Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1
Country Assignment
1. Select groups with 7-8 members.
2. Select a country
3. Sign up your group and country on sheet provide
4. Exchange emails
5. Details on Course syllabus.
6. Discuss the division of work clearly specify who
will be responsible for each aspect
7. Schedule your next meeting time.
8. Use Tutorial time to organize!!
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Exploring Concepts and
Terminology
Learning Objectives:
-Biofuels (1st & 2nd generation)
-Biomass types
-Biorefinery types
-Energy resource trends
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Categories of Biofuels & (Biorefineries)
1. 1st Generation Biofuels
generally biofuels refer to fuels for the transportation sector.
produced primarily from food crops (soya, corn, grains,
vegetable oils)
Their sustainable production is under review
Issues?
contribute to higher food prices due to competition with food
crops;
are an expensive option when taking into account total production
costs (and relatively small weight of plant component)
provide only limited GHG reduction benefits (do not meet their
claimed environmental benefits because the biomass
feedstock may not always be produced sustainably)
are accelerating deforestation (by potentially indirect land change
(ILUC)
potentially have a negative impact on biodiversity;
compete for scarce water resources in some regions 4
Food VS Fuel ..... 2012
Example of 1st generation biofuel on food prices
Worst drought in US in 55 years
More than of country was under moderate to
extreme drought in June 2012.
1,300 counties across 29 states were declared federal
disaster areas
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Food VS Fuel ..... 2012
Decreased supply resulted in increased in food
prices
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=GiCAl4ecd24
Biofuel/Biorefinery Types (cont)
2. 2nd Generation Biofuel
Uses raw materials including wastes, residues and non-food
crops that are environmentally and socially sustainable.
includes agricultural and forest residues (lignocellulosics)
Criteria are not well defined at this time but will include GHG
emissions, nutrient and soil conservation
US policies have a GHG savings threshold
Biofuels must reduce life-cycle GHG emissions relative to fossil
fuels by 20% for 1st generation biofuels and by 50% for 2nd
generation (EISA, 2007)
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2nd generation Biofuel feedstock
To quality as 2nd generation biofuel the feestock
must not be suitable for human consumption
should grown on marginal (non-agricultural) land
should not require high amount of fertilizer/water
sometimes referred to as advanced biofuels
EG.
waste vegetable oil
non-woody biomass switch grass, Miscanthus
municipal solid waste
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Evaluation of GHG benefit?
Well to Wheel CO2 emissions
Life cycle analysis (LCA) can describe the CO2
emissions resulting for the whole cycle of fuel
production through to utilization.
For Fossil Fuel system:
Crude
Combustion of
Refining Distribution
Production
8-10% & retail 1%
unit of energy -
1-4%
85%
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http://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/04/f14/sustainability_four_pager.pdf
Comparison 1st & 2nd Generation Biofuels
Well-to-wheel CO2 emission changes (benefit)
for a range of 1st- and 2nd-generation biofuels life cycle analysis (excluding land
use change) compared with gasoline or mineral diesel (based on 60 published
LCAs)
RME=rapeseed
methyl ester
Rapeseed
and
Canola oil
Canadian oil
low acid
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http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/03/ieas-report-on-1st-to-2nd-generation-biofuel-technologies
Biofuel/Biorefinery Types (cont)
3. 3rdnd Generation Biofuel/Biorefinery
Make direct use of photosynthetic bacteria
and algae
biomass is independent of crop land
capable of higher yields with lower
resource inputs
cultivated in bioreactors or open water
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http://gbssmag.com/2013/09/solarleaf/
from news article insyllabus mention the proven
technologies.
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Terms Biomass
1. What is the definition of biomass?
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Biomass Definition
What is the definition of biomass?
Biomass
living or recently dead biological matter. Stored
form of solar energy.
It is any organic matter including forest and mill residues,
agricultural crops and wastes, wood and wood wastes, animal
wastes, livestock operation residues, aquatic plants, and municipal
and industrial wastes. (http://www.forestbioenergy.net/glossary/Biomass)
Industrial biomass:
Any organic matter that is available on renewable (or recurring)
basis, including dedicated energy crops/trees, crop residues,
aquatic plants, wood, wood residues, animal waste and other
industrial/municipal wastes. (US Congress)
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Competing Uses of Biomass
Three primary levels for biomass use by society.
not including environmental use
for biobased
materials &
products
Biomass
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Biomass classification (origin based)
1. Primary biomass resources
-Resources produced directly by photosynthesis
and taken directly from the land.
EG. Short rotation woody crops, herbaceous crops
(miscanthus, switch grass), seeds from oil crops (soya),
residue from agricultural crops and forest trees (corn stover,
wheat straw, tops, branches and bark from forest trees),
hardwood plantations (Eucalyptus, Acacia, Salix), Algae
(giant brown)
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Biomass classification (origin based)
1. Primary biomass resources
Global Availability of residues (2015)
Residue to Product ratio (RPR)
Wheat production 729 M MT/yr 1.7 tonne straw for every 1
tonne grain produced Wheat Straw- 1,239 M MT/yr
RPR approx 1.7:1
Corn 971 M MT/yr Stover - 2.427 M MT/yr
RPR approx. 2.5:1
Rice 472 M MT/yr - Rice straw - 944 M MT/yr
RPR approx. 2:1
Bagasse 1 B tons
RPR approx. 2:1
FUN WEBSITE!
http://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?commodity=corn
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Sugarcane - residue
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Biomass classification
2. Secondary biomass resources
- Resources resulting from processing
primary biomass
EG. by physical processing-sawdust or chemical
black liquor from pulping or biological secondary
sludge or manure from animals, food/beverage
processing
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Biomass classification
3. Tertiary biomass resources
Resources produced post consumer
EG. include animal fats and greases, vegetable oils,
packaging, construction and demolition debris,
waste paper, organic fraction of MSW
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Conversion Purification
Petroleum refinery processes processes
Concept of
bio-refinery
came from the
petrochemical
refineries. SEPARATION
mixture of
hydrocarbon
molecules
5 or more C atoms
per molecule
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Main Crude Oil Fraction
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Dembirbas 2010, pg 87
Biorefinery example Corn-ethanol
lignocellulosic
% Composition by Weight
Endosperm Germ approx.
Fibre 2% 20%
Example of multiple revenue streams-Wet Milling
versus Dry Milling Coproducts?
Dry (95% in US)
Smaller, less expensive
30 MG/yr
Initial step (hammermill)
destroys the kernal
structure, increases
accessibility to fermentable
solids
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http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/efficiency/industry/processes/
systems-optimization/research-development/5603
Key concepts of a Forest Biorefinery
1. Improved utilization of forest resource.
By using components not currently used.
Logging debris (ie. tops, branches, foliage, stump,
seeds) 35% remain
Biomass Harvest (new strategy for increased
recovery)
Under utilized species (balsam fir, hardwoods)
2. Fractionation / isolation/ purification to higher
value products.
Extractives: ie. Taxol, naval stores
Cellulose/lignin/hemicellulose: nano-fibres, sugars,
sorbitol, xylitol, lactic acid (polylactic acid, PLA)
3. Use of biological systems engineering
(genetic selection and transgenic plants) for
energy crops in addition to energy efficient
conversion processes.
Selection of phenotypic attributes (higher energy,
less lignin, more extractives, etc) 31
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Energy Consumption and
Forecasts
Learning Objectives:
-Global energy resources and consumption
-US energy resources and consumption
-US biofuel initiative
Additional resources
1. Klass, D. 1998. Chapter 1.Energy Consumption, Reserves,
Depletion, and Environmental Issues. (recommended
reading)
2. International Energy Agency www.iea.org
Country based statistics
3. 2007 Survey of Energy Resources, World Energy Council
2007
www.worldenergy.org/documents/
ser2007_final_online_version_1.pdf
4. Energy Information Administration www.eia.doe.gov
5. Annual Energy Review (U.S.A.)
www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/perspectives.pdf
6. History of Energy in the United States: 1635-2000
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/eh/frame.html
7. Mundi Index
http://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?commodity=corn
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Global petroleum organizations- OECD/OPEC
OECD OPEC
Organization for Organization of
Economic Cooperation Petroleum Exporting
and Development Countries
30 countries includes: Eg. Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,
North America (USA/Can./ Saudi Arabia, Venezuela,
Mex.), Europe, Asia (Japan/ S. Qatar, Indonesia, Libya,
Korea/ Australia & NZ) Nigeria, Ecuador
Believe in democracy and free Responsible for setting
market system
production levelspricing.
Non-OECD
Objective: Maximize
Russia, China, India, some
economic return for
African, Central and S.
member countries
America (Brazil)
provide demand & supply
forecasts for all energy
resources 37
Global Primary Energy Consumption by region 2010
Total global consumption is 522 quad btus (550 EJ)
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Predictions of Global Energy Demand
Energy
770 consumption is
predicted to expand
by 47% from
522 2010-2035
Forecast based on
economic
scenarios
Energy
Information
Administration
Part of USA DOE
1 Quadrillion btu
= 1.055 exajoules (1018J) 39
=172 million barrels of oil eq (boe)
=25.2 million toe (Mtoe)
Where is/will be Global Energy Demand
Non-OECD by 71%
OECD by 18%
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Global per capita Energy Consumption
Energy consumption per capita
is linked to GDP per capita
GDP is an indicator of a
countries economic and
technological level
N.A and European countries are
Developing countries
high energy consumption and
$6000/capita
high GDP
US has 5% of global
population but consumes 25%
of global primary energy
demand
Is there a way to decouple GDP
and energy consumption?
1. Technology advances:Improve
efficiency (lighter cars, light
bulbs),
2. Government policy and 42
Klass, 1998
incentives (conservation)
Global Primary Energy Consumption by Source (2013)
NG:
Transportation
Coal:Abundant and costs high (low
widely distribution energy density)
(37% of global. 45
electricity)
Primary energy and user-sectors
Who are the Global Biomass Energy Users?
Energy Poverty
Sweden, Finland 25% biomass energy
88%
#2
60%
93%
#1
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Power (Electrical energy)- renewables for power?
53
Chinas coal use for electricity generation
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Primary energy and user-sectors
Biomass Potential as a Renewable Energy Resource
Only renewable energy
source that has potential to
Total final energy
fill all major energy needs consumption
Electricity
Heat
Transportation fuel
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- CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf
Future Role of Biomass in Power Generation
Much new
capacity will
come from hydro,
but biomass
plays significantly
into the mix.
Especially EU,
Brazil, U.S.
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