
flexible, controllable and securely utilizable up to its thermal capacity.
The initial application of power electronics-based controllers was based on the use of silicon
thyristors (or silicon control rectifiers) to switch or control physical components, e.g., reactors or
capacitor banks. With the advent of high power gate turn-off thyristors and transistor devices
(GTO, IGBT,) a new generation of power electronic equipment, the Distribution Static
Compensator (DSTATCOM), shows great promise for application in power systems. The
physical components of capacitors and reactors are not required with a DSTATCOM device. The
details of various devices utilizing power electronic technologies are discussed below:
SVC (Static Var Compensator)
Figure 5-10 shows a schematic diagram of a static var compensator (SVC). An SVC is an active
device that can provide continuous control of reactive compensation. The compensator normally
includes a thyristors controlled reactor (TCR), thyristor-switched capacitors (TSCs) and
harmonic filters. It might also include mechanically switched shunt capacitors (MSCs), and then
the term static var system is used.
The harmonic filters (for the TCR-produced harmonics) are capacitive at fundamental frequency.
The TCR is typically larger than the TSC blocks so that continuous control is realized. Other
possibilities are fixed capacitors (FCs), and thyristor switched reactors (TSRs). Usually a
dedicated transformer is used, with the compensator equipment at medium voltage. The
transmission side voltage is controlled, and the Mvar ratings are referred to the transmission side.
The rating of an SVC can be optimized to meet the required demand. Also the rating can be
symmetric or asymmetric with respect to inductive and capacitive reactive power.
Figure 5-10
Schematic diagram of an SVC
5-13
The SVC is routinely used for steady state voltage support. The SVCs serve the purpose of
continuously maintaining a smooth voltage level throughout the variations of the daily load
pattern. SVCs can also be used to support a system limited by post contingency voltage
instability or unacceptable voltage levels; in such a case a large amount of quickly controllable
reactive power is needed, typically for a short amount of time. Similarly the SVCs can be used to
correct temporary overvoltages by imposing reactive power demands with the TCR.
STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator)
The voltage-sourced converter (VSC) is the basic electronic part of a STATCOM, which
converts the dc voltage into a three-phase set of output voltages with desired amplitude,
frequency, and phase. Figure 5-11 shows the simplest implementation of a STATCOM
Figure 5-11
Schematic diagram of a basic STATCOM
There are different methods to realize a voltage-sourced converter for power utility application.
Based on harmonics and loss considerations, pulse width modulation (PWM) or multiple
converters are typically used. Note that a static compensator used at the distribution level is
usually referred to as a DSTATCOM but we will use the more general term STATCOM in this
discussion.
Any VSC such as a STATCOM with PWM has two independent parameters it can control. These
are:
1. The magnitude of the fundamental frequency component of the ac voltage.
2. The phase angle of the fundamental frequency component of the ac voltage.
5-14
Inherently, STATCOMs have a symmetrical rating with respect to inductive and capacitive
reactive power. Reference 23 compares the performance and cost of STATCOMS and SVCs.
Figure 5-12 (Reference 23) shows the receiving end voltage profiles for a simple two bus system
with a fixed power flow for the case with no support, SVC support and STATCOM support.
Figure 5-12
Voltage variation with change in source reactance for SVC and STATCOM
In this example, SVCs and STATCOMs regulate the load voltage up to a value about Xs=0.25
p.u. Above this level, both compensators hit the limit. SVCs work as a shunt capacitor and
STATCOMs work as a constant current source. It is seen that if the SSC decreases to one-third
of the nominal value (for example, outage of parallel lines), STATCOMs have slightly better
performance.
Experience suggests that the investment cost of SVCs is today substantially lower than of
comparable STATCOMs. As STATCOMs provide improved performance, it will be the choice
in the cases where this can be justified, such as flicker compensation at large electrical arc
furnaces or in combination with active power transfer (back-to-back DC schemes).
When comparing SVCs with STATCOMs, it is tempting to assume that the latter will fit within a
much smaller footprint, as the passive reactive elements (air core reactors and high voltage
capacitor banks) are replaced with semiconductor assemblies. It should be noted however that
this smaller footprint assumption might not always be true. The main reason for this is that the
voltage sourced converter concepts applied in STATCOMs to date have been built with several
(even as many as eight) inverter bridges in parallel. This design philosophy implies many current
paths, high fault currents and complex magnetic interfaces between the converters and the grid.
All in all, not all STATCOMs come out as downsized compared to SVCs. Also the higher losses
in the STATCOM will require substantially larger cooling equipment. However, as the
STATCOM technology evolves, including the use of very compact inverter assemblies with
series connected semiconductor devices, and with pulse width modulation, there is a definite
potential for downsizing.
5-15
It is likely that both STATCOM and SVC technology will play an important role in automated
distribution system management for some time to come.
DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorer)
The Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a device that can protect downline loads against the
most common type of disturbances, i.e., voltage sags and swells related to remote system faults.
In some cases, these disturbances can lead to a complete shutdown of an entire production line
with severe economic consequences to the affected enterprise. The economic impact can be
particularly severe for high tech industries like semi-conductor manufacturing facilities or any
facility that is operating at full capacity (i.e. no way to make up lost production).
A DVR compensates for these voltage excursions, provided that the facility is not completely
disconnected from the supply network through breaker trips. The DVR described in reference 24
compensates sags with a duration of up to 600 milliseconds on a 22.5 MVA load (22kV feeder).
Single and three phase voltage sags of 50 percent and 35 percent, respectively can be
compensated.
The basic idea of the DVR (Figure 5-13) is to inject a dynamically controlled voltage, VG(t),
generated by a forced-commutated converter in series with the bus voltage by means of a booster
transformer (see Figure 5-13). The momentary amplitudes of the three injected phase voltages
are controlled in such a manner to eliminate any detrimental effects of a bus fault to the load
voltage, VL. This means that any differential voltages caused by transient disturbances in the ac
feeder will be compensated for by an appropriate voltage generated by the converter and injected
on the medium voltage level through the booster transformer T1.
Figure 5-13
Basic configuration of DVR
5-16
Although a high-power, medium voltage facility level protection may be adequate for some
applications (as described in Reference 24), it is not for others. There, a load level protection
scheme (i.e. protecting only the limiting componentstypically controls) is more suitable. The
cost of the solution is going to go up with size so several small solutions at key points within the
facility may be economically superior to protecting the entire facility.
The most economical application of DVR technology is typically inside the facility at critical
loads. There may be opportunities for custom power applications for critical customers where
DVRs are justified on the MV system. In either case, operation of the DVR should be integrated
with the overall system control.
Static Transfer Switch (STS)
Transfer switches (TS) have been used in the industry for many decades for protecting loads
from interruptions. The TS contains two or more switches that allow transferring a load from a
preferred feeder to an alternate feeder as shown in Figure 5-14.
Figure 5-14
Basic configuration of a transfer switch
5-17
Due to the nature of the electromechanical switches used in the mechanical transfer switches
(MTS), a seamless transfer is not obtainable. Typical transfer times can range from about 100
milliseconds up to approximately ten seconds.
To protect sensitive loads against sags and interruptions, a similar system based on solid-state
devices can be used. As described in Reference 25, the Static Transfer Switch consists of two
three-phase static switches, each constituted in turn by two anti-parallel thyristors per phase
(Figure 5-15).
Normally, the static switch on the primary source is fired regularly, while the other one is off. In
the event of a voltage disturbance, the STS is used to transfer the load from the preferred source
to an alternative healthy source. This results in a very effective way of mitigating the effects of
both interruptions and voltage sags by limiting their duration as seen by the load. A requirement
is that a secondary in-feed, be independent from the main source (e.g. a feeder to another
substation), must be available. Therefore, this solution is particularly attractive for installations
that already have an MTS, where upgrading to an STS does not require major changes in the
layout of the distribution system. Formerly available only for low voltages, STS systems are now
available for operating voltages up to 35 kV and load ratings of 35 MVA, which makes them
suitable for high-power industrial applications.
Figure 5-15
Structure of the STS Scheme
Note, however, that the STS cannot protect against sags originating in the transmission system,
which will also affect the alternative supply. Yet, a significant improvement can be achieved in
the performance of the industrial system against faults at distribution level, which normally cause
long duration sags and short interruptions. The load will still see a disturbance during the interval
in which the transfer takes place. The transfer must be completed so quickly that the duration of
the resulting disturbance at the load terminals is short enough not to cause equipment trips.
5-18
Other Solid State Switch Applications
An economical solid state switch will have many other applications on the distribution system
for performance improvement. Fast fault clearing (solid state breaker), transient-free capacitor
switching, and applications for DER integration may all be important.
Solid State Current Limiter (SSCL)
When power delivery networks are expanded or new generation is added, fault levels can
increase beyond the capabilities of the existing equipment, leaving circuit breakers and other
substation components in an over-duty condition. Upgrades of the affected equipment are
expensive and require extended outages. Other solutions have a negative impact on system
performance. For example splitting the substation bus to reduce the fault current ultimately
reduces the reliability of the system. Less expensive solutions such as current limiting reactors
produce voltage drops, energy loss and even system instability.
An alternative approach, as shown in Figure 5-16 is to use a Fault Current Limiter (FCL) to
reduce the available fault current to a lower safer level so the existing switchgear can still protect
the grid. In the past, the only commercially available active FCL for medium voltage was the
explosive fuse type. Advances in semi- and superconductor materials have made it possible to
develop several different methods of active FCL devices for the medium voltage range (SSCL
and SCFCL).
5-19
Figure 5-16
Illustration of fault current limiting application
SSCLs provide instantaneous (sub-cycle) current limiting by rapidly inserting an energy

absorbing resistor into the circuit. This current limiting capability improves fault isolation and
network protection and helps resolve critical situations that may otherwise cause voltage sags,
swells and power outages. Neither the SSCL or the SCFCL are currently commercially available
but it is a significant research area that is likely to result in commercial products that can be
incorporated as part of ADA systems.
Intelligent Universal Transformer (IUT)
A key new ADA technology is the intelligent universal transformer. This device replaces
conventional distribution transformers with a power electronics-based system that not only steps
voltage like traditional transformers, but also adds the following:
5-20
Consumer service benefits (e.g., DC or multiple-frequency AC service options, conversion of

single-phase to three-phase service, and power quality enhancement functionalities, such as
harmonic filtering and voltage sag correction)
System operational benefits (e.g., standardization of design, elimination of oil dielectrics,
reduced weight and size, and electrical sensors and interoperability to act as a smart
multifunctional node in ADA).
As described in Reference 26, an IUT design typically includes a high frequency transformer to
provide the voltage transformation and isolation as shown in Figure 5-17. Because the
transformer voltage contains only high-frequency AC components (typically a few kHz), the
resulting core size is small as compared to that which is designed for 60-Hz operations.
Figure 5-17
Power schematic of a single-phase electronic transformer employing a high frequency AC
link stage
For the topology shown above, the low frequency, input, sine-wave voltage (60Hz) is first
converted to a high frequency AC link by the primary side converter, which is then magnetically
coupled to the secondary side. The isolated high-frequency voltage is unfolded into a low
frequency (60Hz) waveform by the secondary side power converters. This operation requires
both the primary and secondary side static converters to operate synchronously, which is
accomplished by modulating the switches by high-frequency square wave with 50% duty ratio.
This is necessary because the transformer is purely an energy-transformation device and
instantaneous power across the two-port input terminals is equal to that across the two output
terminals. This particular design does not provide any benefits in terms of power-factor
improvement.
5-21
The functionality of the IUT is improved if DC links or transition stages are added to the design
as shown in Figure 5-18. With this type of design the primary side current is sinusoidal and unity
power factor is maintained irrespective of the load power factor or wave shape, or input voltage
wave shape. The secondary side voltages are sinusoidal irrespective of the input-voltage wave
shape or output-current wave shape. The IUT module shown in Figure 5-18 could be a single
module in a multi-module system where the primary sides are connected in series and the
secondaries are connected in parallel. This type of arrangement would allow standard
distribution transformer voltage ratings to be obtained with low voltage power electronics.
The secondary DC bus is an excellent point to add energy storage, if desired. Another advantage
of this design is that if the input source voltage fluctuates because of power system transient or
other load effects, the universal transformer will maintain constant output voltage because it has
the energy buffer. This design could also provide DC output as well as 400 Hz output.
Figure 5-18
Solid state power conversion using high-frequency AC transformer isolation (ABB design)
The major conceptual problem with the design shown above is that it does not allow a bi-
direction power flow path. The input stage is a diode bridge and the secondary also has a rectifier
circuit. Thus by the conventional definition, the design is a solid-state power conversion device
but it does not technically qualify as a transformer because it does not allow bi-directional
flow. Another concern or design consideration with this type of device is the potential
electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems because all stages are switched at high frequencies.
The bi-direction power flow issue is addressed in the design by replacing the diode bridge and
secondary rectifier circuit with inverter bridges. The major drawback to this type of modification
is the extra cost.
The basic concept of the IUT offers great promise however there is still about 5 years of product
development and field-testing to be done before this becomes a commercially viable product.
Currently the price of an IUT would be 5-10 times that of a conventional transformer however
advances in high voltage IGBT technology has the potential to greatly reduce the price and
improve the reliability of the device.
5-22
5.1.8 Monitoring Technologies With Intelligent Applications
Monitoring systems will incorporate advanced intelligence to perform many functions that can
be integrated with ADA
Fault location
Incipient fault detection (e.g. DFA system)
Equipment problem identification (e.g. capacitors, transformers, regulators, etc.)
End user system characteristics and possible problems
Performance of protection systems
Harmonic resonance conditions
There is significant research underway to develop these applications and initial systems are
currently being demonstrated. The EPRI Distribution Fault Anticipator (DFA) project has a
number of monitoring systems deployed at host utilities to demonstrate the identification of
incipient faults that can have high low magnitude, high frequency characteristics. Figure 5-19
shows the change in the high frequency noise currents that resulted from tree trimming on an
overhead feeder circuit.
100
Primary RMS Milliamps
75
50
25
0
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
Figure 5-19
Effect of tree trimming on the high frequency noise current measured on a distribution
feeder circuit (tree trimming on October 23)
5-23
These intelligent applications will be implemented as functions within standard PQ and

substation monitoring systems. Progress Energy/Carolina Power & Light, for instance, already
monitors every feeder circuit on their system at the substations. The currents measured are used
to identify fault locations (Figures 5-20 and 5-21) and many other fault characteristics. In the
future, these capabilities will be integrated with fast simulation systems and overall ADA
systems.
Figure 5-20
Example of using a substation monitoring system for automatic fault location (courtesy of
Carolina Power & Light)
5-24
Yellow indicates 1390-1410

LG Fault
Substation
T4 53 0B 0 6
T4 53 0
Figure 5-21
Example of using a substation monitoring system for automatic fault locationmapping
the possible fault locations onto a feeder GIS map (courtesy of Carolina Power & Light)
5.2 Technologies for Communication, Computing, and Information

Systems
5.2.1 Communications Architecture for ADA
This section discusses the issues that must be addressed to develop an architecture for ADA.
These issues are consistent and with those being considered for the Integrated Electric
Communication System Architecture (IECSA) project under the CEIDS initiative (Consortium
for Electric Infrastructure for the Digital Society). Most of this section draws heavily and directly
from the IECSA effort.
The term architecture in this report refers to a description of a system and its parts, a
description of how the parts work typically from an external point of view, and the way in which
the parts cooperate to meet business requirements. An architecture design is more focused on the
operation of the utility communication system as a whole and less with any specific deployment.
In general, a higher-level view of all the parts will provide the opportunity to find commonality
across systems that more focused efforts might otherwise miss. We need to be concerned not
only with the interoperability of parts, but also with how the system as a whole can meet generic
requirements for reliability, security, and economic feasibility. Construction of a
communications architecture for ADA will include consideration of the development of new
infrastructure (such as that needed for coordinating feeder reconfiguration and distributed
resource operation), as well as greater integration of existing infrastructure (such as improving
end-to-end reliability and disaster recovery).
5-25
There are a variety of technologies relevant to ADA communications architecture, including:

Architectural/Security Frameworks such as Web Services, the Object Management Groups
CORBA, or SunSofts Java Enterprise Edition.
Information Models such as the IEC TC 57 WG 13s Common Information Model or IEC
TC 57 WG 10-12s Logical Nodes in IEC 61850an evolution of EPRIs Utility
Communication Architecture (UCA) Generic Object Models for Substation and Feeder
Equipment (GOMSFE).
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) and other application component interfaces
such as the IEC TC 57 WG 13s Generic Interface Definition (GID) or IEC TC 57 WG 10-
12s Abstract Service Communication Interface (ASCI).
Communication Protocols such as RS 232, Ethernet, or TCP/IP.
System and Network Management standards such as SNMP.
Security technologies, such as TLS and PKI.
In general, utility communications has evolved by adopting technologies originally developed for
general computing, but at a rate from five to fifteen years behind their use in office networks.
This delay has been necessary in order to assure the safety and reliability of these technologies
for use in the mission-critical utility industry. In the meantime, the utility industry has been
forced to develop many communications technologies unique to this industry.
The utility-specific communications technologies described in this document evolved in an
environment consisting of:
Extremely low bandwidth
Low computing power
Need for environmental hardening
Originally, little wireless communication
Noisy physical links
Need for low cost due because the business case for automation was unproven
These protocols and technologies therefore became very efficient and very reliable, though
missing many of the features of their business computing counterparts. Only in the last five to
ten years has there been enough bandwidth and processing power available in the utility industry
to start adopting business communications technologies without modification.
In a large part, the evolution of the utility communications network has been driven by
organizational needs:
Cost concerns driving the need for integrated multi-functional devices and asset management
Downsizing forcing the merging of protection and SCADA departments
Deregulation requiring interconnection with neighboring utilities and other organizations
Customer demand for services pushing the integration of utility automation with corporate
Information Technology (IT) functions.
5-26
Table 5-1 illustrates these trends. As with any history, there is a danger in generalization, and
there are many exceptions to the categorizations given here. However, this table should serve as
a context for the technology descriptions in the rest of this document.
There are two primary architecture activities that have been evolving over the past several years
that are potentially applicable to an ADA communications architectureUCA / IEC 61850 and
IEC 61970/61968. The ADA communications architecture will require end user and device
oriented communications as well as control center, operations support and eCommerce (RTP,
demand response, distributed resources interoperability) oriented communications. UCA and
61850 are more focused on the former while 61970 and 61968 are more focused on the later. The
following sections describe both of these key groups of standards.
5-27
Table 5-1
Summary of communication system development activities
Phase Approx. Typical System Typical Topology Typical Media Typical Devices Typical Protocol Example
Dates Characteristics and Features Protocols
Goals
Non- Up to Many proprietary Hierarchical Bell 202 Multi- 8-bit CPUs Often text-based Modbus
Standardized 1985 systems tree Drop Modems
Generalized Poll/Response SEL
Often a single Single master RS232, RS485 Remote
vendor per Terminal Units Data not L&G 8979
system Isolated Dial-up (RTUs) timestamped
substations WISP
Basic data Trunked Radio Programmable Scaled integers,
BCD Conitel 2020
collection Power-line Logic
carrier Controllers Loss of data
Adapted from
industrial Discrete between polls
Less than (Multiple Change
automation 1200bps Meters and
Sensors Detect)
Standards 1985-1997 Work begins on Still Leased Lines 16 and 32-bit Timestamped data IEC 60870-5-
Development common hierarchical CPUs 101, 103
protocols Packet Radio Report-by-Exception
Begins Multiple and Data DNP3 Serial
More multi- redundant 9600 to 19200 Concentrators Spontaneous
vendor systems masters bps Reporting TASE.2
Introduction of
Protocol Redundant Some specialized Some use of
conversion links proprietary IEDs floating-point
LANs
Improved Linking Digital Relays Meta-data
utilization of together of Satellite time
synchronization File Transfer
bandwidth EMS systems
Broadcasting
5-28
Phase Approx. Typical System Typical Topology Typical Media Typical Devices Typical Protocol Example
Dates Characteristics and Features Protocols
Goals
LANs and 1995 to Introduction of Flat LANs Ethernet Routers Development of TCP/IP
WANs present standardized accessed by common object
LANs in serial links Spread- IEDs perform models FTP
substations Spectrum multiple
Some peer-to- Radio functions, e.g. Multicasting Telnet
Merging of peer within metering, HTTP
protection and substation CDPD protection, Self-Description
SCADA networks SONET control in one DNP3
Joining box WAN/LAN
substations via multiplexers
WAN Frame Relay Web-based IEC 60870-5-
substation 104
Megabit rates GUIs
UCA 2.0
Integration into 2000 to Merging Widespread Digital cellular Hardened Publish/subscribe IEC 61850
Business present automation and peer-to-peer routers and
IP Radios Back to text-based XML
business switches
networks Linking of protocols again! OPC
utility WAN to Wireless Security
Line blurring corporate Ethernet gateways Standardized meta- SQL
between EMS network data
Gigabit Equipment
and SCADA backbones Common
masters Interconnectio monitoring
n of utilities devices linked configuration
Corporate IT into network languages
departments Use of Internet
Hand-held Encryption and
involved Extension of authentication
GUIs
Asset network to
management customer
premises
5-29
History of UCA and IEC 61850
The history of the Utility Communications Architecture (UCA) development effort affects many
of the technologies discussed in this document. This section provides a brief summary.
UCA 1.0 was developed by a multi-organizational team led by Andersen Consulting that was
sponsored by the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI) in much the same way as the
IECSA project. The goal was to produce a common set of protocol suites that would eliminate
the hundreds of redundant proprietary protocols that dominated the utility industry at the time.
The resulting EPRI report specified existing standard protocol profiles. At that time, the concept
of abstract modeling of services and objects was not yet recognized as important. For power
system operations, few standards existed that could meet the requirements and the constraints of
power system monitoring and control operations. One standard, the Manufacturing Message
Specification (MMS), was determined to meet most needs, and was therefore selected as a key
protocol for UCA 1.0 profiles. Thus, the profiles chosen were all based around MMS and the
ISO standard networking protocol suite.
UCA 1.0 was hailed as a worthwhile effort, but few vendors or utilities adopted it, largely
because it did not provide sufficient detail to implement in an interoperable manner, and because
it did not include the Internet Protocol suite, which most organizations were using.
UCA 2.0 was launched, again by EPRI, to address the deficiencies of UCA 1.0. This time it was
done in conjunction with the MMS Forum, which had been instrumental in developing the very
successful Inter-Control Center Protocol (ICCP). ICCP became IEC 60870-6, the Telecontrol
Application Service Element 2 (TASE.2) that is supported by most Energy Management Systems
today. This time a wider spectrum of vendors and utilities was involved, and the charter for the
project involved not just profiles, but services, and a common object model. It was also
recognized that an Internet profile would be necessary.
UCA 2.0 produced a number of pilot projects, including its use for distribution automation at
City Public Service of San Antonio, where most of the initial object modeling was developed.
However, it did not gather significant momentum for Substation Automation until American
Electric Power (AEP) became involved and began to jointly host project meetings with EPRI.
AEP's influence brought major relay and other IED vendors to the table, and the standardized
object modeling for substation devices progressed well.
As UCA 2.0 began to take shape, the question of how it would be standardized arose, and by
which organization. EPRI therefore worked with the IEEE to form Standards Coordinating
Committee (SCC) 36 to link together all the IEEE committees that would be affected by UCA,
including not only electric, but also the gas and water industries. The UCA documents would be
published by SCC36 as Technical Report 1550, thus providing an interim document until full
standardization of the UCA work could be accomplished. TR1550 was released in 1999, when
the profiles, services, and object models were well defined for distribution automation, with
much but not all work completed for substation automation.
5-30
Since there was no precedent or procedure for taking a body of work from a private organization
such as EPRI and developing an IEC standard, IEEE TR1550 was used as the vehicle to submit
the UCA 2 work to the IEC TC57 WGs 10, 11, and 12, which had the charter to develop
requirements for substations communication. The UCA work was quickly taken up with the aim
of making it an international standard as IEC 61850. IEC TC57 combined the requirements
definitions that had been produced with the profiles, services, and object models from UCA, and
began to refine them into an International Standard. This process brought a wider variety of
vendors and utilities into the process, and the resulting IEC 61850 standard therefore better
reflects worldwide utility requirements. IEC 61850 also includes specifications for a
corresponding Substation Configuration Language (IEC 61850-6), for Sampled Measured Values
(IEC 61850-9), and for standardized test procedures (IEC 61850-10).
IEC 61850 describes the objects associated with physical power system devices, such as
protective relays, breakers, and capacitor controllers. It also specifies the building blocks and the
methodology for developing new object models, for instance, those for wind turbines and other
DER devices.
The International UCA Users Group, a replacement for the original MMS Forum, has continued
to support the development and maintenance of UCA 2.0, focusing primarily at the moment on
providing input to the IEC 61850 effort.
History of IEC 61970 and IEC 61968
Many of the information technologies described in this report are related to the IEC 61970 and
IEC 61968 standards, which themselves are interrelated and based on more generic information
technologies. This section discusses the history and relationships between these technologies.
The IEC 61970 series of standards define a set of technologies oriented towards integration of
control center applications. The IEC 61968 series of standards define a set of standard information
exchanges between distribution-related business functions. IEC 61970 is based to a large extent
upon the work of the EPRI Control Center API (CCAPI) research project (RP-3654-1).
The principle objectives of the EPRI CCAPI project are to:

Reduce the cost and time needed to add new applications to an EMS or other system
Protect the investment in existing applications that are working effectively
Improve the capability to exchange information between disparate systems both within and
external to the control center environment
The technical approach is to provide an integration framework for interconnecting existing

applications/systems that is
Based on a common architecture and information model
Independent of the underlying technology
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The principal task of the IEC 61970 series of standards is to develop a set of guidelines and
standards to facilitate (1) the integration of applications developed by different suppliers in the
control center environment and (2) the exchange of information to systems external to the control
center environment. The scope of these specifications includes other transmission systems as
well as distribution and generation systems external to the control center that need to exchange
real-time operational data with the control center. Therefore, another related goal of these
standards is to enable the integration of existing legacy systems as well as new systems built to
conform to these standards in these application domains.
The two principle deliverables of the CCAPI project were the Common Information Model
(CIM) and the Generic Interface Definition (GID).
The CIM
The objects represented in the CIM are abstract in nature and may be used in a wide variety of
applications. The use of the CIM goes far beyond its application in an SCADA/EMS/DMS. This
standard should be understood as a tool to enable integration in any domain where a common
power system model is needed to facilitate interoperability and plug compatibility between
applications and systems independent of any particular implementation. The draft IEC 61968
series of standards deals with system interfaces for distribution management systems. There is a
great deal of similarity between these standards and those contained in these IEC 61970
standards, not only because of some overlap in scope, but because the IEC 61968 standards are
also based on the CIM.
The IEC 61968 standards build on the CIM Base contained in IEC 61970 wherever possible by
extending it to include additional specializations of existing classes, but also adding entirely new
sets of classes to model objects found in the distribution problem domain. Therefore, to
comprehend the entire scope of the CIM, it is necessary to review both the IEC 61970 and IEC
61968 series of standards which deal with the CIM.
The generic services used to operate on and access the CIM are based on existing international or
industry standards to the maximum extent possible. In particular, these services are based on the
standards discussed in the following two sections:
1. OPC
2. Standards from the Object Management Group (OMG)
Access to the generic services is specified in the Generic Interface Definition (GID), which is
described in the section that follows.
OPC (Originally OLE for Process Control)
OPC is an industry standard based on Microsoft's COM (component object model) and .Net
technologies. OPC consists of a standard set of interfaces, properties, and methods for use in
process-control and manufacturing-automation applications. The .Net/COM technologies define
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how individual software components can interact and share data. OPC provides a common
interface for communicating with diverse process-control devices and applications, regardless of
the controlling software or devices in the process.
The organization that manages this standard is the OPC Foundation. The Foundation has over
300 members from around the world, including nearly all of the world's major providers of
control systems, instrumentation, and process control systems including ABB, ALSTOM, GE
and Siemens. Their charter is to develop an open and interoperable interface standard, based
upon the functional requirements of Microsoft COM and .Net technology that fosters greater
interoperability between automation/control applications, field systems/devices, and
business/office applications.
OPC specifies APIs for many types of functionality, but only certain parts of OPC are
incorporated by reference in the IEC 61970 standard. Specific APIs incorporated in the generic
services are as follows:
1. Data Access (DA) Custom Interface Specificationan OPC standard that defines several
objects for reading and writing measurement data values with quality and time stamp.
2. Alarms and Events (AE) Custom Interface Specificationan OPC standard that defines the
mechanisms for OPC Clients to be notified of the occurrence of specified events and alarm
conditions.
3. Historical Data Access (HDA) Custom Interface Specification - an OPC standard that defines
several objects for access a time series of data values as well as calculated data based on the
time series.
OMG (Object Management Group)
The OMG was formed in 1989 to create a component-based software marketplace through the
introduction of standardized object software. The consortium now comprises about 800 members
worldwide, including virtually every large company in the computer industry and hundreds of
smaller ones. The organization's charter includes the establishment of industry guidelines and
detailed object management specifications to provide a common framework for application
development. Conformance to these specifications is intended to make it possible to develop a
heterogeneous computing environment across all major hardware platforms and operating
systems.
Implementations of OMG specifications can be found on many operating systems across the
world today. OMG's series of specifications detail the necessary standard interfaces for
Distributed Object Computing. Its Internet protocol IIOP (Internet Inter-ORB Protocol) is being
used as the infrastructure for technology companies like Netscape, Oracle, Sun, IBM and
hundreds of others.
OMG defines object management as software development that models the real world through
representation of "objects." These objects are the encapsulation of the attributes, relationships
and methods of software identifiable program components. A key benefit of an object-oriented
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system is its ability to expand in functionality by extending existing components and adding new
objects to the system. Object management results in faster application development, easier
maintenance, enormous scalability and reusable software.
Originally, OMG specifications were required to be based on CORBA (Common Object Request
Broker Architecture). However, the OMG now recognizes that middleware independence is
important. As a consequence, OMGs foundation specification now is the multi-platform Model
Driven Architecture (MDA). In the MDA, a specification starts out as a Platform-Independent
Model (PIM) defined in UML; from it, MDA-based development tools produce platform-specific
models and implementation definitions on multiple platforms. This allows MDA to support
application portability and interoperability across a wide range of middleware platforms, and
extends OMG's reach beyond CORBA to such platforms as Enterprise Javabeans (EJB),
XML/SOAP (eXtensible Markup Language/Simple Object Access Protocol), .Net, and others.
With this change, the normative parts of OMG standards will be UML and the rules for mapping
to at least one specific target (called profiles), such as XML based Web Services, CORBA, Java,
and.NET.
The specific OMG specifications incorporated by reference in the IEC 61970 standards are those
produced by the Utilities Domain Task Force (DTF), and include the following:
DAF (Data Access Facility)Provides object-oriented, read-only access to metadata and
instance.
DAIS (Data Acquisition from Industrial Systems)Provides an API for efficient exchanging
measurement and event data from an industrial process to a wide range of clients.
HDAIS (Historical Data Acquisition from Industrial Systems)An emerging OMG
specification that provides an API for efficient transfer of time series data from an industrial
process (e.g., archive or weather forecasting application) to a wide range of clients.
DAIS and HDAIS extend OPC for the purpose of making OPC more compatible with the DAF
and to incorporate an information model (e.g., the CIM). This extension allows OPC to be used
unchanged as a compatible subset for Microsoft environments. Thus OPC Data Access and OPC
Alarms and Events interfaces can be said to be the Microsoft COM specialization of DAIS.
The GID (Generic Interface Definition)
The GID provides a set of APIs to be used by software applications for accessing data and for
exchanging information with other applications. It builds on existing interface standards to
provide additional functionality and tailoring to meet the needs of applications dealing with
utility operations. Because these APIs are application-independent, they are considered to be
generic and common across applications (hence the name GID). By using the GID, the system
integrator or software developer is able to create a variety of software components but avoid
having to develop software conforming to multiple and potentially conflicting programming
models.
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The GID development was sponsored by the EPRI Control Center Application Program Interface
(CCAPI) project. The GID specification was obtained through a Request for Proposal (RFP)
process adopted by the CCAPI Task Force. Interested parties were asked to submit a
specification in response to a set of technical requirements provided by the CCAPI Task Force.
The GID specification that is the subject of this technical report was thus obtained from the
winning submittal.
The Primary concept of the GID is that the then existing standard interfaces could be used
generically as interfaces for all application categories. In practice, the term GID is used as an
umbrella term to mean the generic interfaces defined in IEC 61970. The GID builds on existing
API industry standards described above, specifically the OMG DAF, DAIS, and certain OPC
APIs described above. Most significantly, the GID extends these standards by defining a
additional concept called namespaces - a mechanism by which information models such as the
CIM are presented via an OPC or DAIS interface.
Figure 5-22 illustrates the components of the GID and how it uses the existing API industry
standards.
Part 405 Generic

Part 402 Base Part 403 Generic Part 404 Hi Speed Eventing and
Part 407 Time
Services Data Access Data Access Subscription
Series Data
[GID Common (GDA) (HSDA) (GES)
Access (TSDA)
Services] [DAF + GID CDA] [DAIS DA] [DAIS SE + GID
P/S]
DAF DAF DAIS DAIS HDAIS
OPC OPC DA OPC AE OPC HDA
Figure 5-22
Overview of GID and its underlying technologies
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IEC 61968
The IEC 61968 standards are also concerned with defining standard information exchanges
between distribution business functions, similar to the IEC 61970 standards, but do not attempt
to define application program interfaces (i.e., services to be implemented by components).
However, the IEC 61968 standards envision that the standard messages defined therein can be
transferred over the APIs defined in these IEC 61970 standards.
Utility Control
Center
Network Utility
Customer Business
Expansion
Inquiry
Planning Systems
(ERP, Billing,
Energy trading,
Meter other systems)
Reading &
Network IEC 61968 Control
Distribution
Automation Operation Compliant Corporate
Interface LAN
Architecture
Records Operational
& Asset Planning &
Management Maintenance Optimization
Substation
Substation Protection,
Protection, &
Monitoring
Monitoring and Control
Control
Construction
RTU Communications
Figure 5-23
Distribution management system with IEC 61968 compliant interface architecture
Figure 5-23 clarifies the scope of IEC 61968-1 graphically in terms of business functions and
shows a Distribution Management System with IEC 61968 compliant interface architecture. As
used in IEC 61968, a DMS consists of various distributed application components for the utility
to manage electrical distribution networks. These capabilities include monitoring and control of
equipment for power delivery, management processes to ensure system reliability, voltage
management, demand-side management, outage management, work management, automated
mapping and facilities management. Standards interfaces are to be defined for each class of
applications identified in the Interface Reference Model (IRM).
IEC 61968 recommends that system interfaces of a compliant utility inter-application infrastructure be
defined using Unified Modeling Language (UML). The eXtensible Markup Language XML is a data
format for structured document interchange particularly on the Internet. One of its primary uses is
information exchange between different and potentially incompatible computer systems. XML is thus
well suited to the domain of System Interfaces for Distribution Management. Where applicable, 61968
will define the information required for message payloads. Message Payloads will be formatted using
XML with the intent that these payloads can be loaded on to messages of various messaging transports.
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Communication between application components of the IRM requires compatibility on two

levels:
1. Message formats and protocols.
2. Message contents must be mutually understood, including application-level issues of

message layout and semantics.
An example of a typical utilitys implementation of IEC 61968 is provided in Figure 5-24 . In

this example, the utility has used Interface Adapters as a means to integrate many of its legacy
systems with other application systems that are IEC 61968 compliant. Note those legacy systems
and IEC 61968 compliant systems both continue to use proprietary integration techniques among
their internal applications; only information that needs to be exchanged among applications at
the utility enterprise level is expected to use IEC 61968 middleware services.
For purposes of this example, assume that the utilitys Outage Management System (OMS)
already has the capability to issue controls to and gather device states from the Distribution
Automation System (DAS). As it is working acceptably for the utility, this interface does not
need to be changed. However, because other applications need to be notified when distribution
devices change state, the DAS publishes state changes through middleware services. Another
benefit of publishing events is that they can be recorded by an event history application in a data
store; this data can then be used in the generation of various types of reports. As much of the
information exchanged among these systems is useful for management decision support, a data
warehouse application has also been connected to the IEC 61968 middleware services so that it
may receive published information.
= IEC 61968 Compliant Interface
Trans Dist
Wires DAC Wires
Model Model VRU
Information Planning Outage Distribution Customer

EMS Management
Exchange Systems Automation Info. System
Model
Interface Adapter Interface Adapter Interface Adapter
IEC 61968 CompliantMiddlewareServices ...

Event Human Data Work GIS Financial
History Resources Warehouse Management
Figure 5-24
Illustration of the Common Information Model (CIM) and the IEC 61968 interface to
standardize the information interface for a wide variety of applications, including ADA
applications (from IEC 61968).
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Of the technologies and standards described above, the IEC 61850 object modeling approach
seems to be the most applicable when working from a distribution system equipment
communication oriented analysis approach. The modeling concepts defined in IEC 61850 are
universally applicable to any device that can sit on a network with an address and communicate.
For this reason, we will provide an overview of 61850 object modeling followed by some notes
on specific object models in the sections that follow.
5.2.2 Object Modeling
Motivation for Developing Device Object Models
The following discussion describes the role of object models within communication interfaces.
The design of a new communication protocol can be viewed as reflecting four aspects:
1. The communications network configurations and media characteristics form the physical
basis of the communications system (referred to in communication terminology as Layer 1 of
the OSI reference model, and determine the fundamental capabilities that the communication
protocol must have, such as routing ability, traffic management, speed ranges, and sizes of
data blocks. The configuration basically defines where one can go.
From an analogous point of view, this can be seen as equivalent to the network of turnpikes,
freeways, highways, roads, streets, alleyways, dirt roads, railways, waterways, and hiking
trails that make up the United States transportation system. The characteristics of these roads
determine what type of traffic they will bear: tractor-trailers should not typically use
alleyways and dirt roads; backpackers and cowboys on horses should avoid freeways.
2. The transport protocol profile determines the means for getting data from one location to
another. In communication terminology, the transport profile defines which of the protocols
in Layers 2 through 4 of the OSI reference model will be used. The transport profile basically
answers the question of how to get from one place to another.
As an analogy, the transport profile can be seen as the vehicle (car, truck, boat, train, horse)
for getting from one location to another. A parcel delivery service could establish a
combination of truck and train for getting overnight parcels delivered between two major
cities.
3. The application protocol profile determines the characteristics for when the data will go and
in what form the data will be in. In communication terminology, the application profile
defines which of the protocols in Layers 5 through 7 of the OSI reference model will be used.
As an analogy, the application profile can be seen as decisions by a manufacturer to send a

product on Tuesday morning, packaged in wooden crates, for overnight delivery by a parcel
delivery service.
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4. The object definitions determine the meaning of the data being sent. Object definitions
basically answer the question of what the data means. Object models are groups of objects
used to define all relevant aspects of the entity that is being modeled. These object models
are not defined in the OSI reference model, and can therefore be viewed not as strictly part of
communication protocols but more as part of data protocols.
As an analogy, object definitions can be seen as the information on the product sent by the
manufacturer: what the product is used for, its size and weight, its version number, its default
factory settings, the associated manuals, etc. The object model is the entire group of objects
describing the product.
Object models are a relatively new concept in the field of communication protocols, and, in fact,
go beyond the typical understanding of what a communication protocol covers. In the past, only
the bits and bytes necessary for transmitting data between locations were standardized; no one
considered standardizing the meanings of the data. Essentially, it was too complex an
undertaking to develop models of devices before even the communications protocol
infrastructures were developed. Therefore, until recently, most of the effort in developing
communication protocols has focused on the first three aspects: namely the infrastructure and
basic mechanisms for sending data between systems; very little effort went into defining what
the data represented: after all, if you cant get the data there in the first place, it doesnt matter
what it means.
But now, many communication protocol standards do exist for the transport and application
profiles, which can handle most network configurations. New profiles are usually just variations
on existing profiles to handle specific situations. Therefore, the standardization efforts are
increasingly on developing methods for determining what the data meansi.e. developing the
data protocols.
In the utility SCADA world, traditionally, data was separated into status points, analog point, and
control commands, but no attempt was made to standardize the meaning of the data. However,
during the development of UCA and 61850, the developers realized that it was equally if not
more important to define the meaning of the data being exchanged, so that systems could start
communicating without lengthy and often error-prone manual entry of data meanings on each
side of a communications link.
In the mean time, object-oriented technology has evolved to the point that it is now better-
understood, more efficient, and very effective for describing data. Therefore, the developers of
UCA and 61850 expanded from the original scope of defining only the communications profiles,
to defining an object-modeling scheme for devices.
Some of the key benefits of object-oriented device modeling include:
1. Self-Defining CapabilityIn traditional SCADA systems, the SCADA subsystem that is

responsible for data acquisition and control (DAC subsystem) expects to retrieve groups of
undefined status and analog points from remote devices, and therefore expects to define the
data itself, and map it to the SCADA real-time database. However, in the object model,
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devices are self-describing. Each device, and each item of data within a device, has a
standardized, well-known, unique name, thus making it understandable by any DAC
subsystem. This self-defining capability leads to the following potential benefits:
a. Rapid InstallationWhen a new device is connected to the communications network, the

DAC subsystem can immediately establish connection, ask the device who it is,
download the list of names of objects, and set up all reporting parameterswithout
human intervention.
b. Minimize Manual Intervention and Transcription ErrorsSince the devices are self-
describing, no manual effort is needed to copy names or link database entries to data
points in the field.
c. Minimize Maintenance EffortsThe SCADA database can use the same names as in the
remote devices, therefore eliminating the need for a Data Administrator to laboriously
map all the data items.
d. Plug and Play InstallationWhen a new type of device is connected, the DAC subsystem
can automatically run a Wizard (a program supplied with the device to aid in
installation) to request any device-type specific dataor even download it from the
device.
2. InteroperabilityThe use of IEC 61850 as a standard communication protocol permits:
a. Integration of Different Vendor EquipmentDifferent equipment from different vendors

to be integrated over the same mainstream communications network.
b. Second SourcingSimilar products from different vendors to be installed, thus assuring

utilities of second sources.
3. Distributed ProcessingMultiple DAC subsystems can access the UCA devices over the
communications network, thus permitting:
a. Direct Access by (Authorized) ApplicationsOther systems and applications can

establish their own direct communications with field devices, without having to go
through the administrative and technical hassles of requesting data from the SCADA
system.
b. Off-loading of SCADA systemsThe SCADA system can remain dedicated to its task of
monitoring and controlling the power system, and not be tied up with passing data to
other systems and applications.
c. SecurityIEC 61850 provides security, so no unauthorized applications can access

information or issue controls.
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4. Enterprise-wide IntegrationSince IEC 61850 is object oriented, device objects can be

exchanged through-out the enterprise:
a. Conformance with Object Oriented TechnologyIEC 61850 objects can be exchanged

among control center systems, and other enterprise systems, using state-of-the-art object-
oriented technologies, including conformance with the Common Information Model
(CIM).
b. Conformance with Data Exchange Messaging TechnologyIEC 61850 conforms to the

publish-subscribe concepts of integration bus technologies, such as CORBA, Enterprise
Java Beans, and Microsofts COM.
c. Conformance with Communication StandardsIEC 61850 utilizes standard

communication profiles, thus ensuring long term support by utility and
telecommunications vendors.
IEC 61850 Device Modeling Constructs and Processes
The IEC 61850 concept of communications consists, in its basic form, of the following:
1. A Logical Device (acting as Servers in Client-Server terminology), which provides data

and responds to commands. This server contains one or more Logical Nodes for the devices
being accessed. It can be a simple electronic controller linked to a single device, a more
capable IED managing a single device but providing additional functionality, or a local
server which manages multiple devices and supports many additional functions. Examples of
the latter include substation automation master stations and DER management systems.
2. A Communications Network that provides network access to the Logical Device server. It
may also include security measures in the form of firewalls, encryption devices, key
management, role-based access measures, etc. In addition it may include network
management capabilities.
3. One or more Data Acquisition and Control (DAC) subsystems, acting as Clients to the
Logical Device servers and acting as Servers to other Users. Specifically, these DAC
subsystems can provide mapping between IEC61850 objects and internal representations
of this data, such as to a SCADA real-time database. These DAC subsystems can also
provide the security and network management capabilities.
4. Multiple Users who need to access the information in the Logical Device servers and, as
authorized, issue data updates and control commands to the Logical Device servers. These
Users can be systems, applications, databases, and/or humans. Most Users will access the
Logical Device servers via the DAC subsystem, but some may be IEC61850 Users with
direct access to the Logical Devices. These Users could be vendors, maintenance personnel,
or systems of the future that do not require data object mapping. Obviously appropriate
security measures would still be required.
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Modeling of Information Exchange
Simply having defined an information model to represent a real world device is not sufficient to
actually use it. A standardized means of exchanging information between the outside world and
the real device as represented by the information model is required. This is accomplished by
defining a set of basic services that the communications interface uses to accomplish this
information exchange between the outside world and various components of the real world
device. These services are referred to as the Abstract Communication Service Interface (ACSI).
The basic methodology of these services is described in detail in IEC 61850-7-1 and 61850-7-2.
The following describes the services in the specific wind power plant context.
Figure 5-25 graphically illustrates the various components of the ACSI models. This figure is
used to provide a narrative description of how a typical device interacts with the outside world
using these services.
Server
Logical Device Data on
demand nameplate, health Logical Node
Data
Logical Node
Data on
demand
Control
Data Values
Data
Data on Data
demand
Data
Data
Set
Subscribe
Report Control Block Set
values
values on
values on onevent,
change,
change, event,
change, event,
periodic
periodic
periodic
Log Control Block

Query Log
Authorisation Time Synchronisation File Transfer
bidirectional information exchange

reference
unidirectional information exchange
Figure 5-25
ACSI Server (conceptual)
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A physical device with a communications interface can be thought of as a server. It has an IP

address and is accessible over a network by an external client. The server can accept a
connection from one or more external clients, authenticate that connection, synchronize its clock
with the client, and transfer files to and from the client. This server contains one or more logical
devices, which contains one or more logical nodes that represent the basic building blocks
(objects) that represent various functionality of the logical device. The Logical Node contains
data that can be written to or read individually and in groups (Data Sets), responds to control
inputs, provides solicited and unsolicited reports, and contains logs that can be queried. This
representation is generic, but quite powerful in terms of the services it provides and can be used
to represent any real world physical device with a communications interface.
The Logical Node data is represented by named attributes that can have simple or complex types
(a 32 bit integer or a complex structure variable made up of a collection of named simple and
complex component types). In the first generation of power system communications, this data
would have been represented as a linear, memory mapped address space with all data having the
same type. In this model, this data is named and has whatever types are appropriate to represent
the underlying data. The specific internal organization and implementation of the data storage
and management scheme are independent of the outside world view.
Services are provided to read and write the data in the Logical Node. Measured data and status
information are normally read only. Control and configuration information are generally read
and write. Services are provided to facilitate concepts such as select before operate for control
applications.
In addition to being able to read and write individually named data values, collections of data
values (a Data Set) can be defined and given a name. Services are provided to create, delete, list,
read and write Data Sets. This arbitrary grouping capability is very powerful in that it lets client
applications define collections of data attributes that are commonly needed and retrieve them
with a single read operation using a single name.
Data Sets are the key to two other information exchange mechanisms in a Logical Nodereports
and logs. Most physical devices have some kind of internal logging mechanism. These logs may
contain periodic recordings of data values, recordings of data values when the value changed by
some amount, exceeded a threshold, or some other triggering mechanism. Similarly, physical
devices often have the means to send some kind of report directly to a subscribed client under
circumstances similar to those just described for logging. In the ACSI models, the information
that gets reported or logged is represented by a Data Set. This approach permits specifying the
rules for logging and reporting to be defined in a more compact and efficient fashion.
The rules for logging and reporting are defined in the Log Control Block (LCB) and Report
Control Block (RCB) respectively. Each log has an associated LCB and each report has an
associated RCB that defines the rules for what goes into the logs and reports. These rules
determine which Data Set(s) are to be included and under what conditions. This approach
provides a very powerful and flexible means of logging and reporting information.
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Logs are often a very important aspect of a physical device. The generation of these logs may be
the core function of the physical device (a power quality monitor for example) or may be utilized
for diagnostic information. Logs are time ordered collections of data grouped into defined Data
Sets. Services are provided to permit an external client to retrieve information from the log either
in whole or part. This is accomplished by providing the means to query the log with filters that
specify a time range of interest and which named attributes are to be retrieved.
Services are also provided to permit a client to subscribe to reports that have been defined in the
device. These reports can be buffered so that if communications are temporarily disrupted, all of
the reports are still sent to the client when communications are re-established.
This overview illustrates the core information exchange capabilities of a physical device using
the ACSI approach. For more detailed description of the ACSI the reader is referred to IEC
61850-7-1 and IEC 61850-7-2.
5.2.3 Information Models for DER Technologies
The CEIDS DER/ADA information modeling project, the IEEE (P 1547.3), and the IEC (TC 57)
are developing information modeling documents in order to provide a uniform communications
basis for the monitoring and control of DER systems. These documents define DER-specific
information, the mechanisms for information exchange, and the process for mapping to
communication protocols. In this regard these documents define all details required to connect
DER system components in a multi-vendor environment and to exchange the information made
available by a component. This is done by definitions made in the documents or by reference to
other commonly used standards.
The DER system specific information models the crucial and common process data and meta-
data of a DER system. Process information is hierarchically structured and covers for example
common process information found in the rotor, generator, converter, grid connection and the
like. The data may be simple (value, timestamp, and quality) or more comprehensive (adding
more meta data, for example engineering unit, scale, description, short hand reference, statistical
and historical information of the process value). All information of a DER system defined in this
standard is name taggedit defines a comprehensive name space. A concise meaning of each
signal is given. The standardized DER system information can be easily extended by means of a
name space extension rule.
All process and meta data can be exchanged by corresponding services like get, set, publish-
subscribe (report), logging, and control. Access to the meta-data (including configuration
information with regard to the DER system information model and services and communication
stacks) provides the so-called self-description of a device. The self-description could also be
contained in an XML based configuration file. The references include commonly applied
standards like XML, ISO 9506 (MMS), SOAP, OPC XML-DA, IEC 60870-5-104, DNP3, and
TCP/IP.
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Any proposed standards for DER information models will allow SCADA systems to
communicate with DER controllers from multiple vendors. The standardized self-description
(contained either in a XML file or retrieved online from a device) can be used to configure
SCADA applications. The proposed standard can be applied to any DER system operation
concept, i.e., both in individual and integrated operations. The DER system specific information
excludes information associated with feeders and substations. Substation communication is
covered within the IEC 61850 series of standards.
Standardized DER information models will help facilitate putting an end to the communication
difficulties arising from the wide variety of protocols, labels, semantics etc. thus offering the
possibility to manage different DER systems independently of the vendor. They will enable
components from different vendors to easily communicate with other components, at any
location, at any time. Object-oriented data structures make the engineering and handling of huge
amounts of information provided by DER systems less time-consuming and more efficient.
Scalability, connectivity, and interoperability can be maximized to reduce cost and needed man
power.
The following table illustrates the logical nodes being considered for the IEC standards. Each
logical node represents a specific function or aspect of the aggregate system and is given a name
according to IEC 61850 naming conventions.
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Table 5-2
Logical nodes being considered for IEC standards for DER information models
Logical Node Description

DER Device Characteristics
DRCT DER Controller
DRGN{n} DER Generator Characteristics and Control (units 0n)
DFRC{n} DER Frequency Control: DFRC0-n = Generator Unit
{Multiple LNs} DER Prime Mover or Storage Device Characteristics and Control (e.g.
Prime Mover or DIES, DFCL). This LN varies, depending upon the DER technology
Storage
DINV{n} DER Inverter Characteristics: DINV0-n = Inverter Unit. This LN varies,

depending upon the need for an inverter
DFUL Fuel Systems for DER
DBAT Battery Systems for DER
DHET Heating Systems combined with DER (e.g. CHP)
Electrical Power System Measurements

MMSU{n} DER voltage, current, frequency, & var measurements: e.g. MMSU0 =
DER Alternator; MMSU1 = local power; MMSU2 = utility power. This
LN is similar to MMXU, but contains additional attributes related to
statistics
MMXU{n} DER voltage, current, frequency, & var measurements without

statistical information. Alternative to MMSU. (MMXN if single phase)
MHAI{n} Power System Harmonics (MHAN if single phase)
MMTR{n} DER Energy Meters: MMTR0 = Total generation; MMTR1 = Net

generation; MMTR2 = Transferred to power system; MMTR{m} =
submetering
YPTR{n} Transformers
5-46
Logical Node Description
Circuit Breakers
XCBR{n} DER Circuit Breakers: XCBR0 = Load Breaker; XCBR1 = Common
Coupling Breaker; XCBR2 = Interface Point Breaker; XCBR3-n = DER
CSWI{n}
Generator Unit Breakers
Protection Function
PBRO{n} DER Protective Relaying base logical node: for PUVR, POVR, PTOC,
PDPR, PFRQ
PBTC{n} DER Protective Relaying timing logical node: for PUVR, POVR, PTOC
RREC{n} Reclosing relay for circuit breakers
PRCF{n} DER Rate of Change of Frequency Relaying
Pxxx {n} Other protection functions (TBD)
Automatic Transfer Switch

ATSC{n} DER Automatic Transfer Switch Characteristics (TBD)
SWIT{n} DER Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) status
SDRV{n} DER ATS Control
AUTO{n} DER ATS Automatic Control Logic
FIND{n} DER ATS Fault Indicator
Administrative Function
DMIB{n} SNMP Management Information Base for DER Installations
5-47
5.2.4 Other Existing Information Models
Information models (also called object models to indicate that the information representation is
for a specific object) have already been developed for many different types of devices and can be
found in IEC 61850-7-4. Some of the available information models are noted below:
Object Models for Electrical Power System Measurements

MMXU3-Phase Electrical Measurements: See IEC61850-7-4, section 5.10.7.
MMXNSingle Phase Electrical Measurements: See IEC61850-7-4, section 5.10.6.
MHAI3-Phase Harmonics: See IEC61850-7-4, section 5.10.3.
MHANSingle Phase Harmonics: See IEC61850-7-4, section 5.10.4.
MMTR3-Phase Metering: See IEC61850-7-4, section 5.10.5.
MMXNSingle Phase Metering: See IEC61850-7-4, section 5.10.6.
MSTAMetering Statistics: See IEC61850-7-4, section 5.10.9.
Object Models for Protection Equipment
See the protection Logical Nodes defined in IEC61850-5 and IEC61850-7-4, Sections 5.4 and
5.5.
Object Models for Switchgear

XCBRCircuit Breaker: See IEC61850-7-4, section 5.12.1.
XSWICircuit Switch: See IEC61850-7-4, section 5.12.1.
RREC
RBRF
RSYN
CILO
CPOW
CSWI
SIMG
5.2.5 Object Models Not Yet Defined
Object models must also be developed for other elements of the distribution system, including
new technologies that will become an integral part of future advanced systems.
IUT (Intelligent Universal Transformer)
Power conditioning technologies, such as DVR, statcom, etc.
5-48
Other devices (capacitor controls, voltage regulators, etc.)

Wind Power Plants(actually this work is in progress in IEC TC 88, 61400-25)
Object models will also be required to integrate end user systems into the overall system control.
Object models will define the data exchange requirements for this integrated control. The CEIDS
initiative is undertaking a project to define the Consumer Portal, which will effectively involve
defining important object models for the consumer interface.
The methodology developed in the CEIDS DER/ADA project will be applied to developing,
validating, and standardizing these other types of object models.
5.2.6 Advanced Communication Media and Related Systems for ADA
In addition to object modeling and communication protocols, various physical media will need to
be applied to facilitate the ADA functionality. Media types include:
Power Line Carrier
Wireless systems (802.11b WiFi, Bluetooth, MAS Radio, microwave, pager, satellite, other)
Physical infrastructure systems (fiber, cable, DSL, POTS, etc.)
Other options (e.g. free space light wave)
Many of these media technologies are mature, but innovations in others such as power line
carrier have potential application in ADA systems. The growth potential and economics of these
technologies is not yet clear.
5.2.7 Database and Data Collection Systems for End User System Information
Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) is the remote collection of consumption data from customers'
utility meters using telephony, radio frequency, power-line and satellite communications
technologies. AMR provides water, gas and electric utility-service companies the opportunity to
increase operational efficiency, improve customer service, reduce data-collection costs and
quickly gather critical information that provides insight to company decision-makers.
Future systems will expand this concept to collect more sophisticated information describing end
user systems. This information will be used as part of advanced customer integration with ADA,
including load management systems, power quality management, and real time pricing.
5.2.8 Database and Data Collection for Real-time State Estimation Systems
Real-time state estimation systems will require a significant amount of high resolution
measurements from strategically located sensors on the distribution system. This information
must be made available to the systems that need it in real time, but the data must also be archived
for some period of time to evaluate the operational effectiveness of those systems.
5-49
A variety of systems exist today to support the storage of high resolution, high point count
measurements and are generically referred to as historians. Products like OSISofts PI historian
can store this kind of data in a very compact format and support very fast retrieval of that data
for arbitrary queries.
There are few systems available today to make high resolution data available in real-time to
state-estimation functions that may be desirable to implement in the field as opposed to back in a
centralized control center. Such applications will require the application of secure, peer-to-peer
broadcast protocols and other mechanisms for quickly distributing this kind of data to multiple
subscribing clients.
5.2.9 Distributed Processing Systems for System Management and Control
Advanced architectures are needed to manage the distribution system. This will involve a
combination of local controls (protection, problem identification, local control and management)
with overall system control and optimization systems.
Local control and autonomous operation of complex systems will require the application of
several core technologies including:
Embedded systems
Intelligent agents
Decentralized data management
Parallel and distributed computing
These distributed processing systems have significant communication requirements that must be
part of the overall communications architecture. Communications for distributed processing
systems generally require a peer-to-peer model that presents significant challenges to network
designers. Many of these systems also need very low latency data at high rates, which often
necessitates the use of multicast technologies that further complicates the design and operation of
a stable and deterministic network.
Also, the proliferation of devices on the network with communications capability to support
distributed processing concepts results in a network device addressing, configuration,
management, and asset tracking problem.
5.3 Overall System Management and Control Technologies
The main goals of the management and control of the distribution system typically include the
following:
1. Support normal operations through the collection and analysis of real time information in
order to enhance safety, power quality, efficiency of operations, etc.
5-50
2. Provide quality power to the customers in a safe and efficient manner
3. Manage unplanned outages by locating and isolating the fault and restoring power
4. Manage scheduled outages with minimal disruption to customers
5. Support market operations
6. Support routine disturbance maintenance
7. Support bulk power system operations
8. Support customer services by providing information on outages, power quality and other
customer needs
9. Manage distributed resources
10. Support control center and corporate information needs by providing timely and accurate
information
Computer and communications technologies have advanced to the degree that meeting the above
goals can best be achieved by applying these new and/or refined technologies to the management
and control of the distribution system.
5.3.1 Advanced Distribution Automation Applications
ADA applications support the automation of the distribution operations processes, including
automated monitoring and automated control. These applications consist of software programs
used in conjunction with field equipment, communications, and data from other systems to
partially or completely automate the processes.
These applications utilize a real-time power flow model as the basis for analyzing different
aspects of the distribution power system. Since distribution power systems involve large
numbers of power system devices, which are frequently changed or added to, these applications
must rely on acquiring large amounts of data from other systems within the control center. As
described in Reference 32, ADA applications typically consist of:
Distribution Power Flow (DPF) Modelcomprised of a three-phase, unbalanced, topological
model of the distribution power system, substation and feeder equipment models, load
models, and distributed resource models.
Distribution Operations Analysis - Acts as the user interface between users and the DPF
function. Permits users to set up different scenarios, analyze different aspects of the
distribution system, and receive only the results requested.
Fault Location, Isolation and Service RestorationUses information from the field devices
and trouble calls to locate faults (using the DPF), isolate the faults through breaker and/or
automated switch actions, and restore service to unfaulted sections of feeders.
5-51
Automatic Feeder ReconfigurationUses the DPF function to evaluate the optimal

configuration of feeder sections, based on different selectable criteria.
Volt/Var ControlUses the DPF function to calculate the voltages and vars along feeders
and analyzes how different settings of equipment (LTC, regulators, capacitor banks) could be
altered to meet specified criteria such as reduce load, increase efficiency, etc.
Planned Outage Request StudyUses the DPF function to analyze the impact of the
requested outage(s).
Switching Order CreationUses the DPF to determine the sequence of switching orders
needed to implement a planned outage.
Switch PlacementAn off-line study application using the DPF function to help determine
the optimal locations for automated switches along feeders.
Calculation of Reliability StatisticsUses the results of the fault location, Isolation, and
Reconfiguration function along with real-time measurements to determine various outage
statistics such as CAIDI, SAIFI, etc.
The interrelationship of these ADA applications is illustrated in Figure 5-26 below.
Figure 5-26
Information flows between ADA applications
5-52
The DPF determines the state of the distribution circuits for the following three modes of
operation:
1. Real-Time DPF - Executes periodically and upon pre-specified changes in status or analog
points so that it provides the operators and other ADA applications with estimates of kW,
kvar, kV, amps and power losses.
2. Study DPFExecutes upon user demand and provides operators and engineers with
estimates of kW, kvar, kV, amps, and power losses under hypothetical conditions. It is used
to model what if scenarios.
3. Look-Ahead DPF - Executes either periodically or upon user demand for a specified look-
ahead time interval (typically on the order of a few hours). It is used to estimate future power
system conditions based on expected loads, equipment outages, distributed generation
production and other factors.
The DPF, particularly when it is operating in the real time mode, needs to be able to quickly
summarize and prioritize important system characteristics for the operators and/or other ADA
applications. These characteristics, tabulated below, would typically be used alert the operators
to the need for any required corrective actions.
The most loaded segment with percent of rated capacity
The lowest and the highest voltages
The highest voltage imbalance
Margins to the normal and emergency stability limits
The dispatchable load availability
The current and accumulated voltage quality index
The current and accumulated power and energy losses
The aggregated load to voltage dependencies at the substation bus for information support of
transmission operations
ADA applications contain complex algorithms, require close coordination with each other as
well as other applications and must respond to a wide variety of conditions from the power
system. Therefore they must be integrated very tightly and tested very thoroughly, while
remaining flexible enough to handle changing conditions.
5.3.2 System Fault Management, Reliability Management, and Restoration
Historically, time graded coordination between protective devices has been used to optimize
protection relay and recloser control operation in a distribution system. An example for a three
recloser loop scheme (Reference 30) is described below.
5-53
Figure 5-27
Three recloser loop scheme
A three-recloser loop scheme consists of three reclosers (devices 1B, 2B, and 3), which are
coordinated with device 1A and 2A (Figure 5-27). The impact of an outage can be reduced to
50% of that which would occur on a radial feeder. When a fault occurs at F1, feeder recloser or
breaker (1A) opens and locks out (typically after four reclosing attempts). The loop scheme (LS)
control on recloser 1B senses loss of source-side voltage, and the LS control at tie recloser 3
senses voltage loss on its 1B side. Timers begin in both controls. The time delay (15 seconds) at
recloser 1B expires first, opens and locks out. The time delay (18 seconds) at recloser 3 expires
next, closes and restores service to the unfaulted feeder on section between 1B and 3.
Traditionally controlled LS schemes significantly improve distribution system reliability and

availability, however further improvement can be achieved when the different protective devices
have the ability to exchange data between themselves. Reference 30 describes a peer-peer
communication scheme that allows the protective devices to exchange any of three types of data
(binary-status, short integers, and floating point numbers) with each other. Typical data that
would be exchanged include: voltage and current values, device status (closed or open), reset
status, lockout status, o/c protection status, and supervisory status.
Figure 5-28
Peer-Peer broadcasting configuration
5-54
Figure 5-28 shows the basic broadcasting configuration for a peer-to-peer scheme. For this
configuration, each device on the network shares its own data with every other device on the
network. Each device allocates an array in memory that is populated with all of the data from the
other devices. The integrity of the data packets are checked by each device and if the data is not
good and/or if devices stop communicating, the system can revert to the traditional time delay
mode of operation. The communication medium can be radio, fiber optic cables, or twisted pair
copper wires.
A system model for a peer-peer networking scheme is shown in Figure 5-29.
Figure 5-29
Peer-Peer implementation model diagram
For the case where a fault occurs between devices 1 and 2 a peer-peer scheme allows devices 1
and 2 to instantly open, device 8 transfers Load 6 to S3 and tie recloser 3 to close restoring
power to the remaining loop. Device 1 recloses in normal fashion. If successful, the loop is
automatically restored to normal. In this scheme there is no need to wait until Device 1 goes
through all reclosing sequences even for temporary faults. In this way, impact (blinking) on the
whole feeder is minimized and the time required to return power to the healthy part of the circuit
is minimized.
5-55
Another important advantage of the peer-peer communication scheme is the ability to

automatically return the system to the normal system configuration after a disturbance. The trip
and close logic diagram for device 4 is shown below in Figure 5-30.
Figure 5-30
Sample trip and close logic for Peer-Peer scheme
Closure of Device 4 is permitted only after Device 5s reclose logic successfully resets. In
addition, Device 4 must locally detect proper source voltage and not have recently tripped open
due to an over current fault.
Peer-to-peer communication, either presently available in proprietary forms or with adopted

standard protocols in the future, provides powerful automation capabilities. With minimal
additional hardware investment and straightforward logical structures, a rapid system
reconfiguration and restoration can be realized in a wide variety of power system topologies.
5.3.3 Adaptive Protection Systems
A major requirement for ADA systems in the future will be adaptive protection systems. As the
distribution systems are reconfigured for optimum performance and as distributed generation is
integrated with the system operation, the required settings for protection equipment will change
significantly. These settings must be managed in real time as the system configurations and
operation change.
Intelligent relays make remote reconfiguration of protection settings straightforward. The

challenge is managing the information system of protection settings and the real time system
information that determines the proper settings at any given moment in time.
5-56
5.3.4 Load Management and Real-Time Pricing Systems (Demand Response

Systems)
Customers are not provided with incentives for efficient conservation and substitution of
electricity during peak periods if they do not face prices that reflect the real-time cost of
purchasing wholesale electricity experienced by their retail energy provider. Reference 31
describes the peak load management benefits that can be derived in the Seattle City Light system
from coincident peak (CP) pricing.
The idea behind CP pricing is to price power very high during peak hours and at a discount in all
of the other hours of the year. Similar to TOU rates, CP pricing charges fixed prices during both
the on-peak and off-peak periods, however, CP pricing differs from Time of Use (TOU) rates in
that the highest price occurs coincident with either the energy price peak or the distribution load
peak rather than a time period set in advance. The utility defines the number of hours per year
(typically 100-200) that will be classified as on peak periods.
The daily energy price volatility in the Seattle area for the 19981999 time period is depicted
below in Figure 5-31.
Figure 5-31
Energy market price profile (maximum daily price) - Seattle area, 1998-1999
The hourly price volatility for a peak day in August 1998 is shown below in Figure 5-32. As
Figures 5-31 and 5-32 indicate, market prices tend to be short-term oriented and can be highly
volatile. Over the last several years prices in the super peak hours in the Midwest and
Northeast have ranged between $2,000 per MWh and $7,000 per MWh. Prices above $75 per
MWh typically occur in the top 100 to 200 hours per year.
5-57
Figure 5-32
Hourly energy market price profile - Seattle area, peak day
Reference 31 concludes that CP pricing could be designed in a manner that would be cost-
effective for both the utility and their customers. Although CP pricing is applicable across all
customer classes, the emphasis for Seattle City Light was the large commercial downtown
network customers because that is the area that has experienced substantial load growth and is
rapidly becoming distribution constrained. Curtailing peaks with pricing products has the
potential to postpone the need to add physical capacity to support customers and can be very cost
effective in this situation.
In its purest sense, real-time pricing (RTP) provides for the price of electricity to vary by the
hour. As a practical matter, this type of pricing can only be used by the most sophisticated of
customers who have the means to automatically modify their load shape according to the varying
RTP levels. From the customers standpoint, CP pricing is much simpler because there are just
two fixed prices: on peak and off peak. The on peak pricing typically is in effect for 100-200
hours per year. The specific hours vary, but are identified by the utility, typically with day-ahead
notice to the customer. By making the prices fixed, the utility retains some of the market pricing
risks.
A CP pricing system could be structured as either a mandatory or voluntary program and could
be revenue neutral on either an individual customer or a customer class basis. A voluntary
program that is revenue neutral on an individual customer basis is a carrot rather than a stick
approach and assures that the customer has no gain or loss unless he changes his load shape
(typically from the previous 12 months).
5-58
Eight large customers in Seattle City Lights downtown district were evaluated and the following
three peak shaving capabilities were identified:
Peak energy conservation (3-12% MWh savings during peak)
Customer generation on peak (1668% MWh savings during peak)
Peak load shifting (cool storage16% MWh savings during peaksummer only)
A properly designed CP pricing program results in a win-win situation for the utility and
customers. A standard pricing structure may have the utility savings on the order of 40%-70%
of the customer savings while an aggressive plan assumes that a large portion of the utility
benefit is passed back to the customer. A utility may opt for the aggressive plan in an area that
is distribution constrained and therefore the utility would be able to forgo or postpone large
capital expenditures. Anticipated results for the eight large Seattle customers for a standard
pricing structure and assuming that all customers employed the Peak energy conservation
technique are presented below in Figure 5-33. The customer savings presented in Figure 5-33
represent about 2% of the total customer annual electric bill.
Figure 5-33
Annual savings from a standard CP pricing program
ADA technology plays a key role in the ability to offer a CP pricing system. Automated meter
reading, communication systems and load shaping technologies are all critical components to the
CP pricing program. Hourly metering and Internet based communications are two of the enabling
technologies that facilitate such programs.
The overall low asset utilization of the utility industry is directly related to a lack of pricing
signals that would motivate end-users to invest in commercially available load shaping
technologies like thermal storage, on site generation and energy management systems. The
airline, hotel and telecommunication industries have used such pricing techniques for years to
5-59
improve their asset utilization and increase their profits. Whether the utility is regulated or
unregulated, a properly designed CP pricing structure will ultimately change the customers load
shapes. Once implemented, real time pricing can be adjusted to further optimize the performance
of local distribution systems as well as match overall system load and generation levels.
5.3.5 Asset Management and Work Management System Integration
The application of smart sensors for monitoring and data collection throughout the distribution
system will provide a real-time information model of the entire distribution system that will have
many advantages for asset management and work management. Important functions will include:
Identification of equipment problems based on waveform signatures (predictive maintenance
applications)
Faster fault location and restoration (work crew communications and management integrated
with automated fault location and system restoration schemes)
Equipment lifetime assessments based on continuous monitoring and performance
information
System maintenance scheduling (e.g., tree trimming) based on continuous performance
monitoring and calculation of reliability impacts
5-60
6
FUTURE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES
It is important to identify system architectures that are likely to be the basis for automated
distribution systems in the future. These architectures will be a natural migration from existing
architectures due to the huge investment and functionality of existing systems. There are also
likely to be different architectures that are optimum for different types of systems (e.g. urban,
suburban, rural, industrial, premium power parks, etc.). Selected categories of systems are
identified here and the likely types of systems that will be prevalent for each of these categories
is identified. The migration to these configurations is also described.
The following categories are used for discussion of the system architectures:
1. Urban networks. These systems supply high density loads that may be a combination of
commercial facilities, residential, and light industrial loads. They will typically be
underground systems and may already be network configurations.
2. Suburban systems. These systems are characterized by moderate load density and a variety
of load types. They may be a combination of overhead and underground systems with a
general trend towards increasing the penetration of underground distribution. They are
typically radial primary systems that may have open tie points between feeders.
3. Rural systems. These systems will typically be overhead, radial circuits that are less likely to
have open tie points to other feeder circuits. They may be very long primary distribution
systems (e.g. 20 miles and more).
4. Special systems. Special systems may supply premium power parks, office parks, or other
special groups of loads. Special designs (e.g. microgrids) and technologies (e.g. custom
power technologies) may be justified for these systems based on the needs of the end users
supplied. There may be special contracts associated with the customers on these systems.
Future system architectures must support two important requirements that may not be adequately
supported with todays architectures:
1. Integration of end-user system control with the overall distribution system control. End
user systems will have DER, power conditioning equipment, power factor correction
equipment, and energy management systems. Control of all these technologies should be
integrated with the distribution control to achieve optimum system performance and the
desired level of reliability and quality.
6-1
Future Electrical System Architectures
2. Support of high levels of penetration of DER technologies. Distributed generation and

storage will be applied at all levels of the system to improve system integrity, efficiency, and
flexibility. Control of these technologies must be integrated with the overall system control
and protection. The system architectures and control strategies must support this.
6.1 Urban Networks
These systems will be characterized by radial primary underground systems with secondary
networks and/or spot networks. Some characteristics of suburban systems (looped primary
feeders) may also be used to improve reliability and flexibility on systems that do not have
complete secondary networks.
The systems will be able to incorporate distributed resources in a flexible manner to further
improve reliability (already very high) and system performance. Coordinated, distributed
controls will be able to take advantage of distributed resources to optimize system performance
and use the distributed resources to allow local operation (microgrids) in the event of major
system problems (Figure 6-1).
Important technology developments:

Fault location technology for underground cable systems and systems to identify potential
equipment problems prior to failure.
Intelligent operation of network protectors taking advantage of integrated communication
architecture and allowing two-way power flows for the integration of distributed resources.
IUT that includes network protector functionality. It may be possible to include this
protection through the operation of the power electronics, eliminating the need for additional
network protector circuit breakers.
Sensors and monitoring technology, along with communication infrastructure for monitoring
the status of all components, system voltages and currents, fault location and identification,
and equipment problems.
State estimation system for primary and secondary network configurations that can optimize
performance of the overall system, include volt/var management. This will improve voltage
control and efficiency of the overall system operation. This has a requirement for accurate
models and real time information about the secondary network conditions.
Distributed control systems that optimize system performance taking advantage of end use
technologies and distributed resources, while integrating with a master controller for the
distribution systems. These systems will ultimately be able to reconfigure the system into
local microgrids at the secondary level during major system disturbances or based on
economic incentives.
6-2
Figure 6-1
A secondary network configuration that would allow local microgrids and two-way power
flows to incorporate flexible integration of DER
6.2 Suburban Systems
These systems will be characterized by looped primary systems to achieve improved reliability
for all end users and flexibility in optimizing the system performance. The switches between
primary feeder circuits can be power electronic switches to improve switching times and
flexibility in configuring the primary supply system for different conditions.
Power electronic devices will also facilitate flexible connection and protection of DER
technologies that are connected to the primary distribution systems. These technologies will be
incorporated into the overall system control to optimize the system performance (e.g. losses and
voltage control) in combination with coordinated control of end user facilities and the overall
primary system configuration.
6-3
Smaller DER technologies will be incorporated at the secondary voltages and local secondary
microgrids that can operate independent of the primary supply will be possible. Local control
will match generation and load during isolated operation. The local control will be coordinated
with overall system control to optimize system performance in normal conditions Figure 6-2).
Open Recloser
Automatic Closing
device
(recloser or switch)
Fault
Substation
Shaded
Shadedarea
area
isisportion
portion
picked
pickedupupby
by
auto-loop
auto-loop
Figure 6-2
Basic architecture of suburban system configuration - The autoloop configuration will be
the predecessor of future configurations that integrate DER technologies and solid state
switches to facilitate flexibility in reconfiguring system in real time

Lower cost solid state switches for operation throughout the distribution system.
Fault location and incipient fault detection technology to improve system reliability and
reduce time to repair faults.
Power electronics and controls for interfacing DER technologies with the primary
distribution system and coordinated controls to assure coordinated protection.
Technology for protection and control of local microgrids that include local generation
and/or storage but can also operate as part of the overall distribution system.
IUT that supports interface to multiple end user facilities and can coordinate protection and
control of the secondary system in combination with requirements on the overall distribution
system.
Sensors and monitoring technology, along with communication infrastructure, for continuous
monitoring of overall system conditions and equipment conditions.
6-4
Real time state estimation system that continuously determines optimum system conditions,
including integrated volt/var management.
Distributed control systems that support reconfiguration, microgrids, etc.
6.3 Rural Systems
It may not always be possible to configure rural distribution systems in a looped configuration.
However, the integration of DER technologies on these systems can be used to develop island
systems and local microgrids, especially in locations where higher reliability is needed. The DER
technologies can also be used to improve voltage control and efficiency on these systems.

Fault location and incipient fault detection technology to improve system reliability and
reduce time to repair faults.
Integrated control of DER technologies to improve performance of the overall distribution
system.
Control of local island systems and microgrids with DER technologies to improve reliability
on selected portions of the distribution system. The protection of these local systems must be
coordinated with overall system protection (adaptive protection systems).
IUT that supports interface to multiple end user facilities and can coordinate protection and
control of the secondary system in combination with requirements on the overall distribution
system.
IUT for conversion of single phase to three phase for three phase application on single phase
lateral circuits.
Sensors and monitoring technology, along with communication infrastructure, for continuous
monitoring of overall system conditions and equipment conditions.
Real time state estimation system that continuously determines optimum system conditions
(including volt/var management)
6.4 Special Configurations
Special systems may be developed to supply local end users with special requirements. These
special systems may include technologies such as DVRs, solid state switchgear, DER
technologies, local microgrids, etc. to improve reliability and performance on a local portion of
the system.
6.4.1 Microgrids
Some aspect of the microgrid concept (i.e. intentional islanding parts of the system to operate
them locally with DER) will definitely become part of the ADA system of the future. The
concept allows for full integration of DER technologies and use of these technologies to improve
6-5
the overall reliability and efficiency of the system operation. The figures below illustrate the
basic concept of microgrids and the different levels of the system where the concept can be
applied. Note that the application of microgrids implies the implementation of many of the
intermediate technologies already discussed:
Complete system monitoring
Real time simulation and performance assessment
Adaptive protection systems
Integrated power electronics equipment (may be the DER equipment itself) for voltage and
var control in each microgrid
Fast switching technologies, preferably solid state switches to allow many operations and
reduce disturbances
Distributed control systems to optimize system performance considering all configuration
options
Integration with end use system controls, such as smart appliances, process controls, local
generation controls, power conditioning equipment, etc.
This unit acts as a

master micro-grid
controller when all
four sub micro-grids
Sub-microgrid
are operating together
Sub-grid A
Controller
Bulk Supply Sub-microgrid B
Connection G
(13.2 kV) G
Synchronizing
G G Sectionalizing
Master
Switch
Isolating
Sub-grid
Switch Controller
Sub-microgrid D
G
Sub-microgrid C
G G
Sub-grid Sub-grid
Controller Controller
Figure 6-3
Illustration of distribution architecture and control that allows separation into multiple
microgrids based on topology, specific system conditions, local generation, etc.
6-6
Bulk supply
connection
UPS (sub-transmission)
Substation
Single
Customer
G
G
Other
Feeders G
Feeder
Figure 6-4
Illustration of different locations where alternative microgrid concepts could apply in an
ADA system
6.4.2 DC Distribution Systems and DC Microgrids
The concept of microgrids can be taken one step further and local systems could be supplied with
dc instead of (or in combination with ac) distribution. Electronic equipment operates on dc and a
local dc distribution system could improve efficiency and reliability of the supply. Many studies
have investigated the technical and economic feasibility of these systems and none have been
shown to be economic up to this point. Future systems with application of technologies like the
IUT may improve the economics and feasibility of local dc distribution.
6.4.3 Custom Power Parks
This is also a concept that has seen considerable research and many local demonstration projects.
The concept is very sounddifferent customers have different reliability and quality
requirements and, therefore, a local system with very high reliability and quality could be very
beneficial for particular kinds of customers that have this requirement. Thus far, the economics
of the technologies for premium power parks (power electronics technologies, primarily) and the
logistics of attracting multiple customers willing to pay for the improved quality and reliability to
a specific location have limited the interest in these parks.
There will continue to be issues with the concept of high reliability and quality parks with
differentiated pricing for some time. However, the concept of providing improved reliability and
quality for individual customers through technologies on the primary system and integrated
6-7
communications with end user technologies will become even more attractive as the technologies
continue to become more cost competitive. Applications of solid state transfer switches,
intelligent universal transformers, and storage technologies will all be appropriate for customers
with high reliability requirements. These local systems will be integrated and managed as part of
the overall ADA system.
6-8
7
STATEMENT OF REQUIREMENTS
7.1 Basic Characteristics
The system of the future will include the following:

Automated reconfiguration of systems that are looped on the primary with flexible
configuration options (e.g. auto-loop systems). This includes flexible protective device
coordination and optimized losses and voltage control.
Upgraded designs of distribution systems to incorporated increased penetration of DER.
Integration of microgrids with DER on a localized basis (e.g., secondary microgrids for a few
customers).
Integration of larger microgrids.
Distributed controls with a combination of central and local intelligence to optimize system
performance and response to disturbances.
New technologies, such as advanced power electronics in new applications (e.g. IUT and
DER interconnection technologies) to provide a combination power conversion and other
ancillary benefits (power quality management, var control, etc.).
The system will be the result of continuous advancements in three different areas:
1. Flexible electrical system architecture (including integration of new IEDs, such as the IUT,
DER, and other new electrical and electronic technologies)
2. Communication and control systems based on an open communication architecture and

information exchange model
3. Real time state estimation tools to perform predictive simulations and to continuously
optimize system performance (energy, demand, efficiency, reliability, quality) in real time
7.2 Technologies
Distributed intelligence will be coordinated with a master control for distribution systems. The
master controller will coordinate with transmission system controls and overall system-wide
energy management systems. Examples of distributed intelligence applications that will become
part of ADA systems include:
7-1
Statement of Requirements
Embedded systems computing in a wide variety of devices

Sensor and monitoring technologies, such as networked sensor systems
Smart protection devices (relays, reclosers, sectionalizers, solid state switches with controls)
IUTs
New volt/VAR (reactive power) management capabilities (including smart voltage
regulators, capacitor controls, power electronics devices, etc.)
Sag correctors, active and passive harmonic filters, statcoms, and other power quality
enhancement devices
Distribution fault anticipators and locators
Multi-function DER
Load management and other interactive end-use devices
Consumer portal
New voltage regulation devices
7.3 Functions
All of these systems will combine to perform a wide variety of functions that will enhance
system performance, reliability, and power quality. These functional requirements include:
Interactive voltage/VAR management involving multiple types of devices
Smart sectionalizing and system reconfiguration with a combination of local controls and
overall system control
Intelligent monitoring that is integrated with asset management and system operations to
identify equipment performance and operational problems.
Multiple customer service options.
Power quality options with custom power alternatives
Control of local backup generation in combination with overall system control
Local generation with microgrid options
dc power supply
System power quality management (harmonics, flicker, unbalance, transients).
Localized sensors integrated with overall monitoring system to continuously assess system
performance.
Real time state estimation systems to evaluate existing system performance, optimize steady
state performance, and optimize response to disturbances.
Fast simulation and modeling to predict system contingencies and take anticipatory action.
7-2
Integrated operation of DER to improve system performance and reliability.

DER integration with localized controls
DER integration with microgrid capability for islanded operation
Completely integrated control to optimize system performance and reliability
System control integrated with local controls for optimal energy management, including full
implementation of real-time pricing systems that reflect energy costs and system operational
constraints in real-time
7.4 Communications
The communications infrastructure will provide high bandwidth and secure access to all
controllable devices and sensors on the distribution system, as well as access to local end-use
systems through an appropriate consumer portal.
Open architecture will be employed for interoperable implementation of intelligent devices and
controls throughout the system. These devices will use standardized object models as part of this
philosophy.
General requirements for the communications architecture are described below.
7.4.1 Scalability
Scalability refers to the ability of the technology to be scaled up if the number of applications or
sites grows. Often scalability issues are addressed by creating a distributed systemthat is a
system where computing resources are physically separated.
7.4.2 Reliability
Reliability refers to the ability of a system to operate continuously over an extended period of
time. To achieve this, the system must be constructed using robust technology and able to deal
with failure gracefully. Any part of a distributed system can fail. Any ADA communications
architecture must incorporate the ability to provide backup components and seamless failover. In
as much as failure cannot be complete compensated for, its effect must be kept local and not
allowed to affect the reliability of the system as a whole.
7-3
7.4.3 Federation
Federation refers to the ability to monitor and control assets autonomously owned and managed.
This is a particularly important consideration when addressing the issue of interfacing with a
wide variety of end user communication and control systems.
7.4.4 Interoperability
Interoperability is the ability of the technology to interconnect different systems, technologies,

and vendor implementations. Interoperability is, of course, the goal of communications standards
in general. However, the sheer scope and variety of these in use across the entire industry will
place particular challenges on the technologies chosen for the final architecture.
7.4.5 Adaptability
Adaptability is the ability of the technology to support change and accommodate new
information and business requirements. Currently, power utility communications systems are
actually quite adaptable, but the means of adaptation is almost always a manual, labor-intensive
(and capital-intensive) process. The technologies that will be successful in the new architecture
will be those that can adapt quickly and automatically, with as little human intervention as
possible.
7.4.6 Securability
Securability is the ability of the technology to support secure communication, safe from attack
from within or outside a utility. Some of the major forces affecting the development of utility
communications technologies have been integration: integration of SCADA and protection
departments, integration of automation departments into corporate IT domains, integration of
entire utilities into a deregulated market, sharing automation information. ADA systems will also
require integration with customer operations. With each level of integration comes another level
of danger from attack. Successful utility communications technologies must therefore be secure.
7.4.7 Implementation Issues and Costs
Along with the above requirements, the architecture and its constituent parts must enable rapid
implementation at a reasonable cost. Without this requirement, it is unlikely that the architecture,
however technologically sound, will ever be implemented.
7-4
8
ADA DEVELOPMENT ROADMAP
The ADA development roadmap is designed to identify important research areas to facilitate
progress towards the overall ADA vision and possible time frames for these research efforts. The
roadmap identifies the important gaps in ongoing research and outlines a research program to
address these gaps. An important part of these research projects should be demonstrations of
incremental progress. Opportunities for demonstration projects to accomplish this objective are
outlined.
The strategic drivers for developing ADA include:

Improve reliability and performance of distribution systems
Reduce operating costs
Enhance contingency responses
Improve power quality
Increase customer service options
Prevent and mitigate outages
Aid in outage recovery operations
Support DER integration into distribution operations
Make customer systems part of the system performance equation
These drivers were developed with EPRI member input at an ADA working group meeting. Each
of these drivers has economic benefits for both the system and for the users. Improved service
options, power quality improvement, and reliability improvement will primarily result in benefits
for end users. Market structures for distributing the costs associated with achieving these benefits
will need to be developed along with the technological implementation of the ADA systems.
Much of the basic technology needed to achieve the ADA vision currently exists (power
electronics, communication protocols, etc.), but a lot of R&D is still required in order to lower
costs and integrate the new technology. Also, further enhancements in core technologies, like
power semiconductors and power electronics, can improve the scope of possibilities for ADA.
The development and refinement of industry standards will also be critical to the overall process.
8-1
ADA Development Roadmap
8.1 System Topologies
The optimum topologies for full ADA implementation will depend on a variety of characteristics
of particular systems. Four main categories of systems were described and likely topologies that
will be the most economic and provide the best performance were presented. Further research
into the costs and benefits of alternative technologies as a function of requirements and
characteristics needs to be performed. The roadmap can be refined based on the findings of these
evaluations.
8.2 Communications Infrastructure
Laying out a communications technology roadmap to support the incremental development and
deployment of advanced distribution automation functions involves several tasks:
Identifying the core automation functions to be deployed
Determining the communications system requirements to support these functions
Determining the relative hardware cost of specific enabling components for these functions
Determining the software and systems engineering costs for each function
Determining dependencies between functions
Identifying standards that enable efficient, interoperable function implementation
Pilot project identification
Business case/model development
Legacy management
In general, we need to answer the following basic questionWhat information do we need to

know at each point in the system to optimally control the distribution system? Answering this
question specifically for each power system component involved in the ADA system leads us to
a comprehensive set of requirements for data interchange and the key attributes associated with
that interchange. Examples of these questions are shown in Figure 8-1, taken from the CEIDS
DER/ADA project report on object models.
8-2
What Do We Need to Know to Optimally

Control Distribution?
G
Insufficient Reserve?
Volt Violation? Congestion? Real-time Prices?
Stage of Power Alert?
T-D contract parameters
Load-to-voltage dependency? DER distribution factors?

DER state, mode of operations, cost?
Status, Harmonics?
N.O.
settings? ~
R-T transfer capacity? Voltage imbalance?
Load?
Harmonics? Voltage? Available? Voltage impact?
Distribution and Transmission Facility Parameters and Customer Data

Figure 8-1
Examples of parameters and information requirements for distribution control (from
CEIDS DER/ADA project)
Detailed use cases for the core advanced distribution automation functions can be found in
Appendix A but most of the functions share several attributes that indicate the direction that core
R&D, standardization, and pilot projects need to be directed toward in the coming years. These
attributes include:
Peer-to-peer communications
Highly configurable systems to permit interfacing with numerous communication media and
foreign systems
High availability, fast response, high accuracy, moderate to high bandwidth data quality
Independent failure mode from power system infrastructure
Significant database access and integration issuescommon schema
High securityaccess control to control functions and data at rest and in transit, immunity to
denial of service
Low cost media
Customer side system interface with equipment and humans
Standardized object models for all system components
Equipment addressability and management
8-3
If support from the numerous stakeholders involved is to be obtained in addressing these tasks
and attributes, the roadmap to full implementation of advanced distribution automation
communications infrastructure needs to rely heavily on the international standardization process.
IEC TC57 has developed a Reference Architecture of the TC57 standards developed specifically
for the utility industry, as shown in Figure 8-2. This does not, of course, show de facto or non-
utility specific standards currently in use by utilities, but it provides a good context for the
following discussion.
Energy Utility
Utility Customers Other Businesses
Market Participants Service Providers
Application To Application (A2A)
and Business To Business
(B2B) Communications
Inter-Application Messaging Middleware (specified in XML; mapped to appropriate protocols)
61970 / 61968 Common Information Model (CIM)

End-to-End Security Standards and Recommendations (work in progress)
Application
61968 SIDMS for Interfaces
61970 Component Interface Specification (CIS)
Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)
Market Operation Engineering & External
SCADA Apps EMS Apps DMS Apps
Apps Maintenance Apps IT Apps
Network, System, and Data Management (future)
61970 / 61968 Common Information Model (CIM) Equipment And

System Interfaces
Data Acquisition and Control Front-End / Gateway / Proxy Server / Mapping Services / Role-based Access Control Specific Object
Mappings
61850-7-3, 7-4 60870-6-802
TC13
Object Models Object Models Field Object Models
62056- XML
53/61/62 60870-5 61850-7-2 Messaging 60870-6-503
101 ACSI (work in App Services
Meter & Specific Communication
progress)
Standards 104 Services Mappings
61850-8-1 60870-6-703
Mapping to MMS Protocols
power line
61334
Communication Industry Standard Protocol Stacks Protocol Profiles

(ISO/TCP/IP/Ethernet)
Telecontrol WAN
Communications Communications
Media and Services Media and Services
XML
TC13 60870-5 60870-6
61850 IED Messaging
RTUs or 61850 Substation TASE.2
Field 62056- Field Devices External External Systems
Substation Devices Other Control
Devices Systems (e.g., (Symmetric client/server
53/61/62 Systems Centers
Substations) protocols)
Customer
IEDs, Relays, Meters, Switchgear, CTs, VTs
Meters
Peer-to-Peer 61850 over

Substation bus and Process bus
*Notes: 1) Solid colors correlate different parts of protocols within the architecture.
2) Non-solid patterns represent areas that are future work, or work in progress, or related work provided by another IEC TC.
Figure 8-2
IEC TC 57 Reference Architecture
Tremendous progress has been made to understand how to better organize, construct, and use
technologies. However, this progress has often taken place in parallel efforts that either ignore or
only partially understand each other. This has led to technologies that overlap, conflict, and do
not interoperate. Therefore, some of the most important efforts now need to go into
harmonization of different technologies so that they can, at worst, co-exist, and at best, fully
interoperate.
8-4
One such effort is the harmonization of the CIM and IEC 61850 object models. The CIM
abstract objects were constructed as a model of the power system, so that CIM objects reflect
their role within power system operations. On the other hand, the IEC 61850 abstract objects
were constructed to model physical devices, such as circuit breakers, which contain significant
amounts of data not directly relevant to their role within the power system (e.g. oil temperature,
manufacturers name). After both efforts resulted in standards, it was determined that they were
not truly interoperable without additional definitions, constructs, and guidelines on their
implementation. This work is currently being undertaken by the IEC TC57 AdHoc WG07.
Additional efforts are currently underway to extend the CIM to include market operations and to
extend the IEC 61850 objects (as separate standards) to cover objects for Distributed Energy
Resource devices. These include DER generator models and models for DER prime movers,
such as wind turbines, reciprocating engines, fuel cells, and others in the future. These efforts are
being coordinated and funded by EPRI and E2I, but will be submitted to the IEC for
standardization.
Support of and participation in the standardization process is critical to getting buy-in from all of
the stakeholders involved in ADA. The bulk of qualified industry experts participates in these
standards and related groups, but has limited time to participate purely on a voluntary basis.
Direct funding of activities involving these experts is a very cost effective way to accelerate the
standardization process and overcome some of the inertia often associated with the standards
development process.
Demonstration of various aspects of concepts and technologies being considered during the
standardization process is also an important factor in the overall communications technology
roadmap. Early adoption by equipment vendors will be significantly enhanced if they are
involved in small scale, yet real-world demonstrations of hardware and software to help them
gauge the market size and viability.
These observations lead to the identification of five fundamental R&D tracks in the
communications infrastructure roadmap:
Communications Media
Communication Protocols
Object Modeling and Database Schemas
Consumer Systems Interface
Federated Services (security, addressing, network management, system performance assessment)
Each of these tracks must address the following issues:

Basic R&D requirements -
What core research needs to be done in each track prior to moving to the standardization and
pilot deployment stages? Identify which candidate technologies in this track are viable.
8-5
Applicable standards utilization, development, and evolution -
What existing standards are applicable to this track? Where are their gaps, inconsistencies, or
conflicts? How do the relevant standards need to evolve to facilitate implementation of the
technology associated with each track?
Cost of implementation -
What are the present day economics of the technologies associated with each track? Are there
ways to reduce cost and if so, what are the key assumptions necessary to achieve such cost
reduction?
Legacy implications -
What role does legacy system support and interaction play in developing and implementing
the technologies in each track? Is the legacy problem so severe that it effectively renders the
candidate technology or ADA function unimplementable? How does one create an economic
model that can be used to clearly indicate when legacy systems are costing more to maintain
than replacement with new systems would cost?
Demonstration project opportunities and benefits -
Are there obvious pilot project opportunities for the technologies associated with each track?
What kinds of pilot projects can be utilized to facilitate/accelerate standards development,
vendor buy-in, customer buy-in, or regulatory agency buy-in? What is the mechanism of
transferring lessons learned from pilot projects to the stakeholders?
Immunity/susceptibility/neutrality to technology evolution -
Power system equipment, systems, and infrastructures tend to (need to) have long lifetimes.
How does the application of advanced technology that evolves at a pace faster than power
system designers normally expect impact system maintainability, asset stability, reliability,
and unexpected/forced equipment obsolescence?
Identification and mitigation of barriers to implementation -
What are the barriers to implementation of the technologies associated with each track?
Barriers might include social, political, financial, legacy related, engineering complexity and
other issues. How are these barriers mitigated, at what cost, and in what time frames?
Interaction and interdependency with ADA engineering issues (e.g. control strategies, system
topologies, power system equipment, etc.) -
What is the relationship between communications technologies within and between each
track? What is the relation ship between communication technologies and ADA engineering
issues such as control strategies, system topology options, equipment selection, etc?
Primarily, identify key technology interactions where one technology only becomes viable if
another is assumed to be available and with specified constraints.
8-6
The following sections describe each research track and put the issues listed above in context for
that track.
8.2.1 Communications Media
This track addresses the physical media necessary to support the various ADA functions. There
are a variety of communications media available in the market today that are well established,
standardized, field proven and robust requiring no additional base R&Dparticularly traditional
wired (copper and fiber) communications media. Some base R&D may be appropriate however
in the wireless, power line carrier, and ground wire carrier areas.
These technologies are important because of another key issue - cost. A key constraint of
implementing ADA is likely to be the cost of providing communications with the required
quality attributes to each piece of power system equipment involved in implementing a particular
function. Wireless and power line carrier technologies are more likely to be cost effective for
devices deployed out on distribution feeders.
8.2.2 Communication Protocols
At some point in the development and deployment of a particular ADA function, equipment and
systems must communicate using one or more underlying communication protocols. At the
application levels, specific protocols may be isolated through proper use of object-oriented
design and abstraction but history has shown that the underlying protocol mappings can be the
source of a multitude of implementation issues. These issues include practical versus theoretical
interoperability between vendors, legacy interactions, and protocol religion.
Communication protocols are generally highly standardized to facilitate interoperability and

widespread adoption so once candidate technologies are identified, technology transfer,
development, and codification of those technologies within standards bodies is highly desirable.
Generally there exists a relatively small pool of experts qualified to participate in the process of
standardizing a particular communications protocol. Mechanisms should be found to fund
participation of those experts to minimize the time required to develop and publish a standard.
Communication protocols are often difficult to visualize when they only exist on paper. Pilot
projects and small demonstrations in the field and in the lab during the standards writing process
can be very beneficial in accelerating development, identifying candidate solutions, and
eliminating poor solutions more efficiently and early in the process.
8.2.3 Object Modeling and Database Schemas
No matter what communication protocol is utilized at the transport layer, a standardized means
of describing objects (object modeling) is required. In its simplest form, this can be thought of as
standard names for standard things. In practice, object models must also define expected
behaviors of objects under various conditions. Every object in the power system that needs to be
8-7
involved in implementing ADA systems needs to have an object model defined. This research
track is concerned with developing those object models following a consistent modeling
approach.
Related to object modeling is database schemas. If systems that depend upon databases are to
interoperate, the schema for those databases need to be codified and consistent to facilitate easy
integration of new applications and the merging of disparate systems.
Core R&D may be required to evaluate database technologies, standardized database access
APIs and underlying schemas to determine which approaches are most appropriate for specific
function implementations. Database schemas are another area where religious and legacy
barriers may come into play.
8.2.4 Consumer Systems Interface
There are several ADA functions that involve interaction with customer side equipment,
information systems, and humans. This includes implementation of customer side load control as
part of an overall ADA control strategy, permitting the customer to determine the status of the
system in abnormal situations, empowering the customer to participate in demand response
programs related to the implementation of ADA functions, and other customer side
empowerment opportunities.
Core R&D resulting in the creation of detailed requirements specifications and use cases for the
communications interface (hardware and software) between the load serving entity and the
consumer may be a worthwhile aspect of this track. In fact, standardization of this interface is
probably a requirement before high volume, low cost solutions to the consumer portal problem
become available.
Demonstrations of what a consumer portal might look like from a user interface point of view are
required to communicate the concepts and capabilities of this new concept to stakeholders that
are empowered to accelerate or stop the development of these systems.
Core R&D in developing the business models associated with taking advantage of consumer
systems interfaces are necessary to identify the best possible applications of the technology and
accelerate its penetration into the market.
8.2.5 Federated Services
A variety of globally available, system wide services are necessary to be able to practically
implement and operate any communications infrastructure. These services are those that cut
across many application domains and functions within those domains. Examples include security
services, name resolution, device addressing, and network management.
8-8
All of the other issues identified above need to be addressed in the various sub-components of
federated services. These services actually form the core of the communications architecture and
present the most significant departure from how utility communication systems have been
implemented in the past. For this reason, they deserve the most attention to help ensure that they
evolve to an efficient and effective infrastructure upon which to build systems.
Of these federated services, security is a major component that adds significant complexity to
every component in the communications architecture. It must be designed in from the start
however, if a secure system is to be realized. The following comments relate to security.
Core R&D is required to evaluate the impact security has on the engineering performance of
power system devices when security is implemented. This is an important issue if vendors and
customers are considering or being required to upgrade existing equipment to implement secure
communication protocols and access control. Implementing cryptography, for example, may
increase the processing requirements of an embedded system 30% or more.
Standards participation is critical in this area. Consensus must be reached on how to secure the
IEC 61850 family of protocols. Standardized means for securing legacy systems must also be
addressed. Progressive, trial implementations need to be put in place to evaluate the impact of
candidate methodologies and to permit evaluation of the resulting cryptographic security level of
real world devices. Also, standards need to be established to identify mechanisms to implement
role based authentication for authenticated users on objects and data at rest and in transit.
The addition of security into a system can have significant cost impacts. These must be
considered realistically and economic evaluation tools developed to help project managers and
system designers accurately estimate the implementation costs of new systems that implement
and utilize security services.
Work on the communication technologies and associated services are critical to the overall ADA
initiative. This is the reason for the initial effort in CEIDS around the IECSA project and object
model definitions for ADA/DER. This is a high priority area for continued research because it
enables many of the other ADA research areas and functions.
8.3 Sensors and Intelligent Monitoring Systems
There is considerable work under way for the implementation of intelligent monitoring systems
at the substation level. The Carolina Power & Light example provided previously illustrates how
intelligent applications can be integrated with system operations to improve system reliability
and performance. The EPRI Distribution Fault Anticipator research initiative and Power Quality
Reliability-Centered Maintenance projects are other examples of implementing intelligent
monitoring applications.
8-9
There is also work under way to develop intelligent sensors. This work focuses on adapting
sensor technologies from other industries to power system applications. Sensor research will
focus on new discrete low-cost sensor devices and new embedded sensors in other distribution
equipment, and by a communication and data collection system to go with the sensors. The
following approach is being planned:
1. Develop a list of what parameters need to be monitored and at what locations based on ADA
requirements.
2. Determine types of sensor equipment and support equipment for the sensors are needed for
the monitoring requirements defined in Step 1.
3. Assess the state of the art in sensor technology and the sensing capabilities of new and
emerging distribution field equipment. For example, what sensing functions could the
intelligent universal transformer and other power electronic equipment being deployed in the
distribution system of the future provide?
4. Identify key technology gaps for the sensing and monitoring systems needed for ADA.
Assess the technical and economic feasibility of a development project to fill the gaps.
5. Develop technical specifications, a cost estimate for development work, and schedule for the
development phases of the project. For initial applications, first generation networked sensor
and data collection system will use existing technology wherever possible.
6. If there is sufficient feasibility, proceed with laboratory development and field prototyping of
a specific overall networked sensor and data collection system concept, including conforming
the equipment to standardized open communication architecture with backwards
compatibility with major legacy communication systems.
7. Develop specifications for the commercial products. Identify shortcomings and technology
gaps that may be addressed in other project work and/or a second-generation family.
It is expected that any equipment that is developed in follow-up phases will be major technology
leaps involving fundamental new concepts. Adaptation of existing technology and other simple
engineering exercises would be left to the private sector.
With appropriate sensor networks, intelligent monitoring system applications can be expanded to
include information from throughout the distribution system for more accurate assessment of
system performance and equipment performance issues.
8.4 Universal Interconnection Technology (UIT)
As Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and the associated hardware become more reliable and
economically feasible, there will be a trend toward exploiting more of their features like
coordinated protection and control. The interconnection must therefore evolve to reflect these
progressively higher levels of functionality. This increase in functional capabilities provides a
logical roadmap for the development of a universal interconnection system (or at least a
universal interconnection object model specification, which is under development). Figure 8-4
shows this evolution in three generations. The development of a universal interconnection
system uses a virtual test bed and a beta test site to validate each higher level of functionality.
8-10
However, it is very possible that manufacturers will implement interconnection systems as part
of actual DER technologies and that the standardized interconnection will consist of standardized
object models, protection practices, and control protocols.
This technology is a critical step to implementation of distributed controls for DER devices and
operation of these devices in an islanded mode and within microgrids, while also operating
within the overall distribution system.
Figure 8-3
Roadmap for development of a universal interconnection technology for DER
8.5 Industry Standards
Participation and support for the development of industry standards is a critical part of the effort
required to achieve progress in the overall ADA vision. The vision requires that intelligent
devices and local controls on the distribution system be interoperable. This requires careful
implementation of standards for the device object models and definitions of the required
functionality for each device and application.
This is perhaps the most important need of the entire research portfolio.
8-11
Industry standards and laws have already started to address many of the concerns and
requirements associated with the ADA vision. These include:
IEEE 1547 and other IEEE standards
UL 1741
Standardized Large Generator Interconnection Final Rule Fact Sheet FERC Docket No.
RM02-1-000, July 23, 2003
IEC TC57
However, implementation of guidelines for the functionality of individual applications and object
models for a wide variety of intelligent devices are required. These standards must be
coordinated on an international basis (IEC).
8.6 Intelligent Equipment (Continuous Two-Way Communications)
A wide variety of equipment (devices) on the distribution system must become intelligent as part
of the ADA development. This includes transformers, var control devices, power quality
management devices, monitoring equipment and sensors, protection devices, voltage regulation
equipment, etc.
The standards effort described above is a key part of this. The object models for all these devices
muse be developed and standardized.
The role of each of these devices must be specified in the overall control system requirements.
Communication protocols that take advantage of the standardized object models must be
specified.
This level of interoperability will allow third part development of overall system controls that
can interface with equipment throughout the distribution system.
8.7 Adaptable Dynamic Protective Philosophy (ADPP)
Designing a relaying scheme, particularly for distribution systems that can operate in a variety of
configurations (radial, networked, microgrids) will require a system that is completely flexible
and adaptable based on system conditions (and expected system conditions). The protection
system must exhibit both dependability and security. Dependability is defined as the degree of
certainty that a relay or relay system will operate correctly (IEEE C37.2). In other words,
dependability indicates the ability of the protection system to perform correctly when required,
whereas security is its ability to avoid unnecessary operation during normal day-to-day
disturbances that occur outside the designated zone of operation.
ADPP addresses the issue that the reconfigurable distribution system will change protection
requirements whenever there is a disturbance or other condition that requires reconfiguration.
For these situations, it will be necessary to change or adjust the relaying philosophy until the
8-12
system returns to normal. The change to the philosophy, which would typically consist of
changing the settings of certain relays, could be triggered automatically by the circuit
reconfiguration or it could be adjusted based on expected conditions that are identified using
predictive simulations.
This concept must be taken to the next level for ADA. Protection systems must be continually
adaptable for widely changing system conditions. These include load conditions, system
topology changes, two way power flows, island and microgrid operation, etc. These are major
changes to protection philosophies that require changes in mindsets for distribution protection
engineers. The changes will occur gradually as the system topologies change and the
communications infrastructures improve to support the requirement.
The technology for implementing ADPP requires a robust communication system and standard
protocols for identifying system conditions and the required response of the protection system.
Currently, protection configurations are changed very seldom, primarily for security and safety
reasons. The robustness of communication and control systems must be assured before the
protection functions will be completely integrated.
8.8 New Power Electronics-Based Components

Power electronics technologies will play an increasingly important role in the ADA vision.
Previous developments of solid state switches, Distribution Voltage Restorers (DVRs), and
Distribution Static Compenstors (DSTATCOMs) provide an excellent base for implementation
of next generation technologies. Important development efforts will include:
Solid state switchgear
Intelligent Universal Transformer (IUT)
Voltage control and reactive power control technologies that are integrated with other
applications (DER, end user devices, IUT)
8.9 Advanced Computing and Control Systems
The overall computing and control system architecture must tie all of the developments together
to actually achieve the benefits of ADA. Major advancements in these systems will be required
to optimize system performance in the steady state, respond to disturbances to improve reliability
and quality, and perform continuous simulations to predict contingencies and initiate actions to
avoid problems. Important development areas for these computing and control systems include:
Distributed computing (intelligent network agents and embedded systems)
New control systems with real time state estimation (simulation tools)
Load flows and stability simulations for distribution systemsmany new models
required (controls, IEDs, smart devices)
Optimize voltage control and energy efficiency of overall system
Reliability and quality assessments on real time basis
8-13
Fast simulation and modeling to anticipate disturbances, equipment problems, and customer
conditions and take control actions to prevent problems and optimize the response to
conditions identified.
8.10 Evolution Path for ADAResearch and Development Projects
Figure 8-5 (end of this section) lists a range of important projects that are required to facilitate
the ADA vision. Initial cost estimates for the projects are indicated. Note that these estimated
costs are very preliminary and can be considered educated guesses on the part of the project
investigators. As the projects themselves are defined in more detail with specific scoping studies,
the overall budgets for the individual research efforts will be refined accordingly. The individual
projects and coordination requirements for the projects are described briefly in this section.
These projects build on and coordinate with other research work under way around the world and
the cost estimates assume a high level of coordination with other research efforts. The cost
estimates also assume that the majority of costs associated with demonstrations, hardware
implementations, and software products, are the responsibility of the host utilities and the
commercial entities developing and implementing the products.
These project summaries describe components of a new research initiative to develop the overall
ADA concept. Coordination with other research initiatives (both US and international) is
indicated. The different components of the research initiative are illustrated in Figure 8-4 and
described in the following sections.
System Topologies
(Configuration, protection, control)
Communication architecture
and information model development
New technologies
(power electronics, IUT, etc.) ADA
Sensors and monitoring systems

(intelligent monitoring)
Advanced distribution controls

(coordinated distributed intelligence)
Figure 8-4
Different parts of the ADA research initiative
8-14
8.10.1 System Topologies (Configuration, Protection, Control)
Feeder and Network Evolution to Support ADA
This project will evaluate preferred system topologies, protection strategies, and control
strategies for implementation of advanced distribution automation functions and capabilities. It
will build on the roadmap plans with detailed evaluation of alternative system configurations,
identification of costs and benefits of the alternatives, and development of recommendations for
preferred system approaches for ADA implementation. It is a multi-year effort that must
coordinate with the development of actual technologies (power electronics, switchgear, sensors,
monitoring, and control applications) and communications infrastructures.
Advanced System Reconfiguration Capabilities
One of the important concepts in the early migration to the full ADA system implementation is
the ability for smart and fast reconfiguration of distribution systems. This results in faster
restoration for system faults and the ability to reconfigure for more efficient and reliable
operation of the system. The project will look at reconfiguration options for both radial and
networked systems. Technology requirements and control system requirements will be
determined.
There are many projects under way involving system reconfiguration management for response
to outages and improved system performance. The DV 2010 initiative is one example. Future
projects should build on previous research and pull together the requirements for system
reconfiguration technologies and systems to reduce the costs of these systems and allow third
party development of advanced controls to optimize performance.
Distribution System Protection with ADA
Existing distribution protection systems involve fixed settings for coordination between devices
on the system. These settings can be changed remotely in many advanced devices (intelligent
relays, reclosers, and sectionalizers) but systems to adjust these settings continuously in
coordination with system topology changes, changing load characteristics, DER applications,
and the dynamics of inrush characteristics following disturbances and outages have not been
developed. These are all needed for the adaptable protection systems in the ADA concept. The
project will build on commercially available equipment to define adaptable protection systems to
meet the needs of the ADA system with DER integration and flexible system configurations.
Support for Local Islanding with DER
Achieving the most benefit from local generation systems requires the capability to operate in an
islanded mode with smooth transitions from operation as part of the overall distribution system.
These capabilities can be used to avoid outages or to aid in outage recovery for islandable parts
of the system. Other operating contingencies might also be resolvable by islanding (e.g., voltage
control and system stability concerns during heavy load periods). This project will develop and
test an initial adaptable distribution system islanding building block concept, and will set the
8-15
stage for subsequent development of more sophisticated concepts. An adaptable microgrid

design will be developed that is safe, secure, and compatible with different system types,
locations, and voltage levels and with different types of distributed generation and storage.
DER integration and evaluation of microgrid concepts is the topic of considerable research
throughout the world, especially Europe. The MicroGrids consortium is an excellent example. It
is critical that the technologies and control systems developed by applicable throughout the
world to achieve the economies that are needed. New projects to develop support systems and
technologies for local islanding and microgrids operation should be coordinated closely with
existing research efforts throughout the world.
Other important projects for coordination and building on are SILIERE (EdF) for Wind
Integration and the DISPOWER initiative in Europe (see discussions).
8.10.2 Communications Architecture and Information Model Development
Distribution SCADA Systems with Open Communications Architecture
This project will implement a small-scale distribution SCADA system on an operational

distribution system at a host utility using equipment that supports an open architecture
communications protocol such as IEC 61850. The objective will be to demonstrate connectivity,
interoperability, and practical application of a small number of devices. Lessons learned from the
demonstration will be fed back to participating vendors throughout the project and to a wider
vendor audience upon successful completion of the project.
Communication and Information Object Models for ADA Technologies
No matter what form a future open architecture utility communications system takes on, object
models are required of all power system devices that have the capability of communicating with
the outside world. These object models can be documented using a variety of formatsIEC
61850 style tables, XML Schema and UML are popular options. This project will determine a
universal format for documenting object models that is easily translatable into other formats
without loss of information. The project will then attempt to create a comprehensive list of
devices that need object models and this list will be prioritized. The project team will determine
and document the method of prioritization. Finally, the project will spawn off one or more sub-
projects to begin developing these highest priority object models. Close coordination with
standards organizations is critical to obtain and maintain industry buy-in and participation in the
development process.
Guidelines and Tools for Implementing Open Architecture Distribution Control Systems
This project will perform the basic research necessary to translate current and on-going research
in advanced distribution system control methodologies into rules of the road for implementing
these new technologies. Methods for simulating the behavior of these control systems and their
interaction with the power system will be developed. The creation of simple simulators to try out
various approaches will be encouraged.
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Integrating Legacy Systems into New Control Systems with Open Architecture
One of the biggest barriers to implementing any new technology in the electric utility
infrastructure is the need to ensure that existing infrastructure can continue to function and
interoperate with newer parts of the system. Business decision tools need to be made available to
enable managers and executives to quickly evaluate the economics of replacing legacy systems
versus installing gateway equipment or just leaving the system alone. This project will develop
guidelines and tools that can be used to perform this evaluation for various aspects of distribution
automation systems. In addition, the viability of a commercial market for protocol conversion
devices will be determined. Concepts such as a legacy system universal translator will be
explored that might help facilitate the transition of existing systems to an open architecture.
Communication Architecture and Implementation Guidelines for Completely Distributed

Control Systems with Security and Reliability Requirements
Fundamental research into the application of modern distributed control theory to power system
operation and control on the distribution system will be performed. Methodologies for
calculating the stability of such control systems will be developed. Guidelines for when
distributed control may or may not be a good candidate for a particular application will be
developed as a screening tool.
Communication Architecture and Implementation Guidelines for Consumer Portal and

Integration with System Controls and Databases
Specific design recommendations based on open architecture recommendations from projects

like IECSA will be documented for use with Consumer Portal projects. Vendors will be reluctant
to implement low cost, Consumer Portal enabling hardware and software until specific standards
and design guidelines exist to ensure multi-vendor interoperability. In addition, specific database
schemas, communications protocols, and object modeling guidelines need to be identified from
the universe of possibilities laid out in the architecture to facilitate early adoption of the
technology and future interoperability with systems deployed at a later date.
8.10.3 Technologies
Solid State Switchgear
Many of the capabilities of the ADA concept require fast switching (system reconfiguration,
local island operation, microgrids, etc.). These switching operations will ultimately be best
performed with solid state switches due to the number of switching operations involved and the
need to perform the switching operations with minimal disturbance. Solid state switches can also
improve capacitor switching, provide fast fault clearing, and limit fault currents.
Solid state switchgear technology is continually under development and this will continue with
many manufacturers, universities, and research organizations. Coordinating research projects
should continually assess the state of the art in solid state switchgear, define requirements for the
various applications where it is most applicable, identify important economic benefits of the
applications, and provide guidelines for implementation.
8-17
New Power Electronics Technologies
New power electronic components for volt/VAR management, DER interconnection, microgrid
operation, system reconfiguring, and other functions in advanced distribution automation (ADA)
will be developed. A building block approach, similar to that of FACTS, will be used. The new
equipment will be based on the latest trends in core power-electronic technologies. For example,
new generations of power semiconductor devices will be used in designing the systems. This
project complements all other ADA system projects by providing the components that will be
needed to realize many of the overall ADA system concepts.
Most of these power electronics technologies will be developed by manufacturers, rather than
through EPRI research projects. However, EPRI and other research organizations can have a
very important influence on these technology developments to assure that they are compatible
with ADA system concepts and will integrate with overall system controls. When key
technologies are not being developed in a timely manner by manufacturers, EPRI can step in and
mobilize a collaborative effort to foster the needed development. ADA system development will
define the needs and requirements for these technologies (communication requirements,
integration requirements, performance requirements), as well as illustrate the economic benefits
of implementing these technologies as part of the overall system design.
Advanced Technologies for Flexible Power Quality and Reliability
Managing the quality and reliability of the power supplied to end users can be enhanced with
local application of advanced power electronics technologies. Custom power technology
development (e.g. DVR, DSTATCOM) has been under way for a number of years and many
example applications exist, illustrating the benefits that can be achieved. The economics of these
technologies have not resulted in widespread application. The next generation of power
electronic controllers may make these technologies more economically attractive, especially for
local power quality and reliability requirements of some types of end users. The project should
track developments in power electronic technologies, identify applications for quality and
reliability management that can be economically attractive, and define the requirements for
implementation of systems in these applications. Again, when key technologies are not being
developed in a timely manner by manufacturers, EPRI can step in and mobilize a collaborative
effort to foster the needed development.
The project should coordinate with implementation of power electronics technologies in local
devices that can perform these functions. This includes power electronics controllers for DER
integration, the IUT, and power electronics for end user equipment (e.g., adjustable speed
drives).
IUT
The IUT is a power-electronic replacement for conventional distribution transformers. It is

envisioned as being ultimately available in all distribution voltage ranges. The added customer
service functionality of the IUT includes, as examples: dc service, 400 Hz ac service, conversion
of single-phase to three-phase service, and power quality enhancement functionalities, such as
8-18
harmonic filtering and voltage sag correction. The additional operational benefits expected from
the IUT include, as examples: standardization of design, elimination of oil dielectrics, reduced
weight and size, and interoperability to act as a sensor and smart multifunctional node in
advanced distribution automation.
The Intelligent Universal Transformer has the potential to be a critical building block in the
overall ADA concept. It provides the power electronics controller functionality for coordinated
power quality management and voltage control. It provides the control functionality to
coordinate local system operation with the overall supply system controls. It provides adaptable
protection functionality to allow islanded and microgrid operation, as well as flexible controls for
coordination during normal system operation, taking into account reconfiguration needs.
Ongoing development of the IUT concept and technology should continue in a coordinated
manner with the overall ADA concept requirements in mind.
A laboratory bench model of the IUT is planned for initiation in 2004. The feasibility assessment
(1001698) indicated that all these benefits could be realized only with an all-solid-state (power
electronic) design that completely eliminates major traditional transformers from system design.
It is noted that the power electronic system development will be carried out in parallel with the
needed power semiconductor work, by using existing high-current power semiconductors and
substituting the low-current devices later, when they become available. As the feasibility
assessment showed, the low-current devices are needed to make the IUTs advanced power-
electronic system economically viable. As currently envisioned, the new power semiconductors
that are needed will be obtained by working with vendors to evolve the needed devices with
sample evaluation work funded by EPRI Strategic Science & Technology. It is believed that
EPRI will not need to fund the semiconductor device development.
8.10.4 Sensors and Monitoring
Intelligent Substation Monitoring
Intelligent substation monitoring efforts are already under way. Examples include the
Distribution Fault Anticipator (DFA) and intelligent applications being applied in conventional
PQ monitoring systems (PQRCM - EPRI Program 3). Asset management systems are also
employing intelligent monitoring systems.
Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are already standard in substations and these can be
integrated with substation monitoring systems to provide more complete information about
substation conditions without expensive investments in additional monitors. These devices
include smart relays, reclosers, Digital Fault Recorders (DFRs) that are already being used in
substations, capacitor bank controllers, voltage regulators, etc.
Research should focus on standardizing applications and development of standard interfaces for
IEDs to allow convenient integration with monitoring systems. These efforts lead to very
convenient demonstrations that can have very fast paybacks. Carolina Power & Light has
demonstrated the value of these systems to improving reliability and reducing operating costs.
8-19
Advanced Sensor Development and Implementation
Low-cost sensors with integrated communication capability are required to realize the ADA
vision. They are required for continuous assessment of the distribution system performance in
real-time state estimation systems and for feedback on proper operation of control functions with
distributed control equipment throughout the system. They will provide critical information
about performance in local microgrids as well as performance of the overall distribution system.
Many new technologies are under development that may be appropriate for sensor applications
on power systems. Research projects should track these developments and demonstrate
performance, both in the laboratory and on actual systems, to assess the potential for widespread
application. Projects should consolidate the performance and application requirements for sensor
technologies needed for ADA functions so that researchers around the world have a target to
develop towards with the various technologies.
The communication technologies are particularly important and should be the topic of specific
research to develop appropriate object models and performance requirements for different
applications.
8.10.5 Advanced Distribution System Controls
Substation Control System Development
Substation automation is already widespread and many different substation control systems are
available. These systems use many different proprietary communication technologies but can be
integrated with other systems with appropriate gateways. Research projects should identify the
requirements for the substation controller of the future, taking into account the distributed control
system functionality of the ADA system. Interface and coordination requirements for the
substation control system will be substantial. The research should identify appropriate migration
paths from todays substation control technologies to the integrated controls that will be used in
the future ADA systems.
Improved Response to Outages
Major power system outages may be prevented or mitigated and recovery processes may be
accelerated via intelligent operating capabilities that are designed into the system. For example,
smart sectionalizing, intentional islanding of parts of the system (e.g., using microgrids), use of
back-up equipment, and emergency use of distributed generation may help in this regard.
Suitable power system design configurations and associated electrical components and
monitoring and control capabilities are needed to realize this sophistication in the power system
of the future. Initial research in this area should focus on requirements definition for this function
and integration requirements with other systems for outage management. Subsequent steps will
specify individual technologies and controls that are applicable for the outage response function,
in coordination with all other ADA system benefits and requirements.
8-20
Volt/Var Management Systems

The management of voltage profiles and var flows (losses) will be both more flexible and more
complicated in the ADA system of the future. This project will develop the control strategy and
an adaptable control technology that can be widely used for volt/var management in future power
systems, including the control of multiple types of var sources (such as static var compensators,
capacitor banks, intelligent universal transformers, and distributed generation). The new control
technology will allow utilities to extract more value from the increasing variety of reactive power
management equipment that will be available on their systems in the future. The use of
equipment on the distribution system for automated volt/var management functions at both the
transmission and distribution levels must be considered.
Power Quality Management Systems
New power electronic technologies, power electronics integrated with DER controllers, the IUT, and
even customer systems provide a wide variety of opportunities for managing and controlling the power
quality on the supply system. Some of these systems allow the implementation of flexible systems that
can offer improved reliability and power quality for selected customers. Control systems and strategies
are required to take advantage of these new technologies. The control systems must be coordinated and
strategies for optimizing the performance must be developed.
Fast Simulation and Modeling for Distribution Systems
Continuous performance assessment and optimization of the distribution system requires a
monitoring and simulation capability that can provide state estimation for the entire distribution
system in real time (for analysis of existing conditions and predicting future conditions),
including voltage profiles, load characteristics, var flows, harmonic distortion conditions, and
even dynamic performance with distributed resources. Fast simulation tools integrated with
distributed monitoring and communication systems will provide this capability. The simulation
tool will have immediate applicability in current distribution operations, and it will be a key tool
to aid in migration to ADA and the distribution system of the future. In particular, the simulation
capability will allow rapid iterative simulation in response to changing operating conditions to
enable automated system actions to prevent problems (predictive mode) and to maintain
optimum system performance as conditions change (reactive mode). More quantitative detail on
the benefits will be developed in the requirements definition and feasibility phase of the project.
Advanced Management of System Performance and Efficiency
New technologies (IUT, DER interface equipment, advanced controllers, and even end use
devices) will provide significant opportunities to improve the system performance and the
efficiency of operation, resulting in considerable cost savings for operating the distribution
system. Distributed control systems coordinated with a master controller will be required to take
advantage of these advanced technologies in a variety of different system configurations. The
emphasis of this effort should be on loss reduction, voltage performance management, and
reliability management using fast simulation modeling and analysis tools. The systems
developed should be appropriate for both network and radial systems and should support the
topologies specified for ADA implementation.
8-21
Adaptable Distributed Control Systems
A flexible and adaptable hierarchical control capability, using distributed intelligence throughout
the distribution system, will be developed to support maximum flexibility and functionality in
the distribution electrical system, while being compatible with both open communication
architecture standards and legacy architectures. The control system technology will enable the
strategic, economic and reliable operation of distribution systems with embedded distributed
generation and other new intelligent electronic devices and with ADA system reconfiguring
options. The distribution control system will also be capable of coordination with systems
controlling transmission operations and will interface with end-use control systems at the
Consumer Portal.
8-22
Figure 8-5
Important initial projects for the ADA research initiative
8-23
8.11 Opportunities for New Technology Demonstrations
Some likely candidates for new technology demonstrations are listed here.
IUT and other new power electronic technologies
Advanced sensors
Communication technologies
PLC
Wireless
Others
Monitoring equipment interfaced to sensors and communication technologies
Microprocessor-controlled components with communications
Open architecture communicationsintegration of components that support the open
architecture, especially for demonstration of the object models.
Local control functions (distributed computing and intelligent agents)
Substation level control functions to integrate components and optimize performance
DER with local controls and communications for coordination
Integration of DER functions (multi-function) into central control with communications for
optimized system performance
Customer level systems with intelligent controls and communications for coordination
Integration of control functions with customer level systems (e.g. harmonic control, load
management, voltage control, var control, etc.)e.g. intelligent universal transformer
Fast simulation and modeling tools (data management, advanced algorithms, specific
applications, state estimation, system modeling techniques)
Integration of substation level controls with transmission system and overall system controls
Each research initiative should include a component of the research for demonstration of
important elements of the technology being developed. Demonstrations can take many different
forms and it is a critical part of the research effort to demonstrate the viability and value of the
development. Examples of demonstration approaches include:
Verification of results with simulations of system performance and characteristics
Laboratory demonstrations (e.g. communication protocols, object model implementation,
interfacing of different technologies and control systems)
Limited field demonstrations (application of local controls or intelligent devices on a
distribution system, new sensors and monitoring technologies, communications system
implementation, interfacing with selected customer systems).
Large scale demonstrations (demonstration of many functions interacting on an overall
distribution system with integrated controls, real time state estimation systems, etc.)
8-24
8.12 Coordination With Other Research
Many existing research projects are included in the background description. The brief project
descriptions for the recommended ADA initiative roadmap identify important research efforts for
coordination as well. A much broader cross section of standards and research efforts is
summarized in Appendix B.
8.13 Next Steps
The next efforts in the development will be establishing the value propositions for ADA using
these different categories of benefits. The value propositions will lead to more widespread
acceptance of the need for a completely automated system. The components of the research
effort and the many research initiatives for coordination described in this report provide the
foundation for a roadmap that will lead to the completely automated and flexible distribution
system. A summary of some of the important milestones in the overall roadmap is provided in
Figure 8-6.
8-25
Figure 8-6
Illustration of important milestones and general flow of development in the ADA initiative
8-26
9
REFERENCES
9.1 Documents
1. EPRI Technical Report 1003973, Investigation of the Technical and Economic Feasibility
of Micro-Grid Based Power Systems, InterimReport, December 2001
2. 1547-2003 IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power
Systems 2003
3. DR Interconnection Issues: Standards, Technologies and Impacts on the Business Deal,

E.J. Honton, PEAC Workshop on DR for TVA Distributors, September 10, 2002
4. Universal Interconnection Technology (UIT) Workshop Proceedings" (PDF 3.2 MB). July
25-26, 2002, Chicago, Illinois
5. EPRI Report 1000419, Engineering Guide for Integration of Distributed Generation and
Storage Into Power Distribution Systems, December 2000
6. Substation Integration Pilot Project, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, March-April
2003. Tim Nissen and Doug Peterchuck , Omaha Public Power District
7. Distributed Generation Case Studies, Energy Info Source, December 2001
8. Economic Optimisation of an Australian Rural Electricity Network Using Automatic Circuit

Reclosers with Remote Monitoring & Control, Leith A. Elder and Brian OSullivan
9. Distribution Voltage and Reactive Power Control at Georgia Power Company, Lee E.
Welch, Senior Member, IEEE, Presented at IEEE Transmission and Distribution Conference
2003
10. Impact of Automatic Service Restoration on the Reliability of Power Distribution Systems,
Ying He, Goran Andersson and Ron N. Allan, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
11. Distribution Load RestorationA Case Study White River Valley Electric Coop,
12. Internet Peer-to-Peer Communication Based Distribution Loop Control System, Juancarlo
Depablos, May 6, 2003, Virginia Tech Polytechnic Institute
13. T. Ackermann, G. Andersson and L. Soder Distributed Generation: A definition Electric

Power System Research, Vol. 57, 2001 pp. 195-204.
9-1
References
14. Intention Islanding of Distributed Generation for Reliability Enhancement, Y.G.Hegazy,

Member, IEEE and A.Y.Chikhani, Senior Member, IEEE. Presented at the CIGRE/IEEE-
PES International Symposium, October 2003, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
15. The impact of dispersed power generation in distribution systems, B. M. Buchholz and C.
Boese, Presented at the CIGRE/IEEE-PES International Symposium, October 2003,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
16. Hybrid Plant of Renewable Stochastic Source and Multi-Level Storage for Emission-Free
Deterministic Power Generation, Kai Strunz, E. Kristina Brock, Presented at the
CIGRE/IEEE-PES International Symposium, October 2003, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
17. Wireless Technologies for Distribution Automation, Scott Schoenherr, Presented at the
2003 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference in Dallas Texas.
18. Substation Automation - IED Integration and Availability of Information, John D.

McDonald, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, March / April 2003
19. Plan Ahead for Substation Automation, Steve Haacke, Sam Border, Dehn Stevens, and
Bob Uluski, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, March / April 2003
20. THE SITR/INPACT PROJECT: SOME CONCLUSIONS, Andr MAIZENER,

BRETTEVILLE Olivier, BUSSIERE Jacques, WINE Jean-Marc, Presented at C I R E D
17th International Conference on Electricity Distribution Barcelona, 12-15 May 2003.
21. BC Hydro Experience Using A Small STATCOM to Address Utility Voltage Problems
22. Need to Revise Switched Capacitor Controls on Feeders with Distributed Generation,
Philip Brady, Chensong Dai, Y. Baghzouz, Presented at the 2003 IEEE PES Transmission
and Distribution Conference in Dallas Texas
23. Benefits of SVC and STATCOM for Electric Utility Application, M. Noroozian and C.W.
Taylor, Presented at the 2003 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference in Dallas
Texas
24. EXPERIENCE WITH A DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER FOR A CRITICAL

MANUFACTURING FACILITY, Roger Affolter and Bill Connell, Presented at the 2003
IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference in Dallas Texas.
25. A Summary of the Draft IEEE P1409 Custom Power Application Guide, D. Daniel Sabin
and Ambra Sannino, Presented at the 2003 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution
Conference in Dallas Texas.
26. Feasibility Assessment for Intelligent Universal Transformer, F. Goodman, et al, EPRI
Technical Report 1001698, December 2002
27. Low Cost Current/Voltage/Power Factor Measurement Sensor: Phases I, II and III, EPRI,
Palo Alto, CA: 2002. 1006870
9-2
References
28. Split-Core PCB Rogowski Coil Designs and Applications for Protective Relaying,
Ljubomir A. Kojovic, Presented at the 2003 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution
Conference in Dallas Texas
29. Coiled for Protection, Ljubomir A. Kojovic, Martin T. Bishop and Veselin Skendzic, IEEE
Power and Energy Magazine, May/June 2003
30. Advanced Distribution System Automation, Ljubomir A. Kojovic, Timothy R. Day
31. Retail Market Based Pricing: Three Cases, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2001.1006022
32. Network and System Management for Distribution Automation, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA:
2002.1001701
33. A Maintenance Free Monitoring Solution for Medium Voltage Overhead Networks, S.
Lindgren and B. OSullivan, CIRED 2003, Session 2, Paper No. 82, Barcelona, Spain, May,
2003.
9.2 Web Sites
1. http://microgrids.power.ece.ntua.gr/index.htm - European consortium working on the

interconnection of small, modular generation sources to low voltage distribution systems
defining a new type of power system, the MicroGrid
2. http://www.distributed-generation.com/
3. http://www.ferc.gov/industries/electric/indus-act/gi.asp - Federal Energy Regulatory

CommissionGeneration Interconnection Activities
4. http://www.eere.energy.gov/distributedpower/library.html
5. www.dispower.orgDispower research project into high penetration levels of DG
6. www.amra-intl.org automatic meter reading international
See Appendix B for additional web site references related to individual standards development
activities and research initiatives.
9-3
10
GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ACRONYMS
ADA Advanced Distribution Automation -complete automation of all

the controllable equipment and functions in the distribution
system - two major components - a flexible electrical (and
electronic) architecture and a communication and control system
based on an open, standardized communications architecture.
Hence, looking into the future, it will be more appropriate to think
of it as a power exchange system, rather than a distribution
system.
AMR Automatic Meter Reading
CERTS Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (US-

DOE is a sponsor)
CHP Combined Heat and Power
Communication Comprised of two major elements, object models and protocols.

architecture An object model is a detailed data template for the information
exchange needed for monitoring and controlling a device.
Protocols are the rules for transfer of the data
CP Coincident Peak Pricing
DFA Distribution Fault Anticipator
DEMS Decentralized Energy Management
DEP Distribution Efficiency Program (Georgia Power )
DER Distributed Energy Resources (Generation and/or Storage)
DG Distributed Generation (used interchangeably with DER)
DSTATCOM Distribution Static Compensator
DVR Distribution Voltage Restorer
10-1
Glossary of Terms and Acronyms
EPS Electrical Power System
FACTS Flexible AC Transmission System
FTU Feeder Terminal Unit
HMI Human- Machine Interface
Intentional Islanding As an example, a section of the system may be intentionally

(including islanded in an emergency to operate off its local distributed
microgrids) generation, with sag correctors and other power electronic
controls
IED Intelligent Electronic Device
IUT Intelligent Universal Transformer (a multi-functional power-

electronic device to replace distribution transformers)This is a
current EPRI project - 1001698, Feasibility Assessment for
Intelligent Universal Transformer
Microgrid A microgrid is a power system with distributed resources serving

one or more customers that can operate as an independent
electrical island from the bulk power system. Microgrids may
range in size from a tiny residential application involving the
islanding of a single house up to small-city-size islands with 100
MW of total load. Microgrids may operate fulltime independently
from the bulk power system (and are never connected). Or, they
may operate part-time in tandem with the bulk supply system
during normal conditions but disconnect and operate as an
independent island in the event of a bulk-supply failure or
emergency.
NIM Network Interface Module
PLC Programmable Logic Controller (versatile modular

microprocessor units with signaling, control and communication
capabilities)
PUD Public Utility District- (distribution company)
Recloser Unit capable of interrupting a fault and automatically closing

again. See Circuit Breaker
RC Rogowski Coil
10-2
Glossary of Terms and Acronyms
RTP Real Time Pricing
RTU Remote Terminal Unit
SA Substation automation
Sectionalizer See Load Break Switch
SI Substation integration
Smart Sectionalizing EPRI project - 1001696, Smart Feeder Development
SQRA Security, Quality, Reliability, and Availability
STATCOM Static Synchronous Compensator
STS Static Transfer Switch
SVC Static var compensator
UCA The principal open communications architecture is UCA, which is

being standardized via such documents such as IEC 61850 and
others. Utility communication architecture
UIT Universal Interconnection Technology, Defines a standard

architecture for interconnection of DER system functions
10-3
A
APPENDIX AADA FUNCTION LISTING FROM IECSA
PROJECT
The Consortium for the Electric Infrastructure to Support the Digital Society (CEIDS) is
conducting a fundamental research project to define the communication architecture for the
electrical infrastructure of the futurethe Integrated Electrical Communication System
Architecture (IECSA). This research project started with defining all the important functions on
the power system that will make use of the communication infrastructure and then defined the
important requirements of all these functions.
Functions for automation of distribution systems are an important part of this function list. The
functions defined that are related to ADA are listed here.
Updated information from the IECSA project can be found at the following web site:
www.iecsa.org (Figure A-1).
Figure A-1
CEIDS IECSA collaboration web site
A-1
Appendix AADA Function Listing from IECSA Project
Distribution Operation Modeling and Analysis (DOMA)

Modeling transmission/sub-transmission system immediately adjacent to distribution circuits
Modeling distribution circuit connectivity
Modeling distribution circuit connectivity
Modeling distribution nodal loads
Modeling distribution circuit facilities
Distribution power flow
Evaluation of transfer capacity
Power quality analysis
Loss analysis
Fault analysis
Evaluation of operating conditions
Substation & Feeder SCADA
Fault Location, Isolation & Service Restoration (FLISR)

DA indicates the faults cleared by monitored protective devices
DA determines the faulted sections based on SCADA status and analog data
DA determines the fault-clearing non-monitored protective device based on trouble call
inputs
DA generates switching orders for fault isolation, service restoration, and return to normal
(taking into account the availability of remotely controlled switching devices, feeder
paralleling, and cold-load pickup)
Operators executes recommended by DA switching orders by using SCADA
Operator authorizes the DA application to execute switching orders in closed-loop mode
DA considers creation of islands supported by DER for service restoration
Feeder Reconfiguration & Transformer Balancing (FRTB)

Service restoration
Overload elimination
Load balancing
Transmission facilities overload
Loss minimization
Voltage balancing
Reliability improvement
A-2
Transformer Life Extension
Recloser/Breaker Monitoring & Control
Optimal Volt/VAR Control (capacitors, regulators, DER, SVCs, DSTATCOMs)

Power quality improvement
Overload elimination/reduction
Load management
Transmission operation support in accordance with T&D contracts
Loss minimization in distribution and transmission
Control of Transformer LTC
Distribution System Monitoring and Automated Meter Reading (AMR)
Real time power system modeling and analysis of distribution operations

Update topology model
Update facilities model
Update load model
Update relevant transmission model
Update and analyze real-time operating conditions using distribution power flow/state
estimation
Update system capacity based on real-time equipment monitoring data
Issue alarming/warning messages to the operator
Generate distribution operation reports and logs
Relay protection re-coordination
Contingency analysis
Distribution power flow and state estimation
Load, energy, and DER forecasting
Planned outage management
Monitoring contractual operating parameters
Asset management
A-3
Demand response
RTP interface
Pre-arming of Remedial Action Schemes (RAS)
Coordination of emergency actions
Coordination of restorative actions
Intelligent Alarm Processing
A-4
B
APPENDIX BDESCRIPTIONS OF RELATED
RESEARCH PROJECTS AND STANDARDS
B.1 Introduction
The objective of this section is to create map between the identified research tracks from the
R&D roadmap and research and standards related activities throughout the industry and
government. This map has taken the form of grid that shows research and industry standards that
apply to the roadmap tracks and attributes identified in this report. In the grid, each research
project or relevant standard is referenced through an index that guides the reader to a summary of
that work in sections following the grid.
The grid is divided vertically in a hierarchical fashion, with ADA functions identified in the
IECSA project at the highest level, then characteristics or attributes of those research areas.
There is duplication at the lowest level of the hierarchy but as the individual area share
characteristics. The items in the grid uniquely relate to the characteristics for the ADA function
referenced.
Section B.3 contains a set of articles that describe various research projects and reports covering
topics related to ADA. Each article is numbered sequentially with a prefix of R to differentiate
that article from the Standards references in Section B.4.
The articles in Section B.4 describe various standards and standards groups that relate to DER
and Demand Response. The standards are organized by the overall standard number and then by
working group or subordinate documents. Grid references with only the overall standard number
imply that the entire or substantially all of the body of the standard applies to the item in the grid.
When one or more of the sub-sections of the standard apply in a more specific way, the reference
is shown as a dotted reference, say 1.1, etc.
Finally, the entries in the grid are color coded to indicate the degree of relevance for each item.
The key can be found at the bottom of the grid.
B-1
Appendix BDescriptions of Related Research Projects and Standards
B.2 Reference Grid
B-2
B-3
B-4
B-5
B.3 Project Descriptions

Article #R1
Title: Utility System Integration Issues and Integration of DER into Building Control
Systems
Organization: DOE/EERE/DER
Partner NiSource
Contact: Pat Hoffman Email: patricia.hoffman@hq.doe.gov
Status Unknown
A leading proponent of utility use of distributed generation, NiSource Energy Technologies Inc.,
supplies power and distribution services throughout the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic regions.
NiSource will work with subsidiary utilities to identify the system integration and
implementation issues for distributed generation and to develop and test potential solutions to
these issues. The long-term goal is to design ways to extend distributed generation into the
physical design and controls of a building itself. This work will provide data to identify the range
of issues for integrated distributed generation to determine solutions to for a range of power
users from small industry to residences
Article #R2
Organization: DOE
Title: Communications and Control Program
DOE Program Contact: Eric Lightner eric.lightner@ee.doe.gov
Website: http://www.eere.energy.gov/der/pdfs/tech_briefs/comm_controls.pdf
Status: Research In progress
Communications and Control (C&C) is a new program within the DER that is chartered to
provide enabling communications and control technologies to optimize the off- and on-grid
operations of distributed energy components, subsystems, and systems. As a new program, the
C&C sets out to establish an industry/government partnership to jointly pursue research,
development, demonstration, and deployment of emerging technologies to address needs and
opportunities relating to communications and control of integrated DER systems. Through these
enabling communication and control technologies, various DER hardware and software
components can be aggregated into an integrated operation with scalability to meet individual
B-6
user, facility, and utility requirements. Further, the enhanced information flow and system
control capabilities will allow practice of demand-side management. When this demand
management is combined with an increased supply from aggregated capacities of DER systems,
true values and benefits of DER can be fully realized to meet the nation's power generation,
transmission, and distribution challenges.
Article #R3
Organization: DOE DER C&C
Title: Distributed Intelligent Agents for Decision Making at Local DER Levels
Contact: Gerald L. Gibson gibsonj@aesc-inc.com
Website: http://www.science.doe.gov/sbir/awards_abstracts/sbirsttr/cycle21/phase1/107.htm
Status: Ongoing, Stage 1 SBIR contract
The benefits of integrating Distributed Energy Resources (DER) into the U.S. electric power
system are well documented. Unfortunately, electric utilities view DER as potentially disruptive
to existing grid protection systems, and the increased use of DER would be hampered by the
centralized control infrastructure currently in place. A new control and communication approach
is needed for the full benefits of DER to be realized. Intelligent software agents could provide
the needed communications, controls, and prognostics/diagnostics. However, to gain acceptance
in the electric industry, intelligent agents must be shown to be stable and capable of responding
to common system disturbances. This project will lay the groundwork for a hierarchy of
intelligent power system agents that will enable DER to be more fully integrated into the U.S.
power system. Feasibility will be demonstrated by developing and testing DER agents that
respond to DER level disturbances, thereby facilitating acceptance within the power industry.
Phase I will develop the high level requirements for a basic hierarchy of intelligent agents to
coordinate the operation of the electric grid system by communicating and collaborating with
one another. The DER level agents, operating at the bottom-most level of the hierarchy, will be
further specified and minimal agents will be developed and tested.
Commercial Applications and Other Benefits as described by awardee: Intelligent software

agents could be utilized in a variety of applications throughout the energy industry. Agents
operating within the distribution and transmission systems could minimize the risk of terrorist
attack.
Article #R4
Organization: DOE DER C&C
Title: Distributed Intelligent Agents for Decision Making at Local Distributed Energy
Resource (DER) Levels
Contact: David A. Cohen Email: dave@infotility.com
Website: http://www.science.doe.gov/sbir/awards_abstracts/sbirsttr/cycle21/phase1/109.htm
Status: Ongoing, Stage 1 SBIR contract
This project will develop an adaptive, intelligent-agent-based information system to provide real-
time, two-way communication and decision making between nodes in a distributed energy
resources (DER) system. The design will consist of a collection of reusable intelligent agents that
will interoperate within the many interfaces and devices on the power delivery infrastructure.
The agents will provide not only analysis and response to electrical grid contingencies but also
coordination with power electronics and grid protection schemes to enhance grid reliability.
B-7
Phase I will assess key system issues (software user needs, intelligent agent structure, object-
oriented design, overall software system architecture, data models, communications
requirements, decision logic, analytics, and business rules development), resulting in a detailed
software development plan. This plan will be used in Phase II to create a commercialized version
of the software, which will be tested in a real environment with actual DER devices connected to
a major U.S. electrical system.
Commercial Applications and Other Benefits as described by awardee: The DER intelligent
information system should provide a mechanism to increase grid reliability and grid stability;
enhance the ability of security agencies to respond to emergencies and contingencies; and unify
the requirements of energy end users, energy system operators, and energy providers.
Article #R5
Organization: E2I/CEIDS
Title: Open Communications Architecture for Distributed Energy Resources in
Program Director: Frank Goodman Email: fgoodman@epri.com
Website: http://www.e2i.org/ceids/technical/DER.html
Status: Ongoing
Distributed Energy Resources Integration is subpart of larger advances in Distributed

Automation. Changes to the electrical system and communication system are needed in order to
improve the power delivery system. Individual equipment types, such as DER, must be made
interoperable with overall infrastructure. This project addresses one key piece of such
interoperability, namely object models for DER devices.
Project Goals
Improve the strategic value of DER in a system context
Create the ability to use DER as a valuable resource in DA
Enable interoperability of DER with a variety of other new distribution system and customer
equipment
Provide improved quality of service to end users (cost, reliability, power quality)
Project Objectives
Develop, validate and pilot test DER device communication object models that will enable
the strategic use of DER in DA for functions such as
Routine energy supply, peaking capacity, voltage regulation, power factor control
Emergency power supply, harmonic suppression, and disaster recovery operations (e.g.,
intentional islanding)
Promulgate the object models as industry standards
Coordinate with other related work, identify gaps and implement plans for filling the gap
B-8
Article #R6
Organization: E2I/CEIDS
Title: Integrated Energy and Communications System Architecture (IECSA)
Project Manager: Peter Sanza sanza@research.ge.com
Website: http://www.iecsa.org/
The scope of the IECSA spans the entire power industry. The Integrated Energy and
Communications System Architecture will form the foundation for a digital society. This
architecture will enable new levels of automation, open new vertical markets, and provide new
ways for business to reach the customer. It will include advancements in existing power systems
as well as future power system operation scenarios. Concepts such as a "self-healing grid" that is
self-aware and better able to respond to fault conditions will be incorporated, among other
scenarios of how grid operations can be improved through distributed computing technologies.
The IECSA project has set forth the following high-level objectives in defining an
Enterprise Architecture:
Develop a complete set of systems requirements and architecture documents to support
industry-wide enterprise architecture for the self-healing grid and integrated consumer
communications interface.
Contribute project results as appropriate to relevant Standards Development Organizations
(SDO's) and industry consortia to effectively move the development of key open standards
forward to develop a robust industry infrastructure.
Apply Systems Engineering to the development of the architecture including but not limited
to: the elicitation and management of system requirements, analysis of requirements and
development of proposed architectural designs, evaluation of architectural designs and the
use of standardized industry notation for documentation of architectural views.
Identify the potential for infrastructure sharing and synergy between power engineering
operations and other application domains.
Article #R7
Organization: EPRI/Distribution Automation
Title: P124.001 Develop SCADA Master Design with Open Systems (056142)
Website: http://www.epri.com/
Status: Research in 2004
Benefits: This work provides a foundation for open standards development into field equipment
and will offer the potential for easier maintenance and lower life cycle costs than existing legacy
protocols. This project will apply the latest emerging open system standards to design and
develop a SCADA master design for distribution automation. It will enable intelligent and
smart feeders as well as other field equipment to support a variety of automation and
monitoring applications. Designs will be based on the latest advancements in open data
communications including industry architectures and international standards. This development
will allow equipment from different vendors to interoperate while also being secure and scalable
for larger equipment deployment.
B-9
Description: This work will focus on SCADA master designs that can integrate intelligent
feeder equipment to support a wide variety of power engineering functions such as automated
fault response, improved voltage and reactive power management, automated feeder switching,
load balancing and reduction of system losses. It represents the initial development of a
distribution management system based on open systems design. Particular importance is given to
the application of emerging international open standards for communication with corporate
systems to more widely integrate field data with other corporate and operating systems. Designs
for the master station will apply systems engineering methods for requirements capture and
designs. The project will also integrate available industry architectures for advanced utility
automation. System designs will be developed and initially tested and refined in simulations that
will cover both power engineering and data network communications simulations.
Delivery Approach: The work will result in a series of technical reports covering the following
areas: requirements for feeder automation will be defined, leading to design of specific
equipment. These designs will specify the design of the data and the device models for open
system communications. Simulation results will be used to refine designs as necessary.
Successful simulation results will lead to the development of designs for real field equipment and
workstation prototypes. Laboratory testing success will lead to field trials within utility systems.
Open system specifications will be contributed to industry consortia and standards development
organizations as appropriate to ensure that device designs and accompanying industry standards
are consistent.
Completion Criteria and Duration: This is a multi-year project. The initial project year will
have delivered a report on requirements, simulations, and data and device object models
(1002156). The work in 2004 will deliver a report on the prototype designs and devices,
including laboratory testing. The project will be complete upon presentation of the feeder
demonstrations in 2005 as sponsor-specific supplemental projects.
Deliverables
Report on Prototype Equipment Designs, Simulation and Lab Testing
Technical Update (1002157), 12/31/04
Future Year Deliverables

2005Technical Report on Equipment Field Testing
2005Contributions to Industry Standards, as appropriate.
B-10
Article #R8
Title: P124.002 Future Use of Legacy Systems (058575)
Benefits: Energy companies will have the means to evaluate the mid- to long-term value of their
current investment in SCADA and Distribution Automation technology. Comprehensive
evaluation of existing automation will provide the basis for development of sound strategy to
ensure invested capital in older distribution automation and SCADA systems are effectively
integrated as the energy companies acquire lower-cost, modern, open-based automation.
Description: Energy companies have been installing a variety of SCADA and Distribution
Automation technology for decades. This equipment is presently in use, serving useful functions
and represents a significant sunk investment. Many of these systems are built on proprietary
technology or open systems that have limitations for supporting future utility needs. These
systems can typically fall short when it comes to massive deployment and scaling of devices,
greater levels of integration with new applications, administrative and security management and
more widespread integration across the utility enterprise. Energy companies need to improve
ways to migrate this installed legacy technology to more capable automation technology built
upon open systems. One of the key decisions that must be made is to determine what legacy
technology can be migrated to meet future needs or whether a given technology is inherently
limited and should only be used for its life-cycle and supplanted by new technology.
Delivery Approach: The project will assess existing energy company automation protocols and
standards to identify those legacy systems that are presently in use and characterize strengths and
limitations with regard to meeting future industry needs. It will also identify those legacy
technologies that are candidates for developing integration strategies to future systems, and
identify strategies by which legacy technology may be migrated to a mid-term future and a
longer-term future. In addition, it will develop an assessment guideline that will allow energy
companies to characterize the strengths and weaknesses of their own systems for supporting
future automation needs. The assessment guideline should help companies understand if their
existing technology can be migrated or if it should be left alone and ultimately supplanted by
future technology. This project should develop contributions to standards organizations as
appropriate to assist in the development of future migration for legacy technologies.
Completion Criteria and Duration: This project will be complete upon publication of the
legacy systems assessment guideline and completion of an application workshop in 2004.
Deliverables
Technical Report: Legacy Automation Technology Migration for Future Automation
Needs
Technical Report (1008570), 12/31/04
Application Workshop: Legacy Automation System Assessment Guideline
Conference/Workshop (E215315), 12/31/04
B-11
Article #R9
Title: P124.003 Feeder and Network Evolution for the Distribution System of the Future
(058576)
Benefits: Develop a power system engineering road map for evolution of the distribution system
of the future via an orderly transition over time from legacy power system infrastructure;
complements (but does not duplicate) the communication infrastructure work that is under way
in other projects by advancing the associated power system engineering and electrical
infrastructure.
Description: The distribution system of the future will use Advanced Distribution Automation
(ADA) and new technologies, such as the intelligent universal transformer and sophisticated and
interactive use of switched capacitors, sag correctors, voltage regulators, multi-function
distributed generators, load management devices, and others. The legacy distribution system
infrastructure must evolve in an orderly way over time to enable this distribution system of the
future. The future electrical infrastructure should enable interoperability of the new distribution
technologies in a way that provides new options to system operators for improving system
performance and reliability through automated use of new distribution technologies, either
individually or in combinations. This project examines what the overall electrical architecture of
future distribution systems will look like and what roles and functions ADA and new distribution
technologies will provide. The requirements for electrical integration of ADA and the new
distribution technologies into distribution systems will be identified. A roadmap will be
developed for transitioning from todays legacy electrical system designs to the system of the
future. For example, as protection coordination or other components come due from normal
replacement, what new components could be used in their place that eliminate incongruities with
new distribution equipment? Development of key components that are identified will be done in
follow-up phases. Sponsor approval and funding authorization will be sought prior to
commencing the component development work.
Delivery Approach:
1. Examine the electrical limitations of typical radial and network feeders to assimilate ADA
and new distribution technologies (e.g., limitations on reverse power flow, action of line drop
compensators and protection coordination, etc.).
2. Prepare a road map document that defines the distribution system of the future, including
incremental actions to support infrastructure evolution (e.g., identify situations where new
specific component types are needed to support advancement; identify steps that may be
taken in the normal course of equipment replacement to reduce electrical limitations).
3. Prepare a set of recommendations relative to new equipment needs for possible development
in follow-up projects.
B-12
Completion Criteria and Duration: The initial phase of the project will be complete upon
publication of the roadmap document in 2004. New components will be developed in future
years based on the results of the roadmap.
Deliverables
Roadmap Document: Transitioning the Legacy Electrical Distribution System to the Power
Distribution System of the Future

New protection, control, switchgear, sensors, or other electrical components may be
developed in accordance with the roadmap document produced in 2004.
Article #R10
Title: P124.004 Distribution Fault Anticipator (DFA Phase II) (SP0766)
Benefits: Provides energy companies with sufficient information and lead-time to repair or
replace distribution components before a failure occurs. The product to be developed through
this project will allow the companies to greatly reduce outages related to tree contacts and
contaminated insulators. These two causes account for 25% of outages on overhead systems.
Description: This project builds on the development and field-testing of the prototype DFA
reported in 2003 (1002153). This work aims to develop a new generation of equipment that
maximizes the operating life of equipment by anticipating likely failure with optimum
replacement timing. This technology allows energy companies to greatly reduce the occurrence
of service interruptions and lower system maintenance costs. In a related Tailored Collaboration
project, 14 prototype fault anticipators are being installed on 70 circuits to monitor and collect
field data where the cause could be determined. This project will use the event data collected to
develop algorithms for predicting future events.
Delivery Approach: Data collected from the prototype fault-anticipator field tests will be
analyzed and used to create predictive algorithms capable of identifying the cause of the event
observed.
Completion Criteria and Duration: This project will be complete upon publication of the final
report covering development of the prototype fault anticipator, collection of field test results and
the development of algorithms that predict and identify the cause of events. This will be
completed in the fourth quarter of 2004.
B-13
Deliverable
Distribution Fault Anticipator (DFA Phase III): Report summarizing event
recognition/detection results
Article #R11
Title: P124.005 Improved Capacitor Technology and Automation (051712)
Benefits: New capacitor technology will significantly reduce costs, improve system performance
and reliability, and make aesthetic improvements to distribution capacitors and capacitor banks.
Technology-driven solutions will be provided for distribution capacitor issues, such as nuisance
fuse operations, grounding and lightning protection, capacitor automation, and padmount
capacitor aesthetics. The project will provide improved capacitor technology and better
utilization of existing capacitor assets.
Description: This project will significantly improve distribution capacitors and capacitor-bank
technology, based on direction and priorities indicated in the 2002 scoping assessment
(1001691). That assessment identified seven follow-up activities, which were ranked by project
sponsors according to two attributes: importance and urgency.
The top-ranked follow-up activities were as follows: 1) solutions to nuisance fuse operations; 2)
distribution feeder capacitors for transmission system VAR support and voltage stability; 3)
grounding and lightning protection for capacitor controllers; 4) development of low-profile
padmount capacitor; and tied for 4) application guide for feeder capacitor automation. The first
two activities will be performed in 2003-2004. The other three items will be performed in 2004-
2006.
Delivery Approach: The nuisance fuse tripping work will include: 1) literature review; 2)
Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) simulations to identify problem-prone circuit
configurations; 3) evaluating effects of harmonics, loading and other issues on fusing; 4) field
tests, if indicated as necessary in the simulations; and 5) recommendation for solutions. The
work on using feeder capacitors for transmission support will include: 1) power flow simulations
to determine how to optimally place and size capacitors and 2) identification of the control,
communication, and centralized information infrastructure most appropriate for gathering
information from many capacitor banks and interfacing with SCADA and other information
systems. The grounding and lightning protection work will involve processes similar to the
nuisance fuse work, but aimed at a different problem. The lowprofile padmount capacitor work
will involve a three-year development program. The capacitor automation application guide will
address infrastructure requirements and cost/benefit evaluations.
B-14
These activities will be completed according to the schedule below. Additional follow-up
activities may be identified as they emerge. In the fall of 2004, a major workshop will be held for
project sponsors to transfer results from the fusing and transmission support activities, to provide
interim results on the other three activities, and to develop an updated activity plan for work
beyond these initial five activities. Throughout the entire project, sponsor input will be used to
guide funding allocations between the activities and to aid in key project activity decisions.
Completion Criteria and Duration: This project will be completed with the delivery of the
products described below.
Deliverables
Solutions for Fusing and Transmission Support Activities
Grounding/Lightning, Low-Profile Padmount, and Automation Application Guide
Improved Capacitor Technology: Workshop to transfer results of first two activities,
discuss interim status and plans for completion of other three activities, and update the multi-
year project plan for future years
Conference/Workshop (E215316), 10/31/04

2005Grounding/Lightning: Final reports on grounding/lightning and automation
application guide activities.
2005Padmount Capacitor: Technical update on padmount capacitor development activity.
2006Padmount Capacitor: Final report on padmount capacitor development activity.
2006Padmount Capacitor: Padmount capacitor product ready for commercialization by
vendor/partner.
Article #R12
Title: P124.006 Intelligent Universal Transformer (051716)
Benefits: Provides an advanced power-electronic system replacement for conventional

distribution transformers, which is called the intelligent universal transformer (IUT). The IUT
not only will step voltage (the function of traditional transformers), but also will provide the
capability for increased customer service options and significant system operating benefits. The
IUT would make possible a scalable, configurable, programmable, transformable, and multi-
functional approach to serving the customer.
B-15
Description: The intelligent universal transformer will be a state-of-the-art power electronic

system and not a transformer device in the traditional sense. It will, however, replace
conventional distribution transformers with a power electronic system that not only steps voltage
as traditional transformers do, but also adds customer service benefits (e.g., dc service,
conversion of single-phase to three-phase service, and power quality enhancement
functionalities, such as harmonic filtering and voltage sag correction) and system operational
benefits (standardization of design, elimination of oil dielectrics, reduced weight and size, and
interoperability to act as a sensor and smart multifunctional node in advanced distribution
automation). In short, it is a revolutionary device that will open new frontiers in the power
delivery business. The 2002 feasibility assessment (1001698) indicated that all these benefits can
be realized only with an all-solid-state (power electronic) design that completely eliminates
major transformers from the overall design.
Delivery Approach: The product development will build on the 2002 feasibility study
(1001698). Work in 2003 will include proof-of-concept design analysis to identify a suitable
circuit topology, specify components, simulate performance, verify basic functions, estimate cost
and performance, and determine the packaging and thermal management requirements
(1002159). A specification will be written for the product development work, and the product
will then be developed in 2004-2007, as follows: a detailed product design will be prepared, a
laboratory bench model will be developed and tested (2004-2005), field prototypes will be
developed and tested, and the product design will be refined and finalized for commercial
readiness (2006-2007). It is anticipated that EPRI SS&T funding will be obtained early in the
program to aid in funding the fundamental research to develop the needed core technologies.
When the product development work begins, vendor cost sharing will be sought. During the
prototype testing later in the program, Tailored Collaboration or direct cofunding will be sought.
It should be noted that the power electronic system development will be carried out in parallel
with the power semiconductor development, by using existing high-current power
semiconductors and substituting the low-current devices later, when they become available. As
the feasibility assessment showed, the low-current devices are needed to make the system
economics viable.
Completion Criteria and Duration: This is a multi-year project that will be complete upon
delivery of the IUT product and commercialization plan in 2007.
Deliverables
Intelligent Universal Transformer

2005Detailed Design Work and Bench Model Testing.
2006Prototype Development and Testing.
2007Intelligent Universal Transformer: Containing the final results of the field prototype
testing and functionality verification, final power electronic system design, controller design
(hardware and software), package design, specifications for a commercial product and a
commercialization plan. This constitutes delivery of the IUT product.
B-16
Article #R13
Title: P124.007 Improve Capabilities for Automated Power System Response to Major
Outages (058577)
Benefits: Power system configurations, electrical components, and monitoring and control
equipment will be identified and developed to enable energy companies to increase their
automated system response to outage problems. Less outage time and reduced outage
magnitudes will result. Some outages may be avoided altogether. These benefits, in turn, will
reduce outage costs and will improve customer relations.
Description: When a major power system outage occurs, or is imminent due to damage as may
be attributable to disasters, the outage may be prevented or mitigated and recovery processes
may be accelerated via intelligent operating capabilities that are designed into the system. For
example, smart sectionalizing, intentional islanding of parts of the system (e.g., using
microgrids), use of back-up equipment, and emergency use of distributed generation may help
in this regard. Suitable power system design configurations and associated electrical components
and monitoring and control capabilities are needed to realize this sophistication in the power
system of the future. This project is targeted at improving the electrical infrastructure to enable
increased use of automation in recovery operations. The electrical infrastructure improvements
will consist of suitable power system design configurations (as will be described by guidelines
and best practices) and new sensors and electrical and control equipment that may be needed.
Suitable communication architecture and infrastructure are also needed, but they are covered in
other projects. Although this project focuses on electrical infrastructure for improved outage
recovery automation, its results will be a driver for other project activity on communication
infrastructure.
Delivery Approach: This project will be completed in phases. Phase 1 will assess the current
state of automated response to outage problems and identify areas in which significant gains
could be made via well-targeted R&D programs over a 3-5 year period. The work will identify
what can realistically be accomplished in this short time frame to improve automated response to
outages and what infrastructure is needed. Longer-term prospects for subsequent projects also
will be noted. Specific technology will be developed in Phase 2 for the short-term horizon (3-5
years), followed by prototype testing and commercialization in Phase 3. The results of the
scoping phase will be reviewed with the sponsors, and Phase 2 will not be started without
approval and funding authorization from the sponsors.
Completion Criteria and Duration: This project will be complete upon publication of
guidelines and best practices for system configurations for automated response and
commercialization of equipment and system technology, as specified in Phase 1.
B-17
Deliverables
Scoping study and plan for work on guidelines and best practices for system configurations
for automated outage response and development of electrical system architecture and
associated equipment

2005-2007Future products will be developed in accordance with the findings of the
scoping phase.
These products will include:
(1) guidelines and best practices for electric power system design changes needed to improve
the capability for automated response to system outages, and
(2) new sensors and electrical and control equipment needed to improve automated power
system response to major outages.
Article #R14
Title: P124.008 Reliable Priority-Access Communication Infrastructure for Major Outage
Recovery Operations (055807)
Benefits: Provides energy companies with maximum control of operations and restoration
efforts in recovery from major outages. The objective of this project is to evaluate the Pacific
Mobile Emergency Radio System (PACMERS) as a candidate for a secure, unified wireless
system for communications among stakeholders during recovery operations from major outages.
PACMERS will replace multiple systems now required for these communications. It will allow
energy companies to have continuous and secure communication links to key stakeholders
(police, fire, media, and others) and to mutual aid partners.
Description: This project did not receive sufficient interest to go forward. It is left in this listing
for reference purposes and in case the interest in the project is revived.
Energy companies require reliable, dedicated communication channels with interoperability

between mutual assistance companies, law enforcement, National Guard, local, state and federal
government, and other authorized emergency response entities to effectively meet the needs of
the community and restore service during major emergencies. This project establishes a
collaborative effort with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to evolve the needed
communication infrastructure, based on an existing system, PACMERS, evolved in the military.
PACMERS will be tested in regional pilot programs with utility partners. Recommendations will
be made at the conclusion of the pilot projects as to whether the system should be more widely
adopted and what the steps would be.
B-18
Article #R15
Organization: EPRI/Metering, Measurement and Customer Integration
Title: P125.001 Develop a Reference ANSI C12 Metering Implementation (058580)
Benefits: Energy companies will be enabled to make multi-vendor procurements, gain competitive
pricing advantages, and avoid single-vendor lock-in from proprietary metering equipment by
developing and stabilizing the ANSI C12 open standards. Metering equipment, even though technically
built to the ANSI standards documents, still may not interoperate without a reference standard to guide
vendors, since there are a variety of potential options in the ANSI standards and some ambiguities.
Description: Metering communications based on an open (nonproprietary) standard is the best
way to ensure multivendor procurements, competitive pricing, and meter reading systems that
can be independent of proprietary equipment. Significant progress toward development of an
open standard for metering communications has been completed under the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) Standards C12 committee. The C12 committee documents have
reached the point where verification of the standard for advanced communicating meters is
necessary to validate the details and to define how to specifically apply the standard in real world
equipment. This work will also assist in identifying any gaps or remaining ambiguities in the
standard. The necessary details for independently developed interoperable equipment can only be
finally worked out through implementations of the standards.
Delivery Approach: The project will define the requirements for a reference implementation
based on the work from ANSI C12 standards committees. It will also develop a design for a
prototype meter and master station based on the requirements. In addition, it will construct a
prototype meter and a client master station based on the reference implementation design for key
functions under development within ANSI C12.19 (Meter Tables) and C12.22. The reference
implementations can be developed into standards contributions and used as the basis for
prototype meters. This work would include implementations of proposed security technologies
now being proposed for meters.
Completion Criteria and Duration: This project is complete when the reference specification
has been constructed in prototype equipment and tested, and appropriate contributions are
forwarded to the ANSI C12 Standards Committees in 2004.
Deliverables
Technical Report: Requirements and Design of a Reference Implementation for ANSI C12
based meters
Technical Report: Reference Implementation Meter and Master Station Construction and
Testing
Contributions to ANSI Standards Committees, as appropriate
B-19
Article #R16
Title: P125.002 Integrate Metering and Common Carrier Communications Technology
(058581)
Benefits: This project identifies technical strategies that enable energy companies to use low-
cost communications technologies for customer communications based on open systems. Using
common carrier communications can enable the electric industry to make use of available and
emerging technology from the telecommunications industries. This work will help energy
companies develop strategies to appropriately use these emerging infrastructures, building on the
past work of open systems development for metering and other energy company support
functions.
Description: Common carrier communications technologies offer the opportunity for using
shared infrastructures for metering and customer interface communications. Several issues need
to be resolved such as quality of service, security, and technical interoperation with these
systems. Research is necessary to determine the best approach to integrate this infrastructure
with components such as revenue metering and customer gateways that are now in development.
Delivery Approach: An investigation will be made to identify the issues related to operating
energy company customer communications over common carriers such as telephone, cellular and
other technologies. Alternatives to resolve the issues will be identified and recommendations
made for using widely available communications technologies for energy company equipment
communications. The need for any open standards development to effectively integrate energy
company equipment with common carrier will be assessed and recommendations made for future
work in this area.
Completion Criteria and Duration: This project will be complete upon investigation of the
communications technologies that can be applied to energy company data and revenue quality
communications with remote and customer-sited equipment. The assessment will identify
appropriate use of energy company-customer metering communications using common carrier
wide-area communications.
Deliverables
Technical Report: Integrating Metering and Utility-Customer Communications with
Common Carrier Communications
B-20
Article #R17
Title: P125.003 Develop Commercial and Industrial Communication Portal Infrastructure
(058582)
Benefits: Enables the development of customer gateways and building automation equipment
that is interoperable with standardized energy industry communications. Develops an open
systems infrastructure so many vendors can build compatible and interoperable products for the
energy and building automation industries.
Description: The effectiveness of advanced metering and Real Time Pricing is not achieved
through metering alone. The customers must have an effective way of automatically responding
to dynamic prices that can vary by the hour. A customer communication gateway enables RTP
and other communications to be sent to a customers building energy control system where
actions can be taken by the customers system. This level of communication requires the
integration of energy company wide-area network communications with the customers in-
building networks, effectively integrating two independently developing open system
environments. Open systems standards are developing independently for the energy industry and
the commercial building automation industries. However, these two developing infrastructures
can be logically integrated through the use of common object definitions and device models.
This integration avoids incompatibilities as the two industries develop open standards. This is a
key element to achieving infrastructures that support a wide variety of vendors that could
develop products to serve both industries. This development would also eliminate a major
roadblock to the effective response to real-time prices: the lack of compatible and interoperable
equipment.
Delivery Approach: Develop approaches to align technical initiatives and standards in key
areas: IEC 61850 (Utilities), ANSI C12 (Metering), and ASHRAE SPC 135
(Commercial/Industrial customer networks). Work will build upon prior work to implement
metering, with customer communication gateways based on open standards from the building
and energy industries. The project will expand the implementation prototype equipment from
prior EPRI integration work.
Completion Criteria and Duration: This project will be complete upon development of the
infrastructure specifications necessary to integrate the energy company communications with
customer in-building networks; implementation and testing of the integration of a prototype
meter, customer gateway and utility master station equipment; refinement, development and
contributions to the open standards necessary to achieve interoperability between energy
company and customer networks that support key functions such as security and real-time
pricing.
B-21
Deliverables
Technical Report: Development of a Commercial Industrial Communication Gateway Based
on IEC 61850 and ASHRAE 135 Specifications
Contributions to Industry Standards, as appropriate
Article #R18
Organization: LBNL
Title: Integration of Distributed Energy Resources The CERTS MicroGrid Concept
Contact: Joseph Eto Email jheto@lbl.gov
Website: http://eetd.lbl.gov/ea/CERTS/pdf/LBNL_50829.pdf
Status: April 2002
Evolutionary changes in the regulatory and operational climate of traditional electric utilities and
the emergence of smaller generating systems such as microturbines have opened new
opportunities for on-site power generation by electricity users. In this context, distributed energy
resources (DER) - small power generators typically located at users sites where the energy (both
electric and thermal) they generate is used - have emerged as a promising option to meet growing
customer needs for electric power with an emphasis on reliability and power quality. The
portfolio of DER includes generators, energy storage, load control, and, for certain classes of
systems, advanced power electronic interfaces between the generators and the bulk power
provider. This white paper proposes that the significant potential of smaller DER to meet
customers and utilities needs can be best captured by organizing these resources into
MicroGrids.
The Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) MicroGrid concept
assumes an aggregation of loads and microsources operating as a single system providing both
power and heat. The majority of the microsources must be power electronic based to provide the
required flexibility to insure operation as a single aggregated system. This control flexibility
allows the CERTS MicroGrid to present itself to the bulk power system as a single controlled
unit that meets local needs for reliability and security.
The CERTS MicroGrid represents an entirely new approach to integrating DER. Traditional
approaches for integrating DER focus on the impacts on grid performance of one, two, or a
relatively small number of microsources. An example of the traditional approach to DER is
found in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Draft Standard P1547 for
Distributed Resources Interconnected with Electric Power Systems. This standard focuses on
ensuring that interconnected generators will shut down automatically if problems arise on the
grid. By contrast, the CERTS MicroGrid would be designed to seamlessly separate or island
from the grid and, reconnecting to the grid once they are resolved.
B-22
Article #R19
Organization: NREL
Title: Development of Innovative Distributed Power Interconnection and Control Systems
NREL Technical Monitor: Thomas Basso Email: thomas_basso@nrel.gov
Website: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/32864.pdf
Status: Report Issued November 2002
This report covers the first year's work performed by the Gas Technology Institute and Encorp
Inc. under subcontract to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The objective of this three-
year contract is to develop innovative grid interconnection and control systems. This supports the
advancement of distributed generation in the marketplace by making installations more cost-
effective and compatible across the electric power and energy management systems.
Specifically, the goals are: 1) To develop and demonstrate cost-effective distributed power grid
interconnection products and software and communication solutions applicable to improving the
economics of a broad range of distributed power systems, including existing, emerging, and
other power generation technologies. 2) To enhance the features and capabilities of distributed
power products to integrate, interact, and provide operational benefits to the electric power and
advanced energy management systems. This includes features and capabilities for participating
in resource planning, the provision of ancillary services, and energy management. Specific topics
of this report include the development of an advanced controller, a power sensing board,
expanded communication capabilities, a revenue-grade meter interface, and a case study of an
interconnection distributed power system application that is a model for demonstrating the
functionalities of the design of the advanced controller.
Article #R20
Organization: NREL
Title: Development, Demonstration, and Field Testing of Enterprise-Wide Distributed
Generation Energy Management System
NREL Technical Monitor: Holly Thomas Email: holly_thomas@nrel.gov
Status: Progress Report Issued April 2003
This report, submitted by RealEnergy (RE), is in fulfillment of deliverable D-1.4 of subcontract
NAD-1-30605-11, the Annual Technical Progress Report. It is a description of REs evolving
command and control system, called the Distributed Energy Information System (DEIS).
This report is divided into six tasks. The first five describe the DEIS; the sixth describes REs
regulatory and contractual obligations.
Task 1: Define Information and Communications Requirements
Task 2: Develop Command and Control Algorithms for Optimal Dispatch
Task 3: Develop Codes and Modules for Optimal Dispatch Algorithms
Task 4: Test Codes Using Simulated Data
Task 5: Install and Test Energy Management Software
Task 6: Contractual and Regulatory Issues
Each task represents one chapter in this annual technical progress report.
B-23
Article #R21
Organization: NREL
Title: Distributed Energy Neural Network Integration System
This report describes the work of Orion Engineering Corp. to develop a DER household
controller module and demonstrate the ability of a group of these controllers to operate through
an intelligent, neighborhood controller. The controllers will provide a smart, technologically
advanced, simple, efficient, and economic solution for aggregating a community of small
distributed generators into a larger single, virtual generator capable of selling power or other
services to a utility, independent system operator (ISO), or other entity in a coordinated manner.
Article #R22
Organization: NREL
Title: Distributed Energy Resources Interconnection Systems: Technology Review and
Research Needs
NREL Technical Monitor: Thomas Basso Email: thomas_basso@nrel.gov
Status: Report Issued September 2002
Interconnecting distributed energy resources (DER) to the electric utility grid (or Area Electric
Power System, Area EPS) involves system engineering, safety, and reliability considerations.
This report documents US DOE Distribution and Interconnection R&D (formerly Distributed
Power Program) activities, furthering the development and safe and reliable integration of DER
interconnected with our nation's electric power systems. The key to that is system integration and
technology development of the interconnection devices that perform the functions necessary to
maintain the safety, power quality, and reliability of the EPS when DER are connected to it.
Article #R23
Organization: NREL
Title: Enterprise-Wide Distributed Generation Energy Management System
Status: Ongoing
To apply distributed generation (DG) across an enterprise or as a virtual utility for reliable and
economic power generation, effective tools for management and control are required. The goal
of this project is to develop and perfect a system to monitor and control DG for optimal
performance and operation.
This work examines design and operational issues, communications standards, and experience
with regulatory and market barriers while implementing this business approach.
B-24
Article #R24
Organization: NREL/DEER
Title: Integrating Distributed Generation with Electric Power
NREL Technical Monitor: Ben Kroposki Email: benjamin_kroposki@nrel.gov
Status: Ongoing
To make large-scale system integration feasible for distributed generators (DGs), a cost-
effective, mass-produced universal interconnection (UI) system must be developed. General
Electric (GE) is examining the technical issues associated with interconnecting DG with the
electric grid to develop a UI system to facilitate DG interconnection.
The GE approach is to:

Develop a virtual simulation test bed (VTB) for DGs and their interface to a utility,
incorporating models of the DG, its loads, and the affected EPS components
Conduct case studies to evaluate the DG effect on EPS power quality, protection, reliability,
and stability
Determine the effect to the utility network of increased DG penetration relative to existing
network hardware, such as reclosers, and the ability to respond to faults
Develop, build, and test an interface for safe and reliable DG interconnection.
Article #R25
Organization: PNNL
Title: Advanced Communications/Controls for Integrated Energy System Operations
DOE Program Contact: Eric Lightner eric.lightner@ee.doe.gov
Principal Investigator: Steve Hauser steven.hauser@pnl.gov
In FY02, PNNL with input from a broad range of industry will conduct a study of potential
benefits of developing and deploying technology enabling universal communications and control
among energy generating, distributing, and consuming equipment. The study will identify the
primary potential benefits, such as better fuel utilization, lower capital investment costs for
energy system expansion, reduced spinning reserve requirements, and more stable energy prices.
It will then quantify the more significant of these potential benefits by conducting engineering
and economic analyses estimating the range of their impacts.
B-25
Article #R26
Organization: PNNL
Title: GRIDWISE
Contact: Staci Maloof Email: staci.maloof@pnl.gov
This program, called GridWiseTM, draws upon new technologies enabling collaboration among
generators, the grid and customer loads to collectively increase the stability and cost-
effectiveness of the power system beyond what is possible today. The project foresees solutions
that involve adapting and influencing information, and control technology approaches to deliver
a reliable energy infrastructure that's in step with the information revolution in the nation's
economy in general. Major corporations like IBM, Alstom, PJM Interconnect and Sempra have
created an alliance to jointly define this vision for the smart grid of the future with DOE's Office
of Electric Transmission and Distribution.
As part of GridWiseTM, PNNL engineers are designing smart chips that would be fitted onto
household appliances and would continually monitor fluctuations in the power grid. When the
grid is under high periods of stress, a grid-friendly appliance would identify these fluctuations
and, within milliseconds, automatically shut down for a short period of time to give the grid
operators time to stabilize the system. It could even turn on momentarily to absorb excess power
from fluctuations during a crisis.
B.4 Standards Descriptions
The articles in this section describe various standards and standards groups that relate to DER
and Demand Response. The standards are organized by the overall standard number and then by
working group or subordinate documents. Grid references with only the overall standard number
imply that the entire or substantially all of the body of the standard applies to the item in the grid.
When one or more of the sub-sections of the standard apply in a more specific way, the reference
is shown as a dotted reference, say 1.1, etc.
Standard Reference #S1
ANSI C-12 Electric Metering
http://www.ansi.org
http://www.nertec.com/standards/main/index.htm
Standard Reference #S1.1
ANSI C12.10-1997 American National Standard for Watthour Meters
This standard covers the physical aspects of both detachable and bottom-connected watthour
meters and associated registers. These include ratings, internal wiring arrangements, pertinent
dimensions, markings, and other general specifications.
B-26

ANSI C12.18-1996 Protocol Specification for ANSI Type 2 Optical Port
Details the criteria required for communications with an electric power metering device by
another device via an optical port. It also provides details for a complete implementation of an
OSI 7-layer model.
ANSI C12.19-1997, IEEE Std 1377-1997 Utility Industry End Device Data Tables
Abstract: Functionally related utility application data elements, grouped into a single data
structure for transport are described. Data may be utilized peer-to-peer or upstream to readers or
billing systems by being carried by one lower layered protocol to another stack of lower layered
protocol. The data structure does not change from end device to the user of the data.
ANSI C12.21-1999 Protocol Specification for Telephone Modem Communication
The standard details the criteria required for communications between an electric power metering
device and a utility host via a modem connected to the switched telephone network. The utility
host could be a laptop computer, a master station system, an electric power metering device, or
some other electronic communications device. The standard does not specify implementation
requirements of the telephone switch network to the modem, nor does it include definitions for
the establishment of the communication channel.
ANSI C12.22-200x Protocol Specification for Interfacing to Data Communications Networks
This working draft for a standard extends C12.18 and C12.19 to support data network
communications at the meter. The work is currently advancing under the joint involvement of
NEMA/ANSI, AMRA/IEEE and Measurement Canada.
This document defines interfaces between ANSI C12.19 compliant devices and network
protocols.
ANSI C12.23-200x COMPLIANCE TESTING FOR STANDARD PROTOCOLS AND
TABLES
(C12.18, C12.19, C12.21, C12.22)
This document is a collection of compliance test procedures that aim to validate the
implementation correctness of ANSI C12.19-1997/IEEE-1377 devices that communicate using
ANSI C12.18-1996 Standard communication protocol ANSI Std C12.21-1999, Protocol
Specification for Telephone Modem Communications, and ANSI Std C12.22-200x, Protocol
Specification for Interfacing to Data Communication Networks.
B-27

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 135-2001, BACnet
ISO 16484-5 and as European standard EN/ISO 16484-5
Contact: Claire Ramspeck Email: cramspeck@ashrae.org
Website: http://www.ashrae.org/
A Data Communication Protocol for Building Automation and Control Networks

The purpose of this standard is to define data communication services and protocols for
computer equipment used for monitoring and control of HVAC&R and other building systems
and to define, in addition, an abstract, object-oriented representation of information
communicated between such equipment, thereby facilitating the application and use of digital
control technology in buildings.
ANSI/IEEE C37.1-200x Standard for SCADA and Automation Systems
Contact: John D. McDonald Email: jmcdonald@kemaconsulting.com
Website: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/sub/wgc3/c371_mn.htm
Rewrite is in progress.
This standard applies to systems used for monitoring, switching, and controlling electric
apparatus in unattended or attended stations, generating stations, and power utilization and
conversion facilities. It does not apply to equipment designed for the automatic protection of
power system apparatus or for switching of communication circuits. The requirements of this
standard are in addition to those contained in standards related to the individual devices (e.g.,
switchgear).
This is a significant revision of IEEE Std C37.1-1994. This revision reflects current technology
that is generally being provided to meet the requirements of utilities today. Originally, this
standard was a section of ANSI 37.2, which also contained device function numbers. ANSI
C37.2-1970 was revised into two standards: IEEE C37.1-1979, Standard Definition,
Specification, and Analysis of Manual, Automatic, and Supervisory Station Control and Data
Acquisition, and IEEE Std C37.2-1979, Electric Power System Device Numbers.
C37.111-1999 IEEE Standard Common Format for Transient Data Exchange
(COMTRADE) for Power Systems
Contact: Bob Ryan, Email:bob_ryan@selinc.com
Website: http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/relaying/C37.111-
1999_desc.html
Purpose: Provide a common format for the data files and exchange medium needed for the
interchange of various types of fault, test, or simulation data is defined. Sources of transient data
are described, and the case of diskettes as an exchange medium is recommended. Issues of
sampling rates, filters, and sample rate conversions for transient data being exchanged are
discussed. Files for data exchange are specified, as is the organization of the data. A sample file
is given.
B-28

IEC TC-57 Power System Control and Associated Communication
Web site: IEC TC-57 Website
Chairman: Monsieur Thierry LEFEBVRE Email: Thierry.Lefebvre@rte-france.com
Scope:
To prepare international standards for power system control equipment and systems including
EMS (Energy Management Systems), SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition),
distribution automation, teleprotection, and associated communications such as power line
carrier, used in the planning, operation and maintenance of electric power systems. Power
systems control comprises control within control centres, RTU's (Remote Terminal Units) and
substations including telecontrol and interfaces to equipment, systems and databases outside the
scope of TC 57.
Note 1: Standards prepared by other technical committees of the IEC and organizations such as
ITU and ISO shall be used where applicable.
Note 2: Although the work of TC 57 is chiefly concerned with standards for electric power
systems, these standards may also be useful for application by the relevant bodies to other
geographical widespread processes.
Note 3: Whereas standards related to measuring and protection relays and to the control and
monitoring equipment used with these systems are treated by TC 95, TC 57 deals with the
interface to the control systems and the transmission aspects for teleprotection systems. Whereas
standards related to equipment for electrical measurement and load control are treated by TC 13,
TC 57 deals with the interface of equipment for interconnection lines and industrial consumers
and producers requiring energy management type interfaces to the control system.
WG 3: Telecontrol protocols
IEC TC57 Working Group 3 was one of the first organizations formed with the goal of
developing a common protocol for the utility industry. It initially focused on producing an
extremely reliable data link layer protocol for slow serial links. This data link layer was designed
to be used in either balanced point-to-point links or unbalanced multi-drop links, with several
levels of reliability. A number of specifications have been produced under IEC 60870-5:
60870-5-1 Transmission Frame Formats
60870-5-2 Link Transmission Procedures
60870-5-3 General Structure of Application Data
60870-5-4 Definition and Coding of Application Information Elements
60870-5-5 Basic Application Functions
60870-5-101 Telecontrol (referred to as SCADA in North America)
60870-5-102 Load Profiling (energy measurement through accumulators)
60870-5-103 Protection Equipment (monitoring and control of relays)
60870-5-104 Telecontrol over TCP/IP
B-29
Although the 60870-5 companion standards can technically be used within a substation, TC57
has designated IEC 61850 (Working Groups 10, 11 and 12) as the primary standard within
substations, while 60870-5 is to be used for telecontrol (to remote sites) only.
WG 7: Telecontrol protocols compatible with ISO standards and ITU-T recommendations
The Telecontrol Application Service Elements 1 and 2 (TASE.1 and TASE.2) protocols allow
for data exchange over Wide Area Networks (WANs) between a utility control center and other
control centers, other utilities, power plants and substations.
60870-6-503 Services and Protocol - This part of IEC 60870 defines a mechanism for
exchanging time-critical data between control centers. In addition, it provides support for device
control, general messaging and control of programs at a remote control center. It defines a
standardized method of using the ISO 9506 Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS)
services to implement the exchange of data. The definition of TASE.2 consists of three
documents. This part of IEC 60870 defines the TASE.2 application modeling and service
definitions.
WG 9: Distribution automation using distribution line carrier systems
This working group is responsible for two IEC standards:
IEC 61334-4-41, 1996-03, Distributed Automation Using Distribution Line Carrier Systems Part
4: Data Communication Protocols; Section 4: Application Protocol; Clause 1: Distribution Line
Message Specification (DLMS)
IEC 61334-6 (2000-06), Distribution automation using distribution line carrier systems - Part 6:
A-XDR encoding rule
WG 10: Communication standards for substations: Functional architecture and general
requirements
WG 11: Communication standards for substations: Communications within and between unit
and station levels
WG 12: Communications standards for substations: Communication within and between
process and unit level
Working Groups 10, 11 and 12 were formed to focus on communications within substations, as
opposed to distributed Telecontrol, which was the focus of Working Group 3, or
communications between control centers, as in Working Group 7. Communications within the
substation was divided into three levels: station, process, and unit. Initially each Working Group
handled a different part of the architecture, but in later years they formed joint task forces to
address mutual issues. These working groups have produced the 61850 standards:
B-30
61850-1 Introduction and Overview

61850-2 Glossary
61850-3 General Requirements
61850-4 System and Product Management
61850-5 Communications Requirements
61850-7-1 Principles and Models
61850-7-2 Abstract Communications Service Interface
61850-7-3 Common Data Classes (Object Models)
61850-7-4 Compatible Logical Node Classes and Data Classes (Object Models)
61850-8 Protocol Mapping
61850-9 Sampled Measured Values
61850-10 Certification Test Procedures
IEC Technical Committee 57, Working Groups 10, 11 and 12, administers IEC 61850.
Globally, IEC 61850 provides:

Standardized information models for things like circuit breakers, transformers, and so forth;
Information exchange methods to access the data of the information models, report
sequences-of-events (SoE), log historical data, control devices, sampled value distribution,
fast peer-to-peer process data exchange, etc.;
A unified system configuration language (XML based) and device online self-description.
It does this for the following applications:

protection and control;
integration of innovative sensor and switch technologies;
metering, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA);
remote monitoring and fault diagnosis;
automated dispatch and control;
asset management;
condition monitoring and diagnosis.
WG 13: Energy management system application program interface (EMS - API)
To produce standard interface specifications for "plug-in" applications for an electric utility
power control center Energy Management System (EMS) or other system performing the same
or similar functions. A "plug-in" application is defined to be software that may be installed on a
system with minimal effort and no modification of source code. This standard facilitates
installation of the same application program on different platforms by reducing the efforts
currently required.
B-31

WG 14: System interfaces for distribution management (SIDM)
Identify and establish requirements for standard interfaces of a Distribution Management System
(DMS) based on an interface architecture. The standard is the first in a series of standards that,
taken as a whole, define interfaces for the major elements of Distribution Management Systems.
Subsequent standards will be developed in accordance with the interfaces defined in this task
WG 15: Data and communication security
Working Group 15 is tasked with making recommendations and standards for securing the other
protocols developed within TC57. While the Working Groups in charge of those protocols
control the specifications, WG15 is the source of technical leadership for security. WG15 also
has scope to deal with protocols, like DNP3, that have been derived from the TC57 protocols.
WG 16: Deregulated energy market communications
IEC WG-88/PT 61400-25 Communications for monitoring and control of wind power
plants
Contact: Mr. P.B. SIMPSON Email: simpson@garradhassan.co.uk
Website: IEC TC-88 Website
To prepare international standards for wind turbines that convert wind energy into electrical
energy. These standards address design requirements, engineering integrity, measurement
techniques and test procedures. Their purpose is to provide a basis for design, quality assurance
and certification. The standards are concerned with all subsystems of wind turbines, such as
mechanical and internal electrical systems, support structures and control and protection systems.
They are intended to be used together with appropriate IEC/ISO standards.
IEEE 1379-2000 Recommended Practice for Data Communications Between Remote
Terminal Units and Intelligent Electronic Devices in a Substation
Contact: John T Tengdin, Email:j.t.tengdin@ieee.org
Website: http://standards.ieee.org/cgi-bin/tatus?1379-1997
Purpose: This document recommends a particular subset of DNP3 or IEC 60870-5-101 for RTU
to IED communications. The intent of this recommended practice was to give guidance to
utilities that were having difficulty choosing between the many protocols available. In addition to
specifying a recommended subset, it provides a comparison of the protocols and recommends
methods for utilities to expand on the recommended subset as needed. It was updated in 2000 to
include the LAN versions of these protocols. Besides its usefulness as a recommendation, IEEE
1379 is significant because it constitutes recognition of DNP3, which is otherwise a de facto
standard only, by a standards organization.
B-32

IEEE 1159.3 - Recommended Practice for the Transfer of Power Quality Data
Contact: Scott Peele Email: scott.peele@cplc.com
Website: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1159/3/
Scope: Develop a recommended practice for a file format suitable for exchanging power quality
related measurement and simulation data in a vendor independent manner. Appropriate
definitions and event categories to be developed by other task forces under SC22 and The
Working Group on Power Quality Monitoring.
Purpose: A variety of simulation, measurement and analysis tools for power quality engineers are
now available from many vendors. Generally, they data created, measured, and analyzed by
these tools are incompatible between vendors. The proposed file format will provide a common
ground that all vendors could export to, import from to allow the end user maximum flexibility
in choice of tool and vendor.
IEEE 1390-1995 IEEE Standard for Utility Telemetry Service Architecture for Switched
Telephone Network 1995
Contact: Paul Aubin, Email:paul@nertec.com
Website: http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/comm/1390-
1995_desc.html
This standard describes a utility telemetry service architecture operated over the telephone
network. The architecture described is a basic transport architecture capable of supporting many
different applications. The text is described in terms of a utility meter reading application, but
any enhanced service provider (ESP) communication can be transported. Telemetry calls may be
initiated by either the utility/service provider (outbound) or the telemetry interface unit
(TIU)/CPE (inbound) on the end user's premise.
IEEE 1390.2-1999 Standard for Utility Telemetry Service - Telemetry Interface Unit (TIU) to
Telephone Network 1999
The telephone network interface to a telemetry interface unit operating under the utility telemetry
service architecture is described. The interface is described in terms of a utility meter reading
application, but any enhanced service provider communication can be transported. Telemetry
calls may be initiated by either the utility/enhanced service provider (outbound) or the telemetry
Interface unit/customer premise equipment (inbound) on the end users premise.
Standard Reference #9.2
IEEE 1390.3-1999 Standard for Automatic Meter Reading via Telephone - Network to Utility
Controller 1999
The telephone network interface to a utility controller operating under the utility telemetry
service architecture is described. The interface is described in terms of a utility meter reading
application but any enhanced service provider communication can be transported. Telemetry
calls may be initiated by either the utility/service provider (outbound) or the telemetry interface
unit (TIU)/ CPE (inbound) on the end users premises.
B-33

IEEE 1547 - Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power
Systems
Contact: Richard DeBlasio, Email: deblasid@tcplink.nrel.gov
Website: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/dr_shared/
This document provides a uniform standard for interconnection of distributed resources with
electric power systems. It provides requirements relevant to the performance, operation, testing,
safety considerations, and maintenance of the interconnection
IEEE P1547.1 Draft Standard for Conformance Tests Procedures for Equipment
Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems
Scope: This standard specifies the type, production, and commissioning tests that shall be
performed to demonstrate that the interconnection functions and equipment of a distributed
resource (DR) conform to IEEE Standard P1547.
Purpose: Interconnection equipment that connects distributed resources (DR) to an electric

power system (EPS) must meet the requirements specified in IEEE Standard P1547.
Standardized test procedures are necessary to establish and verify compliance with those
requirements. These test procedures must provide both repeatable results, independent of test
location, and flexibility to accommodate a variety of DR technologies
IEEE P1547.2 Draft Application Guide for IEEE P1547 Draft Standard For Interconnecting
Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems
Scope: This guide provides technical background and application details to support the
understanding of IEEE P1547, Draft Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with
Electric Power Systems.
Purpose: This document facilitates the use of IEEE P1547 by characterizing the various forms of
distributed resource technologies and the associated interconnection issues. Additionally, the
background and rationale of the technical requirements are discussed in terms of the operation of
the distributed resource interconnection with the electric power system. Presented in the
document are technical descriptions and schematics, applications guidance and interconnection
examples to enhance the use of IEEE P1547.
IEEE P1547.3 Draft Guide For Monitoring, Information Exchange, and Control of
Distributed Resources Interconnected with Electric Power Systems
Scope: This document provides guidelines for monitoring, information exchange, and control for
distributed resources (DR) interconnected with electric power systems (EPS).
Purpose: This document facilitates the interoperability of a one or more distributed resources
interconnected with electric power systems. It describes functionality, parameters and
methodologies for monitoring, information exchange and control for the interconnected
B-34
distributed resources with or associated with electric power systems. Distributed resources
include systems in the areas of fuel cells, photovoltaics, wind turbines, microturbines, other
distributed generators, and distributed energy storage systems
IEEE 1588 Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization Protocol for Networked
Measurement and Control Systems
Contact: Kang Lee, NIST, kang.lee@nist.gov
Website: http://ieee1588.nist.gov/
The objective of IEEE 1588 is defined in the 'Scope' section of the Project Authorization Request
approved by the Standard Board of the IEEE as follows.
"This standard defines a protocol enabling precise synchronization of clocks in measurement and
control systems implemented with technologies such as network communication, local
computing and distributed objects. The protocol will be applicable to systems communicating by
local area networks supporting multicast messaging including but not limited to Ethernet. The
protocol will enable heterogeneous systems that include clocks of various inherent precision,
resolution and stability to synchronize. The protocol will support system-wide synchronization
accuracy in the sub-microsecond range with minimal network and local clock computing
resources. The default behavior of the protocol will allow simple systems to be installed and
operated without requiring the administrative attention of users."
IEEE P1451.5 Draft Standard for A Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and
Actuators
Contact: Kang Lee, NIST, kang.lee@nist.gov
Website: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1451/5/
Scope: This project will establish a standard for wireless communication methods and data
format for transducers (sensors and actuators). The standard will define a TEDS based on the
IEEE 1451 concept, and protocols to access TEDS and transducer data. It will adopt necessary
wireless interfaces and protocols to facilitate the use of technically differentiated, existing
wireless technology solutions. It will not specify transducer design, signal conditioning, wireless
system physical design or use, or use of TEDS.
Purpose: Many companies are developing various wireless communication interfaces and
protocols for sensors. An openly defined wireless transducer communication standard, that can
accommodate various existing wireless technologies, will reduce risk for users, transducer
manufacturers, and system integrators. It will enhance the acceptance of the wireless technology
for transducers connectivity.
B-35

OPC FoundationOPC
Contact: Michael Bryant Email: michael.bryant@opcfoundation.org
Website: http://www.opcfoundation.org/
OPC is an industry standard based on Microsoft's COM (component object model) and .Net
technologies. OPC (originally OLE for Process Control) consists of a standard set of interfaces,
properties, and methods for use in process-control and manufacturing-automation applications.
The .Net/COM technologies define how individual software components can interact and share
data. OPC provides a common interface for communicating with diverse process-control devices
and applications, regardless of the controlling software or devices in the process.
Some portions of the OPC specification are being incorporated into IEC 61970, Energy
Management System Application Program Interface, parts of which are in ballot now.
Current and emerging OPC Specifications include:
OPC Data Access

Used to move real-time data from PLCs, DCSs, and other control devices to HMIs and other
display clients. The Data Access 3 specification is now a Release Candidate. It leverages earlier
versions while improving the browsing capabilities and incorporating XML-DA Schema.
OPC Alarms & Events

Provides alarm and event notifications on demand (in contrast to the continuous data flow of
Data Access). These include process alarms, operator actions, informational messages, and
tracking/auditing messages.
OPC Batch
This spec carries the OPC philosophy to the specialized needs of batch processes. It provides
interfaces for the exchange of equipment capabilities (corresponding to the S88.01 Physical
Model) and current operating conditions.
OPC Data exchange

This specification takes us from client/server to server-to-server with communication across
Ethernet fieldbus networks. This provides multi-vendor interoperability! And, oh by the way,
adds remote configuration, diagnostic and monitoring/management services.
OPC Historical Data Access

Where OPC Data Access provides access to real-time, continually changing data, OPC Historical
Data Access provides access to data already stored. From a simple serial data logging system to a
complex SCADA system, historical archives can be retrieved in a uniform manner.
B-36
OPC Security
All the OPC servers provide information that is valuable to the enterprise and if improperly
updated, could have significant consequences to plant processes. OPC Security specifies how to
control client access to these servers in order to protect this sensitive information and to guard
against unauthorized modification of process parameters.
OPC XML-DA
Provides flexible, consistent rules and formats for exposing plant floor data using XML,
leveraging the work done by Microsoft and others on SOAP and Web Services.
OPC Complex Data

A companion specification to Data Access and XML-DA that allows servers to expose and
describe more complicated data types such as binary structures and XML documents.
OPC Commands
A Working Group has been formed to develop a new set of interfaces that allow OPC clients and
servers to identify, send and monitor control commands which execute on a device.
B-37
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Effective December 6, 2006, this report has been made publicly available in accordance

Technical and System Requirements for

Final Report, June 2004

EPRI Project Manager

(A) MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION WHATSOEVER, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, (I)

(B) ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY WHATSOEVER

ORGANIZATION THAT PREPARED THIS DOCUMENT

EPRI PEAC Corporation

This report was prepared by

EPRI PEAC Corporation

This report describes research sponsored by EPRI.

1. Distribution system topologies

2. Communication and information systems

3. Advanced technologies such as power electronics

4. Sensors and monitoring systems

5. Advanced protection and control systems

1. The value of reliability and power quality

2. Improved operations and asset management

4. Overall system energy management, reliability, and security

Traditional distribution systems were designed to perform one functiondistribute electrical

There are two critical components to the concept of ADA:

1. An open communication architecture to facilitate the system monitoring and control

2. A redeveloped power system from an electrical architecture standpoint to enable an

Specific objectives of the research include:

Significant development in a number of technology areas is required to achieve the objectives

The ADA Value Proposition

Achieving these benefits requires a coordinated development effort involving a number of

Robert HuberWe Energies

2 VISION FOR ADVANCED DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION ..................................................2-1

3 ADA FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................3-1

4 EXAMPLE DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION SYSTEMS ........................................................4-1

5 TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADA IMPLEMENTATION.................................................................5-1

6 FUTURE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES ..........................................................6-1

7 STATEMENT OF REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................7-1

10 GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ACRONYMS .....................................................................10-1

A APPENDIX AADA FUNCTION LISTING FROM IECSA PROJECT................................. A-1

B APPENDIX BDESCRIPTIONS OF RELATED RESEARCH PROJECTS AND

Table 3-1 Benefits and Liabilities of DER ..................................................................................3-6

Of course, automation means different things to different people. To a consumer, automation

This report presents background information on distribution automation technologies and

Specific objectives of the research are summarized here.

Significant development in a number of technology areas is required to achieve the objectives

Organization of the Report

2.1 Flexible Electrical Architecture

A flexible electrical architecture is needed that will allow interoperability of a multitude of

2.2 Open, Standardized Communication Architecture

The other principal component of the communications architecture is the communication

2.3 The Power Exchange System of the Future

2.4 New Distribution System Technologies

2.4.1 Electrical and Electronic Technologies

2.4.2 Communications, Computing, and Information Technologies

2.6 International Focus

2.7 Development Steps

ADA Synergy Systems

1. Communication and control infrastructure allowing integration of all distribution equipment

2. Automation of all controllable distribution equipment and functions

3. Application of advanced technologies (e.g. power electronics) where appropriate for

4. Integration of distributed generation and storage resources

3.1 Communication and Control Infrastructure

Neither distribution automation nor ADA is possible without widespread communication

Adding communication links to individual distribution components is becoming more prevalent,

1. Power Line Carrier

3.2 Automation of All Controllable Equipment and Functions