Chapter 5

Evolution

Introduction to
ANSYS Polyflow

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Contents

Introduction to evolution
The convergence disc
Example
p
Method
Evolution procedures
Identifying the key parameter(s) causing non
non-linearity
linearity
Associating an evolution parameter S
Choice of S-dependent function
Defining an evolution problem in POLYDATA
Evolution strategies for non-linear problems

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Introduction to Evolution
Evolution scheme in ANSYS POLYFLOW
Most non-linear problems do not converge easily to the nominal
value of the solution parameters, hence an appropriate
numerical strategy must be used to reach the solution of the
problem.
problem
Examples
Viscoelastic liquid characterized by high Weissenberg number
S
Some free
f surface
f problems
bl
Simulation of power-law fluids with very low power-law indices
Non-isothermal flow cases with high convection
Some coextrusion cases involving fluids with significantly
different rheology
Definition
E
Evolution
l ti iis an iincremental
t l numerical
i l scheme
h facilitating
f ilit ti theth
convergence of complex flow problems.
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Example
1) You converge without evolution

Q = Qnom = 10
Qnom is the nominal value of the flow rate.

2) You diverge,
diverge so you decide to set up an evolution on the flow rate

Q = Qnom * f ( S )

f (S ) is an evolution function. Here, f ( S ) = S

Sinit = 0.1
S final = 1
Sinit = 0.01
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Example
Q1 = Qnom*f(S1)= 10 * 0.1
Q1 = 1
If it converges
S1=1.5 * Sinit = 1.5 * 0.01 = 0.015
If it diverges
S2=S1 + S1 = 0.1
0 1 +0
+0.015
015 = 0.115
0 115
STOP Q2 = Qnom* f(S2)= 10 * 0.115
Q2 = 1.15

If it diverges
diverges,, restart step calculation If it
itconverges
converges :
with S2=1.5
1 5 * S1 = 0.0225
0 0225
S1=0.5 * S1 = 0.0075 S3 = S2 + S2 = 0.1375
S2 = S1 + S1 = 0.1075
Q3 = Qnom* f(S3) = 10 * 0.1375
Q2 = Qnom* f(S2) = 10 * 0
0.1075
1075
Q3 = 1.375
Q2 = 1.075
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The Convergence Disc

The convergence disc of a solution refers to the set of initial
guesses from which the numerical scheme is guaranteed to
converge towards that solution.
Solution 1 can be obtained from scratch,, i.e.,, zero is the initial
guess for the solution of the problem. Zero is inside the
convergence disc D1 of solution 1.
x

i
D1 j"
j' Di
1 3
2

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Method
An (independent) evolution parameter S
describes the path from the initial solution
to the final solution.
Note that a unique evolution parameter S
exists for all non-linearities.
You prescribe initial and final values of S Solution

(usually 0 and 1). S - path

th
All parameters (, , etc.) or boundary
conditions (flow rate, velocity, etc.) may
depend upon S by means of an algebraic Parameter

function f(S).
An evolution scheme can be defined on any
parameter by using the EVOL option in
POLYDATA.

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Evolution Procedures
Identify the key parameter(s), , causing non-
li
linearity.
it
Examples of such parameters are:
Density in problems where inertia is taken into account
Flow
Fl rate
t or relaxation
l ti time
ti in
i a viscoelastic
i l ti flow
fl
Power-law index for a power-law fluid
Surface tension in a free surface problem

Associating an evolution parameter S via EVOL

button
After
f the key parameter has been identified,
f you link its magnitude to the
evolution parameter S through a suitable function that you select.
= nom f(S)
e e nom is
where s tthe
e nominal
o a value
a ue o
of tthe
e pa
parameter.
a ete

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E l ti Procedures
Evolution P d
algebraic functions f(S) available in POLYDATA.
User Defined Function ( external, written in CLIPS))
f(S) = S
f(S) = 1/S (if S 0)
f(S) = a + bS + cS2 + dS3
f(S) = Ramp function
f(S) = b for S a
f(S) = b + (d b) (S a) / (c a) for a S c
f(S) = d for c S
Typically, the ramp function is used for evolution on the flow rate for free
surface problems, where the flow rate may never become zero.

f(S)

b
S
a c
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E l ti Procedures
Evolution P d

f(S) = a(( cosb

b * S+c)+d+eS
S+ )+d+ S
f(S) = aSb + cSd
f(S) = aebS + c + dS
f(S) = double ramp function

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E l ti Procedures
Evolution P d

f(S) = Multi-ramp function :

multi-linear function defined by a serie of n pairs (Si, f(Si))

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E l ti Procedures
Evolution P d
Select initial and final values of the evolution variable S, and
its initial,
initial minimum,
minimum and maximum increment.
increment The maximum
number of successful steps can also be prescribed.
Sinit = initial value of S
Si = initial value of S increment
Sfin = final value of S
Smin = minimum value of S increment
Smax = maximum value of S increment

POLYFLOW calculates the first non-linear solution at S =

Sinit and then starts the evolution scheme. POLYFLOW
stops
t the
th evolution
l ti scheme
h if the
th very first
fi t solution
l ti cannott
be computed.

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E l ti Procedures
Evolution P d
If the current step of the evolution algorithm converges, the next
step is automated as follows:

Snext = 1.5 Scurrent keeping S Smax

If the current step of the evolution algorithm does not converge,

the procedure is restarted with:
Srestart = 0.5
0 5 Scurrent and
d stops
t if Srestart Smin

The evolution scheme stops when:

The upper limit of S (Sfin
fi ) is reached
reached.
The S increment is divided down to its minimum value (Smin).
The maximum number of successful S-steps is reached.

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Evolution in Polydata

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Li off existing
List i i Evolution
E l i functions
f i

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Evolution Strategies for Non-Linear Problems

Consider non-isothermal problems with free surfaces.

First
First, try solving the problem without evolution.
evolution Sometimes
evolution is not needed.

If the p
problem does not converge,
g , examine the p
problem definition
and simplify as follows:
Try an isothermal problem with nominal values.
If this is unsuccessful, try to decrease (or increase) one parameter
(
(e.g., d
decrease th flow
the fl rate
t by
b a factor
f t 10,
10 or increase
i th power-law
the l
index).
Do this until you are able to obtain a converged result.
This helps you identify and understand the most sensitive boundary conditions
or fluid properties.

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Evolution Strategies for Non-Linear Problems

Once a converged result for the simplified problem is

obtained, define a problem with evolution on that parameter
(e.g., flow rate) to reach the desired value.
Be aware that some parameters may be intrinsically
connected, e.g.,
Flow rate and pulling velocity in a wire coating simulation.
simulation
If the evolution problem succeeds:
Define the non-isothermal problem using the isothermal results
as an initial condition
condition.
In this case, you may not need evolution.
If the problem does not converge, try an evolution on the thermal
conductivity, the heat capacity, the parameter of the Arrhenius
law, or the viscous heating.

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Evolution Strategies for Non-Linear Problems

Simplifying the problem

Which parameters should be considered?
Flow rate
P
Power-law
l index
i d
Wall slip (for free surface problems)
Thermal conductivity
Viscous heating

What f(S) functions are used?

Linear or ramp
p function is sufficient in most cases.
1/S can be used for power-law index or thermal conductivity.
Exponential function [f(S) = aebS] for wall slip.

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Some evolution
strategies for usual
N
Non-Linear
Li problems
bl

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