Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Jean-Claude Thouret*
Anthony Finizola
UMR 6524-CNRS Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, and Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Universite Blaise-Pascal,
5 rue Kessler, 63038 Clermont-Ferrand cedex, France
Michel Fornari
IRD, UMR 6526-CNRS Geosciences Azur, Faculte des Sciences, Universite de Nice, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice cedex 02,
France
Annick Legeley-Padovani
Laboratoire de Geophysique Interne, Centre IRD Ile-de-France, 34 rue Henri-Varagnat, 93143 Bondy cedex, France
Jaime Suni
Instituto Geofsico del Peru, Oficina Regional, Urbanizacion La Marina B19, Cayma, and Universidad Nacional San Agustn,
Arequipa, Peru
Manfred Frechen
Centre for Environmental Change and Quaternary Research, GEMRU, Francis Close Hall, Swindon Road, Cheltenham GL50
4AZ, UK
ABSTRACT at least 20 tephra falls were produced by zone of south Peru (de Silva and Francis,
Vulcanian and sub-Plinian eruptions since 1991). The Pleistocene volcanic range paral-
Approximately 750 000 people live at risk ca. 50 ka. On average, ash falls have oc- lels the N1208-trending boundary of the West-
in the city of Arequipa, whose center lies 17 curred every 500 to 1500 yr, and pumice ern Cordillera, oblique to the N808 conver-
km from the summit (5820 masl [meters falls, every 2000 to 4000 yr. (5) Misti erupt- gence of the Nazca plate along the Peruvian
above sea level]) of the active El Misti vol- ed relatively homogeneous andesites and margin (Fig. 1). Straddling the south slope of
cano. The composite edifice comprises a dacites with a few rhyolites, but Misti 4 re- the Cordillera Occidental and the north edge
stratovolcano designated Misti 1 (ca. 833 veals a distinct mineral suite. Less evolved of the Arequipa depression, El Misti is the
112 ka), partially overlapped by two stra- andesites prevail in scoriaceous products of most recently active edifice of a cluster of
tocones designated Misti 2 and Misti 3 (112 group 41 including historical ash falls. Pleistocene volcanoes, which includes the dor-
ka and younger), and a summit cone Misti Scoriae of Misti 4 and the ca. 23002050 yr mant Chachani compound volcano, 15 km to
4 (11 ka and younger). B.P. banded pumice commonly show het- the northwest, and the extinct Pichu Pichu
Eight groups of lava flows and pyroclas- erogeneous textures of andesite and rhyolite compound volcano, 20 km to the southeast
tic deposits indicate the following volcanic composition. This heterogeneity may reflect (Fig. 1; Thouret et al., 1995; Thouret, 1999b).
history. (1) Three cones have been built up changes in physical conditions and magma El Misti lies within a complex extensional and
since ca. 112 ka at an average eruptive rate mixing in the reservoir. (6) Deposits em- strike-slip tectonic setting of four groups of
of 0.63 km3/k.y. (2) Several episodes of placed during the Vulcanian A.D. 1440 faults: the active, west-northwesttrending,
growth and destruction of andesitic and 1470 event and the sub-Plinian eruption(s) normal-slip, en echelon Huanca fault, dipping
dacitic domes triggered dome-collapse av- at ca. 2050 yr B.P. are portrayed on one southwest with a moderate left-lateral strike-
alanches and block-and-ash-flows. Deposi- map. The extent and volume of these de- slip component, which offsets the probably in-
tion of these flows alternated with explosive posits indicate that future eruptions of El active north-, northeast-, and north-northwest
events, which produced pyroclastic-flow de- Misti, even if moderate in magnitude, will trending normal- and strike-slip faults. The
posits and tephra-fall and surge deposits. entail considerable hazards to the densely northeast-trending faults and the inherited
(3) Nonwelded, dacitic ignimbrites may re- populated area of Arequipa. north-trending compressive faults have guided
flect the formation of a 6 3 5 km incremen- the formation of the 1-km-deep Ro Chili can-
tal caldera collapse on Misti 2 (ca. 50 000 Keywords: Arequipa, caldera, eruption,
yon that drains the Cordillera Occidental to-
and 40 000 yr B.P.) and a 2 3 1.5 km sum- Misti, Peru, tephra, volcano.
ward the Arequipa tectonic basin at 2300
mit caldera on Misti 3 (ca. 13 700 to 11 300 masl.
INTRODUCTION
yr B.P.). (4) Tens of pyroclastic flows and Eruptive activity at El Misti represents an
El Misti is one of the seven potentially ac- impending threat for the 750 000 inhabitants
*E-mail: thouret@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr. tive volcanoes of the Central Andean volcanic of Arequipa, Perus second-largest city, cen-
GSA Bulletin; December 2001; v. 113; no. 12; p. 15931610; 14 figures; 2 tables; Data Repository item 2001135.
tered at 2300 masl and situated only 17 km to ble 1; see also Data Repository1); the youngest the south and southwest flanks (an ;40 km2
the southwest and 3.5 km lower in elevation white sillar of Arequipa yielded a fission- area) as far as 12 km to the southwest (Que-
than the volcano summit. Arequipa was track age of ca. 2.4 Ma (Vatin-Perignon et al., brada San Lazaro) and south (Quebrada Mar-
founded in 1540 on the bank of the Ro Chili 1996). iano Melgar) of the summit. The deposit
at an oasis but remained small until 1940 forms flat-topped terrain in which nonweath-
(when its population was 86 000). The popu- Pre-Misti and Misti 1 Stratovolcano ered, dacitic and rhyolitic debris-block facies
lation of Arequipa was 677 000 in 1995 and filled topographic lows that channeled the av-
since then has grown annually by as much as Misti 1 (ca. 833 to .112 ka; Figs. 36) alanches on the south flank. Deposits with
5.5% (INEI-ORSTOM, 1998). Settlements consists of andesite lava flows as long as 9 similar debris-block facies and composition
now occupy two-thirds of the oasis area and km interbedded with thin volcaniclastic sedi- crop out also on the steep northwest flank of
the volcaniclastic fans that Quebradas (5 ra- ment and nonwelded ignimbrites, totaling Misti in the Ro Chili canyon (DA1 in Fig. 4).
vines) San Lazaro and Huarangal have formed $400 m in thickness. Above the Neogene ig- These deposits overlie nonwelded dacitic ig-
on the southwest ring plain of El Misti (Fig. nimbrites, one lava flow at the base of Misti nimbrites of Misti 1 (El Chilcal, Fig. 3) and
2A). Since 1980, the city has spread out up- 1 was dated at ca. 833 ka (Fig. 2A; LF1 in are overlain by the ca. 112 ka lava flows of
stream within 13 km of the summit near the Fig. 4; Fig. 6, col. B; Table 1; Data Misti 2. Thus, a flank failure on Misti 1 may
quebradas that drain the southwest flanks of Repository). have triggered the proximal, nonweathered de-
the volcano, as well as west and east of the Subdued, Distal Debris-Avalanche Deposit bris-block facies avalanche.
oasis. At least 220 000 people live at risk from El Misti shows no failure scar, except on
pyroclastic flows, lahars, and floods on the the eroded west-northwest flank and possibly Misti 24 Stratocones Formed Since ca.
fans and near quebradas. Of these, 50 000 on the south flank; however, two debris-ava- 112 ka
people live in suburbs along the Quebradas lanche deposits are found around El Misti
Huarangal and San Lazaro, and 170 000 peo- (Figs. 2A, 3, and 4). The older deposit appears The Misti 2, 3, and 4 stratocones (112 ka
ple live in the northeastern neighborhoods and as DA0 in Figure 4. and younger) consist of stubby lava flows and
in the town of Chiguata, 11 km south of the To the southeast as far as 25 km away from pyroclastic debris as thick as 2.2 km (Fig. 5).
summit (Fig. 1). the Misti summit, distal debris-avalanche de- Pyroclastic debris shed by the cones moved
Our geologic study was prompted by a joint posits form hummocks $100 m thick in an downslope 10 to 25 km away from the sum-
research program (19951999) led by Institut ;100 km2 area of the Arequipa basin and onto mit; the debris mantled the slopes of El Misti
de Recherche pour le Developpement de the west flank of the extinct Pichu Pichu vol- and formed an extensive volcaniclastic ring
France Hand Instituto Geofsico del Peru. Be- cano. The mixed and debris-block facies (after plain with an area of ;200 km2. The deposits
fore our study, work on Ph.D. theses had ad- Glicken, 1991) of the hummocks are litholog- include two fans (Quebradas San Lazaro and
dressed the stratigraphy of the Misti volcanic ically diverse and hydrothermally altered (Fig. Huarangal, Figs. 2A and 3) upon which the
deposits (Macedo, 1994; Legros, 1998; Suni, 2C). The subdued hummocky topography, city of Arequipa has grown. Composite strati-
1999). Petrologic data were obtained by Le- higher in elevation in the area of Ro Anda- graphic sections show seven groups of lava
fevre (1979), Legendre (1999), and one K-Ar mayo (Fig. 4), has been interpreted to be the and pyroclastic-flow, -fall, and -surge depos-
date on a Misti lava flow was published by result of flank failures of the extinct Pichu Pi- its. The sections are amplified by field map-
Kaneoka and Guevara (1984). The aim of this chu volcano (Legros, 1998). However, major ping, lithologic and petrologic study, and forty
paper therefore is to determine (1) the geolog- element, trace element, and rare earth element
40
Ar-39Ar, thermoluminescence (TL), and 14C
ic and volcanic setting of the Misti volcano, compositions of lava clasts (Legendre, 1999) dates (Fig. 6, col. A; Tables 1 and 2; Data
(2) the stratigraphy and chronology of the re- from the debris-avalanche deposits are similar Repository). The groups record the growth
cent deposits of El Misti, based on geologic both east and south of Misti but differ from and destruction of Misti 24 during since 112
mapping and stratigraphic sections, and (3) the lavas of Pichu Pichu. The Nb/La, Th/La, ka.
the extent of the most recent tephra that has and Yb/La ratios of most of the debris-ava-
been erupted toward Arequipa. lanche clasts (Legendre, 1999) are similar to Misti 2 Stratocone
the ratios in Mistis lavas, and this result
STRATIGRAPHY AND ERUPTION points toward El Misti as the probable source. Group 21, ca. 11270 ka. The strati-
HISTORY However, we do not know whether the flank graphically basal group consists of stubby lava
failure, which produced the subdued, distal flows and block-lava flows of domes that form
El Misti comprises two edifices: an eroded debris-avalanche deposits, occurred on a pre- steep fronts and a break in slope at the base
stratovolcano termed Misti 1 partly over- Misti volcano or on Misti 1. of Misti 2 (30003800 masl) toward the
lapped by pristine stratocone edifices termed south, southwest, east, and northeast (Fig. 3;
Misti 2, Misti 3, and Misti 4 (Figs. Proximal, Nonweathered Debris- LF2 in Fig. 4; Fig. 6, col. B; Table 1). Extru-
2A and 35). The edifices have been built on Avalanche Deposit sive activity occurred between ca. 110 and 70
top of pre-Misti volcaniclastic sediment The second debris-avalanche deposit at ka (Fig. 6). Group 21 also includes block-
(VS0 in Fig. 4) that unconformably overlies least 50 m thick found around El Misti covers and-ash flows and scoriaceous and pumiceous
nonwelded rhyodacitic ignimbrites (Figs. 2B pyroclastic-flow deposits. The succession is
and 35), inaccurately termed sillars (Bark- GSA Data Repository item 2001135, description interbedded with lava flows, which have built
er, 1996). The ignimbrites, which are $300 m of Ar/Ar and TL dates and of geochemistry and up Misti 2 as high as 4000 to 4500 masl (Figs.
minerals in lavas and tephras, is available on the
in thickness in the Ro Chili canyon (Fig. 2B; Web at http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/ft2001.htm.
4 and 5).
NI0 in Fig. 4) were emplaced as early as ca. Requests may also be sent to editing@geosociety. Group 22, ca. 7050(?) ka. Group 22
13.8 to 13.1 Ma (40Ar-39Ar, Fig. 6, col. B; Ta- org. deposits are andesite and dacite blocks 10 to
Figure 2. (A) El Misti stratovolcano looking northeast over the depression and town of Arequipa in 1940 (courtesy of I. Parodi). Break
in slope at ;4400 masl coincides with a structural boundary. (B) Pre-Misti nonwelded ignimbrites and lava flows of Misti 1, in the
1-km-deep Ro Chili canyon, overlain by the 2.2-km-thick cones of Misti 2, Misti 3 (shown), and Misti 4. (C) Mixed and debris-block
facies of a debris avalanche 14 km south of the Misti summit (road to Chiguata).
20 m thick, found as far as 11 km down valley Prismatically jointed blocks indicate that the flank of Misti to depths of 10 m (Fig. 7B and
from the vent in the Quebradas Agua Salada, dome-collapse deposits were emplaced hot. Fig. 8, cols. 2 and 6). The dark mafic andesite
Pastores, and Huarangal (DC2 in Fig. 4; Fig. Interbedded with group 22 andesite (as (53%55% SiO2) scoriaceous lapilli from
7, A and B; and Fig. 8, cols. 13). The matrix- well as with group 23 rocks, described next), Chachani contrasts with the yellowish, andes-
poor deposit containing dome blocks indicates greenish scoriaceous and pumiceous-flow and ite-dacite pumice of Misti (57%66% SiO2).
collapse of voluminous domes that had grown -fall deposits mantle the southeast flank of Bread-crust bombs in scoriaceous deposits in-
on the first stratocone at 38004500 masl. Chachani volcano and parts of the southwest terbedded with glacier and laharic deposits
Figure 5. Schematic geologic cross section of the north to southwest flanks of El Misti volcano (east bank of the Ro Chili canyon),
showing the pre-Misti bedrock, the Misti 1 stratovolcano, the Misti 2 and 3 stratocones, and the Misti 4 summit cone. The presumed
incremental caldera on Misti 2 and the summit caldera on Misti 3 are outlined.
tocone based on a DEM shows a major dis- group is older than ca. 31 200 yr B.P. (Fig. 8, These units suggest growth and destruction of
continuity at 4400 masl (Garca-Zuniga and col. 5). These pyroclastic deposits at least 1.5 domes of Misti 3 between ca. #25 000 and
Parrot, 1998). A controlled-source audio-mag- km3 in volume reflect a large explosive epi- ca. 20 000 yr B.P. (Table 2). The block-and-
netotelluric method, carried out by K. Pistre sode that may have enlarged the craters or the ash-flow deposits include pumice-fall deposits
(2000, personal commun.), aimed at obtaining probable incremental-collapse caldera on Mis- whose grain size and thickness increase to-
resistivity values as a function of depth on El ti 2. On the south-southeast flank of El Misti, ward the volcanos summit, thus showing
Misti. A large (100 m) zone of low resistivity, yellowish, dacitic pumice-flow, and tephra-fall Misti as the source. The youngest of the pum-
in the range of 1025 Vm, coincides with the deposits that overlie one dacitic lava flow are ice-fall layers erupted at ca. 21 ka (Fig. 8, col.
self-potential transition zone between the hy- interbedded with groups 23 and 31. A pum- 3); one pumice cobble from the second pum-
drogeologic and hydrothermal areas. Miner- ice cobble from one flow deposit yielded a TL ice-fall layer was dated at ca. 20.3 ka (TL,
alization and argillization due to circulation of age of 36.1 6 6.8 ka (Fig. 8, col. 3; Table 1). Table 1). The most voluminous (#0.5 km3)
hydrothermal fluids along the structural Group 32, ca. #3025 ka. The volumi- Plinian pumice-fall deposit of El Misti is 1 to
boundary may explain why resistivity is very nous group 32, containing 3050-m-thick 3 m thick at distances of 912 km west and
low in the transition zone. dacitic block-and-ash-flow and lithic pyroclas- southeast of the vent (Figs. 7C and 8, col. 6).
tic-flow deposits, mantles an extensive area on In the upper radial valleys, toward the top
Misti 3 Stratocone the south-southwest flank (BA3 in Fig. 4). The of group 33, debris-flow and stream-flow de-
Misti 3 was built up of lava flows and domes pyroxene- and amphibole-bearing andesite posits are interbedded with block-and-ash-
(LF3 in Fig. 4; Fig. 6, col. A; Table 2) between succession includes pumice-fall layers 2040 flow and scoria-flow deposits including phrea-
the elevations of ;4400 and 5600 masl. The cm thick as far as 12 km from the summit tomagmatic bombs. In U-shaped valleys
eruptions were probably after 50 000 but before (Fig. 6, col. A; Fig. 8, cols. 13). Block-and- probably carved by glaciers on the southeast
14 000 yr B.P., a period that overlapped the for- ash-flow deposits record episodes of growth flank of Chachani above 3600 masl, stratified
mation of groups 31 to 33. and destruction of domes that have built up layers of ash with subrounded pumice were
Group 31, ca. 3631 ka. To the southwest Misti 3 between #30 000 and ca. 25 000 yr emplaced in water and probably formed ter-
and southeast, a thick pile of dacitic ash-flow B.P. (Fig. 6, col. A; Table 2). Yellow-greenish races on the edge of former glacier tongues
deposits and tephra-fall deposits forms group pyroclastic-flow and tephra-fall deposits 10 (Fig. 7C). Tephra deposits were likely re-
31 (BA3 in Fig. 4; Figs. 7B and 8, cols. 2 15 m thick are interbedded with groups 32 worked by meltwater from ice fields that
and 5). Charcoal in soil at the base of group and 33 on the southeast flank of El Misti capped the Misti and Chachani summits dur-
31 yielded 14C ages of ca. 34 00033 000 yr (Fig. 8, col. 5). ing the second Last Glacial Maximum (be-
B.P. (Table 2) in and beneath the ignimbrites Group 33, ca. #2520 ka. An andesitic tween 24 000 and 12 000 yr B.P.; Seltzer,
(Quebrada Honda-Grande, Fig. 8, cols. 2 and succession encompasses as much as five 1990).
5). Radiocarbon dates on ash-flow deposits in block-and-ash-flow units 5 to 20 m thick on Summit Caldera on Misti 3, Group 34,
group 32 indicate that the top of the dacitic the south flank (BA3 in Fig. 4; Fig. 8, col. 5). ca. 1411 ka. Misti 3 was in turn truncated
Figure 6. (A) Composite stratigraphic section of pre-Misti, Misti 1, and groups of Misti 24 cones based on measured columns (located
in Fig. 8). (B) Composite stratigraphic section on the left bank of the Ro Chili canyon showing pre-Misti and Misti 12 deposits.
Figure 8. (Continued.)
now the Porvenir suburb of Arequipa, 13 km its formed the two volcaniclastic fans upon zaro (Thouret et al., 1995; Table 2). Whether
from the vent. Soils in the tephra pile are which the city of Arequipa has been built (Fig. the error range in 14C ages encompasses one
poorly developed, even in the wettest altitu- 3). Runoff and flash floods triggered by rain- or a few discrete eruptions is not yet
dinal vegetation belt (32003800 masl). Their storms, common in JanuaryFebruary, cut established.
poor development suggests that explosive ac- into the late glacialearly Holocene volcani- A pumice-fall deposit dispersed $25 km
tivity ceased for only short periods. Wavy ash clastic deposits dated between ca. 13 700 and southwest toward Arequipa includes three lay-
beds and truncated lenses with small sub- 8000 yr B.P. that filled the stream channels ers, totaling 30 cm thick, 13 km southwest of
rounded pumice indicate that runoff and/or eo- (LH4 in Fig. 4). the vent. Accidental lithic and accessory oxi-
lian processes removed ash deposits of Holo- dized fragments of the upper coarse sand layer
cene age. Similar wavy and truncated ash beds EXPLOSIVE ACTIVITY OVER THE
are more abundant than in the lower layer,
toward the top of sections are underlain by PAST 2300 YR
which is rich in coarse pumice lapilli. The
$6400 yr B.P. primary flow and fall deposits
banded pumice includes layers of rhyolite
and overlain by a dark soil mixed with a ca. The Most Recent Sub-Plinian Episode, ca.
(71% SiO2) and andesite (63% SiO2) compo-
3800 yr B.P. ash-fall layer in the Ro Chili 23002050 yr B.P.
valley (Fig. 8, col. 4; Table 2). Wind action sition. A thin, interbedded, middle layer of
may have been enhanced during the driest Ho- Pumice-flow and fall deposits of the last coarse sand, and nonvesicular lithic fragments
locene period between ca. 8200 and ca. 3600 major explosive episode of El Misti are por- indicates that the eruption column dwindled
yr B.P., evidenced in the area of Lake Titicaca, trayed in Figure 12. We determined two cali- just before the second layer was emplaced,
150 km east of Misti (Seltzer et al., 1998). brated ca. 2300 yr B.P. 14C ages at the base of probably owing to erosion of the conduit.
The dry middle Holocene interval contrasts pumice-flow deposits in Quebrada Agua Sa- From the isopachs of the pumice-fall deposit,
with the late glacial and early Holocene peri- lada and three ca. 2050 yr B.P. ages at the base bulk volume amounts to ;0.1 km3 (Fig. 12).
ods when debris-flow and stream-flow depos- of pumice-fall deposits in Quebrada San La- From the isopleths in Figure 12, the height of
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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