Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Artificial Neural Network based monitoring of Weld Quality in Pulsed Metal Inert
Gas Welding using Wavelet Packets of Current Signal
1 B.Tech 2012 Batch ,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Beant College of Engineering and Technology
Gurdaspur Punjab India, H.no1 Puspa Niketan Kali Bari marg Cantt. Road Lucknow UP 226001Phone:
2M.Tech Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Silchar, India,Hno.66 By Lane3,Ujan
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1870
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
can analyze the localized high frequency area of a larger termed as C ( j , k ) j[0,3];k[0,7] , which have been processed
signal.
related to the frequency band under consideration.
The wavelet is a mathematical function used to divide a
continuous mode time function (or signal) into different In this work, these wavelet coefficients corresponding to
scale components. The wavelet transform represents a third level of decomposition were assumed as C (3,0) for
signal by wavelets, which contains translated and scaled frequency band of 0Hz to 2500Hz, C (3,1) for 2500 to
wave functions of a finite length wave, called as mother 5000 and so on up to C (3,7) for 17500Hz to 20000Hz,
wavelet. Generally, a wavelet is expressed mathematically where sampling rate was 40 kHz. The Daubechies family of
as: wavelets (dbM) has been considered, where M indicates
the order of mother wavelet function.
1 t b
Wab t W
a a Sensitivity analysis has been carried out to identify
significant wavelet coefficients of voltage and current
(1) signals. The most significant wavelet packet coefficients
where, b indicates location parameter and a stands for for voltage [V(3,0), V(3,4), V(3,6)] and current signals
scaling parameter [9]. [(I(3,1), I(3,3), I(3,4)] of the welding experiments (53
experiments for the model development and 7 more
The wavelet transfer function may be expressed as: experiments for validation of models) along with RMS
value of voltage and current signals and weld quality
1 t b features are shown in Table 1
C ( a, b) f t . W .dt
a a
t
Table 1: Process parameters with corresponding sensors
(2) outputs and joint features
For every (a, b) interval, it shows a wavelet transform
coefficient which represents the degree of similarity of the Process parameters
RMS
V& I
Significant wavelet packet
coefficients
Joint
featur
es
scaled wavelet to the function at the position of t = (b/a). A S
I
(
I
(
I
(
V
(
V
(
V
(
l H
critical sampling indicates the resolution of discrete .
n
F S at Vp
f
p
t
p
V
r
I
r
3
,
3
,
3
,
3
,
3
,
3
,
w
-
t
1 3 4 0 4 6
wavelet transform (DWT) in both time and frequency. It o
)
0
)
0
)
0
) )
0
)
0
h
2 0 3
shows minimum number of wavelet packet coefficients 1 7 5.8 -15 30.4
1
4
4
.
4
.
2
1
.
0
.
0
.
0
.
9
.
0
.
0
8
5
5
3
4 6 6 5 2 1 1 2
sampled from continuous wavelet transform (CWT), 3
4
0
9
0
5
0
3
3
0
8
0
1
j , k (t )
5 4 1 5 2 1 0 2 .
1 8
2 7 6 8 0 2
0 0 0 0 0 5
2 1
t t 1 4 2 . . . . . 0
3 . 3
6 7 5.8 -15 35.6 0 . 3 0 0 0 0 0 7
. 3 0
(3) 5 6
9
1 4
7
2
6
1
6
8
0
8
2
1
.
6
0 0 0 0 0 3
2 1
1 4 2 . . . . . 3
0 . 9
7 8 5.8 -15 30.4 0 . 3 0 0 0 0 0 6
. 7 3
In the wavelet packet analysis, the original signal W (0, 0) 5 6
6
6 8
0
4
3
2
2
9
2
1
4
3
.
3
0 0 0 0 0 3
has been decomposed into two separate frequency band 8 7 5.8 -15 30.4
1
0
3
.
1
9
2
1
.
0
.
0
.
0
1
.
.
0
.
0
8
8
3
. 7 7
part as low frequency and high frequency component by 5 4
4
7 8
1
4
5
2
4
0
1
8
4
0
.
7
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1872
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
5 4 . 0 1 . . . . . . 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 1
2 2
4 4 . 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 7 1 2 . . . . . 3
4 0 . 5
6 7 4 2 1 1 3 . 8 7.7 0 27 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 . 3 4
6 3 2 7 3 4 4 6 8 5 2 3 5 .
4 1
0 9 4 6 6 3 4
0 0 0 0 3
2 0 . 0 0 0 0 0
1 4 2 . . . . 7 2 1
1 6 . 0 5 1 2 . . . . . 1 1
7 8.8 -15 35.6 4 . 3 0 0 0 0 3 4 7 .
6 . 9 3 4 8 7.7 0 39 2 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 3 8
4 6 8 5 2 1 0 . 4 . 4
4 6 7 4 2 5 2 1 0 2 1 7
0 7 3 7 7 8 9
0 5 7 9 1
0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
2 1 1 1
1 3 2 . . . . . 1 2 . . . . . 4
1 3 . 8 4 8 9 . 8
7 5.8 15 35.6 0 . 2 0 0 0 0 0 6 8 7.7 0 39 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 9
7 . 9 1 5 0 . 7 2
5 4 0 7 3 2 2 2 . 6 6 3 2 1 3 9
3 0 5 3
0 9 1 2 1 2 8 7 2 8 8
0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
2 1 1 0
1 4 2 . . . . . 1 1 2 2 . . . . . 1 9
1 4 . 7 4 9 .
8 5.8 15 35.6 0 . 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 8 7.7 0 33 2 . 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
8 . 6 0 6 . 2
5 6 4 5 3 1 2 4 . 4 6 7 9 5 2 2 4 5 .
3 5 9 2
9 2 8 1 6 1 5 5 7 1 4 8
0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 2
2 1 2 0
1 3 2 . . . . . 0 1 5 2 . . . . . 7
1 1 . 5 4 4 . 9
7 5.8 15 30.4 4 . 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 8 7.7 0 33 2 . 3 0 0 0 0 0 2
9 . 9 1 7 . 0 5
4 4 9 8 4 2 2 4 . 4 4 4 4 2 1 0 1 .
4 4 4 3
3 9 3 3 5 7 8 6 2 6 9 1
0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
2 1 2 0
1 4 2 . . . . . 8 1 2 . . . . . 3
2 2 . 7 4 3 . 2
7 5.8 15 30.4 0 . 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 7.7 0 33 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 7
0 . 8 4 8 . 2 5
5 6 5 7 4 2 0 4 . 4 7 6 3 1 2 4 .
1 7 7 4
6 5 1 7 1 9 9 7 9 1 7 2
0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 4
1 3 2 . . . . . 3 2 . 0
2 2 . 3 1 2 . . . . 1
8 5.8 15 35.6 4 . 4 0 0 0 0 0 7 4 3 0 . 6
1 5 9 1 6 7.7 0 33 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 9
4 4 3 7 4 2 2 4 . 9 . . 1 6
3 4 4 3 1 1 3 .
6 1 0 0 3 8 8 5 4
1 6 5 4 1
0 0 0 0 0 3 5
0
1 4 2 . . . . . 4 0 0 0 0 0 4
2 2 . 6 2 0
7 5.8 15 35.6 4 . 3 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 2 . . . . . 0
2 7 9 0 5 3 . 8
4 6 8 5 2 1 2 4 . 9 7.7 0 33 2 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 9
0 0 . 2 7
0 6 3 4 8 7 4 1 7 3 2 2 4 .
2 3
0 0 0 0 0 4 3 9 0 1 5 3
1 2
1 3 2 . . . . . 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
2 9 . 2 0
8 5.8 15 30.4 0 . 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 . . . . . 1
3 . 1 5 2 . 7
5 4 0 9 6 2 2 2 7 . 8 7.7 0 33 2 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 6
9 4 1 . 2 9
9 1 8 0 1 7 4 1 5 3 1 1 4 .
4 1
0 0 0 0 0 3 8 2 8 8 1 3
2 1
1 4 2 . . . . . 1 9 0 0 0 0 0 4
2 3 . 0
8 5.8 15 30.4 4 . 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 1 2 . . . . . 0
4 . 9 5 2 . 6
4 6 7 8 4 2 0 4 7 . 8 7.7 0 33 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 9
8 5 2 3 2 8
1 3 0 7 1 1 4 7 6 3 1 2 4 .
2
0 0 0 0 0 3 7 5 8 1 3 3
2 2
1 3 2 . . . . . 5 0 0 0 0 0 4
2 0 . 6 2 0
8 8.8 15 30.4 4 . 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 . . . . . 1
5 . 0 1 5 3 . 7
4 4 9 9 5 2 1 4 . 8 7.7 0 33 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 6
3 9 3 . 2 3
8 7 7 8 9 5 4 5 6 3 1 2 4 .
1 2
0 0 0 0 0 5 4 8 0 2 3
2 1
1 3 2 . . . . . 2
2 5 . 6
7 8.8 15 35.6 4 . 3 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0
6 . 2 5 1 0
4 4 2 5 2 1 2 4 8 4 2 . . . . . 1 1
4 1 3 8 9 .
4 7 6 4 2 54 7 7.2 0 . 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 3
3 4 . 1
0 0 0 0 0 2 1 8 5 1 2 4 3 6
1 1 2 9
1 3 2 . . . . . 3 3 0 8 2 1
2 8 . 4
7 8.8 15 30.4 0 . 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 2
7 . 8 3 1 0
5 4 9 9 5 2 0 2 0 1 3 2 . . . . . 8
7 1 2 8 . 9
1 4 6 6 0 55 8 7.6 -25 2 . 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
8 . 2 5
0 0 0 0 0 1 8 6 9 5 2 2 4 .
2 2 8 1
1 4 2 . . . . . 5 9 1 1 8 9 2
2 4 . 8
7 8.8 15 30.4 4 . 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4
8 . 6 5 2 0
4 6 8 6 3 1 0 3 0 1 4 2 . . . . . 5
5 7 3 5 . 5
1 3 6 7 9 56 8 8 -15 3 . 3 0 0 0 0 0 1
6 . 2 3
0 0 0 0 0 3 6 5 9 5 2 1 2 3 .
2 1 2 3
1 4 2 . . . . . 5 2 7 2 1 0 3
2 3 . 9
7 8.8 15 35.6 0 . 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
9 . 2 0 2 0
5 6 6 4 2 1 2 5 . 2 . . . . . 3
8 9 3 9 2 . 7
9 6 6 0 0 4 57 7 6.8 -25 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 2
2 2 . 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 2 7 6 3 1 2 4 3
2 1 4 0
1 4 2 . . . . . 4 4 1 7 3 1
3 5 . 7
8 8.8 15 35.6 4 . 6 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 3
0 . 0 7 2 0
4 6 4 5 2 1 2 2 . 1 3 2 . . . . . 8
8 2 3 3 . 5
2 7 4 0 0 7 58 8 7.6 -15 2 . 2 0 0 0 0 0 7
4 . 2 4
0 0 0 0 0 4 4 2 0 6 3 1 3 4 .
2 1 7 2
1 3 2 . . . . . 1 1 4 3 1 7 1
3 2 . 2
8 8.8 15 35.6 0 . 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
1 . 7 1 2 0
5 4 0 6 3 2 1 2 . 1 3 2 . . . . . 1
6 1 3 4 . 4
8 7 1 7 0 3 59 7 7.2 25 1 . 1 0 0 0 0 0 7
8 . 1 7
0 0 0 0 0 4 2 6 9 5 4 1 1 2 .
2 1 3 4
1 4 2 . . . . . 0 3 2 1 7 1 2
3 0 . 8
8 8.8 -35 30.4 0 . 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
2 . 7 4 2 0
5 6 1 7 4 2 2 4 . 1 4 2 . . . . . 3
6 1 3 5 . 7
8 4 2 2 3 3 60 8 7.6 15 0 . 4 0 0 0 0 0 2
5 . 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 5 3 1 2 3 .
2 1 5 9
1 2 . . . . . 4 6 0 1 3 0 1
3 2 . 8
8 7.7 35 33 2 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 . 3 3
4 2 5 3 1 2 3 4
5 2
8 2 8 0 8
0 0 0 0 0 3
2 1
1 2 . . . . . 6
3 3 . 3
8 7.7 0 33 2 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 8
4 . 8 6
4 2 8 4 2 1 4 .
4 9
5 8 3 4 6 9
0 0 0 0 0 4
2 1
1 2 . . . . . 2
3 2 . 6
8 7.7 0 33 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 1
5 . 5 8
4 8 6 3 1 1 4 .
7 4
2 3 8 9 4 4
0 0 0 0 0
2 1
1 2 . . . . . 2
3 2 . 6
8 9.9 0 33 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 2
6 . 2 5
4 9 5 2 1 2 3 5
4 6
2 8 7 3 3
0 0 0 0 0 3
2 1
1 2 . . . . . 9
3 2 . 9
8 7.7 0 33 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 9
7 . 3 5
4 7 5 3 1 2 4 .
6 6
6 0 7 0 2 9
0 0 0 0 0 4
2 2
1 2 . . . . . 1
3 3 . 5
8 4.6 0 33 2 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 1
8 . 1 9
4 1 7 4 2 2 4 .
9 8
5 5 0 1 7 3
0 0 0 0 0 4
2 1
1 2 . . . . . 0
3 2 . 8
8 7.7 0 33 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 3
9 . 5 0
4 5 6 3 1 2 4 .
9 3
2 3 8 2 4 2
0 0 0 0 0 4
2 1
1 2 . . . . . 5
4 2 . 6
8 7.7 0 33 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 2
0 . 5 2
4 6 6 3 1 0 4 .
9 7
3 3 8 9 6 9
0 0 0 0 0 4
2 1
1 2 . . . . . 7
4
1
8 7.7 0 33 2
4
4
3
.
2
6
0
7
0
4
0
1
.
9
0
2
0
4
6
5
.
5
Fig.2. Wavelet packet tree for third level decomposition of
8 3
2
1
0
0
0
9
0
0
2
0
7
0
9
3 acquired sensors signals
1 2 . . . . . 7
4 5 . 7
8 7.7 0 33 2 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
2 . 8 1
4 3 5 2 1 0 2 .
8 9
4 8 3 9 3 5
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1873
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
3. Development of RSM and ANN model Training algorithms change the inter-neuron weights in
such a way as to reduce a desired error function (E)
Response surface is a functional mapping of multiple relating the target values (Ti) to the actual output (Oi)
process parameters to a single output feature. In the values (equation 7).
present research, second order polynomial response
surface models are developed using first 53 sets of data to 1 N
E Ti Oi
2
correlate six input process parameters: S, F, t, Vp fp, and tp
with the each weld quality feature. The MINITAB (release N 1
13.31, Minitab Inc. 2002) software was used for the model (7)
development and further statistical analysis to check the
adequacy of the model. The hardness variation from WZ to Each synaptic weight is modified from Wold to Wnew
HAZ (Hw-h) and joint ultimate tensile strength (t) were according to an error correction rule (equation 3) based
modelled as joint quality features as shown in equation 4 on the gradient descent technique to minimize the mean
and 5. The adequacy of the models was tested with 95% square error (MSE) between actual pth output (Opk) and
confidence level using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) desired pth output (Tpk) to the total number of training
technique. When the calculated value of t corresponding pattern (N) during the backward pass as per equation 8.
to a coefficient exceeds the standard tabulated value, the The learning rate () is to be adjusted to reduce MSE. The
coefficient may be considered as significant. The momentum coefficient () has also been used to maintain
significant regression coefficients were recalculated to the stability of with adequate learning according to delta
develop the final model. Finally, the adequacy of the rule.
models was tested with 95% confidence level using the E
analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique Wnew Wold
Wi
(8)
H wh 101.5 0.3 t 16.37 S 113.3F 31.9Vp 215t p 1.5s 2 3.3F 2 0.9V p2 7t p2
T
N P
1 k 2
MSE
0.2 t F 0.7 t t p 2.2SF 0.2SVp 0.1Sf p St p 1.8FVp 0.3Ff p 12.1Ft p 3.8Vpt p 0.4 f2ptN
k
p O p
p
k 1 p 1
(4) (9)
t 697.2 0.4 t 135.2S 595F 177.1Vp 2.8 f p 545.9t p 5S2 17.9 F 2 3.9VThe
p 0.7
2
t S 0.7 t F 0.2
performance of tthe
V p 2.7 t t p depends on the network
model
15.3SF 19.SVp 0.2Sf p 10St p 8.4 FVp 2.1Ff p 56.8Ft p 0.1Vp f p 8.1V pt p parameters
1.6 f pt p like number of neurons in hidden layer (j), no
(5) of hidden layer (h), learning rate of the synaptic weights
() and momentum coefficient (). There is no significant
The multi-layered feed-forward network with back improvement of MSE in testing with the consideration of
propagation gradient descent learning algorithm is widely more number of hidden layers in the present case. Thus,
used in welding process modelling. The feed forward single hidden layer is considered, whereas j, and were
network constitutes an input layer, an output layer and varied from 1 to 30, 0.1 to 0.9 and 0.1 to 0.9, respectively.
any number of hidden layers. Each layer is comprised of a Single hidden layer was found to be sufficient to reduce
variable number of nodes as neurons. In the present work, MSE in training as well as testing with less number of
a code for multi-neuron, multi-layered back-propagation iterations (i.e. less computational time). Several trials
(BPNN) model is used for mapping the P-MIGW process were made to finally obtain the optimal architecture,
parameters to weld quality characteristics. which can provide the minimum MSE in testing. The
optimum architecture was found by varying the number of
In this work single hidden layer with log-sigmoidal neurons in the hidden layer along with the variation of
transfer function (f) has been used in all the layers and . This evaluation was carried out by the
considering the non-linearity of the process behaviour. determination of MSE in testing (MSE_TEST) based on the
The nodes of each layer are interconnected to the absolute prediction error value of the weld quality
preceding and subsequent layer nodes with synaptic characteristics.
weights. In the forward pass, the weighted inputs (I) are
summed up to determine the output (O) of the neuron as The RMS value of arc current and voltage were used with
per equation 6. The weight of each preceding nodes (wji) process parameters in BPNN models to improve the
multiplied by corresponding inputs (yi) whose summed up prediction capability as RMS arc power was found to be
value indicate the weighted input of jth neuron. correlated with joint mechanical properties. Various
combinations of sensors signal features were used along
O f (I ) f w y ji i
with six process parameters to investigate the weld
quality prediction as shown in Table 2. The process
(6) parameters were only been considered in Strategy #1. The
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1874
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
RMS value of welding signals (current and voltage) was Table 3. ANOVA table for hardness variation (Hw-h) model
used in Strategy #2. Wavelet packet coefficients of current
and voltage signal with process parameters were used in Source DOF SS MS F- P-
Strategy #3 and #4, respectively. Finally, the best wavelet value value
packet coefficients of the voltage and current signals were Equation 26 24465.8 940.99 5.89 0.000
considered in Strategy #5.The number of neurons in the 4
input layer of the developed BPNN models depends on the Residual 26 4153.5 159.75
strategy under consideration. error
Total 52
Table 2. Weld quality prediction strategies F0.05, 26, 26 = 1.94
Sl Features used in the BPNN Number of input Table 4. ANOVA table for joint tensile strength (t) model
no model nodes
1 Six process parameters 6 Source DOF SS MS F- P-
Six process parameters with value value
2 8
RMS welding Equation 26 450447 17324.9 4.10 0.000
Six parameters with RMS 5
values of wavelet Residual 26 109801 4223.1
3 14
packet coefficients of current error
signa Total 52 560248
Six parameters with RMS F0.05,26,26 = 1.94
values of wavelet
4 14
packet coefficients of voltage The simulation result of various strategies using BPNN
signal code was compared according to prediction error (Table
Six parameters with RMS 5). The prediction capability of the various neural network
values of structures were compared with mean square error in
5 significant wavelet packet 16 testing (MSE_TEST). The 6-30-2 architecture with and
coefficients of as 0.4, and 0.4, respectively proved the best data fitting for
current and voltage signals the prediction of joint tensile strength and hardness
variation without considering sensor features. This
4. Result and Discussions optimum architecture provided the minimum MSE in
training (MSE_TRAIN) and testing (MSE_TEST) as
The ANOVA results are shown in Table 3 and Table 4 for 0.007358 and 0.009317, respectively.
two weld quality feature models. The acceptance of these
models mainly depends on P-value, F-value and R2 value. P- Table 5. Prediction performance of BPNN models for weld
value indicates the probability of significance. It is quality features using various strategies
calculated based on the F-ratio. The P-value is then
compared with the assumed confidence level (in this case Proc Strat Best Optim Optim MSE_T MSE_T
95 %). If the P-value is less than 0.05, then the model may ess egy Netw um um RAIN EST
be accepted. The F-value of the model has to be higher than outp No ork
the tabulated F- value at 95 % confidence level at uts
respective DOF of both the regression model and residual t, 1 6-30- 0.4 0.4 0.0073 0.0093
error. Thus, these criteria were found to be fulfilled, i.e. the Hw- 2 58 17
regression models were acceptable. However, the R2 value h
i.e. the coefficient of correlation indicates the closeness of 2 8-29- 0.5 0.4 0.0097 0.0077
the predicted output values with the actual experimental 2 33 42
responses. Its value lies in between 0 to 1. Higher R2 value 3 14-4- 0.5 0.1 0.0028 0.0057
indicates better model. The R2 values for hardness 2 64 81
variation (Hw-h ) and tensile strength (t) were found to be 4 14-4- 0.6 0.5 0.0038 0.0073
less than 0.85. Thus, the mean absolute prediction errors 2 61 41
for seven validation experiments were found to be more 5 16- 0.5 0.5 0.0049 0.0063
than 35% (Table 6). Therefore, it may be concluded that 12-2 17 55
the second order regression equations are not so adequate
to represent the relationship between process parameters The absolute prediction error was found to be 14.69% and
with respect to these two weld quality characteristics. 27.18% for joint tensile strength and hardness variation,
respectively. However, joint strength prediction error was
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1875
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1876