Society of Myanmar Civil Engineers (Singapore)

Engineering Issues Related to Mined

Tunnels

Dr. Oskar SIGL Geoconsult Asia Singapore

Singapore; 16 October 2016

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 Mined Tunnels SCL/NATM/SEM

Content

Latest Developments on mined tunneling supporting

method
Controlling soft ground

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 Mined Tunnels SCL/NATM/SEM

Terminology

SCL Sprayed Concrete Lining

NATM New Austrian Tunneling Method
SEM Sequential Excavation Method
Observational Approach

Shotcrete Sprayed Concrete

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 Example: Mined Station; Seattle

SoundTransit
Beacon Hill Station

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 Example: Mined Station; London

LUL Jubilee Line Extension

Contract 102 Waterloo Station

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 Example: DTSS Advance Tunnel; Singapore

North East Line

Contract C705

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 Example: Overrun Tunnels; Singapore Orchard Road

Circle Line 1 Overrun Tunnels

Contract C825 Dhoby Ghaut Station

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 Example: NS3 Cable Tunnel; Singapore

Tunnels for TBM operation and cable

enlargements

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 Example: EW1 Cable Tunnel; Singapore

Mined tunnel

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 Mined Tunnels

Key Issues
Are not rocket science
Understand the general sequence of tunneling and
the staging of excavation & support application
Pay attention to deformation control and ground
confinement
Recognize the importance of design adjustments
during construction
Maintain stability of the excavation face at all times
Understand why people call it high risk

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 Mined Tunnels

Characteristics of Work Processes

Linear development of the work zone with limited

space and accessibility
Repetition of working steps (work cycles)
Transient intermediate stages (sections with
incomplete liner)

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 Mined Tunnel - Construction

Sequencing of Excavation & Support

Constitutes major part of the design

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 Mined Tunnel - Construction

Sequencing/staging DETAILING
Staged Excavation
Lattice girder, full round in soft ground
Shotcrete & wire mesh

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 Mined Tunnel - Construction

Typical sequencing/staging

Top Heading

Bench

Invert Bench
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 Mined Tunnel - Construction

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 Typical sequencing/staging

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 Typical sequencing/staging

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 Steel Rib / Arch

Not embedded in shotcrete

Function
Load distribution
Support of green shotcrete
Profile control
Support for forepoling

Traditional Types
H-beams
Channels with sliding connection
Lattice girder
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 Channel with sliding connection

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 Lattice girder For embedment in shotcrete

Layout Options:

Standard

Optional

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 Face Stability

Advance support of excavation face

Forepoling / pipe umbrella / spiling

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 Ground Support

Forepoling DETAILING

Advance support ahead of excavation face

Provide support for exposed round
Needs support (soil and lattice girder)
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 Special Equipment Tunnel Excavator

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 Special Equipment Tunnel Excavator

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 Advance Support Ahead of Excavation Face

Pipe Umbrella / Pipe Roof

Same concept as forepoling
but stronger & heavier & longer

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 Advance Support Ahead of Excavation Face

Pipe Umbrella / Pipe Roof

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 Pipe Roof

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 Pipe Roof

Casagrande Rig
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 Pipe Roof

Jumbo

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 Pipe Roof

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 Advance Support Ahead of Excavation Face

Forepoling Soft ground

Support soil in front of the next face

Reduce soil loading for the soil wedge defining face
stability
Spacing typically 150-300mm c/c
T25 rebars, mostly grouted
Length > advance length (typically 1.5 x)
Tied into lattice girder of previous round

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 Face Stability

Effects of Advance Support

Wedge 1 & Wedge 2

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 Face Stability Design of Advance Support

Wedge 1 situation

Support of free
advance length

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 Face Stability Design of Advance Support

Wedge 2 situation

Supporting load
on top of wedge

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 Advance Support Ahead of Excavation Face

Spiling Rock

Same concept as forepoling but in rock

Rock bolting inclined forwards in order to avoid
overbreak in the next blasting round
Spacing typically >500mm c/c
Length advance length
Does not need a lattice girder

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 Spiling to reduce overbreaks

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 EXAMPLE: Face stability in Praxis

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 EXAMPLE: Face stability in Praxis

Loose Gravel

Silt Stone
Dense Gravel

Tunnel

Dense Gravel

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 Face stability in Praxis

Subdivide excavation face

Increase immediate support by reduction of
excavation area

Start where it is worst, use the better area for

support

FACE
SUPPORTING
BODY

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 Example Face
Recover, smallStability
faces

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 Recover, small faces

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 Recover, small faces

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 Drainage

Forepoling

Face bolts

Face
Dumpling
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 Application to Complicated Problems

Change of shallow cover pipe pile box

tunnel to a mined tunnel with shotcrete
Ground Level 109.43 (approx.)

103.03m Existing 1.2m Water Pipe

101.48 Supporting Steel Frame

PIPE
800mmx11mm thk SUBWAY STRUCTURE

~ 94.00m
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 Pipe Roof Cross Section Pipe Pile Box

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 Application to Complicated Problems

One tunnel too shallow

Existing 1.2m Water Pipe

SUBWAY STRUCTURE

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 SCL Cross Section - Sequencing

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 SCL Cross Section - Sequencing

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 SCL Cross Section - Sequencing

Half of permanent
structure

Temp. props

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 SCL Cross Section - Sequencing

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 SCL Cross Section - Sequencing

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 SCL Cross Section - Sequencing

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 Longitudinal Section & Ground Condition

FILL & Peaty clay

Silty Clay

Cemented silty sand

Water Pipe

Pipe Roof Sections

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 Sequential Excavation with Pipe Roof

Install Pipe roof

Sections overlap more pipe layers

Top heading

Temporary invert

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 Construction

Pipe Roof

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 Ground Treatment

Details of face grouting arrangement

Design of drilling / grouting pattern

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 2D Analysis
Fill concrete

Mined Tunnel 2 (Staged Top Heading &

Connection DETAIL
Bench/Invert excavation)

Face & pipe roof grouting

Permanent Structure

Tunnel 2
Horizontal face grouting + Pipe Roof
installation and grouting
Temporary Prop
Staged excavation of Top Heading &
Bench/Invert (short ring closure)
Casting of second half permanent
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structure
 3D Analysis

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 Pipe Roof Drilling

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 Excavation

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 Construction

SECTION 1
double pipe roof

SECTION 2
double pipe roof

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 Excavation Top Heading

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 Construction

Pipe roof pipe

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 Excavation Top Heading

Face grouting
pipes
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 Face Support Top Heading

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 Face Grouting Top Heading

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 Drilling of Face Grouting 1st Drift

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 Construction Issue

Weak support resistance of

Lattice girder and temporary invert

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 Excavation 2nd Drift

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 2nd Drift Completed

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 Application to much Larger Schemes

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 Singapore Jurong Caverns

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 Storage Schematics and Terminology
Access tunnel

Water Curtain
Tunnel & dill holes

Water Curtain
Tunnel &
drill holes

Access
tunnel Storage cavern
20 x 30 x 650m

Inlet shaft
Pump Shaft
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 Storage Schematics and Terminology

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 Water Curtain System

Permanent pressure gradient towards the cavern

Oil floats on top of a water cushion
Thickness of water cushion is regulated by water
pumps in pump shaft

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 Storage of Crude Oil

Water pump

Oil pump

Crude Oil

Water cushion

Hot oil pipe

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 Storage Principle

Hot oil pipe

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 Engineering

Engineering during construction

Geological Mapping

Geotechnical Documentation

Rock Support Classification

Rock support application

Geological prediction during construction

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 Implementation During Construction

Geological
Mapping sheet

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 Distribution of rock quality Padur/A

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 Data Management

Geological documentation

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 Construction Sequencing

Gallery Pilot and Slashings

Side Slashing - LEFT Pilot Gallery Side Slashing - RIGHT

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 Construction Sequencing

Bench 1

Side Slashing
Bench 2
Pilot Bench

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 Construction Sequencing

3 Benches

Gallery
Bench 1

Bench 2

Bench 3

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 Excavation Stages

Gallery

Bench 1

Bench 2

Bench 3

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 Excavation Stages

Pilot
Side slashing

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 Excavation Stages

Bench 1 Pilot
Side slashing

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 Excavation Stages

Bench 2 Pilot
Side slashing

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 Excavation Stages

Bench 3

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 Excavation Stages

30m

21m

12m
Pump sump

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 Construction

Cavern

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 Construction

93 Access tunnel portal

 Access tunnel junction

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 Pump Shaft

Inlet Shaft

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 Vishakapatnam Construction

Inlet shaft

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 Inlet shaft

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 Pump shaft

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 Pump shaft

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 Major Wedge Failure

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 Major Wedge Failure

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 Major Wedge Failure

Sigma 1
MPa
0.00
1.80
0

3.60
5.40
7.20
9.00
-10

10.80
12.60
14.40
16.20
18.00
-20

Shear
Tension
Both

Shear
-30

Tension
-40
-50
-60

-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

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 Major Wedge Failure

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 Major Wedge Failure

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 Thank You

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