Course Outline + Model oftanksiquid system ~ Ground-supported and elevated tanks + Horizontal and vertical ground motions ~ Design response spectra + Seismicresponse of tanks using rational (code-based) ‘approach — Moments, shears, sloshing wave-height + Selsmicresponse of tanks using a refined approach ~ Soilstructue interaction, nonlinear response analysis 14 Gu This course is divided into four parts: 1 First, we discuss simple mechanical models for ground-supported and elevated tanks. Next, we characterize ground motions in horizontal and vertical dire by their seismic response spectra. ‘Then, we calculate the response of a tank using the traditional (code-based) approach. Finally, we calculate the response of a tank using a refined approach including nonlinear analysis and soil-structure interaction.Types of Tanks + Contents ~ Crude oll, LNG, wines and juices, chemicals, crinking water, industrial water, sprinkler water + Shape (cross-section) ~ Cirouar, rectangular + Distanoe from ground ~ Buried, ground-supported, elevated + Material ~ Steel concrete, fiberglass, aluminum, wood, rubber liner 12 S ‘Tanks can be classified on the basis of their contents, shape, distance from the round or material, Tanks ate used for storing crude oil, liquefied natural gas (LNG), wines & juices, chemicals, waste, drinking, industrial and sprinkler (fire-fighting) water. Most tanks have circular cross section, but there are many tanks with rectangular cross section, Tanks can also be spherical. Circular tanks are further classified into upright or side-supported tanks, Most lange tanks are upright (vertical). Tanks can be buried, ground-supported or elevated. Ground-supported tanks are on ring, mat, pedestal or pile foundations. Tanks are sometimes supported directly on the soil, Elevated tanks are supported by towers or other structures. Large tanks are usually made of steel or concrete. Some tanks are made of wood, fiberglass or polyethylene. Tanks may sometimes have a rubber liner inside a steel shell 12Upright Cylindrical Tank: Highly Efficient Structural System for Storing Liquids a xt dex2= pedsx2R o, <2 ‘The maximum hoop stress in a 40 ft diameter, 25 thigh tank of fia” thickness is only 10 ksi (70 MPa) 19 e~ Upright cylindrical tanks are used for storing lange quantities of liquid. ‘Axisymmettic hydrostatic pressures generate hoop stresses in the tank wall which are uniform throughout the thickness of the wall. The wall thickness (reinforcement for concrete tanks) can be gradually reduced from the bottom of the tank to its top to achieve an optimum design. The weight of the tank is usually less than 5% of the weight of the liquid in the tank, Therefore, tanks are highly efficient structural systems.Hydrodynamic Pressures Due to Horizontal Earthquake Motion + 2 4 ‘Acomplicated pattern of stresses in generated by horizontal ground washing © ‘The horizontal shaking of the ground produces two effects in a tank, 1, The interaction between the wall and the liquid induces hydrodynamic wall pressures, which are not axisymmetric. The net effect of these pressures is fo generate overtuming moment and shear in the tank. The overturning moment and shear reduce with increase in distance from the base. The overturning moment just below the base is higher than the moment above the base due to the effect of hydrodynamic base pressures. The overturning moment generates compressive stresses on one side of the tank shell and tensile stresses on the other side, The foundation is subjected to the base shear and overturning moment, A flexible foundation may “rock” under the influence of the overturning moment, 2. ‘The liquid near the top of the tank undergoes free-surface sloshing. Some empty space (freeboard) is needed to accommodate the sloshing action. A roofless tank without sufficient freeboard could lose its contents through spillage. A roofed tank without sufficient freeboard could suffer damage to the roof and upper tank shell. Floating roof could suffer damage due to interaction with sloshing liquid.Hydrodynamic Pressures Induced by Vertical Ground Shaking ‘Additional hoc stresses are generated by vertical ground shaking 15 Earthquakes also procuce vertical ground shaking. Vertical shaking generates axisymmetric hydrodynamic wall pressures, which can be positive (outward) or negative (inward). These pressures generate additional hoop stresses in the tank wall. Vertical motion excites “breathing” mode of vibration in the tank.Earthquake Damage to Tanks ‘ark farm damaged by the 1995 Kobe Earthquake 16 Tanks have suffered extensive damage during earthquakes. The seismic design standards for tanks have been revised many times to improve their performance during future earthquakes Photo: Courtesy of University of California, Berkeley‘Shell Buckling + Diamond buckling + Elephantfoot bucling Intemal pressure increases the chance of elephantfoot buckling but decreases the chance of diamond buckln 17 = © ‘There are two types of shell bucking: (1) elephant-foot; and (2) diamond. In clephant-foot bucking the shell bulges out as shown in the left photo. Axisymmetric internal pressure (hydrostatic + hydrodynamic) increases the chance of elephant-feot buckling. In diamond buckling the shell goes both inward and outward. Intemal pressure stabilizes the shell against diamond buckling. Photas: Courtesy of University of California, Berkeley References: Haroun, M.A. (2005). “Mitigation of Elephant-Foot Bulge Formation in Seismically- Excited Steel Storage Tanks.” 18th International Conference on Structural ‘Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMIRT 18). Beijing, China, August 7-12, 2005, Ihaveri, D.P., Kasswara, and Singh A. (1989). “A Simplified Procedure for Seismic Evaluation of Large Vertical Tanks.” SMIRT 10. NASA (1968). “Buckling of Thin-Walled Circular Cylinders.” NASA SP-8007, ‘National Aeronautics and Space Administration, August, 1968, Rotter, M., Seide, P, (1987). “On the Design of Unstffened Shells Subjected to an Axial Load and Internal Pressure.” Proc. af ECCS Colloquium on Stability of Plate ‘and Shell Structures, Ghent University, 539-548, Priestley, MINN, et. al. (1986), “Seismic Design of Storage Tanks.” Bulletin of the ‘New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering, 19(4), December 1986.Phtoby Don Ballantyne ‘Shell bucking has caused this pipe break. Base uplifting or sling can also cause pipe breaks Unanchored or partially anchored tanks experience base uplifting. This can cause a break in the inlet/outlet pipe connections which are not designed to accommodate the vertical movement, Pipe breaks can also result from horizontal movement (sliding) of the tank at its base. Photo: Courtesy of University of California, BerkeleyFlexible Connection Flexible connections that accommodate horizontal and vertical movements prevent pipe breaks @, Flexible connections which accommodate vertical and horizontal movement prevent pipe breaks. Even an anchored tank can uplift during design ground shaking, because the anchors are designed for a fraction of the full overturning moment generated in the tank. This will become more clear in Session 3Anchor Failure Upliting causes plastic yielding at pate shell unction (see next side) 110 © Base anchors that are not adequately detailed will not develop their full tensile capacity during design ground shaking and will pull out of their foundations. Anchor straps can tear the shell. Anchors need to be carefully detailed to avoid stress concentration, Uplifting of the base causes plastic yielding at the plate- shell junction (next slide). Since anchors are designed for only a fraction of the full overturning moment induced in the tank, they should be long enough to deform in a du and allow the tank to uplift during design ground motions. Liquid on the uplifted portion of the base plate mobilizes additional overturning resistance, Left photo: Courtesy of University of California, Berkeley Right photo by L. Todd 110Plastic Yielding at Plate-shell Junction Plastic hinge st © Even slight uplifting ofthe base can cause yielding at the base-shell junction Repeated up-down movement of the shell can cause low-cycle fatigue failure in the base plate, which is usually thinner than the shell. Reference. Cortés, G., and Nussbaumer, A. (2010). Seismic Behavior of Shell-to-Base Connections in Large Storage Tanks. Report Number IC 491-1, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland,Base Sliding ‘This broad motor-spirit storage tank sli at its base during the 2001 Bhuj, India Earthquake, Note extensive damage to inlevVoutlet piping, This damage could have been prevented ty incorporating flexibility in the inlet/outlet connections. For ground supported tanks, the sliding resistance comes mostly from the friction between the foundation and the base plate, Anchors cannot be relied upon to provide sliding resistance because long anchors do not have sufficient lateral resistance and short anchors will fail in a brittle fashion when pulled axially,Sloshing Damage to Upper Tank Shell and Roof Tanks that are not provided with sufficient freeboard can be damaged by the sloshing waves. This oil tank suffered a leak at the roof-shell junction. Note also uneven bulging 0” the roof due to impacts from the sloshing liquid. Photo: Courtesy of University of California, BerkeleySloshing Damage to Upper Tank Shell and Roof ‘The sloshing action was so severe for this water storage tank that the entire roof and the upper course of the tank shell were thrown 200 feet away by the sloshing wave, Photo: Courtesy of University of California, BerkeleySloshing Damage to Floating Roof Tanks Tanks with floating roofs have generally not performed well in earthquakes. The dynamic response of a floating roof is quite complex. Seismic design standards do not address the analysis and design of Hoating roots. Ihe deck of a pontoon floating roof can be torn by radial shortening caused by large vertical displacements. The 1), more liquid is impulsive than convective, Intuitively, this makes sense, because in slender tanks liquid is more censtrained to move with the tank wallNatural Period (Animation) 124 © ‘The impulsive and convective modes of vibration have their own natural period. The natural period is the time taken to complete one cycle under free- vibration (following an initial disturbance). The impulsive natural period ranges from 0.1 to 0.6. The convective natural period ranges from 1 to 12s.Natural Periods + Impulsive period, 77=C x: exit O1s<7<06s + Convecive period, T.=C,xVR 18<7,<12s 120 e~ ‘The natural periods of impulsive and convective modes are given by the above formulae, in which: q iimensionless coefficient (presented later) p= mass density of liquid = height of liquid in the tank {., = equivalent-uniform thickness of the tank shell (see next slide) R= radius of tank E= Young's modulus of elasticity of wall material C, = coefficient for convective (sloshing) period in s/ft!? (presented later) 122Equivalent Uniform Thickness of Tank Shell Ditty Wy Tet NFM Ta WSs 1.29 © ‘The formula for impu'sive period, presented in the previous slide, was derived for a cylindrical tank of uniform wall thickness throughout its height. For most steel tanks, the wall thickness reduces from bottom to the top. The impulsive period formula can be extended to tanks with nonuniform wall thickness by first calculating the equivalent uniform thickness of the wall. The equivalent Uniform thickness t,, is the weighted-average of the wetted wall thickness, ssiving highest weight to the thickness near the base of the tank where the stress is maximum, The weights are proportional to the distance from the liquid surface and the height of the shell course with that thickness.Coefficients C; and C, 1-24 = The coefficients C,and C, are functions of height-to-radius ratio (H/R) of the tank. C,is dimensionless and C, is in s/ft!2, By substituting the radius R in fin the convective period formula (Slide 1-22), we obtain the correct value of the period in seconds. 124Free Vibration Response of Damped System (Animation) 128, © A damped system loses some energy during each vibration cycle. Higher the damping, faster the rate of decay of vibration amplitude. The energy dissipation mechanism in a system is usually very complex. However, it is customary to assume that the system is viscously damped. With increase in damping, the amplitude decays at a faster rate. At a certain high value of damping the system does not oscillate when released from an initial displaced position; it simply approaches the mean position without crossing over to the other side, Such a system is considered to be critically damped. Damping in systems is expressed as a fraction of the critical damping, ie. damping required to critically damp the system. A 5%-damped system possesses 5% of the damping required to “critically” damp that system.Damping + Impulsive damping: 5% of critical + Convective damping: 0.5% of critical Since the impulsive liquid moves with the tank wall, the impulsive damping is assumed to be same as structural damping; itis determined by the material of the tank wall and the level of strain induced in the wall. For steel and pre- stressed concrete tanks, the impulsive damping may be around 2% of critical For reinforced conerete tanks, the impulsive damping may be around 5% of critical. For wood tanks, the impulsive damping may be around 10% of ritical. ‘The default value of impulsive damping (for all systems under seismic loading) is 5% of critical, In Chapter 4, we will see that a significant portion of damping for flexibly-supported tanks comes from the soil. ‘The convective (sloshing) motion is independent of the tank wall, therefore, ‘the convective damping is determined by the viscosity of the liquid in the tank. For water and similar liquids, convective damping is assumed to be 0.5% of critical, The plot on this slide shows that the convective (sloshing) response decays at a ‘much slower rate than the impulsive response, because: (1) the convective period is much longer than the impulsive period; and (2) the convective damping is much smaller than the impulsive damping. 1.26Impulsive and Convective Heights (for Ringwall Moment) sar ‘The hydrodynamic wall pressures produced by impulsive and convective actions give rise to overturning base moments. In the mechanical model of the tank, shown on Slide I-19, the impulsive and convective masses mand m, are placed at the centroids of the hydrodynamic wall pressures generated by impulsive and convective actions. These heights are presented on this slide as fractions of the total liquid height in the tank. Since the impulsive action is dominant near the base of the tank and the convective action is dominant near the top of the tank, the impulsive height is smaller than the convective height. 127Impulsive and Convective Heights (for Base Slab Moment) The overtuming moment below the base of the tank is caused by the hydrodynamic wall pressures as well as the hydrodynamic base pressures. The overtuming moment above the base of the tank is caused only by the hydrodynamic wall pressures. For this reason, the overtuming moment below the base of the tank is higher than the overturning moment above the base of the tank. Therefore, there are two sets of impulsive and convective heights: (1) those for calculating moment above the base of the tank, and (2) those for calculating the moment below the base of the tank, The difference between these two sets of height is larger for broad tanks than for slender tanks. The convective heights for moment above and below the base are nearly the same except for very broad tanks, because convective action does not produce significant base pressures. ‘The moments above the base ate used to design the tank shell, base anchors and ring foundations. The moments below the base are used to design the mat and pile foundations. When there is a slab at the bottom of a ring foundation, the overturning moment below the base should be used to design the foundation, 128Natural Period of Vertical Mode of Vibration aC x VOX. oe 120 @- ‘The vertical motion of the tank base excites the vertical (breathing) mode of vibration. Under this mode, the shell of the tank moves radially in and out in a “breathing” fashion. This mode of vibration induces hoop stresses in the tank wall. The vertical stiffiess depends primarily on the thickness and radius of the tank wall and the Young's modulus of elasticity of the tank material. Therefore, the vertical natural period depends on the wall thickness, radius, Young's modulus of elasticity, and liquid mass density. References Kumar, A. (1981). “Studies of dynamic and static response of cylindrical liquid-storage tanks.” °h.D. Thesis, Rice University, Houston, TX. Veletsos, A. S,, and Kumar, A. (1984), “Dynamic response of vertically excited liquid storage tanks.” Proceedings of 8% World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, CA. 129Table of Viodel Parameters m[mm [mle le] [w [ww [ow [am] os [ essa | aos [ome | oat | oa | one [ orm | ors ts [ome [exe | com | anoe | a0 | anon | oom | osss | orm *G werpesedins A ‘This table presents the model parameters for different H/R ratios. Linear interpolation between listed values is considered reasonable. References Veletsos, A. S. (1984). “Seismic response and design of liquid storage tanks. Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Oil and Gas Pipetine Systems.” Tech. Councils on Lifeline Barthquake Engrg., ASCE, New York, NY, 255-370, 443- 461 Malhotra, P,, Wenk, T, and Wieland, M. (2000). “Simple procedure for se analysis of liquid-storage tanks.” J. Struct. Eng. International, IABSE, 10(3), 197-201Elevated Tank Model 11 © ‘The substructure should be included in the model of an elevated tank, The flexibility of the subst-ucture will lengthen the impulsive period, but it may not affect the convective period much, Note that the impulsive and convective masses are at heights hy’ and h,” (not h, and h,). Ina simpler model of the elevated tank, the tank is assumed full hence there is no room for the centre liquid in the tank is assumed to be impulsive and treated as a ‘rigid’ mass uid to slosh freely near the top. With this assumption the on the top of a flexible substructure (tower). Note that the flexibility of the foundation may significantly affect the impulsive natural period of an elevated tank.Example 4: Node! of Million Gallon Water Tank Height of tank shot = 44 H= 40 f4in water hgh) R=32hh Wal thickness ranges fom 0.625 in. forthe bottom course to 0.25 forthe top course Equivalent unfor wal ickness, Younes modus of elstity, E Water density, p= 62.4 Io? 130 © First, the equivalent uniform thickness of the tank shell is calculated by the method on Slide 1-23 The model parameters are then read from the table on Slide 1-30 for the tank aspect ratio H/R = 1.26. These are listed om this slide. 1-32Example 1. (Continue ho 264 ih, 99 © ‘The impulsive and convective periods are calculated from the equations on Slide 1-22, [Note that the weight density is divided by g “gravit acceleration’ to obtain the mass density.] The total mass of liquid in the tank is obtained by multiplying the volume with mass density. The impulsive and convective masses and heights are computed next. Note also that the ‘impulsive height for moment below the base’ is 50% higher than the ‘impulsive height for moment above the base’. Of course, the difference is due to the hydrodynamic base pressures. ional TT le ~7°" Faaasraed x Pao000000<1 i ee pee -honlt aN hast pat AGATE 440.33 ved Joitele°* rasisan xeon wh % te m= 8.1% 101 ot quid mass ol" m=Sx 106, m=31x 10 hai73Q 133Tanks of Arbitrary Shapes Mechanical models can be constructed for tanks of any shape. For tanks lacking symmetry about the vertical axis (¢-g., horizontal cylindrical tanks), the mechanical models are different in the two horizontal directions. In a simplified analysis it is sometimes assumed that the tank is full and the entire liquid is impulsive. References Karamanos, S. A., Patkas, L. A., Platyrrachos, M. A. (2006). “Sloshing effects fon the seismic design of horizontal-cylindrical and spherical industrial vessels.” Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 128, August. Drosos, G. C., Dimas), A. A., Karabalis, D. L. (2008). “Discrete models for seismic analysis of liquid storage tanks of arbitrary shape and fill height.” Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 130, November. 134Summary + We learned about: ~ Comrnon modes of earthquake flue in tanks ~ Simple mechanical models of ground supported and elevated tanks + Inthe neat session we wil learn about the ground motions experienced by tanks during future earthquakes + In Sessicn 3 we will calculate the dynamic responses of tanks to future ground mations 1235 © References Jacobsen, L. $. (1949), “Impulsive hydrodynamics of fluid inside a cylindrical tank and of fluid surounding a cylindrical pier.” Bull. Seismological Soc. of Am, 39(3), 189-203, Housner, G. W. (1982). “Dynamic analysis of fluids in containers subject to acceleration.” ASCE Technical Seminar, Los Angeles, CA. Veletsos, A. S. (1984). “Seismic response and design of liquid storage tanks. Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Oil and Gas Pipetine Systems.” Tech, Councils on Lifeline Earthquake Engrg., ASCE, New York, NY, 255-370, 443- 461 Malhotra, P,, Wenk, T,, and Wieland, M. (2000). “Simple procedure for seismic analysis of liquid-storsge tanks.” J. Struct. Eng. International, IABSE, 10(3), 197-201 ASCE (1997), “Guidelines for seismic evaluation and design of petrochemical facilities.” Task Committee on Seismic Evaluation and Design of Petrochemical Facilities, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.References (continued) Christovasilis, Foannis P., and Whittaker, Andrew S, (2008). “Seismic analysis of conventional ané isolated LNG tanks using mechanical analogs.” Earthquake Spectra, 24(3), pp. 599-616, August 2008. Jain, S. K., and Jaiswal, O. R. (2007). “IIT-GSDMA guidelines for seismic design of liquid storage tanks.” Provisions with commentary and explanatory examples, October 2007, National Information Center of Earthquake Engineering, ITT Kanpur, India. 136Course Outline Model ol tankstquid system ~ Ground-supported and elevated tanks + Horizontal and vertical ground motions ~ Design response spectra + Selsmicresponse of tanks using traional (code-based) ‘approach = Momants, shears, sloshing wave-height + Seismic response of tanks using a refined approach ~ Soilstructue interaction, nonlinear response analysis a © In Session 1, we reviewed simple mechanical models of ground supported and elevated tanks. In this session, we will discuss earthquake ground motions in horizontal and vertical directions, In the next session, we will calculate the responses of tanks to earthquake ‘ground motions in horizontal and vertical directions. 2Earthquake Ground Motion in Horizontal Direction po cal 2 During an earthquake the ground shakes in all three directions (2 horizontal and vertical). This slide shows a record of ground motion at a station (site) in one of the horizontal directions during the 1994 Northridge Earthquake in southem California. The station is maintained by the California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program (CSMIP) under the name “Castaic ~ Old Ridge Route (CSMIP No, 24278)”. We will refer to this record as simply “Castaic HI” record. Although, it acceleration history (top trace), the velocity and displacement histories is customary to express the ground motion record by its provide additional valuable insight into the ground motion. The velocity history (middle trace) is obtained by simple integration of the acceleration history and the displacement history (bottom trace) is obtained by integration of the velocity history. The peak values of ‘ground acceleratioa, velocity and displacement (PGA, PGV and PGD) are indicated on the traces. 22Response of SDF System (T= 1 s, 2 = 0.05) ‘Subjected to Castaic 90° Motion (Animation) 20em-19em 9 10cm 20cm os : 23 ©: ‘We will now study the response of a single degree freedom (SDF) system to the Castaic HI ground motion shown on the previous slide. A SDF system may represent the impulsive or convective mode of vibration of the tank; it is defined by its natural period T and damping ratio ¢ This animation shows the response of a single degree freedom (SDF) system of period 7'= 1 s and damping ¢= 5% of critical, subjected to Castaic HI ground motion shown on Stide 2-2. The response was computed from the numerical solution of the equation of motion. At any given time, the displacement of the mass relative to the base (ground) is the deformation of the system. For engineering applicaticns, the deformation is much more meaningful than the displacement, because deformation (not displacement) is the cause of stresses in the structure. ‘The Castaic Hi greund motion history is used for illustration purpose throughout this session; any other ground motion history could have served the same purpose, 23Construction of 5% Damping Deformation Response ‘Spectrum of Castaic H1 Ground Motion | —lftiernanen 24 On the left side on this slide are the deformation histories of three 5% damped SDF systems of periods 0.5 s, 1 s and 2 s. The peak deformations experienced by these systems are 6 em, 13.2 em, and 23.1 ‘em, respectively. (The sign of the deformation is not important.) The plot of peak deformation versus natural period is the deformation response spectrum of the ground motion component. The right plot on this slide shows the 5% damping deformation response spectrum of the Castai¢ HI ground motion shown on Slide 2-2. Note that the spectral deformation SD approaches zero at zero natural period. This is because a zero-period system is infinitely stiff (rigid), hence it does not deform atall. The spectral deformation approached PGD for very long period systems. Very long-period systems are so flexible that their mass practically remains still while the ground shakes underneath, The ‘maximum deformation of such systems is equal to the peak ground displacement PGD.Acceleration and Deformation Response Spectra of Castaic H1 Ground Motion SA= one . SDxQnlT? : “eat ® ‘The lower plot on this slide is the deformation response spectrum of the Castaic HI ground metion (same as the right plot on Slide 2-4). The upper plot is the acceleration response spectrum of the Castaic HI ground motion. The spectral acceleration SA in g's is also known as the force coefficient because spectral acceleration multiplied by the mass gives the force induced in the structure, The acceleration response spectrum is obtained from the deformation response spectrum by multiplying the deformation at each period 7 with QuTP ie, SA= SDx 2n/T)?, For example, at T= 0.5 s, SD = 6.07 em, therefore SA(0.5 s) = 6.07 x (2n/0.5)? =955 emis? = 0.976 g, 28Acceleration and Deformation Response Spectra of Castaic H2 Ground Motion 26 Slide 2-2 showed the ground motion in one horizontal direction at the Castaic station. Similarly, there is a ground motion in the other horizontal direction. We will call this Castaic H2, Naturally, Castaic HI and Castaic H2 ground motions ate not identical. Therefore, the response spectra of Castaic Hil and Castaic H2 ‘ground motions are also not the same, This slide shows the acceleration and deformation response spectra of Castaic H2 ground motion.Geometrio-Mean Horizontal Acceleration and Deformation Response Spectra of Castaic Ground Motion ao : 7 7 Ee In previous two slides we have seen that the response spectra of two horizontal components of a ground motion are not the same. It is common practice among earth scientists to take the geometric-mean of the two horizontal component response spectra and call it the response spectrum of horizontal ground motion. This slide shows the geometric-mean of Castaic HI and Castaic H2 response spectra shown on previous 2 slides. ‘The geometric-mean response spectta are smoother than the component response spectra because they are logarithmic average of the 2 component response spectra. SAgu = (SA*SA,) logSAgy = YA(legSAy + log $A;) ‘The geometric-mean spectral acceleration has no physical meaning and it is less than the resultant spectral acceleration, 27Resultant Horizontal Acceleration of 1 s Period 5% Damping System 20 This slide shows the resultant horizontal response of a SDF system of 1 s period and 5% of critical damping to both horizontal components of the “Castaic ground motion”, The resultant spectral acceleration of 1.5 g is 33% higher than the geometric-mean spectral acceleration of 1.13 g shown on Slide 2-7. The resultant spectral acceleration is 14% higher than the larger- component spectral acceleration of 1.32 g shown on Slide 2-6, ‘StrongMotions Ine. 2010Resultant Horizontal Acceleration and Deformation Response Spectra of Castaic Ground Motion 29 ee Using the method described in the previous slide, resultant horizontal responses are computed for SDF systems of different periods and 5% of critical damping. This slide shows the resultant horizontal response spectra of Castaic ground motion. On average, the resultant horizontal spectra are 25% higher than the geometrie-mean horizontal spectra, Although, it makes much more sense to use the resultant horizontal spectrum in seismic design, it is usually the geometric-mean response spectrum which gets used in seismic design. In the future versions of the US codes, there is a proposal to consider the lager-component response spectrum, but there is no current plan to consider the resultant response spectrum. 29Smooth Acceleration and Deformation Response Spectra nt Pores. 20 Geen ‘The response spectrum of a ground motion history (component, geometric~ ‘mean or resultant) is usually very rough (jagged). However, a smooth shape can be fitted through the actual response spectrum. This slide shows the smooth deformation end acceleration response spectra of the Castaic ground motion. The vertical axis of these spectra is on a linear scale unlike the logarithmic seale in previous plots. ‘The smooth response spectrum has three distinet regions: (1) Acceleration- sensitive (0 < T TsIf the 475-year MRP ground motions are used for design in Memphis, the design loads will be exceeded for numerous buildings in Memphis ‘when the ‘big’ earthquake occurs in the NMSZ. BSSC concluded that the 475-year MRP design loads in Memphis will not provide sufficient protection against the aggregate (societal) risk due to a big earthquake in the central US which occurs with a recurrence interval of about 500 years.2475-year MRP Response Spectra for San Francisco and Memphis ater Fsc three — a rd | 0 oo ‘The CGS and USGS were then requested by BSSC to calculate the 2475-year MRP (2% chance of exceedance in 50 years) ground motions. This slide compares the 2475-year MRP response spectra for San Francisco and Memphis. BSSC concluded that the 2475-year MRP design loads in Memphis will provide sufficient protection against the aggregate (societal) loss due to the ‘big’ earthquakes in the NMSZ but the 2475-year MRP design sgtound motions in San Francisco are ‘too high’, BSSC then decided to truncate the 2475-year ground motions in San Francisco at 1.5 times the deterministic median ground motions. The ground motions truncated by the deterministic limit were called the maximum considered earthquake (MCE) ground motions. 216Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) Response Spectra for San Francisco and Memphis an ransine = erin Satatcenin in nto) ‘This slide shows the MCE response spectra for San Francisco and Memphis. The 2475-year MRP SAs are shown by open circles. The MCE SAs for any site in the country can be obtained from the following ‘website by providing the latitude and longitude for the site: hup://earthquake oviresearch/hazmaps/design/index.ply Recall that the SAs are for firm rock’ site conditions and correspond to 5% of critical damping in structure, The MRP of MCE ground motions is not same throughout the country. References Malhotra, P. K. (2005). “Return period of design ground motion Seismological Research Letters, 76(6), November/December. Leyendecker, E. V., Hunt, R. J, Frankel, A. D., and Rukstales, K. S. (2000). “Development of maximum considered earthquake ground motion maps.” Earthquake Spectra, 16(1). 217Displacemant-Sensitive Region of MCE Response Spectrum ‘Spectral Acceleration, SA (a) ‘Natural Parod, Te) The response spectra shown so far do not have a displacement-sensitive region because they were constructed from only two parameters: (1) the acceleration- sensitive region was constructed from the spectral acceleration at short (0.2 s) period Ss; and (2) the velocity-sensitive region was constructed from the spectral acceleration at 1 s period S,. The velocity-sensitive region can be extended indefinitely but that may lead to conservative estimates of sloshing response in broad liquid storage tanks. The ASCE 7-05 provides a long-period transition period T,, where the displacement-sensitive region of the response spectrum can be started. This slide shows the MCE response spectrum in terms of Se, S, and T,. Note that: Sg and S, can be obtained from the following website: bitp://earthquake.uses gov/research/hazmaps/design/index.php; and T,_can be obtained from the map on the next slide (reproduced from ASCE 7- 05). 218Displacement Transition Period T, According to ASCE 7.45 219 © ‘The SAs at long periods are determined by the magnitude of the earthquake. Higher the magnitude of the earthquake, higher the SAs at long periods, hence, longer the transition period between the velocity- and displacement-sensitive regions. The above nap in ASCE 7-05 gives the suggested long-period transition for different parts of the country. In regions where big earthquakes ‘can occur, the transition period is long. ‘The transition period in ASCE 7 ranges from 4 to 16 s. See table on next slide for assumed relationship between earthquake magnitude and transition period T Reference ASCE, (2006). “Minimum design loads for building and other structures.” American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE 7-05, Reston, VA. 219Assumed Relationship Between Magnitude and Long-Period Transition Magnitude M, TL) 60-65 4 | 65-70 | oe 70-75 8 75-80 | 12 80-85 16 | 65-90+ | 20 ©. The assumed relationship between the earthquake magnitude and long-period transition is presented 01 this slide. Note that there is significant uncertainty about the long-period portion of the site response spectrum. Therefore, this relationship will evolve in the future. ‘StrongMotions Inc. 2010Damping Adjustment Factors: S(C) = SqBs; $,(C) = SBT. = TB Damping Damping Adjustment Factors (Cries) 5 | 0 0.423 0.494 1:20 0s 0.563 0.508 4.42 at 0762 0.768 41.06 1 1 1 10 427128 0.964 20 11.65 176 0.889 30 191 2.21 0.830 221 © ‘The damping adjustment factors listed on this slide can be used to construct a resporse spectrum of any damping from a 5% damping response spectrum sy By and fj, are read from this table for a specific value of damping; they are then used to adjust the Se, S, and T,, values. ‘The adjusted values are used to construct the smooth response spectrum as described on slide 2-18, References Malhotra, P. K. (2006). “Smooth spectra of horizontal and vertical ‘ground motions.” Bull, Seism. Soc, Am., 96(2), 506-518. Naeim, F, and Krreher, C. A. (2001). “On the damping adjustment factors for earthquake response spectra.” The Structural Design of Tall Buildings, 10, 361-369. Newmark, N. M., and Hall, W. J. (1982). Earthquake spectra and design. Earthquake Engrg. Res. Institute, Oakland, CA. 221Spectra for Various Damping Ratios i i 5 Natural Peed, Te) 222 ex This slide shows the response spectra for various damping ratios obtained from Sg, 8, and Ty, values adjusted by the damping adjustment factors. Note that the spectral acceleration at 0 s is same for all damping. ratios. This is because SA(0 s) is equal to the peak ground acceleration ‘which does not depend on damping. PGA is ~40% of 5% damping S, 22MCE Spactrum for Soil Site + Ground notions are affected by local sol conditions + Sites are classified into A, B,C, D or E according to the average zero strain’ shear wave velocity in the top 100 ft (30 m) +The acoderation and velocity amplification factors (F, and F,) are based on the shaking intensity and Site Ciassication (A, B,C,Dare) +The acoderation and velocity regions of the frm rock spectrum are adjusted by F, and F, factors 223 ©. ‘The depth and stiffness of the soil near the ground surface affect the ground motions. There are two ways to consider the effect of local soils: (1) general (static) code procedure, and (2) dynamic response analysis. 2.23NEHRP Site Classification Site Clas | SoilProfile Name [7 A Hard Rock > 5,000 fils B Rock 2,500 to 5,000 fi/s. c Very Dense Soil/Soft Rock | 1,200 to 2,500 fi/s D Sul Soil 600 to 1,200 fs E Soft Soil = 600 Ris NEHRP = National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program 2 © In the static code procedure, the site is classifi as A,B, C, D or E based on the average shear wave velocity in the top 100 ft (30 m). There are various ‘ways to establish the shear wave velocity profile, References ASTM Standard D-4428M-07, “Cross-hole ASTM Standard D-6429-99 (2006). “Gi methods.” 11 pages. ASTM Standard D-7:28-05. “Guide for using the seismic-reflection method for shallow subsurface investigations.” 25 pages. ic testing,” 11 pages. for selecting surface geophysical 224NEHRP Site Coefficients (ASCE 7-05) SET a aa aE TT Fe Santis © ‘The two tables shown on this slide are used to calculate the soil amy factors F, and F, for different levels of shaking for different site classes top to bottom on these tables, the soils become softer (or shear wave velocity reduces). From left 0 right, Ss or S, increase (or the shaking becomes stronger). With increase in soil flexibility, F, increases except when shaking is very strong (S; = | g)-In this case F, reduces when soil type changes from stiff (ype D) to soft (Type B). This is because in a strongly-shaken soft soil, the high-frequencies are dissipated causing the short-period spectral accelerations to be smaller on the soil surface than on the rock outerop. With increase in S., F, reduces due to increased non-linearity in the soil, hence sinaller amplification of ground motion. With increase in soil flexibility, F, increases due to higher amplification of intermediate frequencies in the ground motion. With inerease in S,, F, reduces due to increased non-linearity in the soil 2.25MCE Response Spectrum for Soil Site 7 Sol ‘Spectral Acceleration, SA (9) 0 05 7 35 2 Natural Period, Te) 228 S ‘The S« and S, values cre adjusted for the local site conditions to obtain the Sys and Sy values: Sys= Sox Fy Sy = Sx Fy ‘The Sys and Syq, valves are used to construct an MCE response spectrum for the soil site, Note that the static code procedure does not provide amplification factor for the displacement-sensitive region, F,, Since, the convective period for broad storage tanks may lie in the displacement-sensitive region, Fy may have to be determined from dynanic analysis of soil deposits. 2.26Design (2/3 MCE) Spectrum Natural Pod, Te) 2a © ‘The design response spectrum is 2/3 of the MCE spectrum, Sps= Sys 23 So1= Sy * 23 Note that the retumn period of the design response spectrum cannot be readily determined, It is 200 10 1600 years throughout the USA. It is much shorter in the western USA than in the central and eastern USA 227Vertical Response Spectrum From the statistical analyses of ground motions in horizontal and vertical directions, the celerations in vertical direction were proposed in terms of the spectral spectral a accelerations in horizontal direction, It was found that, in general, (1) WH (vertical to horizontal) ratio is less than 1, (2) V/H ratio at short periods is smaller for soil sites than for rock sites, and. (3) VH ratio at long periods is smaller for rock sites than for sol sites. Using the spectral ratios on this slide, a vertical response spectrum can be constructed from a given horizontal response spectrum for the site, The next version of ASCE 7 will have guidelines for constructing the vertical response spectrum from horizontal response spectrum, References Malhotra, P. K. (2006), “Smooth spectra of horizontal and vertical ground motions.” Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 96(2), 506-518. Campbell, K. W., and ¥, Bozorgnia (2003). “Updated near-source ground motion (attenuation) relations for the horizontal and vertical components of peak ground acceleration and acceleration response spectra.” Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 93, 314-331. 228Directional Combination Rules + IFRy,, Rip and Ry are responses due to seismic load in horizontal 1, horizontal 2 and vertical directions, then * According to 1~0.3-0.3 rule, the total response is: R= Ry + 0.3Ry +0.3Ry + and acccrding to the 1-0.4-0.4 rule: R=Ry +0.4Ry +04R, * and accerding to the SRSS rule: Re (Ri, + Rin +R)” 220 © ‘The peak accelerations in three directions do not occur simultaneously. ‘At the time of peak acceleration in one horizontal direction, the acceleration in the other horizontal and vertical directions are some fractions of their respective peaks. Similarly, atthe time of peak vertical acceleration, the acceleration in the horizontal directions are some fractions of their peaks. The 1-0.3-0.3 rule was proposed by Rosenblueth and Conteras (1977). It is widely used in the design of building and industrial structures (¢.g., IBC 2003, ASCE-7 2005). The 1-04-04 rule was proposed by ‘Newmark (1975). It is used in the design of nuclear structures. ‘The SRSS rule is used in both building and nuclear industries. Note that the horizontal directional load combination rule is not needed if the resultant horizontal response spectrum is used in design. The rule for geometric-mean and larger-component response spectrum will be different. The directional aspect of ground motions is not adequately addressed in the codes. 229References Rosenblueth, B. and Contreras, H. (1977). “Approximate design for multicomponent earthquakes.” Journal of Engrg. Mech. Div. ASCE, 103, 895-911. ‘Newmark, N. M. (1975). “Seismic design criteria for structures and facilities, Trans-Alaska pipeline system.” Proc. of the U.S. National Conf, on Earthquake Engrg., Farthquake Engrg, Res. Institute, 94-103, 230Example 2 Site-Specific Response Spectrum For the site of a proposed tank (34.000°N, 117.500°W), the average shear wave velocity in top 100 fis 1000 fs. Construct he site response spectra of horizontal and vertical motions for 5%, 2% and 0.5% damping Sg{1BC, ASCE 7 or NEHRP) + 8/06 g'18C, ASCE Tor NEHRP) + Vs= 1000104 NEHRP Sie Class D (Sie 2:28) + Het GSile225) F158 (e225 Sig =SyxF,= 15 x1= 18 Sy 81 xP) = 06% 15 "09 @ Sou =Syl 5=15S=1g Sor=Su/l3= 093-06 ¢ T= Spy," 0601 =06s Ty 2s lide2-19) 201 ©. First obtain MCE (maximum considered earthquake) values of Sg and S, for the site from the webpage htp-/earthquaks eareh/hazmaps/design/index.phy Assign NEHRP Site Class according to the average shear wave velocity in the top 100 ft. Calculate F, and F, factors for the assigned site class. Calculate MCE values of short period and 1 s period spectral accelerations for the soil site, Obtain design values ty dividing MCE values by 1.5. Calculate transition period T, from the ratio between Sy, and Sps. Read the transition period T,, for the site fom the map on Slide 2-18. 231Design Response Spectra of Horizontal Motion oo > Spectral Acceleration, SA (@) Natural Period, Ti) 292 Construct the 5% damping design response spectrum according to the method displayed on Slide 2-18. Apply damping adjustment factors according to Slide 2-21 and construct 2% and 0.5% damping design response spectra, 232Obtain response spectrum of vertical motion by applying V/H ratios from slide 2-28, Apply damping adjustment factors from Slide 2-21 and construct 2% Design Response Spectra of Vertical Motion + 0758;5=075%1 =015 8 + 0385. 03006 =0.18 2 | SpectalAcaraton, A aa Par Fe) 209 damping vertical respense spectrum for the site. 233Summary + We learned the concept of seismic response spectrum + We also earned to construct: ~ Site-specific response spectra of horizontal and vertical ‘motions ~ Specta for various values of damping ~ Displacement-sensitve region of response spectrum 234Course Outline + Model oftankfiguid system ~ Ground-supported and elevated tanks + Horizontal and vertical ground motions — Design response spectra + Seismic response of tanks using traditional (code-based) approach = Moments, shears, sloshing wave-height + Seismic esponse of tanks using a refined approach ~ SoiF-structure interaction, nonlinear response analysis at © In Session 1, we reviewed simple mechanical models of ground-supported and elevated tanks. In Session 2, we leaned to construct the site-specific response spectra of horizontal and vertical ground motions. In this session, we will calculate the responses of tanks to earthquake ground motions in horizontal and vertical directions using simple code-based approach. 34Response to Ground Shaking + Hydrodynamic wall pressures + Base shear + Overtuming moment below and above the base plate + Overtumng moment at diferent heights + Sloshing wave height * Roof load due to sloshing wave + Hydrodynamic pressures due to vertical motion fe Ge Several response quantities are of interest to an engineer: The hydrodynamic wall pressures are used to check the local stresses in the wall The horizontal base shear is used to check against sliding, (The reduced overburden due to vertical motion may be considered in calculating the sliding resistance.) The overturning moment just above the base is used to design the tank wall and base anchors, It is also used to design the foundation of a ring-wall used to design mat and pile foundations. If the opening between the ring is closed by a structural slab below grade, the moment below the base should be used to design the foundation. supported tank. The overturning moment below the base ‘The decrease in overturning moment with height can be used to reduce the thickness of the tank wall with height or to reduce the reinforcement in the wall ofa conerete tank. 32‘The height of the sloshing wave is used to calculate the freeboard requirement, If it is decided to not provide the maximum required freeboard, the upward roof loads due to impacts from the sloshing wave need to be considered in the design of the tank. Also, the effect of insufficient freeboard on transforming some “convective” liquid to “impulsive” liquid should be considered. 33Impulsive and Convective Accelerations 5 I i 4 ae 34 © After the impulsive aad convective periods have been calculated and the site response spectra established, the impulsive and convective spectral accelerations are calcilated. The impulsive spectral acceleration is read from the 2% or 5% damping response spectrum and the convective spectral acceleration is read from the 0.5% damping response spectrum. ‘Typically, the convective spectral acceleration is much smaller than the impulsive spectral acceleration. ‘The spectral acceleration for the vertical mode of vibration is read from the vertical response spectrum. 34Impulsive and Convective Wall Pressures P,(z) = ey(z)x SA, x pxR 38 P.(2) =¢,(z)x SA, x pxR e- ‘The impulsive and convective wall pressures can be computed from the coefficients displayed on this slide, The impulsive wall pressures are higher near the base and they inerease with inerease in the slendemess ratio H/R. The convective wall pressures are higher near the top and they decrease with increase in the slenderness ratio H/R. Reference ‘Veletsos, A. S. (1984), “Seismic response and design of liquid storage tanks.” Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Oil and Gas Pipetine Systems, Tech Councils on Lifeline Earthquake Engrg., ASCE, New York, NY, 255-370, 443- 461. 35Impulsive and Convective Base Shears QO, =(m,+m,, +m, +m,)* SA i O. =m, xSA, 36 © ‘The impulsive and convective base shears are obtained by multiplying the impulsive and convective masses with the respective spectral accelerations. ‘The overall impulsive mass includes the impulsive liquid mass m,, mass of tank wall m,, mass of tank roof m, and mass of tank base m,. ‘The convective ‘mass is simply the mass of the convective liquid m,. Generally, the convecive base shear is much smaller than the impulsive base shear. Of course, we are assuming that the convective liquid has room to slosh freely in the tank, If that is not the case, we will have to convert some convective mass to impulsive mass. 36Impulsive and Convective Moments Just above the Base (Ringwall Moment) M, =(m, xh, +m, xh, +m, xh,)xSA, M, =(m,xh,)xSA, fl 37 © The impulsive and convective moments above the base are obtained by multiplying impulsive and convective forces on tank wall with the height of centroids of these forces from the base. hy = height of the C.G. of tank wall and h, = height of the C.G. of tank roof. M, and M, are used to design the tank wall, wall anchors and perimeter/ring foundation. If the opening between the ring is closed by a structural slab below grade, moments Mj’ and M,’ (next slide) are used to design the ring foundation, 37oe Impulsive and Convective Moments Just below the Base (Base Slab Moment) M, =(m,xh, +m, xh, +m, xh,)xSA, M. =(m,xh)xSA, a © ‘The moments below the base are higher than the moments above the base due to the contribution of hydrodynamic base pressures. The hydrodynamic base pressures increase the effective height of the impulsive and convective forces from h, and h, to hy’ and h,’. Other than that, the formulae for impulsive and convective moments are same as before. The moments below the base are used to design the mat and pile foundations.Impulsive and Convective Moments at Various Heights from the Base M,(2)= (im, xh, +m, xh, +m, xh, ) XM, XSA, M.,(2)=(m, xh, )xHSA, oN 30 neh © ‘The impulsive and ccnvective moments reduce with increase in height from the base. They are zero at the free-surface of the liquid. In the above plot, z = height from the base and H = height of liquid in the tank. The coefficients 1 and j, are used to reduce the impulsive and convective moments with height from the base. moon i 0 1 1 on 0.785 0879 02 0.598 0.757 03 0.437 0.637 04 0303 0519 05 0.195 0.403 06 0.112 0291 07 0054 [0.187 08, 0.0190 | 0.0963 09 0.00295 | 0.0283 1 0 0Height of Sloshing Wave ‘The angle @ of the free surface is given by: SA tan « The height ofthe sloshing wave is given by use ths tang = S428 J, catewtate £ R= radius of tank, and g = acceleration due to gravity. re. pared Co 3.10Sloshing in Flat Roof Tank without Sufficient Freeboard (Animation) If the actual freeboard is less than the required freeboard, sloshing waves will, impact the roof generating upward roof pressures. Insufficient freeboard will also cause some of the convective liquid to become impulsive, This will increase base shear ard overturning moment in the tank. Therefore, the effect, of insufficient freeboard is not limited to the tank’s roof, All animations can be downloaded from www.strongmotions.com,Sloshing in Cone Roof Tank without Sufficient Freeboard (Animation) se © ‘A tank with a conical roof has more room to accommodate the sloshing wave than a tank with flat roof. Therefore, the effect of insufficient freeboard in a conical roof tank is net as severe as that in a flat roof tank, 312Sloshing in Dome Roof Tank without Sufficient Freeboard (Animation) © 19. ‘A dome roof tank has slightly more room than a cone roof tank to accommodate the slosaing wave. Therefore, the effect of insufficient freeboard ‘a dome roof tank is slightly less than the effect of insufficient freeboard in a ‘cone roof tank.Effects cf Insufficient Freeboard + Upward loads on roof and tank wall * Constrained motion ofthe liquid — Moreimpuisive liquid ~ Less sonvective quid + Lengthened period of the impulsive mode + Shortened period of the convective mode Increased overturning moments and base shears Insufficient freeboard causes upward pressures on the roof. These pressures need to be resisted by the shell-roof junction and the shell itself. Insufficient freeboard also constrains the sloshing motion of the free surface. This, in turn, reduces the convective mass and increases the impulsive mass. (Increase in the impulsive mass lengthens the impulsive period and shortens the convective period.) Increased impulsive mass increases base shear and overturning ‘moment in the tank, ‘Next, we will consider these effects one by one. 314Wetted Width of Roof elie ' d= required freeboard 4,= actual freeboard e-- First, we calculate the required freeboard: d = RxSAJg. We divide the actual freeboard dy by the required freeboard d. We also divide the roof height h, by the required freeboard d. For the calculated dy and hyd ratios, we read the x/R from the left plot. This plot was generated for a cone roof tank. When used values of for a dome roof tank, this plot will provide somewhat conserv wetted width, Note that h, shell. Fora flat roof tank, hy the height of tank roof measured from the top of 0. Reference Malhotra, P.K. (2006). “Earthquake induced sloshing in cone and dome roof tanks with insufficient freeboard.” J. Struct. Eng. International, IABSE, 16(3), 222-225, August. 3sSloshiy AS ow) dujpanie analy 8 Wolk NMessacy Upward Pressure on Roof by the following expression: : oe pane (enor!) For x¢ << R, the upward force on the shell per unit circumferential length is given by the following expression: fees (uno4.) This can be simplified as: Teak Fan horas} (2h) ‘The connection between the roof and tank shell as wel as the upper course of shell should be designed for this force. When x,2 R/2, the force Fa, should be ‘obtained from structural analysis ofthe tank roof.Impulsive and Convective Masses (Revised) + Revised mpulsive mass for dy +h,/32d + Revised 2onvective mass sar © Due to the constraining action of the tank’s roof on sloshing liquid, some of the convective liquid starts to behave as impulsive, In the limiting case, when there is no freeboard, the entire liquid in the tank becomes impulsive, The impulsive and convective liquid masses need to be adjusted by the above equations if the freeboard is not sufficient.Impulsive and Convective Periods (Revised) + Revised impulsive period 3) Tanx | + Revised convective period © 210 Due to an increase in the impulsive mass, the impulsive period elongates and the convective period shortens. The adjustments to impulsive and convective periods are given by the above equations.Impulsive and Convective Base Shears (Revised) + Revised mpulsive base shear +m, +m, +m,)xSA, + Revised convective base shear 0, =m, x SA, ‘5, = mpuve aoseratonecaalted tom he revised pulse period ‘SA, = Canectv acer recluse om the revised conecve prod 19 ©: First, the impulsive and convective spectral accelerations are recalculated for the revised periods. Next, the base shears are recalculated using the above equations.Impulsive and Convective Overturning Moments (Revised) + Revised impulsive overtuming moment M, = (mi, xh, +m, xh, +m, xh,)xSAr + Revised convective overtuming moment M, =(m, xh,)xSAc ‘The overturning moments below the base and at various heights can be similarly computed 320 © The impulsive and convective overturning moments below the base are recalculated using the revised impulsive and convective masses. The moments below the base and at various heights in the tank can be similarly revised. 3:20Hydrodynamic Pressures Due to Vertical Motion vee p-SA,-H sa © ‘The hydrodynamic base pressure due to vertical motion ean be estimated from the following relationship: Pp, =p SAH ‘The hoop stress at height z in the tank is: ino ee =P" y iz H Where, f= thickness of tank wall at height z from the base. The hoop stress can be positive (tensile) ornegative (compressive). 3.21Load Reduction Factor R t g SZ ‘Spectral Acceleration, SA 4 Period, T ze © Tanks, like other structures, are rarely designed for elastic loads. The elastic loads are reduced by a load reduction (R) factor. There are three reasons for the load reduction facter: (1) ductility, (2) increase in damping, and (3) overstrength, This slide shows the 5% damping response spectrum of horizontal ground motion previously shown on Slide 3-4 (left plot). The dashed line represents the impulsive period cf the tank T,, For a tank responding elastically the period remains unaffected by the response acceleration; hence the dashed line remains vertical. The impulsive response acceleration for a tank responding elastically is SA, 3.22Ductility Reduction Factor R,, ‘Spectral Acceleration, SA 7 Patiod, T 323 ©: For a tank responding inelastically, the period T, elongates with increase in response acceleration (or the intensity of shaking). The impulsive response acceleration for a tank responding inelastically is less than SA,; it is SA/R,, where R, is known as the ductility reduction factor. An inelastically responding tank will experience smaller force, but the force reduction comes at the cost of base uplifting (usually accompanied by plastic yielding as shown on Slide 1- 11). Note that plastic yielding causes damage — visible or invisible. 323Damping Reduction Factor R; Spectral Acceleration, SA 324 © Tanks responding inelastically may dissipate more energy than those responding elastically, As a result, the damping in tanks may be higher than the default 5% of critical. We learned in Session 2 than inereased damping reduces response acceleration. ‘The reduction in force coefficient (response acceleration) due to increased damping is known as the damping reduction factor Ry.Overstrength Reduction Factor Ro ‘Spectral Acceleration, SA fi Pariod, T 325 © The actual strength of tanks may be higher than the calculated strength due to various safety factors used in design calculations. Therefore, the actual load is reduced by the overstrength factor Rg to obtain the design load. The overall force reduction factor s: R=R,xRjxRq Strictly speaking, the force reduetion factor R should depend on the specific tank being designed and on the shape of the response spectrum used for design. However, these dependencies are ignored in a code-based design and the same R factor (based on judgment) is applied to all tanks of the same type. More importantly, the inelastic responses arising from the application of R factor are not explicitly computed, It is simply assumed that the inelastic responses will be “sat factory”,Impulsive and Convective Load Reduction Factors Values shown are from API 650. = | Tank type RR Mechanically anchored (welded or bolted) 4} 2 Self anchored (welded or bolted) 35] 2 ‘Nate These eduction factor ar for we inllowable srenath uae desian (ASD) e. The convective period of the tank is usually quite long. Due to inelastic deformation in the tank, the convective period is not expected to elongate any further. Therefore, the ductility and damping reductions are not significant for convective loads, but the overstrength reduction can be significant, It is therefore assumed that the comvective load reduction factor is about half the impulsive load reduction factor, ie, R.=R/2. The above table provides suggested values of impulsive and convective load reduction factors for steel tanks in API 650. The factors in AWWA D100 are less by a factor of 1.4 because AWWA D100 applies a 1.4 factor separately. Therefore, effectively, the reduction factors are the same in API 650 and AWWA D100. The load reduction factor does not apply to the sloshing wave height. References API (2005), “Welded steel tanks for oil storage.” Tenth Edition, American Petroleum Institute, 4P/ 650, Washington, D.C. AWWA D100-05 (2006). “Welded steel tanks for water storage.” American Water Works Association, AWWA D 100, Denver, CO. 3.26Importance Factor Seismic Use Group | Importance Factor I 1 0 1.25 Tl 15 sar Onn: Based on the usage (importance) of the tank, the load reduction factors are reduced (or the loads increased) by an importance factor 1. The above table lists the suggested importance factor for different types of tanks. Note that the importance factor modifies the R factor, therefore, it always goes with the R factor. Seismic Use Group III Seismic Use Group II: tanks are those providing necessary service to facilities that are essential for post-earthquake recovery and essential to the life and health of the public; of, tanks containing substantial quantities of hazardous substances that do nothave adequate control to prevent public exposure. Seismic Use Group I Seismic Use Group I tanks are those storing material that may pose a substantial public hazard and lack secondary controls to prevent public exposure, or those tanks providing direct service to major facilities. Seismic Use Group 1 Seismic Use Group I tanks are those not assigned to Seismic Use Groups HI or 1, 3.27Combined Inelastic Base Shear and Moment + Inolasticbase shear A finamimemesn) [masa + Inelasticmoment [[eousch +m, xh, +m, xh) XS, [mck oA, ee | 328 © The impulsive and convective shears and moments, after they have been adjusted for the Rand I factor, can be combined by using the SRSS (square root of sum of squares) rule. Note that the “I” factor is not used with the convective response. This is because the R factor for convective response does not include contribution from inelastic yielding (ductility). For tanks with insufficient freeboard, the revised values of masses and accelerations will be used in the above expressions, 328Net Wall Pressure at the Base + Net pressure due to hydrostatic and hydrodynamic conditions P= pH reson or ets . \\ eee Pog * Pe 403) a0 © . ‘The hydrodynamic fressures from impulsive and convective actions are combined by the SRSS (square root of sum of squares) rule, These are then combined with the “vertical pressures” by the 1-0.3-0.3 rule,Example 3: Design Loads 20 ©: First, we read the impulsive spectral accelerations from the 5% damping design response spectra in horizontal and vertical directions. We also read the convective spectral acceleration from the 0.5% damping design response spectrum in the horizontal direction, 330Example 3: Design Loads + 1= 1.0 erdinary water storage tank, Seismic Use Group I) * SAS1g + SA,=0759 + SA.= 02149 + Required freeboard, d= RxSAJ/g = 32x0.214 = 6.86 t> 3.67 t (cual freeboard) + Additionzl loads due to inadequate freeboard should to be considered a1 © For an ordinary water storage tank, the importance factor is I= 1. The impulsive and convective spectral accelerations read from the spectra are listed on this slide. The required freeboard, according to the formula on Slide 3-10, is 6.86 ft. The required freeboard is greater than the actual freeboard of 3.67 ft. ‘Therefore, a portion of the roof will be wetted during the design event. Next, we will calculate the eff of insufficient freeboard on the impulsive and ‘convective masses. 331Impulsive and Convective Masses d 6.86 = §5x10°kip 8.1-5.5=2.6x10' kip ‘The tank has a conical roof with its peak 6 ft from the top of tank shell; h, = 6 fl. Using the formulae presented on Slide 3-17, we calculate the increase in impulsive liquid mass from 5 10° kip to 5.5 x 10° kip. We calculate the convective liquid mass by subtracting the impulsive liquid mass from the total ‘mass of liquid in the tank,Revised Impulsive and Convective Periods + Revised impulsive petiod Tr nf 0.152«, > m, 5 + Revised convective period T=Tx 4.68x 2% = 4.29 s m, 3.1 209 ‘The impulsive and convective periods are revised according to the formulae on Slide 3-18. The new impulsive and convective spectral accelerations are read from the response spectra plots on Slide 3-30, These are: SA; = 0.23 g. 0.159 s = gand SA,BS to, . Plow A - fection D 2) fe Cmerete heey Base Shear and Sliding Resistance g = [eenen eB | 2 33/1 (= 175 4005+ nosy, f26%025) = 1.69%10? kip Fon fen > anil ‘Siding resistance = 0.57%(8.1+0.175+0,05+0.08) { Hence nosing (?) Total weight 4 ©: ‘The base shear is calculated using the formula discussed before. Note that the revised values of impulsive and convective masses and spectral accelerations are used in the equation because the tank lacks sufficient freeboard. ‘The stability of the tank against sliding is checked next. The sliding resistance is calculated by multiplying the weight of the tank and contents by the coefficient of friction of 0.57. Since the sliding resistance is greater than the design base shear, it is concluded that the tank will not slide, But this raises some doubts: (1) What if the ductility and damping reductions are not as high as assumed and the actual base shear is higher than the design base shear? and (2) Is the safety factor in frictional resistance same as the assumed overstrength reduction factor?Overturning Moment above the Base © | ‘The overturning moment above the base is calculated by substituting revi d impulsive and convective masses and spectral accelerations in the expression for the overturning moment,Overturning Resistance + Solf-weight (0,175%0.05+008)«10%32 So7soKipt + Base upitting My= tak EP eH 1M, 15500 kt + Total = 15,500 + 9,750 = 25,250 < 29,800 kip-t + 32-1/2-inch diameter anchors are needed The stability of the tank against overturning is checked next. A small amount of overturning resistarce is provided by the weight of the tank wall and roof. It is obtained by multiplying the weight of the tank wall and roof by the radius of the tank. A more significant amount of overturning resistance is provided by uplifting of the tank base plate. As a portion of the base plate uplifts, the liquid on the uplifted portion provides resistance to overturning. In calculating the ‘overtuming resistance due to base uplifting, the thickness of the base plate is assumed to be t, = 0.25 in; the yield stress of base plate material is assumed to be F, = 36,000 psi; pg= 62.4 Ib/ft; and H = 40.33 The total overtuming resistance from self weight and base uplifting is checked against the design overtuming moment. In this case the design overturning ‘moment is greater than the overturning resistance hence anchors are needed to provide stability against overturning, This raises several questions: (1) Since anchors are provided to resist the reduced overturning moment, wouldn’t the tank uplift during the design earthquake motion? (2) How much will the tank uplift? (3) Will the anchors be able to accommodate the uplift? (4) What are the values of other critical responses associated with base uplifting: plastic yielding at plate-shell jjunetion; axial compressive stress in tank shel, ete.? 36Overturning Moment below the Base (5.525.640.1754 18+ 0.05348) x 35/1 = 28x10 KDA The overturning moment below the base is calculated by substituting revised impulsive and convective masses and spectral accelerations in the expression for the overturning moment. 337Roof Loads + d=325023=7.36 8 + did =3.167136=051 3 (lide 3-15) + x=03x32=968 0 Ih (Slide 3-16) 00 Ib (Slide 3-16) 338 e- ‘The convective spectral acceleration is SA, = 0.23 g. The ratio between the actual and required freeboard is 0.51. The overall height of roof above the tank shell is h, = 6 ft. The h/d = 0.82. Using dy and b/d we read the normalized ‘wetted width from the chart on Slide 3-15. This gives xyR= 0.3 or x,= 9.6 ft From this we calculate the peak pressure Pyyx and peak force per unit circumferential width F,,., using equations on Slide 3-16.Net Wall Pressure Near the Bottom + Gz=0)= 0.8 + C@=0)=02 P,= 08x 62.4 x 32 x 1 = 1600 Ib/f? (Impulsive) + P.=0.2 x 624 x 32 x 0.23 = 90 Ib/fe (Convective) P, = 62.4 x 40.3 x 0.75 = 1900 Ib/ft (Vertical) P,= 62.4 x 40.3 = 2500 Ib/f? (Hydrostatic) 300 © ‘The Cy and C, coefficients are read from the plots on Slide 3-5. From these coefficients, the impulsive and convective pressures are computed. The “vertical pressure” (due to vertical response) is computed by using the vertical response acceleration (SA, = are reduced ty the impulsive and convective force reduction factors (R, and Ry. These are then combined by using the SRSS (square root of sum of square) rule. The combined (impulsive + convective) pressure is added to the “vertical pressure” by using the 1-0.3-03 rule which states that when the vertical load ‘s maximum, the horizontal load is 30% of its peak value. The combined hydrodynamic pressure is directly added to the hydrostatic pressure. 75 g). The impulsive and convective pressures 339Net Hoop Stress and Vertical Load + Hoop stress atthe base = pygRit = 3200 x 32 / (0.625/12) 2000> 10? Ib/ft? = 13.7 ksi + Vertical hydrodynamic load =m, g SA,/ g ARI) = 8.1108 0.75/3.5 = 1740 kip . + Vertical hydrodynamic load atthe time of peak horizontal load = 0.3 x 1740 = 521 kip c \ oa Here we calculate the base pressure due to vertical motion. Then we calculate the hoop stress due to vertical motion and the total vertical load due to vertical motion. The hoop stress due to vertical responses can be positive or negative (tensile or compressive). ‘The vertical hydrodynamic load can be positive or negative (up or down). This should be considered in calculating the sliding resistance of the tank. At the time of peak horizontal shear, it can be assumed that the vertical load shall be 30% of its peak value. It is actually conservative to assume that the vertical load will act in the upward direction at the time of maximum shear, 340Summary + We learned how to: = Compute base shear, overtuming moment and vertical force due to greund shaking ~ Combine impulsive and convective responses Combine responses from orthogonal directions ~ Compute freebcard requirement, and — Compute loads due to inadequate freeboard + We also learned the shortcomings of code-based approach ©: 3.41Course Outline * Model oftankiquid system = Grourd-supported and elevated tanks * Horizontal and vertical ground motions ~ Design response spectra + Seismic response of tanks Moments, shears sloshing wave-height + Seismic response of tanks using a refined approach ~ Soltstructure interaction, nonlinear response analysis, © In Session 1, we reviewed simple mechanical models of ground-supported and elevated tanks. In Session 2, we established design response spectra of horizontal and vertical ground motions In Session 3, we calculated the linear response of fixed-base tank to earthquake ground motions in herizontal and vertical directions. Then, we reduced the shears and moments by “R” factors to obtain shears and moments for code- based implicit in the code-bssed design. Therefore, we do not know how much the tank will uplift or yield during the design ground motion, ismic design. However, we did not calculate the nonlinear responses ‘We also assumed that the foundation motion is same as the free-field motion, In most cases, the soil below the tank cannot be assumed ‘rigid’, therefore, the foundation motion will be different from the free-field motion due to the interaction between the tank and the underlying soil. 41In this Session, first we will consider the effect of foundation flexibility on the tank’s response assuming the tank remains. Next, we will calculate the nonlinear response ofa tank. References FEMA (2004). “NEHRP recommended provisions.” FEMA 450-2/2003 Edition Part 2: Commentary. Veletsos, A. S., and Nair V. V. D, (1975). “Seismic interaction of structures on hysteretic foundations.” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 101(1), 109-129, Veletsos, A. S. and Meek, J. W. (1974). “Dynamic behavior of building- foundation systems.” Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 3(2), 121-138. Veletsos, A. S., and Tang, Y. (1990). “Soil-structure interaction effects for laterally excited liquic-storage tanks.” Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 19, 473-496. Veletsos, A. S., Tang, Y., and Tang, H. T, (1992). “Dynamic response of flexibly supported ig ASCE, 118(1), 264-283, storage tanks.” Journal of Structural Engineering, 42Inertial Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) tyr ty ached ak 49 © Due to the moments and shears transmitted by the superstructure (tank-liquid system), the tank foundation will deform horizontally and rotate about horizontal axes (rocking motion). Therefore, in general, the foundation motion is not same as the free-field motion. ‘The interaction between the foundation and the superstructure can be considered in two different ways: ‘By modifying the free-field motion to obtain the foundation motion, or By modifying the model of the tank itself, ie., by adding soil springs (and dampers) to the superstructure model, We will take the latier approach. We will add translational and rotational springs below the superstructure model to consider the effect of foundation flexibility. We will also estimate the damping of the tank-foundation system, 43Tank-Licuid-Foundation Model 1 On | | (kj=m (20/7, Ss et © We start by assuming that the tank is fully anchored to its foundation. In other words, there is no separation between the tank base and the foundation. Then, we assume that the convective response is not affected by soil Structure interaction. This is a reasonable assumption because the convective period is usually very long. Foundation flexibility is not likely to elongate the convective period or change convective damping in a significant way. Therefore, we exclud: the convective mode from the tank-liquid-foundation model and compute te convective response independently — assuming that the tank is fixed-base, Next, we compute the stiffhesses of the translational and rotational springs. ‘These are based on the studies by Veletsos, Meek and Nair. Note that for a ring foundation, the height of the impulsive mass is hy. For a ‘mat or pile foundation, the height of the impulsive mass is h,’. Again, the ‘model shown is valid for mechanically anchored tanks. The model for ‘unanchored tanks is discussed later. 44Stiffnesses of Soil Springs 8 8a GR 30-v) ~ R= rads o the foundation oigson's ratio (-0.4) shear modulus of east of the soil ~ c4y=frequency-dependent sinesscoeficient 45 o~ The above formulae were derived for a circular foundation on a homogeneous elastic halfspace. For layered medium, the half-space assumption is not strictly valid, but it is generally extended to the layered medium by using an average shear wave velocity (stiffness) of the medium. Similar formulae are also available for ring foundation and embedded foundation, For pile foundations, the stiffness of individual piles may be determined from field tests or analytically by treating each pile as a beam on elastic. foundation, Reference ASCE (1998). “Seismic analysis of safety related nuclear structures and commentary.” ASCE 4-98, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA. 45agand G Values 0.35 __ | 0.7 0.6 Gay 081 0.64 0.49 2030 042 \verage shear modulus of the soil beneath the foundation at small strains ‘The upper table gives cy a8 a function of the normatized radius of the circular foundation. Veletsos et al. showed that the rocking stiffness is a function of the frequency of vibration of the foundation, The frequency- dependence of stifiness is due to the mass of the foundation soil. For a massless soil, the stiffness is independent of frequency. For a soil- structure system, one can assume that the frequency of vibration is close to the natural frequency of the structure (1/7). That is why ay depends oon the period T of the tank. ‘The lower table provides factor for softening of the soil foundation with increase in intensity of shaking, Gy is the average shear modulus of the soil at small strain, G reduces with increase in strain which increases with increase in the intensity of shaking. That is why the reduction of shear modulus depends on the shaking intensity.Impulsive Period of Tank-Foundation System a © ‘The effective impulsive period of the tank-foundation system is given by the above formula, Its proof is presented on the next slide. 47Proof of Period Formula ‘This slide presents a proof of the effective impulsive period formula for the fank-foundation system. First, the stiffness of the tank-foundation system is calculated as follows, Horizontal force F is applied on the impulsive mass, The overall deformatioa A is calculated by adding the deformations of the superstructure and foundation. The effective stiffness of the foundation is obtained by divding the force F by the overall deformation A. The period of the tank-foundation system is obtained from the mass and effective stiffness using the well known period formula,Damping o* Tank-Foundation System +5 2 49 e ‘The net damping of the tank-foundation system is obtained by adding the soil damping (first term on right hand side) to the effective impulsive damping (second term on right hand side). The effective impulsive damping is obtained by dividing the fixed-base structural damping with the eabe of period elongation. This can cause a significant reduction in the structural damping. This is because, in a soil-structure system not all the deformation occurs in the structure — a part of the deformation occurs in the foundation. In the limiting case when all the deformation occurs in the foundation, the structural damping becomes completely ineffe ‘The soil damping is partly viscous and partly radiation. The viscous component of soil damping depends on the shaking intensity, That is the reason for two curves — dashed and continuous in the plot above. The radiation damping depends on the height/radius ratio of the structure. For tall structures, the rocking action is more pronounced. The radiation damping associated with rocking motion is much less than that associated with trarslational motion. 49Impulsive Response Acceleration for Flexibly Supported Tank * Mody the response spectrum for estimated damping of soil structure system * Read the spectral acceleration for effective impulsive period of soilstructre system + The impulsive spectral acceleration ofthe soil-structure systern can be significantly smaller than the impulsive spectral aoceleraton ofthe fixed-base system + In design standards such as ASCE 7, there isa limit onthe maximum allowable reduction du to oi-structure interaction e- ‘The response spectrum is adjusted for the damping of the tank-foundation system. On this spectrum, the impulsive spectral acceleration is read for the effective impulsive period of the tank-foundation system. ‘The impulsive spectral acceleration of tank-foundation system can sometimes be significantly smaller than the impulsive spectral acceleration of the fixed- base system. Howeves, design standards such as ASCE 7 allow a maximum reduction of 30% due to soil-structure interaction, 410+ GIG.= 0.42 (2 table on Slide 4-6) + Gg= Vag?xp, = 1000°%120/32.17 = 3.73 x10 Ib/RE 12 3.73 x106= 1.57 x 106 Thi? + Vg = [Gi [1.57 x 106/120 x 32.17] = 649 fs + RUST) = 324(649x0.159) = 0.31 + y= 0.73 (1 table on Slide 4-6) at © The short-period design spectral acceleration (for 5% damping) for the site is 1 g. The PGA is 40% of short period design spectral acceleration. ‘The degradation of stiffness (shear modulus G) with intensity of shaking is 0.42 from the table on Slide 4-6, The zero-strain shear modulus is calculated from the zero-strain shear wave velocity (VSyp = 1000 fs) using the mass density of 120 lb/ft. The shear modulus under design shaking is obtained by multiplying G, with stiffness degradation value of 0.42, The degraded shear wave velocity of the foundation is ealeulated from degraded stiffness and mass density. The normalized radius of tae foundation R/(VsT,) is 0.42. From this, the frequency- dependent stiffness coefficient ay is estimated to be 0.73.Example (Continued) k= b= ae ee = spits = 04 = 2s1x10%tbht 42(® sm 2a 55x10 7, oso) “32.17 ea Bae Gps x7 * $0.73 3-04) 16710" lb-ft 7-108 -32 = 267>10° bit © The translational ané rocking spring stiffnesses are calculated next. The superstructure stiffness k; is calculated from the impulsive mass and impulsive period ofthe system. 412Example (Continued) raft) asf 2 (1 BEE) 7 si! t67000 = 02818 Go = 16% Seam WA $= 16 +5/1,8° =17% ©: 19 ‘The period of tank-foundation system is obtained by substituting various quantities in the period formula, The period elongation is 1.8. The overall damping of the tank-foundation system is. 17% of critical.Impulsive Spectral Acceleration of Soil Structure System 1 i é Teese ‘The site response spectrum is modified for 17% damping using the factors on Slide 2-21. The spectral acceleration is read from the 17% damping spectrum for the period of tank-foundation system, This spectral acceleration is 35% smaller than the spectral acceleration of fixed-base system. ASCE 7 allows a maximum reduction of 30%, ‘Therefore, fiom SSI analysis, the impulsive spectral acceleration is 10.7 = 0.7 g. Reference Electric Power Research Institute, (1989). “The effects of soil-structure interaction on laterally excited liquid-storage tanks.” Rice University, Houston, Texas, ERPI NP-6500, Project 2907-2. ausNonlineer Analysis of Tanks +The reduction of elastic loads by "R factors amounts to a nonlinear analysis + During design ground shaking, the tank will undergo inelastic response in the form of = Base uplifing ~ Plastis yielding at plate-shel junction ~ Hoop compressive ses de fo inward pull ho base plate = Increased axial compressive stress in tank shell due to reduced contact with the foundation + These facts can be quantified ony through a nonlinear analysis a8 z= ‘The elastic moments and shears are very high. These are reduced by R factors to obtain the inelastic design moments and shears. Tanks designed for inelastic ‘moments and shears will undergo inelastic response during design ground motions. Next, we will calculate the inelastic responses from practical nonlinear analysis of tanks. First, we need to understand the overturning resistance of an unanciored tank. 415Overturring Resistance of Unanchored Tank a-t6 ©: ‘The overtuming moment induced by the wall pressures has a tendency to topple the tank, Since the out-of-plane (vertical) stiffness of the base-plate is quite low, only the weight of the empty tank is initially available to resist toppling. Since the weight of the empty tank is only a small fraction (1 to 3%) of the weight ofthe full tank, it does not provide sufficient toppling resistance. Additional toppling resistance is mobilized by allowing a portion of the base plate to uplift so that the liquid on the uplifted portion of the base plate provides toppling resistance. Base uplifting needs to be controlled because it is accompanied by: (a) plastic yielding at the plate-shell junction which can rupture the joint; (b) reduced contact between the wall and the base can increase axial compressive stress which can buckle the wall; and (c) vertical ‘movement of the shell can rupture brittle piping connections. 416Overturning Resistance of Base Plate ‘veri Bat Home 0 ear © The overtuming resistance is calculated by taking into account the nonlinearities associated with plastic yielding, membrane forces and varying contact of the base with the foundation. The plot on the left shows the moment- rotation relationship for the example tank with a base plate thickness of 0.25 in, The loading and unloading paths are not the same in the moment-rotation relationship. The area enclosed between the loading and unloading paths is the ‘energy dissipated through plastic yielding at the plate-shell junction. ‘The damping due to plastic yielding is estimated from the area enclosed by the hysteresis loop. Thicker the base plate, bigger the hysteresis loop hence higher the hysteretic damping, References Malhotra, PK. (2000). “Practical nontinear seismic analysis of tanks.” Earthquake Spectra, 16 (2), 473-492. Koller, M. G., and Malhotra, P. K. (2004). “Seismic evaluation of unanchored cylindrical tanks.” 13” World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, ‘Vancouver, B.C., Cansda, August 1-6, 2004, Paper No, 2534 4i7Nonlinear Model of Tank m, Sopestmenae kj Dy 18 errr eee © When a tank is designed for a fraction of the elastic moment, it will uplift during the design ground motion, Base uplifting will cause a portion of the base plate to separate from the foundation and plastic yielding to oceur at the plate-shell junction. The contact between the tank wall and the foundation is reduced which causes the axial compressive stress in the tank wall to increase. ‘The uplifted plate also pulls the shell radially inward generating compressive hoop stress in the tank wall Ifthe tank is resting on a flexible foundation, the foundation will deform under the overturning moment and the base shear. The tank may also slide if'the friction between the base plate and the foundation is insufficient to resist the base shear. This stide shows a model of the tank used in nontinear analysis. We will compute the nonlinear responses by performing a static nonlinear (pushover) analysis of the tank. 418Nonlinear Analysis eae K +19 Cue A gradually increasing horizontal force is applied on the impulsive mass and horizontal displacement of the mass computed at each force level. Dividing the ‘force by the impulsive mass gives the force coefficient (acceleration). Dividing the force by the displacement of the mass gives the effective stiffness. The effective stiffness is used to calculate the effective period of the system. The effective period increases with increase in force coefficient because the system becomes ‘softer’ as more and more force is applied, The left plot shows the response of a linear system. The intersection of the response spectrum with the period-acceleration curve represents equilibrium, ‘The response acceleration at equilibrium is 1 g The right plot shows the response of a nonlinear system. Note two significant

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