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Pelvic girdle It consists of two large hip bones Types of joints The joints are of three different
which are articulated anteriorly in mid line by types -
cartilaginous joint called pubic symphysis. Each hip a] Fibrous / immovable / synarthrosis joints
bone is formed by ossification of ilium, pubis and b] Cartilaginous / slightly movable / amphiarthrosis
ischium joints
c] Synovial / freely movable / diarthrosis / perfect
Bones of hind limbs Each hind limb is formed of joints
30 bones. The hind limb is divisible into three parts
thigh, shank and foot a] Fibrous / immovable / synarthrosis joints
A] Femur Thigh 1] This joint does not provides any movement
B] Tibia-fibula Shank 2] The articulating bones are held together by tough
C] Bones of the foot Tarsal Ankle, Metatarsal fibrous connective tissue
Sole and Phalanges Toes (digits) Ex Sutures or skull joint, peg and socket joint,
syndesmoses, etc
Locomotion
All living organisms exhibit 1] Sutures or skull joint
movements. These movements take place with the
help of some internal force. In human beings, there
are two kinds of movements i.e. internal movements
and locomotion
Syndesmoses
1] It is an immobile joint
2] It is present at the distal end of tibia-fibula
3] It is present along the length of radius-ulna
4] The articulating material is dense fibrous connective
tissue A typical synovial joint
b] Cartilaginous / slightly movable / amphiarthrosis 1] Presence of hyaline cartilage on the surface of
joints articulating bones
1] This joint provides slight movement 2] Presence of synovial cavity between articulating
2] The articulating material is in the form of disc of bones
fibro cartilage 3] Presence of yellow viscous fluid in synovial cavity
Ex Intervertebral joint, synchondroses, 4] The articulating bones are held together by ligament
symphysis (pubic joint), etc 5] The synovial fluid prevents the joint from friction
1] Intervertebral joint
Types of synovial joints
On the basis of degree of mobility the
synovial joints are of following types
Intervertebral joint
1] It is present between vertebra of vertebral column
2] The vertebra are articulated with intervertebral
cartilaginous disc
3] Any mechanical injury causes slipped disc which
leads to severe pain
Pubic joint
1] It is present between the pubic bones of pelvic girdle
1] This joint shows movement only in one direction
2] The gap present between the pubic bones is filled
2] It shows the movement of flexion and extension
with fibro-cartilage
3] The head of one bone fixes in the cavity or notch of
3] It provides a slight movement during parturition
other bone
(child birth) in females
3
Example convex part of one bone fits into the concave part of
1] The joint between lower head of humerus and the other bone and vice-versa
olecranon process of ulna bone of forearm Example Thumb joint
2] The joint between lower head of femur and proximal
end of tibia-fibula 6] Gliding or plane joint
In this joint, articular ends of two bones
3] Pivot joint are either flat or slightly curved to allow sliding or
gliding movements
Example Intercarpal and Intertarsal joints
Muscular movements
The muscular tissue is characterized by
its property of contractility. It also shows the
properties of extensibility, elasticity, flexibility,
conductivity, etc. The muscular tissue consist of
highly elongated modified cells called muscle fibers.
Pivot joint There are three different types of muscular tissue in
the body of vertebrates i.e. striated, unstriated and
In this type of joint the peg like cardiac muscles. The striated muscles perform
projection of one bone fixes into the cavity of other voluntary movements while the unstriated and
bone cardiac muscles perform involuntary movements
Example
1] The joint between atlas and axis vertebra 1] Voluntary movements -
2] The joint between radius and ulna at proximal end The movements of body parts
carried under the control of our will are called
4] Condyloid joint voluntary movements. All types of voluntary
movements are performed by striated muscles e.g.
movements of limbs, head, etc
The striated muscles are found
attached to the skeleton by means of tendons.
Tendons are inelastic thick bands of white fibrous
connective tissue which give firm attachment to
muscle with bone