METHODOLOGY

I. MATERIALS
The following figures below shows the different apparatus and reagents used during
the experiment pH determination.

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Fig. 3 Fig. 4

Fig. 1 to 4
1 50-mL beaker, 8 test tubes, 1 100-mL graduated cylinder, 1 stirring rod
 Fig. 5 Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 5 to 7
Watch glass, pH paper, pH meter
REAGENTS

The following figures below shows the different reagents used during the experiment.

Fig. 8 Fig. 9

Fig. 10 Fig. 11

Fig. 8 to 11.
0.1 M HCl, 0.1 M NaOH, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.1 M CH3COOH
 Fig. 12 Fig. 13

Fig. 14 Fig. 15

Fig. 12 to 15
0.1 M NH4OH, 0.1 M NaHCO3, wastewater sample 1, wastewater sample 2
 II. METHODS
Experiment 3 is divided into two parts. The first part is all about pH determination
while the second part is all about pH as a function of concentration.

A. pH Determination
For the first part of the experiment, a stirring rod was used to moisten a piece of pH
paper which was later on placed on a test tube with test solution. A total of eight pH papers
were dipped into eight different test tubes which were observed and classified according to its
pH range and classification afterwards. After recording the observations on a data sheet, the
pH range of the solutions were also determined by using a pH meter. The figures below show
the different set-up made during this part of the experiment:

Fig. 16 Fig. 17

Fig 16 to 17
Transferring of solution using a pipette and aspirator bulb, a pH paper dipped into a solution
 Fig. 18 Fig. 19

Fig. 20 Fig. 21

Fig 18 to 21
Identification of pH classification using Universal Indicator Paper for sample 3, different pH
papers dipped into different solutions, measurement of pH range of NH4OH using pH meter
(pH = 11.7), measurement of pH range of NaOH using pH meter (pH = 13.7)
 Fig. 22 Fig. 23

Fig. 24 Fig. 25

Fig 22 to 25
Measurement of pH range of NaHCO3 using pH meter (pH = 3.7), measurement of pH range
of NaCl using pH meter (pH = 8.5), measurement of pH range of influent wastewater using
pH meter (pH = 3.0), measurement of pH range of effluent wastewater using pH meter (pH =
7.5)
B. pH as a Function of Concentration
For the second part of the experiment, a pipette was used to measure out 1 mL of 0.1
M HCl into a small beaker. Its pH was also determined and the following were calculated:
[H+], pOH, and [OH-]. Additionally, the same pipette was used in order to add 9 mL of
distilled water to the acid in the beaker, which brought to a total volume of 10 mL. After the
mixture was stirred, the pH was determined and the following were calculated: [H+], pOH,
and [OH-]. Moving on to the last part of the experiment, 1 mL of HCl solution was measured
out from procedure 2 into a new beaker, and 9 mL of distilled water was added into it. After
stirring the mixture, pH was determined and the following were calculated: [H+], pOH, and
[OH-]. The figures below show the different procedures done during this part of experiment:

Fig. 26 Fig. 27

Fig. 28 Fig. 29
 Fig. 30

Fig 26 to 30
Transferring of 1 mL of 0.1 M HCl solution into a 50-mL beaker, distilled water used in the
experiment, stabilizing the pH range of distilled water before using to other solutions,
transferring of 1 mL HCl to two 50-mL beakers, transferring of 9-mL distilled water to the
beaker