2010

FUNNY ENGLISH GRAMMER

EREN
HAYDAN
CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1:THE ALPHABET........................................................5

CHAPTER 2:PERSONAL PONOUNS.............................................8

CHAPTER 3:PREPOSTONS.........................................................9

CHAPTER 4:VERB TO BE.............................................................12

CHAPTER 5:ENGLISH FAMILIES..............................................20

CHAPTER 6:DO YOU LIKE?........................................................25

CHAPTER 7:INVITATIONS,SUGGESTIONS,OFFERS............32

CHAPTER 8:PRESENT CONTINOUS.........................................32

CHAPTER 9:TELLING TIME IN ENGLISH..............................34

CHAPTER 10:NOUNS.....................................................................37

CHAPTER 11:PRESENT SIMPLE................................................45

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CHAPTER 12:DIRECTIONS..........................................................49

CHAPTER 13:INSTRUCTION AND REQUEST.........................51

CHAPTER 14:CAN/CANT ABILITIES.......................................54

CHAPTER 15:SHOULD/SHOULDNT.........................................56

CHAPTER 16:ADJECTIVES..........................................................58

CHAPTER 17:FUTURE...................................................................60

CHAPTER 18:EXPLANATIONS...................................................63

CHAPTER 19:SIMPLE PAST........................................................67

CHAPTER 20:TODAY,YESTERDAY AND TOMORROW.......68

CHAPTER 21:THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR...........................75

CHAPTER 22:THE SEASONS.......................................................77

CHAPTER 23:APOLOGIES...........................................................80

CHAPTER 24:COLOURS...............................................................83

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CHAPTER 25:NUMBERS...............................................................86

CHAPTER 26:PAST CONTINOUS................................................97

CHAPTER 27:EMERGENCIES...................................................102

CHAPTER 28:PRESENT PERFECT...........................................104

REFERENCES................................................................................108

CHAPTER 1:THE ALPHABET

F-K L-P R-X Y-Z

4
A-E

A = Apple
B = Bee
C = Cat
D = Dog
E = Elephant
F = Flower
G = Giraffe
H = House
I = Insect
J= Japan
K = King
L = Lion
M = Mouse
N = Nose
O = Orange
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P = Pig
Q = Queen
R = Rainbow
S = Snake
T = Train
U = Umbrella
V = Van
W= Window
X = X-ray
Y = Yellow
Z = Zebra
The alphabet
at

1. ouse 2. range

3. an 4. apan

6
 5. ing 6. ig

7. ellow 8. rain

9. og 10. ebra

CHAPTER 2:PERSONAL PRONOUNS

He I She

7
 He is Fred I am George She is Susa

It

It is Rover

They We You

They are John, Tim and Susan We are Janet, George and You are...?

CHAPTER 3:PREPOSITIONS

Do you want to tell someone where something is?

You need a preposition or two.

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This is a chair This is a lamp

Where is the lamp? beside / next to

The lamp is beside the chair.

or

The lamp is next to the chair.

Where is the chair? in front of

The chair is in front of the lamp.

Where is the lamp? behind

The lamp is behind the chair.

Where is the chair? under / beneath / underneath

The chair is under the lamp.

or

The chair is beneath the lamp.

or

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 The chair is underneath the lamp.

Where is the lamp? on / on top of

The lamp is on the chair.

or

The lamp is on top of the chair.

Naturally Speaking - English Dialogue

Meet Frank and Nicole. Frank is always forgetting things. He is forgetful.

"Nicole. Have you seen my keys? I thought I'd put them on top of my briefcase."

"No. You left them behind the basket."

"The basket above the coat rack?"

"No. The one under the table."

"The table in the bedroom, beside the bed?"

"No! The dining room table, in front of the window."

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 Why did I put them there?

Good question!

CHAPTER 4:VERB TO BE

Personal pronoun verb "to be"

I am

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 She is
He is
It is
We are
You are
They are

Make correct sententences

are
John, Susan and Tim
they
1. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ he

Fred
is
2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
George

3. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
George, Anna and Pablo
are
we

4. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is
It Rover

Which is his dog?

I I

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This is my dog. This is my dog.

This is our dog.

She He

This is her dog. This is his dog.

This is their dog.

I You

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This is my dog. This is your dog.

Which is his dog?

It is his umbrella.
1..... .has an umbrella.

a. She b. He c. They
It is their dog.
2..... have a dog.

a. We b. She c. They
It is my pencil.
3. ..... have a pencil.

a. I b. He c. We
It is our house.
4..... have a house.

a. We b. They c. He
It is your car.
5...... have a car.

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a. She b. He c. You

Questions
You can ask different questions about something that you see. Look at these questions, and look at the
kinds of answers that you can get

Do you like your cat? Is your cat black? Where is your cat?
Yes, I do. No, he is not. He is in the house.

Who is he? Why do you like him? What is his name?

He is a clown. Because he is funny. Mr Chuckles.

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Are both dogs his? Which dog is his? Can I play with him?
No, one dog belongs to Suzy. The dog with short fur and no tail. Yes, you can.

1. ...... is the name of your father?

Do What Where

2. ...... you want to visit me next week?

Are Why Do

3. ...... that your cat?

How Is Are

4. ...... do you live?

Is Who Where

5. ...... is your neighbour?

Do Who Why

6. ...... are you angry?

Why Are Is

7. ...... they hungry?

Are Do What

8. ...... are you?

Do Why How

Questions

Statement : You are tired.

Question : Are you tired?
Answer : Yes, you are OR No, you are not

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 Statement : I am sleepy.
Question : Am I sleepy?
Answer : Yes, I am OR No, I am not

Statement : She is slim.

Question : Is she slim?
Answer : Yes, she is OR No, she is not

Statement : He is fat.
Question : Is he fat?
Answer : Yes, he is OR No, he is not

Statement : We are noisy.

Question : Are we noisy?
Answer : Yes, we are OR No, we are not

Statement : They are rude.

Question : Are they rude?
Answer : Yes, they are OR No, they are not

Questions
Look at these questions and the answers.

Question: 1. is your favourite colour?

Answer: My favorite colour is blue.

Question: 2. do they live?

Answer: They live in London.

Question: 3. is she not at school?

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Answer: Because she is ill.

Question: 4. you like jazz?

Answer: Yes, I do.

Question: 5. is the President of the United States?

Answer: Mr Bush is the President of the United States.

Question: 6. do you finish your study?

Answer: In two months time.

Question: 7. this your book?

Answer: No, it is not.

Question: 8. they invited to the party?

Answer: Yes they are.

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CHAPTER 5:ENGLISH FAMILIES

An English family says 'Hello!

'

Mr and Mrs Bell are married.

This Mrs Bell: Mr Bell:

This is
is "Hello I'm Mary "Hello I'm George
George
Mary Bell, George's Bell, Mary's
Bell.
Bell. wife. George is my husband. Mary is
husband." my wife."

Mr and Mrs Bell:

"We have two children; Carol and Robert. We are their parents."

This is Carol. "Hello! I'm Carol Bell."

Carol:

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 "This is Robert. He's my big brother. I'm his
Carol: sister."

This is Robert.

"Hello! I'm Robert Bell. I'm her brother. She's

Robert: my little sister."

Carol and Robert :

"Here are our parents. We're their children."

Carol and
Rob "This is our mother."
You have already ert:
met Mary.
"I'm Robert and Carol's mother. Carol is
Mrs Bell: my daughter and Robert is my son."

Carol and
Rob "This is our father."
You have already ert:
met George.
"I'm Robert and Carol's father. Carol is
Mr Bell: my daughter and Robert is my son."

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!Note - We sometimes call our sisters and brothers siblings. They can be little or big
brothers or sisters . A little brother or sister is younger a big brother or
sister is older.

For example: I have two siblings, they are my big sisters, I don't have any little
sisters, I am the youngest. I don't have any brothers either.

More about familie

The Bell Family

Do you remember Mr
and Mrs Bell
and their
children Carol
and Robert?

Mr Bell's parents are

dead and he
doesn't have
any brothers
and sisters, he
was an only
child.

Mrs Bell's parents are

still alive, she
has a younger
sister and an
older brother.

Let's learn some more about them:

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 Here are Mary's parents. Mr and Mrs Richards,
Emily and Edgar. She's their daughter.

"Hello. We are Carol and Robert's grandparents.

Carol and Robert are our grandchildren."

Mr Richards: "I'm their grandfather. Carol is our

granddaughter and Robert is our
grandson. "

Mrs Richards: "I'm their grandmother. We're

George's in laws. I'm his mother-in-law
and Edgar is his father-in-law. George is
our son-in-law."

This is Mr and Mrs Robert's other daughter Anne,

Miss Richards.

"Hello. I'm Anne. I'm Mary's younger sister. That makes me Carol and
Robert's aunt. Carol is my niece and Robert is my nephew. Mary's
husband George is my brother-in-law, I'm his sister-in-law. I'm not
married, I'm single."

And this is their son Charles.

"Hi. I'm Charles. I'm Mary's older brother. That makes me Carol and
Robert's uncle. Carol is my niece and Robert is my nephew. Mary's
husband George is my brother-in-law, I'm his brother-in-law too. I
was married, but not any more, I'm divorced.

I have one child, a baby girl."

This is Emma. She is Charles' baby. Charles is her

father. She is Carol and Robert's cousin, they
are her cousins too. Mary and Anne are her

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 aunts, she is Mary and Anne's niece. George
is her uncle, she is his niece.

!Note - Richards is Mrs Bell's maiden name - the surname she had before she got
married.

CHAPTER 6:DO YOU LIKE ...?

To talk about liking or disliking something, you can use verb + -ing with:-

Asking and answering questions:-

Question Answer + Answer -

Do you enjoy learning English? Yes, I love it. No, I hate it.

Does he like living in Germany? Yes, he loves it. No, he hates it.

Did you love the Beatles in the 60s? Yes, I loved them. No, I hated them.

Do you hate football? Yes, I hate it. No, I love it.

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To invite someone to do something, you can use verb + -ing with:-

Asking and answering questions:-

Question Answer + Answer -

Do you feel like going out tonight? Yes, I'd love to. No, I don't feel like it.

Do you fancy going for a drive? Yes, I'd love to. No, I don't feel like it.

Love - Like - Don't Mind - Don't Like- Hate

After some verbs (love, like, don't/doesn't mind,don't/doesn't like, hate) you can use a noun, a pronoun or a
verb +ing.

Don't

Don't Like

mind
Love Like Hate

I don't
Noun I don't like
I love coffee. I like coffee. mind I hate coffee.
(coffee) coffee.
coffee.

I don't
Pronoun I don't like
I love him. I like him. mind I hate him.
(him) him.
him.

I don't
Verb I don't like
I love flying. I like flying. mind I hate flying.
(flying) flying.
flying.

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How about doing something? vs Would you like to do something?

To invite someone to do something you can also use:-

Question Answer + Answer -

How about going out tonight? Yes, I'd love to. No, I don't feel like it.

Would you like to go out tonight? Yes, I'd love to. No, I don't feel like it.

How about having a drink? Yes, I'd love to. No, thanks.

Would you like to have a drink? Yes, I'd love one. No, thank you.

! Note. 'How about ...' is informal. 'Would you like to ...' is formal.

Now let's see how Mr Bean does it...

Mr Bean is at home when his wife comes in...

Mr Bean: Hello, darling. Do you fancy going out tonight?

Mrs Bean: Oh, no thanks, I don't really feel like it tonight. How about renting a film instead.

Mr Bean: OK. Do you feel like watching the new Bruce Willis film, Die Hard 13?

Mrs Bean: Oh, no. I hate him. Do you like Julia Roberts?

Mr Bean: I don't mind her. She's alright.

Mrs Bean: Well I really like her. Let's rent her new film then.

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 CHAPTER 7:INVITATIONS,
SUGGESTIONS,OFFERS

Invitations:

Do you want to come to my party tomorrow?

Can you come to my party tomorrow?
I would like to invite you to my party tomorrow.

Thank you, I would like to come

OR
Thank you, but I cannot come.
Suggestions:

Why don't we go to the cinema?

How about going to the cinema?
Shall we go to the cinema?
Yes, let's go
OR
No, how about the pub instead?
Offers:

Would you like some tea?

Can I pour you some tea?
May I offer you some tea?
Yes, thank you.
OR
No, thank you.

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Would you like ...?
"Would you like something" is a more polite form of "Do you want something".

How to offer a cup of coffee to someone else:

Offering

Formal Would you like a cup of coffee?

Informal Do you want a cup of coffee?

Very informal Coffee?

Yes/No

How to accept or decline a cup of coffee:

Accepting Refusing

Formal Yes, please. No, thank you.

Informal Yes, I'd like some. No, thanks.

Very informal I'd love one. No.

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How do you take it?

Saying how you would like your coffee...

Black with sugar, please.

White, no sugar, please.

White with sugar, please.

Black, no sugar, please.

A little milk, but no sugar, please.

Now let's see how Mr Bean does it...

Mr Bean is in the staff room at school. He is making a cup of coffee. Miss Smith
comes in ...
Mr Bean: Hello, Miss Smith. Would you like a cup of coffee? I'm just making some.

Miss Smith: Oh, yes please, that would be lovely.

Mr Bean: How do you take it?

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Miss Smith: With milk and sugar please.

Mr Bean makes the coffee

Mr Bean: Here you are.

Miss Smith: Thank you.

Their colleague Mr Martin comes in

Miss Smith: Good morning Mr Martin, coffee?

Mr Martin: Oh, great! Yes please, I'd love one.

Mr Bean: Milk and sugar?

Mr Martin: A little milk, but no sugar, please.

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CHAPTER 8:PRESENT CONTINUOS

Look at the sentences in the middle, and write the letters by each sentence next to the picture which
the sentence describes.

A. Jane is riding
a scooter.
1. 2.
B. David is
programming.

C. Frank is
watching
television.
3. 4.
D. Jane is
cleaning a
window.

E. Mrs White is
5. baking a cake. 6.
F. David is
sleeping.

G. Frank is
flying a plane.

H. Mrs White is

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 relaxing.

7.

WE ADD ING AT THE END OF SENTENCE AFTER VERB TO BE

And then put the time suffix as ; now,at the moment,at that time,at present,etc.

Note : If a sentence begin with LOOK!;you should use present cotinous tense
For example

I am reading a book now

He is driving a car at the moment.

Look! Baby is walking

I am not going to school.

Are you flying Paris at the moment?

Yes ,I am or No, I am not

We can use simple present tense as future

I am going to holiday tonight

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 CHAPTER 9:TELLING TE TIME IN
ENGLISH

Learn to tell the time - requires Real Player Basic 1

Telling the Time

Twelve o'clock Six o'clock

One o'clock Seven o'clock

Two o'clock Eight o'clock

Three o'clock Nine o'clock

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 Four o'clock Ten o'clock

Five o'clock Eleven o'clock

The times of the day:-

Morning Afternoon Evening s Night

00.01 - 12.00 12.01 to 18.00 18.01 to 22.00 22.01 - 24.00

Requires Real Player Basic 2

Telling the time

Twelve Twelve Twelve
fifteen thirty forty-
five
Twelve or or
o'clock or
Quarter Half
past past Quarter
twelve twelve to

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Naturally speaking

Exactly or about

Exactly About

14.00 14.28

It's exactly 2.00pm. It's about 2.30pm.

How to ask the time - requires Real Player Basic

It's exactly eight o'clock.

o Excuse me. What time is it

please? or

It's eight.

It's half past twelve.

o Excuse me. Do you have

the time please? or

It's twelve thirty.

It's about half past eleven.

o Excuse me. Could you tell

me the time please? or

It's about eleven thirty

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 CHAPTER 10:NOUNS

We use nouns to talk about things. We use verbs to talk about actions. Pronouns, adjectives,
modals, and all the other parts of grammar are things we can use to make our English sound
better. But verbs and nouns are things we must use, so it is a good idea to use them properly.
In this part we will look at some things to remember about nouns.

Ordinary and proper nouns.

Plurals.
Possessives

Ordinary and Proper nouns.

Ordinary nouns describe things which there are many of. Look around and you can see many
ordinary nouns. Like your computer! But proper nouns describe things that are single (or
single types).
For example: There are many rivers (ordinary noun), but only one River Thames (proper
noun). Tara (proper noun) is a girl (ordinary noun).
In English proper nouns have capital letters, even if they are not at the beginning of the
sentence.
For example: My friend Hans is from Weisbaden in Germany.
You can see that nationalities (German, English etc) are proper nouns. And the countries.
(Germany, England). The days of the week, (Monday, Tuesday etc) are proper nouns, and so
are the months of the year.
For example: An Italian went to Germany last Wednesday on an aeroplane.

Remember, every language has a different idea of proper nouns. If a word is a proper noun in
your language, it might not be in English. Also English uses more proper nouns than some
other European languages.

Plurals

Plurals are easy - you just put "s" on the end of the word. One computer, two computers. No
problem! er....yes, sometimes there is a problem. Sorry.

For example: Mr and Mrs Smith (remember English people use the same surname when they
are married) are called "the Smiths", meaning the people in the Smith family. Mr and Mrs
Thompson are "the Thompsons". And Mr and Mrs Jones? We can't say "the Joness!". So we
say the Joneses, with an "es" on the end. We do this with the plural for all English words that
end with "s".
For example: One miss, two misses. One kiss two kisses. One bus, two busses.
(Notice the "ss" in busses. We do that to show that the pronounciation is "bus" and not
"buse".)
Pronunciation Remember that with plurals the "s" is pronounced more like "z" and the plural
is pronounced more like "iz".
For example: "Bees" is pronounced "beez" and "busses" as "bussiz".

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Irregular plurals Some plurals are irregular. Sometimes we keep the German or Latin
endings. So we say "one child" but "two children"; "bacterium" but "bacteria". A few words,
like "sheep", and sometimes "fish" do not have a plural form. "Two sheep, many fish".
Finally, words that end in "f" (but not "ff") or "fe" can have a plural of "- ves".
For example: knife/knives, wife/wives, hoof/hooves, but roof/roofs, cliff/cliffs.

Plural endings with "y"

Many words that end with a "y" do not keep the "y" when they become a plural. This is
especially true when there is no other vowel in the word, or no vowel near the end if a longer
word.
For example: one good try/two good tries; a good party/two good parties. But one day/two
days; one holiday/two holidays.

You will find that the same rule is used when putting "s" on to verbs ending with "y" to make
a third person present singular.

Possessives

A possessive noun is usually connected to another noun, to show that the noun in the
possessive "has" the other noun.
For example: "John's book", "Mary's mother", "Susan's school", "Michael's birthday".
When we use this form, we start with the possessive and then we put the other noun as the
next word. But if we think that noun is more important that the person who "has" it, we can
change the sentence to show it.
For example: "That school is Susan's."
Notice that when we put the possessive in second place, we normally move it right to the end
of the sentence.
We can also put the possessive noun into a different place when we do not use the "'s" method
of showing a possessive. Instead we use the "of (the)" construction. We often do it for longer
possessives that it would be too hard to say using "'s". For example: "The father of Tom and
Jane" is better than "Tom and Jane's father'" ; though English use the construction which they
prefer at the moment of speaking. There is no rule to say which way is more correct.
But sometimes the "'s" method is not really possible. This is when the possessive has the "of
the" construction.
For example: "The Queen of England" is better than "England's queen."; "A day of the week"
is much better than a "week's day".
With plurals
With plurals, there is already an "s" on the end of the word. But we do not want to write
possessives with "s's" on the end. It is a waste of one "s" and it makes pronounciation more
difficult. So we just put the apostrophe after the "s" instead of before.
For example: The nurses' home (more than one nurse lives there)/ The nurse's home (one
nurse lives there.) : The computer's keyboard (one computer, one keyboard)/The computers'
keyboards (more than one computer, more than one keyboard).

36
Counting Uncountable Nouns

Questions

How much ....? = uncountable nouns

For example: How much coffee do you drink?

How many ....? = countable nouns

For example: How many cups of coffee do you drink?

Learn It
How do you count uncountable nouns? You can't, but you can measure them. You have to use
counters

Noun

Sugar Jewellery Cheese Wine Furniture Money

Uncountable
How much How much How much How much
Uncountable How much How much
sugar is jewellery is cheese is furniture is
Question wine is there? money is there?
there? there? there? there?

There's
There's a lot There's a lot There's some There's some There's a lot of
Answer some
of sugar. of cheese. wine. furniture. money.
jewellery.

Add a word bowl piece round bottle piece bag

37
 Make it
Co A bowl of A piece of A round of A bottle of A piece of
A bag of money.
unt sugar. jewellery. cheese. wine. furniture.
abl
e
How many How many How many How many How many
Countable How many bags
bowls of pieces of rounds of bottles of pieces of
Qu of money are
sugar are jewellery cheese are wine are furniture are
esti there?
there? are there? there? there? there?
on
There are
There's one There are There's only There are two
two pieces There are four
bowl of three rounds one bottle of pieces of
Answer of bags of money.
sugar. of cheese. wine. furniture.
jewellery.

Other words you can add to make uncountable nouns countable:-

You can put something into a container to count it, but the thing you're counting doesn't take
the plural form. The container takes the plural form:-

bag A bag of money.

barrel Two barrels of beer.

bottle Three bottles of wine.

bowl Four bowls of sugar.

box Five boxes of cereal.

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bucket Six buckets of water.

can Seven cans of Coke.

carton Eight cartons of milk.

cup Nine cups of coffee.

glass Ten glasses of water.

jar Eleven jars of honey.

packet A dozen packets of butter.

a saucepan Thirteen pans of rice.

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 tank Fifteen tanks of petrol.

tin Sixteen tins of custard.

tub Seventeen tubs of margarine.

tube Eighteen tubes of toothpaste.

You can measure something to count it, but it still

doesn't take the plural form. The measurement takes For example:-
the plural form:-

1 and a half litres

litre
of milk.

pint Two pints of beer.

Two pounds /
pound / ounce / kilo etc... ounces / kilos of
butter.

40
You can measure uncountable nouns in other
ways, using shapes or portions. Again the
measurement takes the plural form.

Ten balls of
ball
wool.

Three bars of
bar
soap.

Two pinches of
pinch
salt.

Five slices of
slice
cake.

Fourteen
spoon spoonfuls of
sugar.

Ten squares of
square
chocolate.

41
 CHAPTER 11:PRESENT SIMPLE
1. Let's start with how verbs are made.

Verbs are made from two parts. There is an auxiliary, and a main part.
Together the auxiliary and the main part make the tense of the verb.
For example:
I am thinking . Am is the auxiliary, thinking is the main part of the verb. Together they
make the tense. Here, the tense they make is the present continuous.

(Remember auxiliaries do not have any meaning as words. They just tell us more about the
verb. There is a verb do, but gramatically it is different from the auxiliary do.)

Once the auxiliary and the main part have made a verb, the verb has a time, and it has a voice.
We usually describe verbs by their time and voice.
For example:
The past passive; the future continuous; the present perfect.

The present simple.

42
In this part of the course we are going to look at verbs with the present time, and the simple
voice. That is, the present simple.
For example:
(i) I speak English
(ii) I do not speak Albanian.

The Voice

Like all verbs, the present simple has two parts an auxiliary and a main part. The auxiliary
is do and the main part is the infinitive form of the verb speak. But if you look at example (i)
you will see that the auxiliary do is not there. But it is there in example (ii).

This is because the voice of the present simple is the simple voice. When we use the simple
voice, we do not use do with positive statements.
For example:
I like ice cream.
Even though we dont use the auxiliary do in positive statements, we do use it in negative
statements
I do not like ice cream

We also use the auxiliary do with questions:

Do you like ice cream?
And with affirmations
Yes, I do like ice cream.

Ok so that is the important thing to remember about the simple voice. When you make a
positive statement (I drink beer in summer) you dont use the auxiliary. Any other time you
use the simple, and it is not a positive statement, you use do. (I dont like winter. Do you like
winter?)

The Time

Remember, the present simple is in two parts. We have looked at the voice, which is the
simple, and some of the things to remember about it. Now we must look at the time, which is
the present.

The main thing to remember about the present time in English is the third person singular.
In English the third person singular pronoun is he, she or it.
When we use a verb with the present time and she, he or it as the subject, the auxiliary
finishes with s.
For examples:
Does he like ice cream? It does not look easy. Yes, she does speak English.
Also with any noun that is singular:
That car does not go very fast. Does that cake taste good?

But with the present simple there is a problem. I have told you that -
(i) Auxiliaries must end with s for the third person singular.
(ii) Positive statements using the simple voice do not have auxiliaries.

43
So what happens when you need to use rules (i) and (ii) together? The auxiliary must have s,
but you dont use it? In fact, thats almost right. A positive sentence in the simple voice
doesnt use an auxiliary, but it does use s, and because we have to put the s somewhere, we
put it on the end of the main part of the verb.
For example:
He does not live in Oxford. (see where the s is on the end of the auxiliary?)
He lives in London. (no auxiliary, but the s has moved.)

Remember: if there is an auxiliary, the s goes on the auxiliary (e.g. does). If there is no
auxiliary the s goes on the end of the main part (e.g. lives). You only need the lives in a third
person present singular verb.

Ok, thats the theory. The good news is that all the other verbs are easier. Only the present
simple is so complicated. But now we know how to form the present simple, the next question
is when do you use it?

2. Ok, when do we use it?

First, we must look at when you do not use it. You do not use the present simple for talking
about things at this moment. For that we use the present continuous.
For example:
I am studying English, I am surfing the internet.

We use the present simple for things that are true for a long time, or always
For example:
I live in England; I read a lot of books; coffee tastes good.

Because we often use the present simple to describe things, one of the most important uses of
the present simple is with adjectives.
For example:
I am English; That book is interesting: The coffee is good.

Because we use the verb to be so much in the present simple, it is very, very irregular. (Words
that are used a lot are often irregular). It does not use an auxiliary, even in negatives,
questions and affirmations. And it changes:
I am. He/she/it is. We are. You are. They are.
(But you will notice that even the verb to be keeps to the rule that third person present
singular ends in s is).

So to finish lets look at some present simple verbs in a short paragraph. Look at how the
present simple is used.

My name is Tara. I live in London which is the capital of England. We eat eggs for breakfast every day.
My sister doesnt like eggs. Do you like them? I do. We go to the local school. It rains a lot, so we often
take an umbrella to school. The students at my school speak English, but we study German and French
too. They are difficult. I dont like science, but I do like history. What do you like?

44
Please write your own essay with simple present tense

45
 CHAPTER 12:DIRECTIONS

Simple Directions

Right

Left

Straight ahead

For example

The factory is straight

ahead.

The office You are here.

The train station
block is on the
is on the right.
left.

46
 Ask the right question

Question Answer

Where is the office block please? It's on the left.

Could you tell me where the factory is, please? It's straight ahead.

Excuse me. Do you know where the train station is? It's on the right.

Where is ... in the town?

Where is the Where is the Where is the

Where is the train Where is the
churc airpor hospit
station? school?
h? t? al?
The church is on the The train station is to The school is in the The airport is to the The hospital is on
far left. the right of the church. middle. left of the hospital. the far right.

or...
The train station is The school is between The airport is
The church is next The hospital is next
between the church the station and the between the school
to the train station. to the airport.
and the school. airport. and the hospital.

Pronunciation
between left middle next to right straight ahead

47
CHAPTER 13:INSTRUCTIONS AND
REQUESTS
When you want someone to do something for you, you use requests or instructions. If you do
it wrongly, people will not know what yoiu want them to do, or they may get angry because
they do not think you are being polite. Also, when someone is talking to you, you must know
when they are making a request, and when they are giving an instruction.

In this part, we are going to look at

The difference between requests and instructions

The grammar of requests and instructions
The different levels of register for requests and instructions
What to say when you get a request or instruction.

The difference between requests and instructions.

The difference between a request and an instruction is a choice. If a person can choose to do
the thing he has been asked to do, then this is a request. If he has no choice, then it is an
instruction. This is important to remember, because in English many people give instructions
as if they are requests. Also sometimes you will hear requests that sound like instructions.

You see written instructions very often.

For example:
"Click here." (On web pages) "Push / pull" (on doors).
You can get books full of instructions. These are called manuals. You may have one for your
computer.

You will hear instructions less often. You might get them at work
For example:
"Bring me the Jones report, Bob."
Or from officials:
For example:
"Step out of your car, sir."

But very often when people give instructions they say them as requests.
For example:
"Can I see you in my office, Bob?"
"Please would you open your suitcase, Madam."

And requests often sound like instructions.

For example:
"Come to the party tonight. It will be fun."
"Kiss me, quick!"

The grammar of requests and instructions.

48
Requests and instructions that sound like instructions are easy. They are what grammarians
call imperatives. The imperative does not have a past or future tense. It is always a present
simple.

If the person being given the imperative needs to be told who he is, the name is said first or
last.
For example:
"Bob, come here!"
"Come here, Bob!"

Requests are more difficult. Generally we use a modal e.g.- "Can " or "may"
For example:
"Can you pass me the salt?"
"May I have the salt?"

Polite requests use a type of English called the subjunctive. We won't learn the subjunctive
now - all you need to remember for this lesson is that more polite requests use modals as if
they were past tense.
For example:
"Could you pass me the salt?"
"Might I have the salt?"

The word "please" is often used with requests or instructions to make them more polite.
"Please" comes at the beginning or end, as with names, but it does not usually come before
the name at the beginning or after the name at the end.
For example:
"Samantha, please come here."
"Samantha, come here please."
"Come here please, Samantha."
"Please come here Samantha.
are all different ways of saying the same thing. If it is a boss speaking to his secretary, this
would be an instruction. If it is a boy talking to his girlfriend, it is a request.

Register

English people make requests very politely from people they do not know.
For example:
"Excuse me, could I come through, please?"
They make ordinary requests with people at their level who they don't know well.
"Can I get past, please?"
They often use imperatives with friends and family.
"Get out of the way."

People in official positions often make requests when they are commands. Often they use
"would" as a modal.
For example:
"Would you leave now, please Sir?"
"Would you like to explain why you were driving too fast?"

49
Notice that the register is the same as for offers but the meaning is completely different -
"Would you like some more tea?"
"Would you like to come to the party?"
Offers are different from requests because someone is someone is suggesting something to
you, instead of you asking something from them.

Instructions from friends and family are often friendly.

For example:
"Come on, you go first."
"Have fun!"
"Enjoy your food!"

Answering requests and Instructions.

The right response to an imperative might be "Yes" followed by a title -

For example:
"Yes, Mrs Jones" or "Yes, Sir!" (Or for husbands) "Yes, dear."
It is not usual to refuse a request or instruction. Instead, if you want to say "no" you should
ask the reason.
For example: If someone says "Get out of your car, please sir." You can answer:
"Must I?"
"Why?"
"Is this really necessary?"
If you must say no to a request, apologise at the same time.
For example:
"No, sorry, I can't."
"I'm afraid that's impossible."

With friends and family, responses can often be much less polite.
To say "yes", you can use
For example:
"Sure", "Ok" "If you like".
It is the same when you say "no".
For example:
"No", or "Do it yourself", or even insulting "get lost!"

50
CHAPTER 14:CAN/CANT ABILITIES
The modal verb can for ability
Tense Positive Form + (can)
I can speak German quite well.
Present
Can becomes could.
Past I could only speak English when
I was a child.
Can becomes to "be able to "
I will be able to speak German
Future
fluently by the time I leave
Germany.
Negative Form - (cannot or
can't)
I can't speak Chinese.
Cannot or can't become could
not or couldn't.
I couldn't speak any German
when I came here.
Cannot or can't become will
not be able to or won't be able
to.
I won't be able to go on
holiday next year.
51
Question Form ? (can / can't)
Can you speak English?
Can't you find the practice
forum?
Can or can't become could or
couldn't.
Could you have taken German
lessons before you came here?
Couldn't you get any help with
your German when you arrived?
Can or can't become will be
able to or won't be able to.
Will you be able to go on
holiday this year?
Why won't you be able to go
on holiday next year?
 Short form
(informal
Full form
writing
(Formal
and
writing)
spoken
English)

Cannot > Can't

Could not > Couldn't

52
 Will not be able to > Won't be able to

CHAPTER 15:SHOULD/SHOULDNT

+ should + - should not / shouldn't -

53
 You should eat 5 portions of fruit and
veg a day. It's really good for your You shouldn't smoke. It's really bad for
health. your health.

(I think it is a good idea for you to do ( I think it is a bad idea for you to do
it.) it.)

"I think you should eat 5 portions of "I don't think you should smoke."
fruit and veg a day."

Negative Form - (should not or Question Form ? (should /

Positive Form + (should)
shouldn't) shouldn't)

Use "should" for giving advice or expressing an opinion.

54
 Should I learn English or
You should speak English You shouldn't try to translate words Spanish?
every day. all the time.
Shouldn't you spend a bit more
time practising your English?

Use "should have" to talk about things you regret you did or didn't do in the past.
I should have worked harder I really shouldn't have spent all my
Shouldn't you have finished?
at school when I was a child. money on new clothes.

You can use "should have + past participle" to speculate about things that may or
may not have happened.
She shouldn't have started cooking
The plane should have Shouldn't the plane have
yet. Let's call her to tell her we'll be
landed by now. landed by now?
late.

You can use "should" for giving advice for the future or speculating on what might
happen in the future
You shouldn't go to the party tonight.
They should win next week. Should I go to the party tonight?
You have a test in the morning.

CHAPTER 16:AJECTIVES

55
Adjectives are words that are used to tell you more about nouns. Adjectives are of many
different kinds. Sometimes they are kinds that we often do not think of as adjectives
For example:
A red house.
One man.

Grammar of adjectives.

There are two ways to use grammar with adjectives - before a noun or after a verb.
For example:
A big ball
The ball is big
(You will notice from this that the verb "to be" is often found with adjectives, especially
adjectives after verbs.)

Sometimes adjectives are made from nouns :

For example:
English from England / Hungry from hunger
Or from verbs
For example:
Slippery from to slip / Shiny from to shine.
Nouns can also be made into adjectives without any change
For example:
Hotel rooms / Computer software / London underground.

Adjectives don't change in English. They don't have plurals, and they don't change if they are
describing men or women.
For example:
A happy man. / A happy woman. / Two happy girls. / Two happy boys.

Adjectives have a certain order:

1. number 2. description 3. size, 4. age 5. colour 6. material, 7. nationality 8.noun
adjective/participle.
For example:
Two beautiful small new black leather Spanish riding boots.
But we do not normally use more than three adjectives before a noun. Instead we put an extra
part (called a clause) afterward.

For example:
The big, old house was dark and empty. / She had two big black dogs which were noisy and
friendly.

If we use more than one adjective after a verb, we usually put and between the adjectives:
For example:
The house was old and dark and empty.)
If we are making a list we can put several adjectives after a verb (usually "to be") with only
one and

56
For example:
She is lazy, stupid, slow and rude.

Some special types of Adjective

As well as the usual adjectives, there are some special kinds to remember:

Adjectives of number:
For example:
There are two ducks. / There are many people here. / Take the third bus.

Adjectives of feeling. Sometimes you find these where you might expect an adverb
For example:
You sound happy. / I feel bad. / He seems angry.

Adjectives of time.

For example:
It is early. / Yesterday afternoon. He is a frequent visitor.

Some adjectives are small sentences by themselves. These "compound adjectives" are often
joined by hyphens ( - )
For example:
A seventeen-year-old boy.
But not always :
For example:
A New Year's Day party.

Still to come ...

There are also adjectives called participles, but we will do them at another time.

We often compare things using adjectives - but that is for another lesson (on comparatives)

CHAPTER 17:THE FUTURE

57
It is important to know that English people do not use tenses only to talk about time. Tenses in
English describe when something happens. But they also tell you what the person who is
talking thinks about what is happening.

In English there are many ways to talk about the future. For example, we can use any of these
kinds of grammar when we talk about the future - the present simple, the present continuous,
the simple future, the future continuous, the future perfect, the future perfect continuous, or
even (cover your eyes!) the future perfect passive continuous. Which of these different kinds
of grammar we use depends on what idea we want to give about how we see the future.

We are going to look at the six most common ways of talking about the future.

Simple futures
Arranged futures
Predicted futures
Described futures
Fixed futures
The future as past

Simple futures.

Simple futures are most often used as declarations about the future:
For example:
' I will be home at six o'clock.'
'He will do that tomorrow'
'It will be dark soon'
Simple futures use 'will' plus the infinitive without 'to'. They often have a temporal indicator.
(six o'clock, tomorrow, soon). Mostly simple futures are used when the other five ways of
talking about the future cannot be used, but if you look at the intermediate and advanced
sections, you will see that there are other uses for the simple future as well.

Arranged futures.

Arranged futures are futures that you have planned, usually with another person.
For example:
'I'm seeing George for dinner next week.'
'My parents are coming to see me at Easter'
'Fred is taking Mary to the cinema on Saturday'
Arranged futures use the present continuous; because the future started to happen as soon as
you made the plans (or had the idea of what you wanted to do), and will only stop happening
once your plan is finished. Temporal indicators (Next week, Easter, Saturday) are even more
important, because the temporal indicator lets us know the event it is not happening now.
For example:
Mike is doing his exams (now!)
Mike is doing his exams in December. (not now)

Predicted Futures

58
These are statements made about the future from what we know now.
For example:
'It's going to be a beautiful day' (The sky is blue, it is warm, and the weatherman says it will
stay like this)
'I'm going to be late' (It takes me 20 minutes to get there, and I have only got five minutes
left)
'He's going to crash' (He's going too fast, he's a terrible driver, and the road stops here)
We can also use a predicted future to say what we want to do.
For example:
'I'm going to sleep for a while'
'I'm going to have some more tea'
Remember that when we use 'going to' (intention) together with 'going to' (movement) we
normally use them as just one phrase.
For example:
'We're going to Greece for our holiday this year'
Not: - We're going to go to Greece for our holiday this year Predicted futures usually use
'going to' followed by the verb (in the infinitive) of what you think will happen.

Described Futures

These are when you imagine something in the future, and describe it.
For example:
'This time next week, I'll be lying on a beach in Tuscany'
'We'll be having a party next week, do you want to come?'
'If you need me, I'll be waiting upstairs'
Because the described future uses 'will', we know that it is about the future, so a temporal
indicator is not necessary. The tense is the future continuous, so it uses 'will be' and a present
participle. (an -ing word)

Fixed futures

These are also sometimes called timetable futures. They are for events that are going to
happen at a particular time in the future. They usually describe things which the speaker can't
change.

For example:
'Christmas is on a Wednesday this year'
'The taxi comes in five minutes'
'The play ends at 10.15'
Fixed futures use the present tense, and may not always have a temporal indicator.

The future in the past.

This is when you jump into the future in your imagination, and look back at the 'past'.
For example:
'I will have finished that by next week.'
'In June we will have lived here for three years'
When you finish this, you will have read all the examples in this unit.

59
The future in the past uses the future perfect - that is, 'will have' and a past participle (the
'third part' of a verb). It usually has two parts - the future temporal indicator, and what will
happen between the temporal indicator and the real present.

In a few seconds you will have finished reading this description of the future tense. Next you
will do some exercises. Do you think you are going to do well? The new exercises are coming
up now. They come after you press the blue arrow. Soon you will be doing them. Good luck!

CHAPTER 18:EXPLANATIONS

Asking for and giving explanations is often difficult, because you have to worry about
giving facts and also about organizing them gramatically. Also, it is very easy to make a
mistake so that you are not properly understood.

In this section, we will see how to ask someone for an explanation, and also how to organize
an explanation so that it is easy to understand.

60
Asking for explanations.

Can you tell me ..? This is an easy way to ask someone for information. You start with 'Can
you tell me' and then you add a question word. (You must remember that the second part is
not a question, so you must not use a question form.)
For example:
"Can you tell me who that man is?"
NOT'Can you tell me who is that man?'
Other (correct) examples:
"Can you tell me how to get to the station?"
"Can you tell me why I am not on the list?"

I don't understand ... You start with 'I don't understand' and then you add a question word.
It is polite for the person you are speaking with to explain if he can, even though you have not
asked him to do this
For example:
"I don't understand how to do this exercise."
"I don't undertand what to do."
"I don't understand why he did that."

Why is it that ..? Here you start with a question word and then you add' ...is it that..' and the
rest of your question.
For example:
"How is it that explanations can be so hard?"
"What is it that I should do?"
"Why is it that she can't come?"

Does this mean that ..? You use this when you think you understand something, and you
want to make sure that you have understood correctly.
For example:
"Does this mean that you can't come?"
"Does this mean that we must go now?"

Giving explanations.

May I explain ... ? You use this to start a sentence when you think you need to explain
something, but no-one has asked you to explain.
For example:
"May I explain what happened this morning?".
"Can I explain? Fred didn't understand you - he wasn't being rude."

61
Well, you see ... You use this to show that you are starting an explanation.
For example:
"Can you tell me why you are late?"
"Well, you see, we thought we should arrive at ten o'clock."
"Why is it that he is so angry?"
"Well, you see, his wallet was stolen."

It's like this ... You use this to show that you are describing what happened, or how
something works.
For example:
"Why do we need all these warm clothes?"
"It's like this. England can be cold and wet in summer too."
"Why won't Carol speak to Jack?"
"It's like this. She used to be his girlfriend until he met Jane."

Because.
This is used to answer questions starting with 'why'.
For example:
"Why did Sam leave the party so early?"
"Because he wasn't feeling well."
"Why are you looking in your bag?"
"Because I want my car keys."

Connecting words.
(Words which you use to put your explanation together. )

Starting
You can say -
"Well" "Actually" "First of all" "You see".
(None of these words really mean anything when you use them like this. They are just a sort
of signal to show that you are starting an explanation. You can use these before the phrases
given above. You don't have to, but sometimes it makes you more fluent.)
Going on
"And then" "Next" "Also" "After that".
(You use these to add another piece of information to your explanation.)
Finishing
"So" "That's why" "In the end" "Finally" "As a result".
(These phrases tell your listener that you are finishing your explanation.)

Well, you can see that you have finished the description of explanations. We wanted you read
this before you do the exercises because it will help you to understand what you are doing.
Also it is important to understand the how explanations work, even if you do not do the
exercises. So that's why we have given you this to read.

Explanations 2

62
Bill and Joey Jones promised that they would be home at 5 o'clock. Instead they were very
late. Here they are explaining to Mrs Jones what happened. Click on each of the sentences
in their explanation in the right order.

Finally, we gave up and took a taxi.

so we decided to take a short cut.
After that it started to rain, and we had to wait in a caf
until it stopped.
I can explain.
Then we took a wrong turning, and we were completely
lost.
Can you give us five pounds to pay the driver?

First of all, we knew we were a bit late

Tea for two

Look at this conversation, and put the questions and explanations in the order that they were
spoken. The start of the conversation has been found for you (0.)

'What must it do that for?'

'So that you get more flavour from less tea.'

'Do you mean that my usual tea is not good enough?'

I am afraid not. And you let your kettle boil too long'.

'May I ask you something Mrs Barnes?'

'Of course, Mr Nobble.'

'I don't understand.'

'Boiling water takes out the oxygen. Now let's heat your teapot.'

63
CHAPTER 19:SIMPLE PAST

Simple past - Action finished in the past.

Observe:

Present Past

Today is 21/1/2010 The date yesterday was 20/1/2010

Verb "to be" is an irregular verb!

I am I was

64
You are You were
He/she/it is He/she/it was

__________________

In English we have regular verbs e.g. verb "to work" and irregular verbs e.g.: verb "to be".
Make a simple past with a regular verb like this: verb + ed ending.

Compare these sentences using regular verbs in the Present tense and in the Past tense:

Present tense Past tense

He watches TV every day He watched TV yesterday

I cook meals on Sunday My mum cooked the dinner yesterday.
She walks to school every day. He walked to the cinema last night.
I work at the university He worked in his garden yesterday.

Common irregular verbs:

Present Past Example of past tense

find found He found the book in the libary.

do did He did his homework yesterday.
go went She went to a restaurant last night.
make made She made a cake on Sunday.
lose lost He lost his hat on his way home.

Simple Past

Simple past - Action finished in the past.

Observe:

Present Past

Today is 21/1/2010 The date yesterday was 20/1/2010

65
Verb "to be" is an irregular verb!

I am I was
You are You were
He/she/it is He/she/it was

__________________

In English we have regular verbs e.g. verb "to work" and irregular verbs e.g.: verb "to be".
Make a simple past with a regular verb like this: verb + ed ending.

Compare these sentences using regular verbs in the Present tense and in the Past tense:

Present tense Past tense

He watches TV every day He watched TV yesterday

I cook meals on Sunday My mum cooked the dinner yesterday.
She walks to school every day. He walked to the cinema last night.
I work at the university He worked in his garden yesterday.

Common irregular verbs:

Present Past Example of past tense

find found He found the book in the libary.

do did He did his homework yesterday.
go went She went to a restaurant last night.
make made She made a cake on Sunday.
lose lost He lost his hat on his way home.
Simple Past
FIRST look at Mikes diary for today, and see what he plans to do.

66
8.00 Get up! 1.00 Drive to the beach
8.30 Eat breakfast 2.00 Swim
9.00 Go to town 3.00 Write postcards
10.00 Find a coffee shop 5.00 Choose a restaurant
10.30 Drink some coffee 7.00 See a movie
11.00 Meet Janet 11.30 Sleep
12.00 Take Janet to lunch

NOW look at this letter, and fill in the missing words, using the words which Mike wrote in his diary,
but in the past tense.

Dear Pete,

I had a great first day of my holiday. I up quite early, and breakfast and
to town. I a wonderful coffee shop where I two cups of coffee.
Then I Janet, and her to lunch. After lunch we to the beach. Janet
and I postcards. We a restaurant and had a lovely dinner. We
a film about pirates, and then I went to bed and really well because it had been
such a busy day.

I will write again soon.

Mike

67
 CHAPTER 20
TODAY, YESTERDAY AND TOMORROW

Present Past

am/is was

are were

68
More time expressions

Days of the week

The past The present The future

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

Last The day before The day after

Yesterday Today Tomorrow tomorrow Next Sunday
Monday yesterday

Months of the year

The past The present The future

July August September October November December January

The month after

Last July The month before Last month This month Next Next January
last month next

Years

The past The present The future

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Three years The year Next The year after

Last year This year In three years time
ago before last year next

69
Review It

Today is Tuesday .

Yesterday was Monday .

The day before yesterday was Sunday .

Tomorrow will be Wednesday .

The day after tomorrow will be Thursday .

This month is February .

Last month was January .

The month before last was December .

Next month will be March .

The month after next will be April .

Naturally Speaking

Follow the dialogue.

Mr Bean is finding out about his student's birthdays.

70
Mr Bean: Sam, when is your birthday?

Student: It is on the 22nd of September.

Mr Bean: Oh, really! But today is the 23rd of September.

Student: Yes.

Mr Bean: That means your birthday was yesterday!

Student: Yes it was.

Mr Bean: Well, happy birthday for yesterday Sam.

Student: Thank you.

Mr Bean: Sally, when is your birthday?

Sally: My birthday is on the 24th of September.

Mr Bean: No.

Sally: Yes. It's my birthday tomorrow!

Mr Bean and Sam: Happy birthday for tomorrow Sally.

Sally: Thank you.

71
CHAPTER 21:THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR

January February March April May June July August September October November December

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Here are a couple of rhymes that should help you remember the months of the year.

How many days are there in a month?

30 days has September,

April, June and November,
All the rest have 31
Except for February alone
Which has 28 each year
And 29 in each leap year."

72
THE MONTHS OF YEAR

January brings the snow,

Makes your nose and fingers glow.

February brings the rain,

Thaws the frozen lake again.

March brings the wind so cold and chill,

Drives the cattle from the hill.

April brings us sun and showers,

And the pretty wildwood flowers.

May brings grass and leafy trees,

Waving in each gentle breeze.

June brings tulips, lilies, roses,

Fills the children's hands with posies.

July brings the greatest heat,

Cloudless skies and dusty street.

August brings the golden grain,

Harvest time is here again.

Warm September brings the fruit,

Sportsmen then begin the shoot.

Brown October brings the last;

Of ripening gifts from summer past.

Dull November brings the blast,

Then the leaves are falling fast.

Cold December brings the sleet,

73
Blazing fire, and Christmas treat"

CHAPTER 22: THE SEASONS

The seasons
In the UK they have four seasons:-

They are winter, spring, summer, and autumn.

Each season has different weather, and each season lasts, roughly, three months.

!Note - Americans call autumn, fall. I suppose it's because a lot of leaves fall.

Winter Spring Summer Autumn

Januar Februar Septembe Octobe

December March April May June July August November
y y r r

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

74
Here is a poem that may help you remember the seasons:-

The seasons

Summer
The earth is warm, the sun's ablaze,
it is a time of carefree days;
and bees abuzz that chance to pass may see me snoozing in the grass.

Autumn
The leaves are yellow, red, and brown,
a shower sprinkles softly down;
the air is fragrant, crisp, and cool,
and once again I'm stuck in school.

Winter
The birds are gone, the world is white,
the winds are wild, they chill and bite;
the ground is thick with slush and sleet,
and I can barely feel my feet.

Spring
The fields are rich with daffodils,
a coat of clover cloaks the hills,
and I must dance, and I must sing to see the beauty of the spring.

Prepositions of time

We use in for seasons.

For example:

In Russia it is cold in (the) winter.

! Have you noticed that spring, summer, autumn and winter start with a small
letter. The names of days and months always begin with a CAPITAL letter but
seasons don't.

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 CHAPTER 23:APOLOGIES

How to apologise

76
Observe this short dialoge:
Jane: You forgot to bring the book I asked for.
Anna: I am sorry I will bring it next time.

Anna uses the word "sorry" to apologise. 'Sorry' is often used in English with apologies. To make
apologies stronger you can use additional words such as: very, extremely, really, very:

Example:

I am very sorry.
He is extremely sorry
We are really very sorry

I am so sorry

The addition of emphasizing words before the word "sorry" makes the apologies more real.

__________________
How to accept apologies

Look at the dialogue again:

Jane: You forgot to bring the book I asked for.
Anna: I am sorry I will bring it next time.
Jane: No problem.

By saying "no problem" Jane has accepted Anna's apology.

Other common ways to accept apologies:

It's O.K
Don't worry about it
It is not important
Don't mention it.

That's all right

Apologies
Click on the answer you think is correct. If you are right the background will change to green and you
will get a tick. If you are wrong the background will change to red and you will get a cross.

77
1. You are late again.
I am very
So should I be sorry? Well, never mind
sorry

2. I was waiting for you in the coffee shop but you didn't
1. You are late again.
come.
I am very sorry So should I be sorry? Well, never mind
Sorry, what Was the coffee
Please excuse me. I forgot.
was that? good?
2. I was waiting for you in the coffee shop but you didn't come.
3. Did
Sorry, youwas
what remember
that? to feed the cat?excuse me. I forgot. Was the coffee good?
Please
Oh I am
sorry, I will What, that sorry animal? Can you do it?
3. itDid
do now you remember to feed the cat?
Oh I am sorry, I will do it now What, that sorry animal? Can you do it?
4. Did you apologise to Jane?
4. Did you apologise to Jane? I am sorry. I
She will get
She will I'm sorry, but I won't I'm sorry, buthaven't
I won'tseen her
over it get over it I am sorry. I haven't seen her today
today

5. Did you cut the grass in the garden?

No, I am sorry. I will do it tomorrow No You do it, or you'll be sorry
Apologies
Click on the answer you
think is correct. If you are
right the background will
change to green and you
will get a tick. If you are
wrong the background will
change to red and you will
get a cross.

Past Continuous =
Something which
happened over a period
of time in the past.

Yesterday - 20/1/2010

See what the little girl

was doing :

4 o'clock 4 o'clock to 5 o'clock 5 o'clock

CHAPTER:24
78

COLOURS
Ann took a book (a quick Ann was reading the book. Ann put the book back (a
action) (For one hour) quick action)

How to use the Past Continuous

I
sitting
He
was eating
She
walking
It

_______________
You reading
We were talking
They watching

_______________
Making the Past Continuous : use "to be" in the past (was/were) + verb + ing
ending. (present participle)

Past Continuous - Examples

Yesterday at 4 o'clock I was watching football.
Last week at this time we were visiting our friends
Last night she was writing a letter to her mother.
Yesterday he was working.

All these things took quite a long time.

Look at the pictures and write in the spaces below what everybody was doing

Yesterday at lunch time ( 20/1/2010 12:30)

79
 1. Mr Brown a cake. (eat)

2. Clare lunch for her friends. (cook)

3. John and Jane on the phone. (talk)

4. Jim chess. (play)

5. Fred his car. (drive)

Past Continuous

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Yesterday - 20/1/2010

How to use the Past Continuous with the Simple past:

Past Continuous + when + Simple Past

OR

Simple Past + while + Past Continuous

Observe:

4:30 4 o'clock to 5 o'clock

Ann's father came back home. (a quick Ann was reading the book. (For one
action) hour)

Ann was reading the book when her father came home.
OR
Ann's father came home while she was reading the book.
Examples:
Pete rang while I was watching TV.
Jane was playing tennis when it started to rain.
Jack was walking home when the dog attacked him.
I fell down and broke my leg while I was skiing.

Put the verb into the past continuous or simple past

Yesterday ( 20/1/2010 )

81
1. Jim (cook) lunch when his mother (call) on the phone.

2. His dog (run) into the kitchen while he (talk) to her.

3. The dog (eat) his lunch when he (come) back.

4. Jim (shout) at the dog, so it (run) away.

5. Jim (chase) the dog when he (fall).

6. The doorbell (ring) while he (lie) on the floor.

7. His friend came in and caught the dog.

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CHAPTER 27:EMERGENCIES
Emergency telephone number: 112

Who are they?

Put the right letters into the boxes.

1. 2. 3.

A. Medical assistance - doctor

B. Fire brigade - fireman

C. Police force - police officer

83
Who do you call?

4. 5. 6.

a. A doctor
b. A fireman

c. A policeman

84
 CHAPTER 28:PRESENT PERFECT

What is the perfect used for?

In English we have three times - the past, the present and the future. However, sometimes we
want to use two different times in the same sentence.
For example,

We may want to talk about two things in the past, and want to show which one
happened first.
Or we might want to say that something started in the past and is still happening.
Or we might want to talk about what the present will be at some time in the future.

When we want to connect two different times with the same idea, we use the perfect tense.
When we want to connect the past with the present, we use the present perfect.

How do we form the Perfect tense?

Grammatically the perfect tense has two parts. The main part is the 'third part' of a verb,
which is properly called the past participle. For example, the parts of the verb 'sing' are 'sing,
sang, sung'. 'Sung' is the past participle. The main part of the verb gives its meaning, but we
only know it is in the perfect tense if we see the auxiliary 'have' in front of it. If we look at the
time of the auxiliary 'have' we can see if we are looking at a past, present or future perfect.
For example:
'Had sung' is in the past perfect tense
'Have sung' is in the present perfect tense
'Will have sung' is in the future perfect tense

The Present Perfect

The present perfect and the past

The present perfect does not exist in many languages, and it is therefore difficult for many
students to understand how it is used in English. However, it is a really useful tense, so it is
worth taking the time to understand it properly.
Basically, the present perfect tells you that something happened in the past and it is still true.
For example:
You are reading this on your computer. Therefore, in the past before you started to read this,
your computer was turned on. It is still turned on. So the person who turned on the computer
can say 'I have turned on the computer' and because this person has used the present perfect,
you know that the computer is still on. When the computer is turned off again, he uses the
past tense. 'I turned on the computer'.

For another example, think of a pet dog (Let's call him 'Spot')
It is much better to be able to say
'My dog, Spot, has lived for five years.'

85
than
' My dog, Spot, lived for five years.'
because in the second sentence, poor Spot has stopped living.

Past events, present importance

Because the present perfect connects the past and the present, we use it not just for things that
happened in the past and are still true, but also for things that happened in the past and are
important now. So, for example, if you are discussing France, you might ask someone 'Have
you been to France?'. Even though the visit to France might have happened years ago, it is
relevant to the present discussion, so we can use a present perfect to connect the past visit
with the present conversation.
For example:
Interviewer: Do you have any qualifications?
Interviewee: Yes, I have passed all the exams.

For example:
Joe: There's a problem
Jane: What have you done?

Present perfect and time indicators

Because the present perfect is a present tense, you cannot use it with any time indicator except
words that mean 'now', such as 'today' or 'this month/year'.

For example:
We cannot say I have eaten a good dinner yesterday.
But we can say I have eaten a good dinner today.
For example:
This year the weather has been excellent.
Last year the weather was terrible.
You can, however, use time indicators to show how long something has been happening until
now.
For example:
Fred has just arrived. (Fred arrived very recently and is still here)
Fred has not arrived yet. (Fred has not arrived up until now, but we are hoping he will)
Fred has been here for three hours. (Fred arrived three hours ago, and is still here)

Present perfect continuous

This is used when we want to describe something that happened in the recent past, and even
though it has stopped, the results are still immediately obvious. We can also use 'to be' in the
present perfect with an adjective to do this.

For example:
Joe: Why are you so short of breath?
Jane: I have been running.
For example:

86
Joe: You look pleased to see me.
Jane: I've been lonely.

Read the sentences below and decide on the right thing to say. Check if you were right by
clicking the answers button afterwards

1. You are going to the airport. You look out of the window and see your taxi, so you tell
your friend:
'My taxi arrived.'
'My taxi has arrived.'

2. Pete is showing you his home. He says:

'I lived here for two years.'
'I have lived here for two years.'

3. Your brother touches the wall and gets wet paint on his fingers. You tell him:
'Careful! I have just painted that.'
'Careful! I painted that.'

4. You show Pete the home where you used to live. You tell him:
'I lived there for seven years.'
'I have lived there for seven years.'

5. A visitor admires a picture on your wall. You say:

'I painted that last year.'
'I have painted that last year.'

6. Someone asks about your homework. You tell him:

'I haven't done it yet.'
'I didn't do it yet.'

7. Every week John's marks get better. His teacher says:

'You have been working hard.'
'You worked hard.'

8. Pete tells Bill his computer is broken. Bill says:

'It works now. I have been fixing it'
'It works now. I have fixed it.'

87
REFERENCES

88
BUILDING SKILLS FOR PROFICIENCY ,CESUR ZTRK;HACETTEPE-TA YAYINLARI
21.BASKI,2005

ENGLISH STEP BY STEP ,.HAKKI MRC,PELN AYLA ;GAZ YAYINLARI 6.

BASKI,2008

VOCABULARY IN ACTION,LINDA TAYLOR;PRENTICE HALL,1992

HOW TO USE GAMES IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING,SHELAGH

RIXON,MACMILLIAN PUBLISHERS LTD.1992

MC CARTHY,M.,VOCABULARY,OXFORD:OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS,1990

CARTER,R.AND MC CARTHY,M.,VOCABULARY AND LANGUAGR

TEACHING,HARLOW:LONGMAN,1988

GAIRNS,R.AND REDMAN,S.,WORKING WITH WORDS,CAMBRIDGE:CAMBRIDGE

UNIVERSITY PRESS,1986

ILSON,R,DICTIONARIES,LEXICOGRAPHY AND LANGUAGE LEARNING,ELT

DOCUMENTS 120,BRITISH COUNCIL,OXFORD:PERGAMON PRESS,1985

HARRION,M.WORD PERFECT,NELSON

FARID,A.A VOCBULARY WORKBOOK,HEMEL HEMPSTAD:PRENTICE HALL,1985

WELLMAN,G.,TGE HEINEMANN ENGLISH WORDBULDR,LONDON:HEINEMANN,1989

www.ingilizcedersanesi.com

www.bbcenglsh.com.uk

www.learningenglish.com

AND WEB

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