5, YL iLRm : TVuTLs - I

(DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS : APPLICATIONS - I)

5,1 ALm :
UpX RXm Bip Sm YL iLRju
A\dV dLeL[m. YLLlTjYRtL] TX
Nn\L[m TojRm, Um Rp YN. CWiPm
YN YLdLdLu YYd LRm Utm CVdL V]
YWeLm [dLlThP], ClT YL iLRju X
NVp\l TVuTL[l Tt TdLXm,
Sm uYm Lp TVuTLPu RPoPV
LQdL[l Tt TodLXm, (i) NUR[ YVp, (ii) Un
NoVp, (iii) ELUm (TUm. Um) LQp LQdLs Utm
RWVUdLp LQdLs.
5,2 R A[Yp YL (Derivative as a rate measure) :
y Gu\ LVm x Gu\ LVjRf Nok UTu\,
dy
G]Y xI Tj yCu URm dx Bm,
GjdLhPL EVWm hI Tj. AjRm pCu URm
dp
dh Bm, TYL LXjRl Tj LQdPlTm
URjR URm G]d Ls[Xm, Ce LXjRl
Tj GuT EslTRL Ts, GjdLhPL
di
u][ iCu URm dt Bm, RhTYlTX Cu
d
URm dt Bm,
GjdLh 5.1 : C YlT Xp l hPo [s[ J
EXLj iu NUuT l = 1 + 0.00005 + 0.00000042 Gp.
[jp HtTm URm (mm/C)I (i) 100CCp (ii) 400CCp
LiL,
dl
o : [jp HtTm URm Bm,
d
dl
= 0.00005 + 0.0000008 .
d

1
 dl
(i) = 100C G] CdmT = 0.00005 + (0.0000008) (100)
d
= 0.00013 m/C = 0.13 mm/C
dl
(ii) = 400C G] CdmT = 0.00005 + (0.0000008) (400)
d
= 0.00037 m/C = 0.37 mm/C
GjdLh 5.2 : J [du Jo RuUu Vm I
LuX GuT YpPw VI Tj I = 4 104V2 Gu\
NUuThPp RWlTUu. HtTm URm 0.6 Gp ARu
YpPw Gu]?
dI
o : YpP_ Tj Jp HtTm URm dV .
dI
I = 4 104V2 G]d LiPp dV = 8 104V
J Yphp HtTm J Ht\m 0.6 LuX Gp
dI
dV = + 0.6 Bm,
G]Y 0.6 = 8 10-4 V Bm,
0.6
YpPw V = = 0.075 104 = 750 Yphv
8 104
NYLm (Velocity) Utm dLm (Acceleration) :
y
J tk x hPo Wm
t ] SWjp Ko SoYf NXp
Distance

Np\, CRu NYLm v J x

x
U Gp. v = t hPo/] i.e., t
TPm 5.1Cp LhPlThs[ Wm/SWm x
Time
Y[YWu Nn J UVm,
TPm 5.1
y
J tku NYLm J UVL
B
Distance

Clu CRu Wm / SWm Tj

YWVlTm YWTPm J SodLPL
AUV (TPm 5.2Cp Es[ Tp) x
J \kR LX A[Ym (t) Utm A
WjRm (x) Tj Pdm t
x
NWN NYLm. AB Gu\ Su Nn Time
Rm Bm, TPm 5.2

2
 x
i.e., tI Tj Pdm NWN NYLm Bm,
t
t 0 GmT AB Gu\ Si ACp RLPm ThNjp
dx
A Gu\ sp PdLlTm NYLm v = dt Bm,
G]Y tku NYLm GkSWjm Wm / SWm
YWTPju Nn Rm Bm, Wm xB] SWju (t) Xm
LdLlThPp. AR] YLlTjR Sm APY NYLm
Bm,
J tku dLm B] y
NYLjRl Tj HtTm
D

Velocity
URm G] YWVdLXm, TPm
5.3Cp NYLm/SWm YWTPm
LdLlThs[, vCp HtTm y
Ut\jR v G]m. ARt HtT HtTm C
t
SW Ut\jR t G]m LiPp x
v Time
a= Bm, t 0 Bm T CD Gu\
t
Si. CGu\ sp RLPm TPm 5.3
ThNjp CGu\ sp PdLlTm
dv
dLm a = dt Bm,
G]Y tku dLm GkSWjm NYLm / SWm
Gu\ YWTPju Nn Rm Bm, NYLm v SWm tCu
XUL LdLlThPp. AR] YLlTjR Sm APY
dLm Bm,
dx dv
v = dt GmT dLm a = dt ,

d2x
Ce a = dt dt = 2
d dx
dt
dLm B] tI Tj xCu CWiPm YN
YLdLYp RWlTm, UtlhPYL[ dLUL
uYU \Xm, J Ts x hPo Wj] t ]
SWjp LPdUu.
(i) Wm x = f(t).
dx
(ii) NYLm v = f (t) ApX dt , CY Wm / SWm
YWTPju Nn Rm Bm,

3
 dv d2x
(iii) dLm a = dt = f (t) ApX CY Wm / SWm
dt2
YWTPju Nn Rm Bm,
l :(i) RPdL NYLm GuT t = 0Cp PdLlTm
NYLm Bm,
(ii) RPdL dLm GuT t = 0Cp PdLlTm
dLm Bm,
(iii) J Ls NejRL UpSdf Nu ALThN
EVWm APm T ARu N YLm fVm B\,
(iv) Lu CVdLm PUhPUL Ck A
RdLXd YUu v = 0 Bm,
GjdLh 5.3 : J tk t ] SWjp x hPo
WjRd LPd\, ARu W Utm SWj RPo
3 2
x = 3t 2 t + 4t 1 GuL, uYm SWeLp NYLm. dLm
BVYt\d LQdL, (i) t = 0 Utm (ii) t = 1.5 ]Ls,
o : Wm x = 3t3 2 t2 + 4t 1
dx
NYLm v = dt = 9t2 4 t + 4 /]

d2x
dLm a = = 18t 4 /]2
dt2
(i) t = 0 GmT.
NYLm v = 9(0)2 4(0) + 4 = 4 /]
dLm a = 18(0) 4 = 4 /]2
(ii) t = 1.5 ]Ls Gm T
NYLm v = 9(1.5)2 4(1.5) + 4 = 18.25 /]
Utm dLm a = 18(1.5) 4 = 23 /]2
GjdLh 5.4 : J Yok Z TPlTm
ThLs t ] SWjp. x AX WjR YkRPu\],
1
CRu RPo x = 2 gt2 Utm g = 9.8 /]2 Gp TPlThP
2 ] SWjp Tu NYLm Utm dLm
BVYt\d LiL,
1 1
o : x = 2 gt2 = 2 (9.8) t2 = 4.9 t2

4
 dx
NYLm v = dt = 9.8t /]

d2x
dLm a = = 9.8 /]2
dt2
t = 2 ]Ls GmT.
NYLm v = (9.8)(2) = 19.6 /]
Utm dLm a = 9.8 /]2,
GjdLh 5.5 : J T\dm Rhu LQ A[ Wm
WVu B] SWm t ]V Tj UT\, Um,
CYttV RPo = 9t2 2t3 Gp
(i) t = 1 ]p T\dm Rhu LQ NYLm Utm
dLm LQdL,
(ii) LQ dLm fVUmT ARu SWjRd
LQdL,
o : (i) LQ A[ Wm = 9t2 2t3 WVu
d
LQ NYLm = dt = 18t 6t2 WVu/]

t = 1 ] SWjp
= 18(1)6(1)2 = 12 WVu/]
d 2
LQ dLm = = 18 12t WVu/]2
dt2
t = 1 ] SWjp dLm = 6 WVu/]2
(ii) LQ dLm fVm 18 12t = 0 t = 1.5 ]Ls,
GjdLh 5.6 :
14.7 , EVWs[ UPk J Yu J LpX
UpSd G\u, LmTjk Ntj Rs SojRL
UpSd Nu u AkR Lp RWV AP\, ARu CVdLf
NUuT. hPo Utm ]p x = 9.8 t 4.9t2 Gp
(i) UpSdf NpX. Utm rSd YW Gjd Lsm
SWm GqY[? (ii) Lp RWp Ck UXf Nu APkR
ALThN EVWm Gu]?

5
o :
(i) x = 9.8 t 4.9 t2 Max. Ht.
ALThN EVWjp. v = 0
dx s =0
v = dt = 9.8 9.8 t
v = 0 t = 1 ]
s =-147 Ground
UpSdf NpX Gjd
LiP SWm 1 ]. TPm 5.4
x Gu\ X JqYudm EV LXm t GuL,
UPu EfV x = 0 G]d LiPp RWu X
x = 14.7 Bm, Lp UpSdf Nu u Z YkRPV Gjd
Lsm UjR SWj]d LQdP x = 14.7I LdLlTh
Es[ NUuThp WPm,
14.7 = 9.8 t 4.9t2 t = 1, 3
t = 1BL CdL V, G]Y t = 3I Gjd Ls[m,
rSd YW Gjd LiP SWm = 3 1 = 2 ]Ls,
(ii) t = 1 G] CdmT x = 9.8(1) 4.9(1) = 4.9
Lp Nu\Pm ALThN EVWm = UPu EVWm +4.9 = 19.6 ,
5,3 NokR ReLs (Related Rates) :
NokR Rd LQdLp J LVju (quantity)
URj] Ut\ LVju U Rju Xm
LQdPlTm, CRd Lm \VY. C LVjRm
RPoTjm NUuTL[ AUj AYt\ C\m
Ne Vl TVuTj LXjR Tj YLP Yim,
ClTp LQlTm LQdL[j olTRt uYm X
EjL[d LV[Xm,
(1) LQdL LY]jPu TdL Yim,
(2) kRp ARtV YWTPm Ju YWV Yim.
(3) L[ ALlTjR Yim, SWjR TjR
NoLu LVeLs VYtdm L[ JdL
Yim,
(4) LdLlThP RLYpL[m RYV] RjRm
YLLs XUL Gd Ls[m,
(5) LQdp CPmTm YqY LVeL[j
RPoTj NUuT GRm, RYlThPp.
ULp Ju]. LQdu YYd LR CVp]l
TVuTj dLXm,

6
 (6) C\m tI Tj Ne Vl TVuTj
YLlTjRp Yim,
(7) YL PdLlTm NUuThp LdLlThP
RLYpL[ Wh. RVR RjR LQ Yim,
[dL GjdLh : L[ Yp Es[ Tu Jup Lt
APdLlTm T ARu L] A[p HtTm Ut\m ]d
100 L,N,, Bm, hPm 50 N, G] Cdm T ARu BWm
GqYLjp ALdm GuTRd LiL,
o : Sm uYm CWi `VeL[ LiPk Li
LQdLj odL BWmlTm,
(i) RWlThs[ YWm : L] A[p HtTm ALlu Rm
]d 100 L,N,,
(ii) RVR : hPm 50 N, Cdm T. BWjp
HtTm Ht\ Rm,
ARu BWmTjp HtTm Ht\ Rm LR YVL CkR
LVeL[ YlTjYRt Sm X L[
ALlTjR Yim,
TuLu L] A[ V Utm. BWm r GuL, Ce dVUL
UReLs YLdLdLs Bm GuTR] U]jp Ls[m,
CkR LQdp L] A[ Utm BWm CWiU LXm tCu
NoLs, LXjRl Tj L] A[p HtTm Ht\ju Rm
dV dr
dt Utm BWjp HtTm Ht\ju Rm dt Bm, C.
RWlThs[Rm. LQ YiVRm uYU GRXm:
dV
RWlThs[RY: dt =100 N,3/] Utm
dr
LQ YiV: r = 25 N, G] Cdm T dt
dV dr
dt Utm dt I CQdL. V Utm r-I CQdm L] A[
4
jWm V = 3 r3-I Gjd Ls[m,

C\m tI Tj YLP. YX\m YLdLlTjR

V] r-Cu NoTLm. r] tCu NoTLm Li Ne
]l TVuTjR Yim,
dV dV dr 4 dr dr
i.e., dt = dr . dt = 3 3r2 dt = 4r2 dt

7
 dr 1 dV
dt = 4r2 . dt
dV
r = 25 Utm dt = 100 BVYt\ CfNUuThp WPm,
dr 1 100 1
G]Y. dt = 2 = 25
4(25)
1
Tu BWjp HtTm Ht\ Rm N,,/].
25
GjdLh 5.7 : 10 hPo [s[ J H NejR] Yp
Nnj YdLlThs[, Hu AlTdLm Ytk
Xf Npm Rm 1 /] Gp. Hu AlTdLm
Ytk 6 RXp Cdm T. ARu Ef GqY[
Rjp rSd C\em GuTRd LiL,
o : Rp TPm YWk YWeL[d jd LsL,
Yttm Hu AlTdLjtm y
CPlThP Wm x GuL, Hu
Efdm RWdm Es[ Nej EVWm Wall
y GuL, x Utm y CWiU SWm tCu
NoLs Bm,
dy/dt =?

10
dx y
RWlThs[: dt =1 /],
dx/dt =1
LQdP YiV: x = 6 hPWL x
x Ground
dy
Cdm T dt -Cu Ul TPm 5.5
CkR ]p x Utm ydPVs[ RPo] jRLWv
Rt\juT x2 + y2 = 100, (1)
C\m tI Tj Ne Vl TVuTj YLP
dx dy
Sm APY 2x dt + 2y dt = 0
dy x dx
CfNUuThk dt = y dt
NUuT (1)Cp x = 6I WP. y = 8 Bm,
dx
x = 6, y = 8 Utm dt = 1 BVYt\l WP
dy 6 3
dt = 8 (1) = 4 /].
3
H rSd SLm Rm 4 /] Bm,

8
GjdLh 5.8 : J tk A B] Ud 50 ,, YLjp
Utk Zd Sdf Np\, Ut\ tk B B]
Ud 60 ,, YLjp YPd Sdf Np\, CY CWim
NXLs Nkdm CPjR Sdf Npu\], NXLs Nkdm
]k tk A B] 0.3 ,, Wjm tk B
B] 0.4 ,, Wjm CdmT Ju\ Ju Sem
YL RjRd LQdL,
o : CWi NXLm Nkdm
A x C
CPjR CG]d Li TPm 5.6
YWL, LdLlThP SWm tCp
tk A, CI Sd Nu\ Wm y
x G]m tk B, CV Sd z
Nu\ Wm y G]m Gjd
LsL, Adm Bdm CPlThP B
Wm z GuL, Ce x, y, z GuT]
,,BLd LsL, TPm 5.6
dx dy
dt = 50 ,,/U Utm dt = 60 ,,/U G]
LdLlThs[, x Utm yCu WeLs \YRp Ce
GdLlThs[,
dz
SeYL Rm dt LQlTP Yim,

jRLWv Rt\juT z2 = x2 + y2 Bm,

C\m tI Tj YLP

2z dt = 2x dt + 2y dt dt = z x dt + y dt
dz dx dy dz 1 dx dy

x = 0.3, y = 0.4 Gm T z = 0.5 Bm,
dz 1
dt = 0.5 [0.3 ( 50) + 0.4 (60)] = 78 ,/U
i.e., CWi tkLm Ju\ Ju Sem YL Rm
78 ,/U
GjdLh 5.9 : J oXjRhV] RXZn
YdLlThP J SoYhP mu Yp Es[, ARu BWm 2
hPo. ARu BZm 4 hPo Bm, Pjt 2 L,hPo Rm
Rhp o TnfNlT\, Rhp u BZm 3hPWL
Cdm T. o UhPju EVWm ALdm RjRd LiL,

9
 o : 2m
Rp m] TPm 5.7Cp rm
Es[ Tp YWk
YWeL[d jd 4m
h
Ls[m, t SWjp mu
L] A[. BWm. EVWm
\V V, r Utm h GuL,
Ce t B] PeL[L TPm 5.7
Gjd Ls[lTm,
dV
dt = 2 G] LdLlThs[,
dh
h = 3 BL CdmT dt LQdP Yim,
1
V, r, hBVY V = 3 r2h Gu\ NUuTh]p RPo
TjRlTu\], Ce VdV NUuT h-Cp UhU CkRp
L ERVL Cdm, CRtLL. TPm 5.7Cp YYjR

dLQeLk. h = 4 r = 2 Utm V = 3 2 h = 12 h3.
r 2 h 1 h 2

tI Tj C\m YLd LQ.
dV 2 dh dh 4 dV
dt = 4 h dt dt = h2 dt
dV
Cp h = 3, Utm dt = 2I WP.
dh 4 8
dt = (3)2 (2) = 9 /
Tt 5.1
(1) J HLQ. RWk NejRL UpSdf
Njm T t SWjp Npm EVWm x GuL, ARu
25
NUuT x = 100t 2 t2 Gp (i) HLQu RPdL
NYLm (ii) HLQ EfN EVWjR APm T ARu
SWm (iii) HLQ APm EfN EVWm (iv) HLQ RWV
APm T ARu N YLm BVYt\ LiL,
(2) KWX \PV J Ls t ] SWjp HtTjm
CPlTVof x = 3 cos (2t 4) Gp. 2 ]Lu p
ARu dLm Utm ARu CVdL Bt\p (K.E.) RVYt\d
LiL, [K.E. = 1/2 mv2, m GuT \]

10
(3) YLjRPV (Break) NjV
u]o J YL]m t
5
]Lp Npm Wm xI x =20 t 3 t2 Gu\ NUuThPp
RWlT\ Gp (i) YLjRP NjRlThP SWjp
YL]ju YLm (,,/U) (ii) AqYL]m RdL Xd
Yu A LPkR Wm BVYt\d LiL,
(4) hPu hm = 0 ektG]d LdLlTh
Es[, Ce BWmT YlTX 0C Bm, Utm t
]Lp YlTX CBm, 40 ]Ldl \
ARu YlTX Um RjRd LiL, Ce 0 = 16 C
Utm k = 0.03 G]d LsL, [e1.2 = 3.3201)
(5) J dLQju jVWm 1 N,/Pm Rjp
ALdm T. ARu TWl 2 N,N,,/Pm Gm Rjp
ALd\, jVWm 10 N,, BLm TWl
100 N,N,BLm Cdm T dLQju AlTdLm
Gu] Rjp Um GuTRd LiL,
(6) SiTLp A Gu\ LlTp. B Gu\ LlTd Utl \UL
100 ,, Wjp Es[, LlTp A B] Ud 35 ,,
YLjp Zd Sdf Np\, LlTp BB] Ud
25 ,, YLjp YPd Sdf Npu\ Gp. UX 4.00
Ud CWi LlTpLdm CPlThP Wm GqY[
YLUL Um GuTRd LiL,
(7) J dLQju CWi TdLeLu [eLs \V 4.
5 Bm, Utm AYtt CPlThP LQ A[u Hm
Rm ]d 0.06 WVu Gp. XV] [eL[
EPV AkR TdLeLd CPV LQ A[ /3BL
Cdm T. ARu TWlp HtTm Ht\ Rm LiL,
(8) J dLQju CWi TdL A[Ls \V 12 . 15,
Utm CYtu CPlThP LQju Hm Rm
Pjt 2Gp XV] [eLs LiP TdLeLd
CPlThP LQm 60BL Cdm T. ARu u\Y
TdLju [m GqY[ WYL ALdm GuTRd LiL,
(9) J N ClTu Xm NjRlTm LeLp _pLs.
]d 30 L,A Rm Uk Z LhPlTmT
AY m YYjRd Ld\, GkSWjm Admu
hPm. EVWm NUULY CdU]p. mu EVWm 10
AVL Cdm T EVWm Gu] Rjp EVo\
GuTRd LiL,

11
5,4, RLLs Utm NeLLs (YLhP
Nn Rju A[YL GRp)
(Tangents and Normals [Derivative as a measure of slope])
ClTp NUR[ YVp y
YLhu TVLs Tt Sm Rk
y =f (x)
Ls[Xm, y = f(x) Gu\ NUuTPV
Y[YW] Gjd LsYm, P (x1,y1)
No
CqY[YWu P(x1,y1) Gu\ rm
al
sV Gjd LsL, Clsp
YWVlTm RL BV AfLd
CQVL CpXUp CkRp O x
Time
PCp YWVlThP RLhu
TPm 5.8
NUuThP rdLU GRXm,
Nn (Y[) m Utm (x1,y1) Gu\ s YfNpm
Lhu NUuT y y1 = m(x x1) Bm,
dy
RLhu Nn m = f (x1) = (x1,y1) Gu\ sp dx-u
Ul GuT Sm AkRR, G]Y RLhu NUuT
y y1= f (x1) (x x1) Gu\ AUlp Cdm,
m = 0 Gp. CkR Y[YWd P(x1,y1) Gu\ sp y = y1
Gu\ PUhPd L RLPL AUm.
x = x1 Gu\ sp f(x) Gu\ Y[YW RPofVL Ck
lim
x x1 f (x) = Gp x = x1Gu\ X jdL RLPL
AUm, J Y[YWd RWlThP sp YWVlTm
RLhPu. J NeLhPm Sm LQXm, CRu
YWV\ uYU:
YWV\ : LdLlThP sp Y[YWd NeL
GuT AlsYf NpYm. R Lhtf NejRL
AUYUm,
YWV\p Ck NeLhu Nn mGp RL
Utm NeL CYLu NnLd CPVV] RPo
m = 1/m .
1 1
(A,,). m = = (x1,y1) Gu\ sp dy
f (x1)
dx

12
 P(x1,y1) Gu\ sp y = f(x) Gu\ Y[YWd YWVlThP
1
NeLhu NUuT y y1= ( x x1) Gu\ AUlp
f (x1)
Cdm, (x1,y1)Cp NeLhu NUuT :
(i) RL PUhPd L Gp NeL x = x1 Bm,
(ii) RL X jdL Gp NeL y = y1 Bm,
\ XLp.
1
(iii) y y1 = m (x x1) Bm,

GjdLh 5.10: y = x3 Gm Y[YWd (1,1) Gu\ sp

YWVlTm RL. NeL BVYtu NUuTL[d
LiL,
o : y = x3 ; Nn m = y= 3x2.
(1,1) Gu\ sp Nn = 3(1)2 m = 3
RLhu NUuT y y1 = m(x x1)
y 1 = 3(x 1) ApX y = 3x 2
1
NeLhu NUuT y y1 = m (x x1)
1 1 4
y 1 = 3 (x 1) ApX y = 3 x + 3

GjdLh 5.11 : y = x2 x 2 Gm Y[YWd (1, 2) Gu\

sp YWVlTm RL. NeL BVYtu
NUuTL[d LiL,
o : y = x2 x 2 ;
dy
(1,2) Gu\ sp Nn m = dx = 2x 1 = 2(1) 1 = 1
i.e., m = 1
RLhu NUuT y y1 = m(x x1) i.e., y (2) = x 1
i.e., y = x 3
1
NeLhu NUuT y y1 = m (x x1)
1
i.e., y (2) = 1 (x 1)
i.e., y = x 1

13
GjdLh 5.12 : xy = c2Gu\ Y[YWd (a,b) Gu\ sp
YWVlTm RLhu NUuT LiL,
o : Y[YWu NUuT xy = c2.
dy
x I Tj YLP. Sm APY y +x dx = 0
dy y dy b
dx = x Utm m = dx (a, b)= a .
RYV] RLhu NUuT
b
y b = a (x a)
i.e., ay ab = bx + ab
x y
bx + ay = 2ab ApX a + b = 2
GjdLh 5.13 : x = a ( + sin ), y = a (1 + cos ) Gu\

QVX NUuTL[d LiP Y[YWd = 2 Cp
RL. NeL BVYtu NUuTL[d LiL,
dx
o : = a (1 + cos) = 2a cos2 2
d
dy
= a sin = 2a sin 2 cos 2
d
dy
dy d
G]Y dx = dx = tan 2
d

Nn m = dx
dy
= / = tan 4 = 1
2

= 2 Cp Y[YWp s[ s a 2 + a, a.


G]Y = 2 Cp AUm RLhu NUuT

y a = (1) x a 2 + 1

1 1
i.e., x + y = 2 a + 2a ApX x + y 2 a 2a = 0

14

NeLhu NUuT y a = (1) x a 2 + 1

1
ApX x y 2 a = 0
GjdLh 5.14 :
16x2 + 9y2 = 144 Gu\ Y[YWd x1 = 2 Utm y1 > 0 G]
CdU (x1,y1) Gu\ sp YWVlTm RL.
NeL CYtu NUuTL[d LiL,
o : 16x2 + 9y2 = 144
x1 = 2 Utm y1 > 0 GU (x1,y1) Gu\ s Y[YWu
CdmT.
(16 4) + 9 y12 = 144 9 y12 = 144 64 = 80
80 80 80
y12 = 9 y1 = 3 . B]p y1 > 0 y1 = 3
80
Rs (x1,y1) = 2 , 3

16x2 + 9y2 = 144
xI Tj YLP.
dy 32 x 16 x
dx = 18 y = 9 y
80
2, 3
16 2 8
Gu\ sp Nn = 9 80
=
3 5
3
80 8
RLhu NUuT y 3 = (x 2)
3 5
i.e., 8x + 3 5 y = 36
CRl Tu LidLlTm NeLhu NUuT
9 5 x 24 y + 14 5 = 0 G] APVXm,
GjdLh 5.15 :
x = a cos, y = b sin Gu\ QVX NUuTL[d LiP

sYhPjt = 4 Cp YWVlTm RL. NeL
CYtu NUuTL[d LiL,

15

o : = 4Cp (x1,y1) = a cos 4 , b sin 4 =
a b
,
2 2
dx dy y
= a sin , = b cos .
d d
dy T
P
dy d b =/4
= = cot
dx dx a x
O N
d
b b
m = = a cot 4 = a TPm 5.9

Rs
a b b
, Utm ARu Nn m = a Bm,
2 2
= a x
b b a
RLhu NUuT y
2 2
i.e., bx + ay ab 2 = 0
= b x
b a a
NeLhu NUuT y
2 2
i.e., (ax by) 2 (a2 b2) = 0.
GjdLh 5.16 : y2 = 20 x Gu\ TWY[Vju J RL
xAfPu 45 LQjR HtTj\ Gp. ARu NUuT LiL,
o : (x1,y1) GuT Rs GuL,
,y2 = 20x
2yy = 20
10
y = y
10
(x1, y1) Gu\ sp Nn m = y (1)
1
RL xAfPu 45 LQjR HtTj\,
RLhu Nn m = tan 45 = 1 (2)
10
(1) Utm (2)-Cp Ck y = 1 y1 = 10
1
(x1,y1) Gu\ s y2 = 20x AUYRp. y12 = 20 x1
100 = 20 x1 ApX x1 = 5 i.e., (x1,y1) = (5,10)
(5, 10) Gu\ sp RLhu NUuT.
y 10 = 1(x 5) ApX y = x + 5.

16
l: CdLQd] TWY[Vju YWVlTm
RLhu NUuT y = mx + a/m GuTR]l TVuTj
Gp o LQXm,
5,5 C Y[YWLd CPlThP LQm
(Angle between two curves) :
C1 Utm C2 Gu\ C Y[YWLs P Gu\ sp Yhd
Ls\ GuL, Yhlsp Cq Y[YWLd
CPV Es[ LQm. Alsp Y[YWLd
YWVlTm RLLdPV Es[ LQUm,
(RLL[ YWV kRp), C1 Utm C2 Gu\ CWi
Y[YWLu NUuTLu LoVu AUl \V y = f(x)
Utm y = g(x) GuL, Um AY Yhm s P(x1,y1) GuL,
P Gu\ sp C1, C2 Gu\ Y[YWLd YWVlTm
RLLs PT1, PT2 GuL, AY x-Afu LjNPu
HtTjm LQeLs 1 Utm 2 GuL,
PT1 Utm PT2d CPlThP y
y =g (x)
LQm Gp =2 1 Utm y =f (x) C2
C1
tan = tan (2 1) T1
tan 2 tan 1
= P
1 + tan 1 tan 2
180 T
m2 m1 1 2 2
2
= 1+m m x
1 2 O Time
Ce 0 < TPm 5.10
CYtk Sm Rk LsY VRp. NnLs
CWim NUUu (m1 = m2) CWi Y[YWLm Ju\ Ju
Rhf Npm,
TdLtTXu m1 m2 = 1 Gp CWi Y[YWLm Ju\
Ju NejRL Yhd Lsm, B]p URX EiU
ApX, ARY CWi Y[YWLm Ju\Vu NejRL
Yhd LiPp m1 m2 GuT 1BL CdL YiV
AYVpX,
l : 1 LQULm 2 eLQULm CkRp
= 2 1 Bm, 1 eLQULm 2 LQULm
CkRp = 12 Bm,

17
 CWi XL[m Ju Noj Gjd LiPp.
CPlThP LQm 12 ApX
tan 1 tan2 m1 m2
tan = tan(12) = = 1 + m m
1 + tan 1 tan 2 1 2

GjdLh 5.17 : y = x2 Utm y = (x 2)2 Gu\ Y[YWLs

Yhd Lsm sp AYLd CPlThP
LQjRd LiL,
o : Yhd Lsm sVd LQ CWi Y[YWLu
NUuTL[j odL Yim,
y
x2 = (x 2)2

y =(x-2)2
x = 1. x = 1 Gp y = 1

y =x2
2
Yhd Lsm s (1, 1)
dy 1 (1,1)
y = x2 dx = 2x
x
(0,0) 2
m1 = dx
dy
(1,1) = 2 Tan-1(4/3)
TPm 5.11

y = (x 2)2 dx = 2(x 2) m2 = dx
dy dy
(1,1) = 2.
CPlThP LQm Gp.

tan = 1 4 =
22 4 1 4
3 = tan 3
GjdLh 5.18 : ax2 + by2 = 1, a1x2 + b1y2= 1 Gu\ Y[YWLs
Ju\ Ju NejRL Yhd Ls[j RYV]
TkR]Vd LiL,
o :
Yhd Lsm s (x1,y1) GuL,
G]Y. ax12 + by12 = 1 ; a1x12 + b1y12 = 1
b1 b a a1
x12 = ab a b , y12 = ab a b (WUo lT)
1 1 1 1
ax1
ax2 + by2 = 1d m1 = dx
dy
= by
(x1,y1) 1

18
 a1x1
m2 = dx
dy
Utm a1x2 + b1y2 = 1d = b y
(x ,y ) 1 1
1 1
NejRL Yhd LsYRp. m1m2 = 1
2
ax1 a1x1 a a1x1
i.e., by b y = 1 = 1.
1 1 1 bb1y12
b1 b a a1
aa1x12 + bb1y12 = 0 aa1 ab a b + bb1 ab a b = 0
1 1 1 1
b1 b a a1
aa1 (b1 b) + bb1 (a a1) = 0 bb + aa = 0
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ApX b b + a a = 0 ApX a a = b b GuT
1 1 1 1
RYV] TkR]Vm,
GjdLh 5.19 : x2 y2 = a2 Utm xy = c2 Gu\ Y[YWLs
Ju\ Ju NejRL Yhd Lsm G]d LhL,
o : Y[YWLs Yhd Lsm s (x1,y1) GuL,
x12 y12 = a2 Utm x1 y1 = c2
dy dy x
x2 y2 = a2 2x 2y dx = 0 dx = y
x1 x1
m1 = dx
dy
= y ie., m1 = y
(x ,y ) 1 1
1 1
c2 dy c2
xy = c2 y = x dx =
x2
c2 c2
m2 = dx
dy
= 2 i.e., m2 = 2
(x ,y ) x1 x1
1 1
x1 c2 c2 c2
m1m2 = y 2 = x y = 2 = 1
1 x1 1 1 c
Y[YWLs Ju\ Ju NejRL Yhd Lsu\],

GjdLh 5.20 : x = a cos4, y = a sin4, 0 2 Gu\ Q
AX NUuTL[d LiP Y[YWd YWVlThP
GkRY RLm HtTjm BV Afj iLu Rp
a G]d LhL,

19
o : HRm s I (a cos4, a sin4, ) G]d Ls[Xm,
dx y
Ce = 4a cos3 sin ;
d
dy = /2
Utm = 4a sin3 cos
d (0,a)
dy sin2
dx =
cos2 =0
x
O (a,0)
TPm 5.12
sin2
i.e., Cp YWVlThP RLhu Nn =
cos2
sin2
Cp RLhu NUuT (y a sin4) = (x a cos4)
cos2
ApX x sin2 + y cos2 = a sin2 cos2
x y
+ =1
a cos2 a sin2
i.e., BV AfdLu Rp = a cos2 + a sin2 = a

Tt 5.2
(1) uYm Y[YWLdj LdLlThP sLp
RL Utm NeL BVYtu NUuTL[d
LiL,

(i) y = x2 4x 5 ; x = 2 (ii) y = x sin x cos x ; x = 2
1 + sinx
(iii) y = 2 sin2 3x ; x = 6 (iv) y = cos x ; x = 4

(2) x2 y2=2 Gm Y[YWd YWVlThP RLhu

Nn 2 Gp RsVd LiL,
(3) x2 + y2 = 13 Gm Y[YWu RL 2x + 3y = 7 Gm
Lht CQVu AjRLhu NUuT
LiL,
(4) x2 + y2 2x 4y + 1 = 0 Gu\ Y[YWu RLP] (i)
x Afd (ii) y Afd. CQVL CdmT ARu
RsL[d LiL,

20
 (5) x2 + y2 = 52 Gu\ YhPjt 2x + 3y = 6 Gu\ SodLht
CQVL YWVlTm RLLu NUuTL[d
LiL,
(6) y = x3 3x Gm Y[YWd YWVlTm NeLLs
2x + 18y 9 = 0 Gu\ Lht CQVL Clu AYtu
NUuTL[d LiL,
(7) y = x3 Gu\ Y[YWu s[ J s P GuL, PCp
YWVlThP RLP] Y[YWV UTm
QCp NkdU]p. QCp RLhu Nn. PCp
Es[ NnYl Tp 4 UPe G]dLhL,
(8) 2x2 + 4y2 = 1 Utm 6x2 12y2= 1 Gm Y[YWLs Ju\
Ju NejRL Yhd Lsm G]d LhL,
(9) y = ax Utm y = bx ; (a b) Yhd Lsm LQm Id
LiL,
(10) x = a cos3 ; y = a sin3 Gm Q AX NUuTL[d
LiP Y[YWd Cp YWVlTm NeLhu
NUuT x cos y sin = a cos 2 G]d LhL,
(11) y2 = x Utm xy = k Gm Y[YWLs Ju\Vu
NejRL Yhd LiPp. 8k2 = 1 G] dL,
5,6 CPUlj Rt\eLs Utm AYtu TVuTLs
(Mean value theorems and their applications) :
ClTp. J GV Y[YWp HRm CWi
sLd CPV. Aq sL[ CQdm Sd
CQVL RL Ju AUU J Rs Cdm
GuTRd LiTm, CRd LQdP. UdLp Wp (Michael
Rolle) GuTYu Rt\m RYlT\,
5,6,1 Wu Rt\m:
f GuT UnUlPf No GuL,
(i) f B] V CPY [a, b]Cp YWVdLlTh
RPofVLm.
(ii) \kR CPY (a, b)Cp YLPjRdLRLm.
(iii) f (a) = f (b) BLm Es[. Gp
\kRThNm J s c (a,b)I f (c) = 0 Gu\ TkR]d
EhTh LQXm,

21
X LY]dlLs :
t SWjp J SLm Tu XVj Rm NoT]
s = f(t)d Wu Rt\jRl TVuTjRXm,
t = a Utm t = b BV SWeLp T[] JW
Xp ClTRLd LiPp. f(a) = f(b) Gu\ Wu
TkR]V \ NnYRL AUm, Wp Rt\ju
TkR]Ls ojVYRp AjRt\juT adm bdm
CPp c Gu\ SWjR f (c) = 0 GU LQXm,
ARY t = cCp Tu N YLm fVm Bm,
CdLsLV] XdjRL UpSd GVlThP
Tdm EiUVYRd LQXm, (LtjRP
dLXL)
f(x) = 0 Gu\ Tpld LY NUuThd a, b Gu\
CWi XeLs Clu. Wu Rt\juT f (x) = 0
Gu\ NUuThd a Utm bd CPp \kR J
Xm cBY Cdm,
J GV Y[YW J PdLhP CWi
sLp YhUu. fNVUL Aq sLd
CPp Y[YWd J PjRL Cdm,
c J UVu f(x)=cd Wu Rt\m
YlTPVL EiUVYRd LQXm,
Wp Rt\ju URX EiUVpX, ARY J No
f B] c (a,b)d f (c) = 0 GuTR] EiUVdYRd
Li Wp Rt\ju TkR]Ls ojVm G]
NpX V,
GjdLh 5.21 :
Wu Rt\jRl TVuTj. cCu UlL[d LidL,

(i) f(x) = 1 x2 , Ce 1 x 1
(ii) f(x) = (x a) (b x), Ce a x b, a b.
1
(iii) f(x) = 2x3 5x2 4x + 3, Ce 2 x 3

o : (i) CkR No [1,1] Gu\ CPYp RPofVLm

(1,1) Gu\ CPYp YLPjRdLRLm Es[,

22
 Um f(1) = f (1) = 0 G]Y Wu Rt\ju GpX
TkR]L[m f(x) oj NnYRd Li\m,
1 2x x
f (x) = 2 2
=
1 x 1 x2
f (x) = 0 x = 0.
(x = 0 Gp R = 1 0) G]Y c = 0 ( 1, 1) Gu\ Ul
Wu Rt\jR EiUVdu\ RkR Ul Bm,
(ii) f(x) = (x a) (b x), a x b, a b.
f (x) GuT [a,b] Gu\ CPYp RPofVLm (a,b)
Gu\ CPYp YLPjRdLRLm AU\. Um
f(a)= f(b) = 0. G]Y GpX TkR]L[m f(x) \ Nnu\,
f (x) = (b x) (x a)
a+b
f (x) = 0 2x = b a x = 2
a+b
c = 2 Ul Wu Rt\jR EiUVdLd V RkR
UlTm,
1
(iii) f(x) = 2x3 5x2 4x + 3, 2 x 3
f(x) Gu\ No 2 , 3 Gu\ CPYp RPofVLm
1

, 3 Gu\ CPYp YLPjRdLRLm AU\,
1
2
Um f 2 = 0 = f(3) = 0. G]Y GpX TkR]L[m f(x)
1

\ Nn\,
f (x) = 6x2 10x 4
1
f (x) = 0 3x2 5x 2 = 0 (3x + 1) (x 2) = 0 x = 3 , x = 2.

x = 3 GuT 2, 3 Gu\ CPYp CpX,

1 1

x = 2 GuT TjRU] sVm,
c = 2 Wu Rt\j] EiUVdu\ RkR UlTm,
Utl : HRm J TkR] ojVLpX Gp Wu
Rt\j] TVuTjR CVX,

23
GjdLh 5.22: uYY]Ytt Wu Rt\jRf NTdL:
(i) f(x) = x3 3x + 3 0 x 1 (ii) f(x) = tan x, 0 x
(iii) f(x) = | x |, 1 x 1 (iv) f(x) = sin2 x, 0 x
x
(v) f(x) = e sin x, 0 x (vi) f(x) = x (x 1) (x 2), 0 x 2
o : (i) f(x) = x3 3x + 3 0 x 1
[0,1]Cp f(x) RPofVLm (0,1)Cp f(x) YLPj
RdLRLm AU\,
Um f(0) = 3 Utm f(1) = 1 f (a) f (b)
Wu Rt\m RWlThP f(x)d EiUVL,
f (a) = f (b) Gu\ TkR] \ NnVlTPRRp Wu
Rt\m RWlThP f(x)d EiUVL,
Um f (x) = 3x2 3 = 0 x2 = 1 x = 1
f (c) = 0 GmTVL \kR J El c B] (0,1)Cp
Cdm Gu\ EiUVLRR Ce LQXm,
(ii) f(x) = tan x, 0 x

[0,] Gu\ CPYp f(x) RPofVt\, x = 2Cp
tan x + . G]Y. Wu Rt\m TkR,
(iii) f(x) = | x |, 1 x 1
[1,1]Cp f RPofPV, B]p (1,1)Cp
YLPjRdLRpX, H]p f (0)I LQ V, G]Y Wu
Rt\m TkR,
(iv) f(x) = sin2 x, 0 x
[0,]Cp f RPofPV. Utm(0,)Cp YLPjRdL,
f(0) = f () = 0 (ie.,) Wu Rt\ju TkR]L[ f B] \
Nnu\,
f (x) = 2 sin x cos x = sin 2x
3
f (c) = 0 sin 2c = 0 2c = 0, , 2, 3, ... c = 0, 2, , 2 , ...

c = 2 (0,) GuT Wu Rt\ju TkR]d
LhlTu\ UlTm,
(v) f(x) = ex sin x, 0 x
ex Utm sin x GuT] xCu GpX UlLdj RPof
EPV, G]Y AYtu TdLp TXu ex sin x, 0 x Cp
RPofPV,

24
f (x) = ex sin x + ex cos x = ex (sin x + cos x), 0 < x < Cp LQm,
f(x)B] (0,)Cp YLPjRdLRm,
f(0) = e0 sin 0 = 0
f() = e sin = 0
Wu Rt\ju TkR]L[ f \ Nn\,
f (c) = 0 GmT J El c (0, ) CkRp ec(sin c + cos c) = 0
ec = 0 ApX sin c + cos c = 0
ec = 0 c = GuT T[t\,
sin c 3
sin c = cos c cos c =1 tan c = 1 = tan 4
3
c = 4 GuT RYV] UlTm,
(vi) f(x) = x (x 1) (x 2), 0 x 2,
[0,2]Cp f RPofPV Utm (0,2)Cp f
YLPjRdLRm, f(0) = 0 = f(2)
Wu Rt\ju TkR]L[ f \ Nn\,
f (x) = (x 1) (x 2) + x (x 2) + x (x 1) = 0
1
3x2 6x + 2 = 0 x = 1
3
1
c = 1 (0,2) GuT Wu Rt\jR \ NnV
3
RYV] UlLs Bm,
l : Wu Rt\jR llTjm RUL cCu Ul
Jud UtThm LQlTPXm,
GjdLh 5.23 : [0, 2] Gu\ CPYp y = 1 + cos x Gu\
Y[YWd x-Afd CQVL YWVlThP RLhu
RsV Wu Rt\jRl TVuTj LQd,
o :
y
(0,2)Cp f(x) RPofV] 2
Utm [0,2]Cp YLPjRdLRm, x
(0,0)
f(0) = 0 = f(2) Wu Rt\ju -1
TkR]L[ f(x) \ Nn\,
-2
f (x) = sin x = 0 sin x = 0 (,-2)
x = 0, , 2, . . . TPm 5.13

25
 (0,2)Cp RYV] cCu Ul Bm,
x = Cp , y = 1 + cos = 2
LdLlThP Y[YWd. x-Afd CQVL YWVlThP
RLhu Rs (,2) Bm,
Tt 5.3
(1) uYm NoLd Wu Rt\jRf NTodL:
(i) f(x) = sin x, 0x
2
(ii) f(x) = x , 0 x 1
(iii) f(x) = | x 1|,
0x2
3 3
(iv) f(x) = 4x3 9x, 2 x 2

(2) Wu Rt\jRl TVuTj y = x2+1, 2 x 2 Gu\

Y[YWp xAfd CQVL Cdm RLLu
R sL[d LiL,
5,6,2 CPUlj Rt\m (XdWgu CPUl )
(Mean Value Theorem [Law of the mean due to Lagrange]) :
CkRl Tp TX Ls _Nl v XdWgu
CPUl ApX CPUlj Rt\jRf NokR Cdm,
Rt\m : f(x) Gu\ UnVi No
(i) [a,b] Gu\ V CPYp f(x) RPofVLm
(ii) (a,b) Gu\ \kR CPYp YLPjRdLRLm
Clu. (a,b) Gu\ \kR CPYp HRm J Ul cI
f(b) f(a)
f (c) = GU LQm (1)
ba
LY]d lLs :
f(a)= f(b) G] Clu CPUl Wu Rt\Um,
s = f(t) Gu\ CVdLf NUuThPm CPX m
Jlhl TolTm,
sCp HtTm Ut\m s = f(b) f(a) GuT tCp HtTm Ut\m
t = b aI TjR,
f(b) f(a) s
= . C t = aCk t = b YWX] NWN
ba t
NYLjtf NUm Gu Ts,

26
 CfNUuThk adm bdm CPV Es[ CPY
SWjp c Gu\ HRm J NUVjp NYLm f (c) B]
NWN NYLjtf NUU\, GjdLhPL J tk
2 U SWjp 180 ,, NpU]p ARu YLU. 90 ,,
A[] \kRThNm J\VY LijdL Yim,
J Y[YWu C (c, f(c)) Gu\ y
sp Nn f (c)m. A (a, f(a)) C B
Utm B (b, f(b))V CQdm Su 2

( x)
f(b) f(a)
Nn -m NUUL Cdm, 1 A

y =f
ba
YYd LR[dLjuT J No x
f B] V CPY [a,b]Cp (0,0)
RPofVLm. (a, b) Gu\ \kR TPm 5.14
CPYp YLPjRdLRLm Clu. \kRThNm
HRm J Ul c(a, b)Cp YWVlTm RL. Si
ABd CQVL Cdm,
Utl (1) : a < c < b Gu\ TkR]V c oj NnYRp.
ca
(c a) < (b a) ApX (< 1) = , (GuL).
ba
ca
(A,,), = c a = (b a), 0 < < 1.
ba
BLVp c = a + (b a)
CPUl V
f(b) f(a) = (b a) f (c) G] GRXm,
= (b a) f [a + (b a)], 0 < < 1
C NoLu RWVU] UlL[d LiPV ER\,
(2) b a = h G] GjdLiPp. UX LdLlThdm
Y f(a + h) = f(a) + hf (a + h), 0 < < 1 G] GRXm,
(3) a = x G]m h = x G]m Gjd LiPp CPUl
V] f(x + x) = f(x) + x f (x + x) G] AUm,
Ce B] 0 < < 1 GU Cdm.,
GjdLh 5.24 : f(x) = x3 Gu\ Not [2,2] Gu\
CPYp XdWgu CPUlj Rt\jR NTodLm,

27
o: f J Tpld LYVRXp [2, 2]Cp RPofVLm.
YLPjRdLRLm Cdm,
f(2) = 23 = 8 ; f (2) = (2)3 = 8
f (x) = 3x2 f (c) = 3c2
CPUl uT. c ( 2, 2)I
f(b) f(a) 8 (8)
f (c) = GU LQXm, 3c2 = =4
ba 4
4 2
(A,,). c2 = 3 c =
3
2 2
CPUldV RYV] cCu UlLs Utm
3 3
CWim [2,2]Cp AUu\],
GjdLh 5.25 :
E[ YX] J EXLj ip Es[4 ,, hPm
12 ,, BZm LiP J [] im ALlTjR
ARu hPm 4.12 ,hPWL ALdLlT\, CRu [YL
[j GdLlThP EXLju RWV A[Yd LiL,
o : x ,, BWm 12 ,, BZm EPV E[u L] A[
V = f(x) = 12 x2
f (c) = 24c.
f(2.06) f(2)Yd LQdP :
CPUl uT.
4mm
12mm

f(2.06) f(2) = 0.06 f (c)

= 0.06 (24 c), 2 < c < 2.06
c = 2.01G]d LsL,
f(2.06) f(2) = 0.06 24 2.01
= 2.89 L, ,, (RWVUL) TPm 5.15
l : 2.01I RW.2Ck 2.06 YW Y GkR RkR A[Ym
cd Gjd Ls[Xm, CRt Ht\tTX Y RWV
UlLs Pdm,
GjdLh 5.26 : f(0) = 3m xCu GpX UlLdm f (x) 5
G]m Clu. f(2)Cu L AL Ul Gu]YL CdLm?

28
o : LdLlThP BRWeLk. f YLPjRdL
BLVp f B] xu GpX UlLdm RPofVL Cdm,
G]Y. [0,2] CPYp XdWgu CPUl Vl
TVuTjRXm, HRm J c(0, 2)I
f(2) f(0) = f (c) ( 2 0) GU LQXm,
f(2) = f(0) + 2 f (c)
= 3 + 2 f (c)
xCu GpX UlLdm f (x) 5 G] LdLlThs[,
lTL f (c) 5. CR C\m 2Bp TdL
2f (c) 10
f(2) = 3 + 2 f (c) 3 + 10 = 7
f(2)Cu EfN Ul 7 Bm,
GjdLh 5.27 : J o NR]l Thk Gj. Ldm
p YjR EPu J YlTU 19CCk 100 BL U\ 14
]Ls Gjd Ls\, CPp HRm J SWjp TRWNm
NVL 8.5C/sec. Gu\ Rjp H\ Gu LidL,
o : HRm J SWm tCp YlTU Lidm YlT A[
T GuL, G]Y. T GuT. SWm tCu NoTm, YlTju A[
RPofVL Ud LilTRp YlTm HYm
RPofV]Rm,
CkRf No YLlTjRdVm Bm,
CPUl uT. (0, 14) Gu\ CPYp t0Gu\
HRm J SWjp
T(t2) T(t1)
= T (t0) G] CkdL Yim,
t2 t1
Ce T (t0) GuT t0Cp YlTju U RUm,
Ce t2 t1 = 14, T(t2) = 100 ; T(t1) = 19
100 + 19 119
T (t0) = 14 = 14 = 8.5C/sec
Tt 5.4
(1) rdLm NoLd XdWgu CPUlj
Rt\jR NTodLm :
(i) f(x) = 1 x2, [0,3] (ii) f(x) = 1/x, [1,2]
(iii) f(x) = 2x3 + x2 x 1, [0,2] (iv) f(x) = x2/3, [2,2]
(v) f(x) = x3 5x2 3x , [1,3]

29
 (2) f(1) = 10 Utm 1 x 4 Gu\ CPYp f (x) 2BLm
Clu. f(4)Cu Ul GqY[ VRL CdL m?
(3) UVm 2.00 Ud J tku YLU 30 UpLs/U
G]m 2.10 Ud YU 50 UpLs/U G]m
Lh\, 2.00 Udm 2.10 Udm CPlThP HR
J NUVjp dLm NVL 120 UpLs/U2-BL
Ckdm G]d LhL,
T YY CPUl (Generalised Law of the Mean) :
V CPY [a,b]Cp f(x)m g(x)m RPofV] UnVi
NoL[Lm. \kR CPY (a,b)Cp fm gm YLlTjRd
VRLm Um \kR CPY (a,b)Cp g (x) 0 G]m
Clu. CPY (a, b)Cp \kRThNm xCu Ul cd
f(b) f(a) f (c)
= G] Cdm,
g(b) g(a) g(c)
UtlLs :
(1) CkRj Rt\m Lu (Cauchy) TYY CPUl
G]lTm,
(2) Lu TYY CPUl u J lhP
YYU XdWgu CPUl Vm,
(3) g(b) g(a) GuTRd LYdLm, g(b) = g(a)BL Clu
Wu Rt\juT. (a,b)Cp HRm J xd g(x) = 0
G] Bm, C T YY CPUl d
WQL AUm,
hjR CPUl (Extended Law of the mean) :
f(x)m ARu Rp (n 1) YLd LdLm V CPY
[a,b]Cp RPofVLm. Um f(n)(x) B] \kR CPY
(a,b)Cp LQjRdLRLm Clu. \kRThNm xCu J Ul
x = c (a,b)I
f (a) f (a) 2 f (n1)( a) (n)
n1 f (c) n
f(b)=f(a)+ (ba)+ (ba) +...+ (ba) + n! (ba) ...(1)
1! 2! (n 1)!
GU LQm,
UtlLs :
(1) hjR CPUl p b a = h Gp b = a + h Bm,
G]Y (1)Cp W NnV.

30
 f (a) f (a) f (n1)( a) n 1 f (n)(c) n
f(a + h) = f(a) + 1! h + 2! h2 + ... h + n! h ...(2)
(n 1)!
Ce c (a, a + h), Um CR] PnXu Rt\m Gu\m,
(2) bdl TXL x Gu\ UVl TjR (1) B] HRm J
c (a, x)d

f (a) f (n1)( a) n1 f (n)(c) n

f(x) = f(a) + (x a) +... (x a) + n! (x a)
1! (n 1)!
G] Um,
(3) fI GjR] \ YiU]m YLlTjR UuL,
PnXu Rt\jp n Lm TV GiQL CdLp
(A,,) n Gp (2) B],
f (a) f (a) f (n)(a)
f(a + h) = f(a) + 1! h + 2! h2 + . . . + n! hn + ... ...(3) Bm,
aI TjR f(a + h)Cu CkR Y] PnXu RPo G]
AZdLlT\,
(4) hjR CPUl p adl Tp 0Ym. bdl Tp
U xIm TjR (1) GuT,
f (0) f (0) f (n1)(0) n 1 f (n) (c) n
f(x) = f(0) + 1! x + 2! x2 +...+ x + n! x
(n1)!
Bm, Ce c (0,x) C UdXu (Maclaurin) Rt\m
G]AZdLlT\,
(5) UdXu Rt\jp n Ll TV GiQL CdLp
(A,,) n Gp RPW]
f (0) f (0)
f(x) = f(0) + 1! x + 2! x2 + . . . . . . G] Bm,
CjRPo ] UdXu RPo G] AZlTo,

[dL GjdLh : x = 2 -p f(x) = sin xCu PnXu
uYU PdLl T\ :

f(x) = sin x ; f 2 = sin 2 = 1


f (x) = cos x ; f 2 = cos 2 = 0


f (x) = sin x ; f 2 = 1

31

f (x) = cos x ; f 2 = 0


f 2 f 2 2
x + ...
f(x) = sin x = f 2 + 1! x 2 + 2!
2
2

= 1 + 0 x 2 + 2! x 2 + ...
(1)

4
2
sin x = 1 2! x 2 + 4! x 2 ...
1 1

GjdLh 5.28 : rdLm NoLd UdXu LiL :
1) ex 2) loge(1 + x) 3) arc tan x ApX tan1x
o :
(1) f(x) = ex ; f(0) = e0 = 1
f (x) = ex ; f (0) = 1
f (x) = ex ; f (0) = 1
!
1.x 1 1
f(x) = ex = 1 + 1! + 2! x2 + 3! x3

x x2 x3
= 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + ... (xCu GpX Ultm EiU)

(2) f(x) = loge(1 + x) : f(0) = loge1 = 0

1
f (x) = 1 + x ; f (0) = 1
1
f (x) = ; f (0) = 1
(1 + x)2
+1.2
f (x) = ; f (0) = 2!
(1 + x)3
1.2.3
f (x) = ; f (0) = (3!)
(1 + x)4
1 1 2! 3!
f(x) = loge(1 + x) = 0 + 1! x 2! x2 + 3! x3 4! x4 ... + .

x2 x3 x4
x 2 + 3 4 + .... 1 < x 1.

32
(3) f(x) = tan1x ; f(0) = 0
1
f (x) = = 1 x2 + x4 x6. ; f (0) = 1 = 1!
1 + x2
f (x) = 2x + 4x3 6x5 . ; f (0) = 0
f (x) = 2 + 12x2 30x4 . ; f (0) = 2 = (2!)
f iv(x) = 24x 120x3 . ; f iv(0) = 0
f v(x) = 24 360x2 . ; f v(0) = 24 = 4!
1 0 2 0 4!
tan1 x = 0 + 1! x + 2! x2 3! x3 + 4! x4 + 5! x5 +
1 1
= x 3 x3 + 5 x5
Ce | x | 1 Bm,
Tt 5.5
rdLm NoLd UdXu LiL:
1
(1) e2x (2) cos2x (3) 1 + x (4) tan x, 2 < x < 2

5,7 R\lT\R YYeLu Ul LQp

(Evaluating Indeterminate forms) :
V CPY [a,b]Cp f(x), g(x) GuTY YWVdLlTh.
Lu (Cauchy) T YY CPUl V
f(x)
\YtYRLm CdLhm, Um f(a) = 0, g(a) = 0 Gp g(x)
Gu\ Rm x = a Gu\ CPjp YWVdLlTP CVX, H]p
0
C 0 YYjp AUYRp AojRUt\R\, B]p
f(x)
x a GU Cdm UlLd. g(x) B] YWVjR Ul
Tts[,
0
x a Gp CqRju GpXVd LiTR. 0 GU
AUkR R\lT\R Y]d LQdRp GuTRm,
f(x) = 3x 2 . g(x) = 9x + 7 Gum Clu. x Gp Tm
3x 2
Rm BYRp 9x + 7 GuT Gu\ R\lT\R Yp

AU\,

33
 1
lim ex lim x lim x lim 1/x lim /(x1)
, (x e ), x , x Um x
x x x x 0 x x 1
BVY R\lT\R YYeL[] \V 0., , 00, 0
Utm 1 GuT]Yt\ APu\], CkRd L[ SW
Yp Gjd Ls[ V, lhP GpXLu TdL
YTj AYRt CkR Ls AYVU\, CkR
GpX] LQdP. _u To]Vp LidLlThP J
TVuT\, ARY,. J u]ju Tm. Rm
fVjR Sdf Npm T. Rju GpX]d
LQXm,, CR RtLXjp XRp Gu LR UR
Guillaume Francois Antoinede lHpitalCu TVp AZd\m,
XRp (lHpitals rule) :
V CPY [a,b]Cp fm gm RPofVLm c (a,b)Cp f
YLPjRdLRLm g(c) 0 G]m CdLhm, lim f(x) = 0,
x c
f (c) f(x)
lim g(x) = 0 GuL, Um lim = L G] CkRp lim g(x) = L
x c x c
g (c) x c
Bm,
UtlLs :
(1) YZdLU] \L[ P XRp \ R\lT\R
YYeLu GpXVd LQ GRL AU\,
sin x
lim
x 0
x I Gjd LsYm, CRu GpX SUd 1 Gu
Rm, CR] YYd LR \p jRm,
Cm\ Nt L]U]R \Vm,
sin x cos x
B]p. lim x = lim 1 = cos 0 = 1 G] GRL
x 0 x 0
XRu Vp dL \,
(2) YLlTjRdV NoLdjRu R\l T\R
YYeLd XRu Vl TVuTjR m,
x+1 1
lim = 3 . B]p XRp Vl TVuTj]p
x 0
x + 3
x+1 1
lim = 1 = 1 B\, Ce f(x) = x + 1 g(x) = x + 3
x 0
x + 3
CWim YLdL LQj RdLY, B]p R\lT\R
YYjp CpX,

34
 (3) lim f(x) = 0 Utm lim g(x) = 0tl Tp lim f(x) =
x a x a x a
Utm lim f(x) = Gu Clm XRu
x a
] TVuTjRXm,
(4) Ut\ R\lT\R YYeL[m RkR EUt\eL[l
0
TVuTj 0 Utm Gu\ AUlp Li YWXm,

X LQdL[f NnYRt rdLiP RYlTm,
Nolf Noj Rt\m (Composite Function Theorem) :
Rt\m : lim g(x) = b Utm bCp f RPofVLm Clu.
x a
lim f(g(x) = f lim g(x) Bm,
x a xa
x
GjdLh 5.29 : Ul LiL : lim tan x
x 0
x 0
o : lim tan x = 0
x 0
x 1 1
lim tan x = lim 2 =1=1
x 0 x 0 sec x
1
sin x
GjdLh 5.30 : lim -u Ul]d LiL,
11
x+ tan x
1
o : y = x GuL, x Gp y 0

1
sin x
sin y 0
lim = lim 1 = 0
11
x + tan x y 0 tan y

= lim 1 = 1 = 1
cos y 1
y0 2
1 + y
log(sin x)
GjdLh 5.31 : lim 2
( 2x)
x /2

35
 0
o : C 0 AUls[,
1
log(sin x) sin x cos x
lim 2 =
lim
( 2x) 2( 2x) (2)
x /2 x /2
cotx 0
= lim =
4( 2x) 0
x /2
cosec2x 1
= lim =
42 8
x /2
Ce XRu C\ TVuTjRlThs[
GuTRd LYdLm,
x2
GjdLh 5.32 : Ul LiL : lim
x
ex
x2
o : lim x GuT AUlp Es[,
x
e
x2 2x 2 2
lim x = lim x = lim x = =0
x
e x
e x
e

GjdLh 5.33 : Ul LiL : lim cosec x x

1
x 0

o : lim cosec x x GuT Gu\ AUlp Es[,

1
x 0
x sin x
lim cosec x x = lim sin x x = lim x sinx = 0
1 1 1 0
x 0 x 0 x 0
1 cos x
= lim sin x + x cos x = 0
0
x 0
sinx 0
= lim = 2 = 0
x 0 cos x + cos x x sin x
sin x
GjdLh 5.34 : Ul LiL : lim (cot x)
x 0
sin x
o : lim (cot x) GuT 0 Gu\ AUlp Es[,
x 0

36
 sin x
y = (cot x) GuL log y = sin x log (cot x)
lim (log y) = lim sin x log (cot x)
x 0 x 0
log (cot x)
= lim . C Gu\ AUlp Es[,
x 0
cosec x
XRu Vl TVuTjR.
1 2
log (cot x) cotx ( cosec x)
lim lim
x 0
cosec x = x 0 cosec x cot x
sin x 1 0
= lim cos x cos x = 1 = 0
x 0
(A,,) lim log y = 0
x 0
Nolf Noj Rt\juT.
0 = lim log y = log lim y lim y = e0 = 1
x 0 x 0 x 0
GfNdL : lim f(x) RVR Xp. log lim f(x) GuT
x a x a
AojRUt\,
sinx
GjdLh 5.35 : Ul Li lim x
x 0 +
o :
sinx
lim x GuT 00 Gu\ AUlp Es[,
x 0 +
sinx
y=x GuL log y = sin x log x.
log x
(A,,). log y = cosec x
log x
lim log y = lim . C Gu\ AUlp Es[,
x 0 + x 0 +
cosec x
XRu Vl TVuTjR.
1
log x x
lim = lim
x 0 +cosec x cot x
x 0 +
cosec x

37
 sin2x
= lim x cos x = 0
0
x 0 +
2 sin x cos x
= lim = 0
x 0 + sin x cos x
x
(A,,). lim logy = 0
x 0 +
Nolf Noj Rt\juT.
0 = lim log y = log lim y lim y = e0 = 1
x 0 + x 0 + x 0 +
GjdLh 5.36 :
t Gu\ SWjp. R Gu\ uRP]m. L Gu\ i
u]hPj]m. Um E Gu\ U\ u CVd
Rt
E
N]m LiP uNWm i-Cu NUuT i = R 1 e L
Gp. R Lf VRL Cdm T i-I LQ ELkR jWjRd
LiL,
o :
Rt
lim E 1 e L 0
R0
i = lim R 0 AUlp Es[
R0
Rt
t
E L e L
Et Et
= lim 1 = L lim i = L ELkR jWUm,
R0 R0
Tt 5.6
rdLiPYtd GpXd LiL,
sin x tan x x
(1) lim (2) lim
x 2 2 x x 0 x sinx
sin 1x x n 2n
(3) lim (4) lim
x 2 x 2
x 0
x

2 tan1 x
2 1 1
sin x x2
(5) lim 1/ (6) lim 1
x
x x x

38
 logex cotx
(7) lim x (8) lim cot 2x
x x0
1
(9) lim x2 logex. (10) lim x x1
x0+ x1
cos x lim
(11) lim (tanx) (12) x0+ xx

x /2
1
lim /x
(13) x 0 (cos x)

5,8 KVpf NoLs (Monotonic Functions) :

Hm (ApX Tm). C\em (ApX \m) NoLs
YL iLRjp TXRWlThP TVuTLs Es[],
5.2, 5.3, 5.4 BV TLp YL i YYd LR. T[L.
Nn\ LQdLd YL iLRm TVuTjRlThPRd
LiPm, CkRl Tp YL iLRm Unf NoLu
LsLLp TVuTYRd LiTm,
J Y[YWV YWm
y y =f(x)
T A Ge ALd\ Positive
Gradient
B Negative
Ge \\ GuT RY Gradient
(slope) Positive
AYVU\, TPm 5.16Cp (slope) D
Gradient
Y[YWV] s Ak C (slope)
BYW ALjm, Bk
CYW \km UTm
CCk D YW ALjm A
Li\,
CPY [a,b]Cp No f x
O a x1 x2 b c d
B] Hm NoTLm
CPY [b,c] Cp C\em TPm 5.16
NoTLm UT [c,d] Cp Hm NoTLm LQlT\,
CR] Hm Nou YWV\dl TVuTjYm,
YWV\ : J CPY Ip x1 < x2BL Cdm T
f(x1) f(x2)Gp Ip f J Hm NoT\, x1 < x2BL Cdm
T f(x1) f(x2)BL Clu. Ip f J C\em NoTm, J
CPY Ip J No HLULY ApX C\e
LULY LQlThPp A Ip KVp No G]lTm,

39
 Rp Xp No f B] YN Ut\ NoT\,
(A,,). x1 < x2 f(x1) f(x2)
Um CWiPY Xp. No f YNV Ut\,
(A,,). x1 < x2 f(x1) f(x2).
YN Ut\ TiuT. Hm NoLs YN U\
NoL[Lm. C\em NoLs YNV Utm NoL[Lm
AUu\],
[dL GjdLhLs :
(i) JqY Uf Nom Hm NoTm,
(ii) JqY NUf Nom Hm NoTm,
(iii) f(x) = sin x Gu\ No RCp Hm No ApX,

B]p0, 2 p A J Hm NoTm,

(iv) f(x) = 4 2x C\em NoTm,

(v) f(x) = sin x , 2, Gu\ CPYp C\em NoTm,

f Hm No Gp. ( f) C\em NoTm GuTRd
LYdLm,
JqY Uf Nom Hm NoTLm. C\em NoTLm
Ls[Xm GuTR AL,
GfNdL : J No Hm NoTL AUVpXVp AR
C\em No Gu Y RY\m, J No Hm NoTLY
ApX C\em NoTLY CpXUdLXm, GjdLhPL.
[0, ] Gu\ CPYp sin x Hm NoUpX. C\em Nom

ApX, 0, 2 p A Hm NoTLm. 2, Cp A C\em

NoTLm AU\, X NoLs Cu]m jVNUL
Cdm, AY CPYu Ehm P KVp NoTL
AUYpX, B]p Sm Todm TmTX] NoLs
Aj] U ApX,
NRWQUL. Y[YWVl TojR EP]V A Hm
NoT. C\em NoT ApX CWim CpXV G]d
PXm, Hm Nou Y[YW Sm CPk YXlTdLm
Npm T C\eYpX, B]p C\em Nou Y[YW
CPlTdLjk YXlTdLm Npm T A HYpX,
B]p Y[YWV LdLlTPR T Sm RWlThP Ko No
KVpf NoT? CpXV? G] GlT LilT? CRt
Rt\m 1 SUdj RYlT\,

40
Rt\m 1 : I J \kR CPYVL CdLhm, f : I R
YLlTjU CdLhm,
(i) ICp xCu GpX UlLdm f (x) 0 Gp f J Hm
NoTm, CRu URXm EiU,
(ii) ICp xCu GpX UlLdm f (x) 0 Gp f J C\em
NoTm, CRu URXm EiU,
TQm: (i) f Hm NoTLm. x IYLm CdLhm,
f YLPd VRp. f (x) LQjRdL,
lim f(x + h) f(x)
Um f (x) = h0 h . h > 0 Gp. x + h > x Um
f Hm NoTRXp. f(x + h) f(x). G]Y f(x + h) f(x) 0.
h < 0 Gp. x + h < x Utm f (x + h) f(x). G]Y f(x + h) f(x) 0
G]Y f(x + h) f(x) Utm h CWiU \Vt\ UlP]
ApX CWiU LVt\ UlP] Cdm,
f(x + h) f(x)
hCu GpX fVUt\ UlLdm h J \Vt\
f(x + h) f(x)
UlPu Cdm, G]Y. lim h 0 f (x) 0
h0
URXVL. Ip xCu GpX UlLdm f (x) 0YL
CdLhm, Ip x1< x2 G] CdLhm, f(x1) f(x2) G] dLXm,
f(x2) f(x1)
CPUl uT x x = f (c) , Ce x1 < c < x2
2 1
f(x2) f(x1)
f (c) 0 G]Y x x 0. Um x2 x1> 0 ( x1 < x2)
2 1
G]Y f(x2) f(x1) 0 ApX f(x1) f(x2).
f J Hm NoTm
(ii) UtVY\ TQm NnVXm, (i)Cu Y ( f)d
TVuTjm AR] dLXm,
YYd LR [dLm (Geometrical interpretation) : UtV Rt\m.
rdLiP YY SPlT YlTj\, I = [a,b] Gu\
CPYp f(x) Hm NoTL Clu. CkR CPYp
y = f(x) Gu\ Nou JqY sm YWVlTm RL
x-AfPu, Gu\ J eLQjR HtTj\, X
sLp RL PdLPL CdLdm, Clm.
LQju tan Ul \ GiQL CdL, (TPm 5.16I
TodLm), G]Y f (x) = tan 0. CPY [a, b]p f(x) C\em

41
NoTL Clu RL x AfPu HtTjm LQm
LQUL Cdm, X sLp RL PdLPL
Cdm, GqY\m LQju tan Ul L GiQL
CdL, f (x) = tan 0
Hm NoLu Rlk Sm hPUL Hm
NoL[j RlTjR CVm, uYm YWV\ hPUL Hm
Nou NV] AojRjRj Rm,
YWV\ : I Gu\ CPYp YWVdLlTm f Gu\ No.
x1 < x2 BL Cdm T f(x1) < f(x2)BL CdU]p A
hPUL Hm No (strictly increasing) G]Xm,
CRl Tu. x1 < x2BL CdmT f(x1) > f(x2)BL
CdU]p A hPUL C\em No (strictly decreasing) G]Xm,
GjdLhPL. U No hPUL Hm Nom
PV, hPUL C\em Nom PV (TPm 5.17).
LlTV Gi Rm No f(x)= x Hm NoTm B]p
(TPm 5.18), hPUL Tm NoTpX, B]p f(x) = x GuT
hPUL Hm NoTm, (TPm 5.19).
y y y

x
=
3
x)
f(
1 f(x) =1 -2 1 x
x O
1 3
0 -2

TPm 5.17 TPm 5.18 TPm 5.19

Rt\m 2 :
(i) I Gu\ CPYp f LVL CdLhm, AqY\u
ICp f hPUL Hm NoTL Cdm,
(ii) I Gu\ CPYp f \VL CdLhm, AqY\u
ICp f hPUL C\em NoTL Cdm,
CkR Rt\ju TQm GVRRXp TtVL
PlT\,
[jRt\m : I Gu\ CPY Ym f JW Pu
CdU]p. f AkR CPYp KVpf NoTL AUm,
Rt\m 1dm Rt\m 2dm CPV jVNm ClTRd
LYjloLs,

42
 f J \VL CpXUkRp f J Hm NoTm, CRu
URXm EiU
f > 0 Gp f hPUL Hm NoTm.
Rt\m 2t URX EiUVL CdU? CpX GuTR
PVm, CR] rdLiP GjdLhu Xm [dLXm,
[dL GjdLh : f : R R GuTR f(x) = x3 G] YWV,
x1 < x2 Gp. x2 x1 > 0 Um x12 + x22 > 0
x23 x13 = (x2 x1) (x22 + x12 + x1 x2)
1
= (x2 x1) 2 [(x12 + x22)+ (x1 + x2)2] > 0
x13 < x23
G]Y x1 < x2, f(x1) < f(x2) Bm,
f(x) = x3 hPUL Hm NoTm, B]p. ARu YLdL
f (x)= 3x2 Utm f (0) = 0. f B] UVL J L
GiQL CpXRR AL,
l : J No J CPYu YqY sLp V
Utd LiP Clu AkR CPYp AkRf No
KVpf NoTL CdL, G]Y J Nou KVpTt\
RuUV dL. YqY sLp f Cu Ls YqY\L
Cdm G] jRp TU],

GjdLh 5.37 : f (x) = sin x + cos2x Gu\ No 0, 4 Gu\

CPYp KVpTt\ G] dL,
o : f(x) = sin x + cos 2x GuL,
G]Y f (x) = cos x 2sin 2x
f (0) = cos 0 2 sin 0 = 1 0 = 1 > 0

Utm f 4 = cos 4 2 sin 2 4

1
= 21<0
2

G]Y f Cu Ls 0, 4 Gu\ CPYp YqY\L


Cdu\], G]Y 0, 4CPYp No f KVpTt\ Bm,

43
GjdLh 5.38 : f(x) = 2x3 + x2 20x Gu\ Nou Hm Utm
C\em CPYL[d LiL,
o : f (x) = 6x2 + 2x 20 = 2(3x2 + x 10) = 2 (x + 2) ( 3x 5)
ClT f (x) = 0 x = 2, Utm x = 5/3. ClsLs Un Gi
LhP (f(x)Cu AWeLm) CPYLs (, 2), ( 2, 5/3) Utm
(5/3, ) G]l du\],

-2 0 5/3
TPm 5.20
CPY x +2 3x 5 f (x) Hm /C\em
CPYLs
< x < 2 + ( , 2]p Hm
2 < x < 5/3 + [ 2, 5/3]p C\em
5/3 < x < + + + [5/3, )p Hm
l : (1) CPYp o GiLs (UX GiLs)
(Critical numbers) NodLlTPp. Hm (C\em) CPYLs
hPUL Hm (hPUL C\em) CPYL[u\],
(2) Hm Utm C\em NoLu CPYL[ dLlThP
CPYLp HRm J sV Njm LQXm,
GjdLh 5.39 : f(x) = x2 x + 1 Gu\ No [0,1] CPYp
H\m CpX. C\eLm CpX G] dLm,
o : f (x) =x2 x + 1
f (x) = 2x 1
x 2 d i.e., x 2 , 1 , f (x) 0
1 1

2 , 1Cp f(x) B] Hm NoTm,
1

x 2 d i.e., x 0, 2 , f (x) 0
1 1

f(x) B] CPY 0, 2p C\em NoTm,
1

CPY [0,1]Cp f(x) C\em Nom ApX. Hm
Nom ApX,
GjdLh 5.40: f(x) = sin x, x [0, 2]Cu KVpj RuUV
BWnL,

44
 3
o : f (x) = sin x Utm f (x) = cos x = 0 Gp x = 2 , 2 [0,2]
3
Ce 0 x 2 Utm 2 x 2 Gu\ CPYLp f (x) 0

f(x) = sin x Gu\ No 0, 2 , 2 , 2 BV
3
G]Y


CPYLp. ARY sin x No 0, 2 2 , 2Cp Hm
3

No Bm,
3
Um 2 x 2 Gu\ CPYp, f (x) 0
3
2 , 2 Cp sin x J C\em No Bm,

x 2
GjdLh 5.41 : xCu GmUlt y = x + 1 , x 1 Gu\ No
hPUL Hm ApX hPUL C\em?
o :
x 2 dy (x + 1) 1 (x 2) 1 3
y = x + 1 , x 1 dx = = > 0 x 1.
(x + 1)2 (x +1)2
R {1}Cp y hPUL Hm,
GjdLh 5.42 : xCu GkR Ult f(x) = 2x3 15x2 + 36x + 1
Gu\ No Hm Um GkR Ult C\em? Um GkRl
sLp Nou Y[YWd YWVlTm RLLs x
Afd CQVL CLm?
o : f (x) = 6x2 30x + 36 = 6(x 2) (x 3)
f (x) = 0 x = 2, 3 Gu\ sLs UnVi LhP
( , 2), (2, 3) (3, ) Gu\ CPYL[Ll du\],

x 2 Hm /C\em
CPY x3 f (x)
CPYLs
<x<2 + ( , 2] p Hm
2<x<3 + [2, 3] p C\em
3<x< + + + [3, ) p Hm
xAfd CQVL YWVlTm RLLs
Y[YWVj Rm sLs f (x)= 0 GuTk Pd\,
(A,,). x = 2, 3

45
 f(2) = 29 Utm f(3) = 28.
RYV] sLs (2, 29) Utm (3, 28) Bm,
GjdLh 5.43 :

f(x) = tan1 (sin x + cos x), x > 0 Gu\ No 0, 4 CPYp

hPUL Hm No G]d LidL,
o :
f(x) = tan1(sin x + cos x).
1 cos x sin x
f (x) = 2 (cos x sin x) = 2 + sin 2x > 0
1 + (sin x + cos x)

H]p. 0 < x < 4 Gu\ CPYp cos xsin x > 0 Utm
2 + sin 2x > 0

CPY 0 , 4 Cp f(x) GuT hPUL Hm NoTm,

Tt 5.7
(1) RCp ex hPUL Hm No G] dL,
(2) (0, ) CPYp log x hPUL Hm No G] dL,
(3) LdLlThP CPYLp rdLm NoLp. GY
Hm NoLs ApX C\em NoLs GuTRd LiL,
(ii) 2 , 2 Cp 2x2 + 3x
1 1
(i) [0,2]Cp x2 1

(iii) [0,1]Cp ex (iv) [2, 1]Cp x(x 1) (x + 1)

(v) 0, 4 Cp x sin x

(4) LdLlThP CPYLp rdLm NoLs
KVpTt\Y G] dLm,
(i) [1,0]Cp 2x2 + x 5 (ii) [0,2]Cp x (x 1) (x + 1)

(iii) [0,]Cp x sin x (iv) 0, 2 Cp tan x + cot x

(5) rdLm NoLu Hm ApX C\em
CPYL[d LiL,
(i) f(x) = 20 x x2 (ii) f(x) = x3 3x + 1
3
(iii) f(x) = x + x + 1 (iv) f(x) = x 2sin x ; [0, 2]
(v) f(x) = x + cos x ; [0, ] (vi) f(x) = sin4 x + cos4 x ; [0, /2]

46
ANUuTLs (Inequalities) :
GjdLh 5.44 :
GpX x > 0-dm ex > 1 + x G] dLm,
o : f(x) = ex x 1 GuL,
x > 0 Gp f (x) = ex 1 > 0
(A,,). f(x) hPUL Hm NoTm,
x > 0t f(x) > f(0)
(A,,). (ex x 1) > (e0 0 1) ex > x + 1
GjdLh 5.45 : x > 0 YLm. n > 1 G]m Clu (1 + x)n >
1+nx G] dLm,
o : f(x) = (1 + x)n (1 + nx) G] Gjd Ls[m,
f (x) = n(1 + x)n1 n
= n[(1 + x)n1 1]
x > 0 Utm n 1 > 0 GuTRp. (1 + x)n1 > 1, G]Y f (x) > 0.
[0, )p f hPUL Hm NoTm,
G]Y x > 0 f(x) > f(0) i.e., (1 + x)n (1 + nx) > (1 + 0) (1 + 0)
i.e., (1 + x)n (1 + nx) > 0
i.e., (1 + x)n > (1 + nx)

GjdLh 5.46 : x0, 2p sin x < x < tan x G] dLm,

o : f(x) = x sin x GuL,
y x =/2
y =tan x

0 < x < 2p f (x) = 1 cos x > 0
x
y=

f hPUL Hm NoTm,
x > 0t, f(x) > f(0)
x sin x > 0 x > sin x (1) y =sin x
g(x) = tan x x GuL, 0 /2
x
g(x) = sec2x 1 = tan2x
0, -p tan2x > 0 TPm 5.21
2
g hPUL Hm NoTm,
x > 0t f(x) > f(0) tan x x > 0 tan x > x (2)
(1)Utm (2)Ck sin x < x < tan xBm,

47
 Tt 5.8
(1) rdLm ANUuTL[ dL :
x2 x3
(i) cos x > 1 2 , x > 0 (ii) sin x > x 6 , x > 0

(iii) tan1 x < x x > 0 (iv) log (1 + x) < x x > 0.

5,9 TU Utm U UlLm AYtu TVuTLm
(Maximum and Minimum values and their applications) :
For since the fabric of the Universe is most perfect and the work of a
most wise creator, nothing at all takes place in the Universe in which some rule
of maximum or minimum does not appear Leonard Euler
YL iLRju X dV y
R

(slope)
)
P

(slope
TVuTL[Y] ELUd
LQdL[m, CjRLV LQd ve
Negati

ient
nt
nt

Gradie
JqYum Sm J NVX Grad ie

e Grad
(slope)
\kR \p NnYRtL] YVd
e

Positiv
Positiv
LQ Yis[, TX XLm
CjRLV LQdLs NoLu
TU Utm U UlL[d Q
x
LiTYVL Ut\lTPXm, O TPm 5.22
Rp Sm TUUl Utm U Ul GuTRl Tt
RYL [dYm,
TPm 5.22Cp LhPlThs[
y Maximum
Y[YWu NnY] Odm
Point
Pdm CPp LVLm. Pdm Point of
Maximum Inflexion
Qdm CPp \VLm im Point
Qdm Rdm CPp LVLm
UdLiP Np\, Um
PCp ARu Nn fVUm, x
ALdm T. Y[YWu x
NnY] Pd uTL LVLm O Minimum
Point
Nt uTL \VLm U\,
AlsVV TU s
Gu\m, Um A J AXu TPm 5.23
LWm Tp AUks[Rd
Li\m,

48
 y
s QCp Nn fVUm,
Um x ALdmT
Y[YWu NnY] Qd
Nt u \VLm Nt u
LVLm U\, f (d)
AlsV Ul s
f (a)
Gu\m, Um A J x
Ts[jRdu AlTLm Tp aO b c d e
LQlT\, TPm 5.24
P Utm Q sLs X Utl sLs (turning points) G]
TYL AZdLlTu\],
C TdLeLm JW UV] NnL[d LiP X
Utl sm NjVUm, TPm 5.23Cp LhPlThs[
Als Y[ Utls (point of inflection) Gu\ \ll
TVWl Tts[,
YWV\ : D GuT fCu NoTLm GuL, Ds[ A]j
xdm f(c) f(x) Gp fB] cCp lT TUm (absolute
maximum) Tts[ GuTo, f(c) Gu\ Gi DCp fCu lT
TU UlTm, AR Tp Ds[ A]j xdm f(c) f(x)
Gp. f B] cCp f Um (absolute minimum) Tts[
GuTo, Um f(c) Gu\ Gi DCp f Cu f U UlTm,
fCu TU Utm U UlL[fCu Lh UlLs
Gu\m,
TPm 5.24Cp LhPlThs[ No fCu YWTPm Xm
lT TUm dCm. f UmaCm ClTRd
Lh\, YWTPjp (d, f(d)) EVokR s Utm (a, f(a)) RrkR
s GuTRd LiL,
TPm 5.24Cp. Sm bd ALs[xCu UlL[ UhU
Gjd LsYm, Sm LY]jR CPY (a,c)Cp UhU
LhlTjd LiPp f(b)Cu Ul Ut\ f(x)Cu UlL[d
Lhm TVRL Cdu\, Um AR] fCu CPgNokR
TU Ul (local maximum) Gu\m, AR Tp f(c)V fCu
CPgNokR U Ul (local minimum) Gu\m, H]p
CPY (b,d)Cp ARY cd ALs[ GpX xdm
f(c) f(x) Bm, f B] eCm CPgNokR U UlTl
Tts[, CPgNokR Um Utm TUju YWV\
uYU:

49
YWV\ : J No f B] cCp CPgNokR TUm (ApX
TUm) TtdL cV Es[PdV J \kR CPY IV
ICs[ GpX xdm f(c) f(x) G]d LQRp Yim, CR
Tp. fB] cCp CPgNokR Um Ttlu. cI
Es[PdV J CPY IV. ICs[ GpX xdm f(c) f(x)
GU LQ Rp Yim,

[dL GjdLh :
(1) f(x)=cos x Gu\ No (CPgNokR Utm lT) TU
Ul 1I GidLVt\ RPYLs Tu\, H]p GkR
J Gi x dm cos 2n = 1 Bm, Um GpX
xdm1 cos x 1. AR TX cos (2n + 1) = 1 GuT ARu
(CPgNokR Utm f) U Ul Bm,

(2) f(x) = x2 Gp. f(x) f(0). H]p y

2 y = x2
GpX x dm x 0 BRXp f(0) = 0
GuT fCu f (Utm
CPgNokR) U UlTm, C
TWY[Vm y = x2Cu Als
B Gu\ EiUdl TjRm x
Bm, GqY\m TWY[Vju O
L EVokR s GuT PV, Min. value =0; No Max.
G]Y CfNod TU Ul TPm 5.25
PV, TPm 5.25I LiL,
y
(3) f(x) = x3 Gu\ Nou YWTPm 8
TPm5.26Cp LhPlThs[, 6 y =x3

Cp CfNo lTm TU 4
2
UlT ApX f U
-4 -2 0 x
UlT T\pX G]d 2 4
-2
Li\m, EiUp C No Minimum
-4 No Maximum
GkRY CPgNokR Lh -6
UlTm T\pX, -8
TPm 5.26

50
 y
(4) f(x) = 3x4 16x3 + 18x2 ; 1 x 4.
(-1,37) 40
Gu\ NoT Ljp LsYm, (4,32)
CRu YWTPm TPm 5.27Cp 30

LhPlThs[, 20

Cp f(1) = 5 GuT J 10 (1,5)

CPgNokR TUm Gu CdL x
-1 0 1 2 3
f(1)=37J lT TUUL -10 (2,-8)
AUu\, Um f(0) = 0 GuT -20
CPgNokR Um G]m f(3)= 27 -30 (3,-27)
GuT CPgNokR Utm f
UUL AU\, TPm 5.27
X NoLs Lh UlL[d LiPRLm Utm X
CpXRRLm Es[R UtLiP GjdLhLu Xm
TojRm, uYm Rt\U] J No Lh UlL[l
TtdLj RYV] TkR]L[j Ru\,
Lh Ulj Rt\m : f Gu\ NoT] V CPY
[a,b]Cp RPofVL CkRp AqPY [a,b]Cp c Utm d
Gum HRm GiLd f B] f(c) Gum J lT
TU UlTm Utm f(d) Gum J f U UlTm
AP\,
Lh Ul Rt\jp AlTP LhTLp (RPof
ApX V CPY) HRm Ju ThPm NoT]
Lh UlT TYpX GuTR] Aj Ym CWi
GjdLhL[p AVXm,
y
x2 , 0 x < 1
(5) f(x) = Gu\ NoT
0 , 1 x 2 1
Ljp LsL, CfNo. V CPY
[0,2]Cp YWVdLlTh Es[, B]p
ARt TU Ul CpX, f Cu fNLm
GuT CPY [0,1) GuTR LYdL, x
0 1
AfNoT] 1 d u]p Es[
UlL[ Tu\, B]p 1 I
TYpX, TPm 5.28
C H]p. fCu RPofRuU x = 1Cp CpX,
Lim Lim Lim
x 1
f(x) = x 1 (x2) = 1 ; x 1 + f(x) = 0

51
 y
(6) f(x) =x2, 0 < x < 2 Gu\
NoT] CPY (0,2)Cp 4
RPofVL Es[, B]p
A TU UlTV ApX f (x) =x2, 0<x<2
U UlTV TYpX, No Maximum
fCu fNLm (0,4)Cp Es[, No Minimum
0 Utm 4 Gu\ UlL[ f
TYpX, C CPY x
0 2
(0,2) VRL CpXUp
ClTR LWQUm, TPm 5.29
LdLlThP Nou CPY (0,2)Cu HRm J
l sVf NolTRu Xm TPm 5.30, TPm 5.31,
TPm 5.32Cp LhPlThP TX HRm J X T\Xm,
lTL No f(x) = x2, 0 x 2 V CPY [0,2]Cp
RPofVL Es[, BRXp Lh Ulj Rt\juT
NoT] lT TUm Utm J f Um T\,
y y
y
4 4
4

f2 (x) =x2, 0x<2 f3 (x) =x2, 0x2

f1 (x) =x2, 0<x2
Maximum f1 (2) =4 No Maximum Maximum f3 (2) =4
Minimum f2 (0) =0
No Minimum Minimum f3 (0) =0

x x x
O 2 0 2 0 2
TPm 5.30 TPm 5.31 TPm 5.32
UX TX GjdLhLs LhPlThkRm X NoLs
RPofVL Utm YLPjjLRL CpX CkRm AY
U Utm TU UlL[ APu\], GjdLhPL.
1, x J R\ Gi
f(x) =
0, x J R Gi
(CfNo R\ GiLu \lf No G] AZdLlTm)
CfNo GkRY sm YLPjRdLRpX, Um
GkRY sm A RPofVt\RL Es[, B]p
CRu TU Ul 1 Utm U Ul 0 Bm,
RPofV] No Ju V CPYp J TU
Ul Utm U UlT T\ G] Lh Ulj Rt\m
\, B]p AYtu Lh UlL[ GqY TY
G] A \pX,

52
 TPm 5.33Cp No fCu y
(c, f (c))
YWTPjp cCp J
CPgNokR TUjRm
Utm dCp J CPgNokR
UjRm Tts[Rd (d, f (d))
Lh\, Um TU
s Utm U sp
x
YWVlThP RL O c d
PUhPUL Es[, TPm 5.33
BRXp ARu Nn fVUm, BLYRu f (c) = 0 Utm
f (d) = 0 GuTRLd Li\m,
ToUh (Fermat) Rt\m : f B] cCp CPgNokR Lh
Ul (TUm ApX Um) Ttk f (c) YWVdLlTh
CkRp f (c) = 0 Bm,
f (x) = 0 G]d Li xd o LiTRu Xm Lh
UlL[ LQ CVX,
y
(7) f(x) = | x | Gu\ No 0p (CPgNokR y =- x y =x
Utm f) U Ul Tts[,
B]p AmUlT f (x)=0 G]d LsYRp
T\ CVX, H]p f (x) Alsp x
YWVdLlTPpX, O y =|x|
TPm 5.34
y
(8) f(x) = 3x 1, 0 x 1 Gu\ No
x = 1Cp TU UlT Tt Es[, (1,2)
2
B]p f (1) = 3 0. B]p C y =3x 1
1 0x1
*ToUh Rt\jt WiT ApX,
H]p f(1) = 2 J CPgNokR TUm x
-1 0 1 2
ApX, H]p f Cu NoTLjp 1I -1 (0,-1)
Es[PdV \kR CPYVd LQ
V, TPm 5.35
Utl : f (c) = 0 Gm T cCp TUm ApX Um
CpXUp CdLXm, Um f (c) 0 ApX f (c)
YWVdLlTPpX. Gm AeL Lh UlLs
LQlTPXm GuTR UtV GjdLhLs Xm
A\m,

53
(9) f(x) = x3 Gp f (x) = 3x2, y
BRXp f (0) = 0. 8
B]p ARu YWTPjp fd 0p 6 y =x3
TUU ApX UU 4
AUVpX, (x > 0t x3 > 0 Gum 2
-2 0
x < 0t x3 < 0 Gum LiL). x
2 4
f (0) = 0 Gum t\] Y[YW -2
y = x3d (0,0)p J PUhPj R -4
L AUks[ GuTRV -6
du\, (0, 0)p TUm ApX -8
Um TYRtl TXL PUhPj
RL Y[YWu dL LPk
TPm 5.36
Np\,
f (c) = 0 ApX f (c) YWVdLlTPR s cCp fCu Lh
UlL[d LQj RPeLXm Gu *ToUh Rt\m
U\LULd u\,
YWV\ : J No fCu NoTLjp c Gu\ GiQ] f (c) = 0
BLY ApX f (c) LQ VRY\ Clu. cI UX
(critical number) Gi GuTo,
X GiLs (stationary numbers) GuTY f Cu NoTLjp f (c)= 0
GU Es[ c Gu\ UX GiL[m,
3
/
GjdLh 5.47 : x 5 (4 x)Cu UX GiL[d LiL,
3 8
/ /
o : f(x) = 4 x 5 x 5
12 2/5 8 3/5
f (x) = 5 x 5 x
4 2/5
= 5 x (3 2x)
3
f (x) = 0 Gp 3 2x = 0 (A,,). x = 2 Bm, f (x) B] x = 0Cp
3
YWVdLlTPpX, BLY UX GiLs 0. 2 Bm,
fd cCp J CPgNokR L Clu, cm J UX
GiQm, B]p ARu URX EiUVpX,

54
 J RPofV] No fd [a,b] Gu\ V CPYp
lT TUm ApX f Um LiTRt
(1) (a,b)Cp fCu UX GiLd fCu UlL[d
LiL,
(2) f(a) Utm f(b)Cu UlL[d LiL,
(3) TLs 1 Utm 2Cp LiP UlLp LlTV Ul
lT TU UlTm, Lf V Ul f U
UlTm,
1
GjdLh 5.48 : f(x) = x3 3x2 + 1 , 2 x 4 Gu\ Nou
lT TUm Utm f U UlL[d LiL,
1
[ ]
o : f B] 2 , 4 Cp RPofVL Es[Rd LiL,
f(x) = x3 3x2 + 1
f (x) = 3x2 6x = 3x (x 2)

1 2 3
-1/2 0 4
TPm 5.37
xCu GpX UlLd f (x)I LQ YRp. fCu UX
GiLs x = 0 Utm x = 2 UhU Bm,

Cq UX GiLm CPY 1 , 4 Cp
2
ClTRp. CqYiLp fCu Ul f(0)=1 Utm f(2) = 3 Bm,
CPYu l sLp fCu Ul
1 1 3 1 2 1
f 2 = 2
( ) ( ) 3 2 ( ) +1=8
Utm f(4) = 43 3 42 + 1 = 17
CkSu GiL[m Jlhl Todm T lT
TUju Ul f(4) = 17 Utm f Uju Ul
f(2) = 3 Bm,
CkR GjdLhp lT TUm CPYu l
sp AUks[Rd Li\m,
GjdLh 5.48(a): f(x)=x 2sin x, 0 x 2 GuTRu lT
TUm Utm f Um BVYt\d LiL,
o : f(x) = x 2 sin x, [0, 2]Cp RPofVL Es[
f (x) = 1 2 cos x
1 5
f (x) = 0 cos x = 2 x = 3 ApX 3

55
UXl sLp fCu Ul

f 3 = 3 2 sin 3 = 3 3

f 3 = 3 2 sin 3
5 5 5

5
= 3 + 3

6.968039
CPYu l sLp fCu Ul f(0) = 0 Utm
f(2) = 2 6.28
CkSu GiL[m Jlhl Todm T f Um

GuT f 3 = 3 3 Bm, Utm lT TUm GuT

f 3 = 3 + 3 . CkR GjdLhp f Um. lT
5 5

TUm CWim UXl sLp AUks[,
J Nou Y[l Td]m (Nou YWTPjp)
Utm ELUd LQdL[ (optimization problems) o LiTm
CWiPm YN YLd LdLs GkR A[ ERu\] GuTR
Ce LiTm,
CWiPm YN YLdLf NR] : cV Es[PdV J
\kR CPYp f RPofVL ClTRLd LsYm:
(a) f (c) = 0 Utm f (c) > 0 Gp cCp f J CPgNokR
UjRl Tts[,
(b) f (c) = 0 Utm f (c) < 0 Gp cCp f J CPgNokR
TUjRl Tts[,
GjdLh 5.49: Y[YW y = x44x3Cu Lh UlL[ BWnL,
o : f(x) = x4 4x3
f (x) = 4x3 12x2 , f (x) = 12x2 24x
UXl sL[d LiTRt Sm f (x) = 0 G]d
LiPp x = 0 Utm x = 3 G]l T\m, Ce CWiPm
YLdLf NR]V TVuTjR. UXl sLp
f Cu Vd LiL,
f (0) = 0, f (3) = 36 > 0, f (3) = 0 Utm f (3) > 0 GuTRp
f(3) = 27 GuT J CPgNokR U UlTm, Um

56
Als (3, 27) J Ul sVm, f (0) = 0 GuTRp
CWiPm YLdLf NR]V] 0 Gu\ UXl
sVl Tt GkR YWm RYpX, Um x < 0 Utm
0 < x < 3 Gu\m f (x) < 0BL ClTRp Rp YLdLf
NR]V] fd 0p CPgNokR LYh UlLs CpX
G]d \,
UtV A]jRm uYU Rj AVXm :
Xl sL[d (Stationary point) LiTRtm AYt\
YTj LiTRtU] Y\Ls
dy
(i) y = f(x) G]d LdLlThkRp dxId LiL,

(A.. f (x))
dy
(ii) dx = 0 GuL, Um Xl sLs xI LiL,

(iii) xCu UlL[ RWlThP No y = f(x)Cp Wh JjR

yCu UlL[d LiL, C Xl sLs BVj
RXL[j Ru\],
Xl su RuUV LiTRt
d2y
(iv) I LiL, Ap (ii)Cp LiP xCu UlL[l
dx2
WL,
CRu [YL.
d2y
(a) LVp - s J Um Bm,
dx2
d2 y
(b) \Vp - s J TUm Bm,
dx2
d2y
(c) fVm Gp Lhl s (TUm ApX
dx2
Um) BL CdL,
ApX

57
 (v) Nnu Vd LiPL, (Y[YWu Nn f (x)I
Xl su Nt uTLm Nt uTLm)
Y[YWu Nnu
(a) Lk \d U]p - s J TUl
s Bm,
(b) \k Ld U]p - s J Ul
s Bm,
GjdLh 5.50 : y = 3x2 6x Gu\ Y[YWu Lhl
sL[d LiL Utm C TdLm Es[ Nnu Vd
Li ARu RuUV BWnk AL,
o : UtLiP Nn\Vl uTtYm,
dy
(i) y = 3x2 6x GuTRp dx = 6x 6
dy
(ii) Xlsp dx = 0 G]Y x = 1

(iii) x = 1 Gp y = 3(1)2 6(1) = 3. G]Y Xlsu BVj

RXLs (1, 3).
x B] 1I P Nt\ \YL CkRp ARY 0.9 GuL,
dy
dx = 6(0.9) 6 = 0.6 < 0.
x B] 1I P Nt\ ALUL CkRp ARY 1.1 GuL,
dy
dx = 6(1.1) 6 = 0.6 > 0.
Y[YWu NY] \k Ld UYRp
(1, 3) J Ul s Bm,
GjdLh 5.51 :
f(x) = x4 3x3 + 3x2 xCu CPgNokR TU Utm U
UlL[d LiL,
o : f(x) = x4 3x3 + 3x2 x
f (x) = 4x3 9x2 + 6x 1
Xl sp f (x) = 0 4x3 9x2 + 6x 1 = 0
1
(x 1)2 (4x 1) = 0 x = 1, 1, 4

58
 1 27
x = 1 Gp f(1) = 0 Um x = 4 Gp. f 4 = 256
1

1 27
G]Y XlsLu BVj RXLs (1, 0) Utm 4 , 256

f (x) = 12x 18x + 6
2

= 6(2x2 3x + 1)
= 6(x 1) (2x 1)
x = 1 Gp f (1) = 0. G]Y CWiPm YLdLf
NR]V] x = 1Cp fCu Lhj RuUV Tt GkR
YWm RYpX,
1 27
x = 4 Gp f 4 = 4 > 0, G]Y 4 , 256 J Ul sVm,
1 1 9

27
CPgNokR U Ul 256 Bm,
GfNdL: GkRY Nom LdLlThP CPYu
l sLp CPgNokR TU/U UlL[
APYpX,
Tt 5.9
(1) uYm NoLd UX GiLs Utm Xl
sL[d LiL,
(i) f(x) = 2x 3x2 (ii) f(x) = x3 3x + 1
x+1
(iii) f(x) = x4/5 (x 4)2 (iv) f(x) = 2
x +x+1
(v) f() = sin2 2 ; [0, ] (vi) f() = + sin ; [0, 2]
(2) LdLlThP CPYLd fCu lT TU
Utm f U UlL[d LiL,
(i) f(x) = x2 2x + 2, [0,3]
2
(ii) f(x) = 1 2x x , [4,1]
(iii) f(x) = x3 12x + 1, [3,5]
(iv) f(x) = 9 x2 , [1,2]
x
(v) f(x) = x + 1, [1,2]

(vi) f(x) = sin x + cos x, 0,

3
(vii) f(x) = x 2 cos x, [, ]

59
 (3) uYm NoLd CPgNokR TU Utm U
UlL[d LiL,
(i) x3 x (ii) 2x3 + 5x2 4x
(iii) x4 6x2 (iv) (x2 1)3
(v) sin2 [0, ] (vi) t + cos t
5,10 TU Utm U UlL[f Noks[
SP\d LQdLs
(Practical problems involving maximum and minimum values) :
ClTp Lh UlL[d LQ Sm TjR \Ls Sm
YrdLu TX TLeLm SP\ TVuTL[l
Tts[, J VT NXY UlTjRm XTjR
TUlTjRm Yis[, Sm X LQdLp TWlT[.
Ls[[. CXTm CYtu TU A[Ym Utm Wm.
SWm. NX CYtu U A[Ym LQ Yis[,
CkSP\ LQdL[ olTs[ Ll TV NR]V].
AYt\ TUm Utm Ud LQdL[L Ut ARY J
No] AUj AR] TU ApX UlTjR Yim,
X AlTP EiUL[ rXdj RdLY LVi
LQdL[j odm EjLs Z RWlThs[],
(1) LQdL kd LsRp : LQdL LY]UL
TjRY. LQYiV Gu] Gu Li LsY.
Gu] Gu] A[Ls LdLlThs[] GuTR AV
LdLlThs[ TkR]Ls Gu] GuTR Rkd
LsRp,
(2) TPm YWL : TmTX] LQdLd TPm YWY
RYV]Rm, Um LdLlThs[ Utm RYV]
A[Ls Gu] GuTR TPju Xm Ak Ls[ m,
(3) L[ TVuTjRp : TU ApX U UlL[
LQ YiV A[t L[l TVuTjL, Q Tu\
L[l TVuTjRXm, Um LQlTP YiV Ut\
A[Ldm L[ (a,b,c ,x, y, z) RokRj TPjm
AdL[ TVuTjL, Rp GjL[ PLl
TVuTjY Um TVu Rm, GjdLhPL TWlT[t A,
EVWjt h, SWjt t GuT]Ym.
(4) 3Cp lhP Tp QY Ut\ Lu YXL GRm,

60
 (5) 4Cp lhP Tp QY Jut UtThP ULs
YXL GRlThkRp LdLlThs[YWeLuT
AmULd CPV Es[ RPo (NUuTh Yp)
LQYim, CfNUuTL[l TVuTj LQlTP YiV
J UVj RW Ut\ UL[ dL Yim, BLY Q B] x
Gu\ J UVd LiP J NUuTPL Cdm, (A,,). Q =
f(x). CfNou NoTLjR GRm,
(6) fCu TUm ApX Um LQ UtNu] \L[d
LV[m,
l : (1) NoTLm J V CPYVL Clu lT
TUm/f Um LhTh] SWVL TVuTjRXm, (TodL
G,L, 5,52. 5,58),
(2) NoTLm J \kR CPYVL Clu CPgNokR TU/ U
UlL[d LQ Rp (TodL 5,53) ApX CWiPm YLdLf
NR]V TVuTjRXm, Rp YLdL NR]dl TXL
CWiPm YLdLf NR]Vm (PdU]p) CWiPm
YLdLf NR]dl TXL Rp YLdLf NR]Vm
TVuTjRXm,
(3) GqY\m LPVL Sm APY lT TUm/ f U
Ulu AlTPXV o Li\m GuTR] LY]jp LsL,
GjdLh 5.52 : J YN NqYL YYU] YVd YP
Yis[, AqYVu J TdLjp B Ju SodLhp
K\, AlTdLjt Y RYpX, AYo 2400 Ad YP
Ls[o, AqYLp TU TWlT[ LsU Es[ [. ALX
A[Ls Gu]?
y
o : Ce Sm NqYLju TWlT[
ACu TU Ul LQ Yi
x x
Es[, NqYLju ALXm Utm
[jR xUtm y (Ap) GuL, AY
x Utm yCu YXL GRm, (A,,).
A = xy
TPm 5.38
AY JW J U LiP NoTL GR Yim, BRXp yV
xCu YXL G dLm, CRf NnYRt. YP Yis[
UjR [m 2400 A Gu\ YWjRl TVuTjRm, BLY 2x + y = 2400
y = 2400 2x
TWl A= x (24002x) = 2400x 2x2

61
 Ce x 0 Utm x 1200 (CpXVp A < 0). BRXp Sm
TUm LQ YiV No
A (x) = 2400 x 2x2, 0 x 1200.
A(x) = 2400 4x, BLY UX GiQ LiTRt. Sm
2400 4x = 0 Gu\ NUuThPj o LQ Yim, x = 600 GuT
oYm, Au TUm UXl sLp ApX CPYu
GpX sLp AUm,
A(0) = 0, A(600) = 7,20,000 Utm A(1200) = 0
BLY TU Ul A (600) = 720,000.
x = 600 Gp y = 2400 1200 = 1200
BRXp NqYL YY YVu ALXm 600 A. [m 1200 AVm,
l : CWiPm YLdL NR]Vl TVuTjm
(CPgNokR) CdLQd] odLXm, ClT x > 0. y > 0 G] Gjd
Ls[ Yim,
GjdLh 5.53 : TWY[Vm y2 = 2x (1,4) Gu\ sd L
As[ sVd LiL, y

o : y2=2x Gu\ TWY[Vju s[ 4 (1,4)

sV (x,y) GuL, (1,4) Utm (x,y)
y2 = 2x
sLdPV Es[ Wm
(x,y)
d = (x 1)2 + (y 4)2 . 0
x
1 2
2
(x,y) Gu\ s y = 2x s[Rp
x = y2/2, G]Y d2= f(y) = (y2/2 1)2 + (y 4)2 TPm 5.39
2
(dCu Um Lm AR spRu d Cu Um Lm GuTRd LiL)
y2
f (y) = 2 2 1 (y) + 2 (y 4) = y3 8 .

UXl sp. y3 8 = 0 y = 2
y < 2Gp f (y) < 0, Um y > 2 Gp f (y) > 0 GuTRd
LiL, G]Y f Um LQ RXm YLdLf
NR]uT y = 2Cp Um Lr\, ARt JjR xCu Ul
y2
B] x = 2 = 2. G]Y y2 = 2x (1,4) Gu\ sd L Ap
AUks[ s (2,2) Bm,
l : CWiPm YLdL NR]Vl TVuTjm
(CPgNokR) CdLQd] odLXm,

62
GjdLh 5.54 : r BWs[ AWYhPjs TU A[
LsU YWVlTm NqYLju TWl LiL,
o :
x2 +y2 =r2
OPB] xAfu Lj P(r cos , r sin )
NPu EiPdm LQm r
GuL, x
NqYLju TWl AGuT
A() = (2 r cos) (r sin) TPm 5.40
= r2 2 sin cos = r2 sin 2
sin 2 TUm Gp A() TUm Bm,

sin 2 u TU Ul = 1 2 = 2 ApX = 4 .

( = 4 Gp A () = 0 GuTRd LiL)

G]Y UX Gi 4 Bm, BLY TWl A4 = r2.

l : AWYhPjs TU A[ LsU YWVlTm
r
NqYLju [ ALXeLs \V 2r , Bm,
2

Ut\ : A () = 2r2 cos 2 = 0 2 = 2 ; = 4

A () = 4r2 sin 2 < 0, for = 4 = 4 B]

TUl sVj Ru\, Um TUl s 4 , r2 Bm,

l : UtLiP LQdk CVtLR \Vd Lhm
YLdL \p YLUL o LQm GuTR Sm
Akd Ls\m,
GjdLh 5.55 : J YWhu Up Utm Au
KWeLs 6 N, UtU ARu TdL KWeLs 4 N,, Bm,
AfYWhp AfNdLlThP YNLeLu TWl 384 N,2
G] YWVdLlThPp ARu TWl U A[ LsU
Es[ [ ALXeL[d LiL,
o :
AfPlThP Tu [ ALXeLs x Utm y GuL, ARu
TWl xy = 384

63
 YWhu [ ALXeLs
\V (x + 8) Utm (y + 12) x +8
Bm, 6 cms
YWhu TWl : x
4 4
A = (x + 8) (y + 12) y y +12
= xy +12x + 8y + 96
= 12x + 8y + 480 6 cms

= 12x + 8 x + 480
384
TPm 5.41
1
A = 12 8 384 2
x
1
A = 16 384 3
x
A = 0 x = 16
B]p x > 0
x = 16
x = 16 Gp A > 0
G]Y x = 16 BL CdmT TWl Um
AP\,
y = 24
x + 8 = 24, y + 12 = 36
YWhu s ALXeLs 24 N, Utm 36 N,.
GjdLh 5.56 : a BWs[ L[js TU A[
LsU LQlTm mu Ls[[. L[ju
8
Ls[[u 27 UPe G]dLhL,
o : L[ju BWm a G]
LdLlThs[, Um a
mu AlTdLju BWm x
GuL, mu EVWm h Gp ARu c
y
Ls[[
1 O x
V = 3 x2 h
1 TPm 5.42
= 3 x2 (a + y) (1)
(Ce OC = y Gp EVWm h = a + y)
TPjk x2 + y2 = a2 (2)

64
 (2)I (1)Cp TVuTjR PlT
1
V = 3 (a2 y2) (a + y)
TUd Ls[[t
1
V = 0 3 [a2 2ay 3y2] = 0
3y = +a ApX y = a
a
y = 3 [y = a NjVUpX]
a 2 4
y = 3-p V = 3 (a + 3y) = 3 a < 0
a
y = 3 Gp Ls[[ TUm Ttdm, Um TU
Ls[[ =
1 8a2 1 8 4 3 8
3 9 (a + 3 a) = 27 (3 a ) = 27 (L[ju Ls[[)
GjdLh 5.57 : J hP NW AlTLm Lis[
(L]f NqYLju) Thu Ls[[ 2000 L,N,.
AlThu AlTLm Utm Up TLjtL] Xl
ThLu X J N,N,d , 3 Utm ARu TdLeLdL]
Xl ThLu X J NW N,,d , 1.50. Xl
ThLu X U A[ LsU Es[ Thu [
ALXeLs LiL,
o : NW AlTLju TdLju [m Utm Thu EVWm
\V x, y GuL, Xl ThLu X C GuL,
AlTLju TWl = x2
UpTLju TWl = x2
UpTLm Utm AlTLju
UjRl TWl = 2x2
\ Su TdLeLu TWl = 4xy
UpTLm Utm
AlTLjtL] = 3(2x2)
XlThLu X
TdLeLdL]
XlThLu X = (1.5) (4xy) = 6xy
UjR X C = 6x2 + 6xy (1)
Thu Ls[[ V = (AlTWl) (EVWm)

65
 = x2y = 2000 (2)
2 12000
(1) Utm (2)k y-I dYRp. C(x) = 6x + x (3)
Ce x > 0 Um C(x) B] (0, + )Cp RPofV],
12000
C (x) = 12x
x2
C (x) = 0 12x3 12000 = 0 12(x3 103) = 0
x = 10 ApX x2 + 10x + 100 = 0
x2 + 10x + 100 = 0 NjVUpX UX Gi x = 10.
24000 24000
C (x) = 12 + 3 ; C (10) = 12 + 1000 > 0
x
x = 10 Cp C Um Bm
AlTLju [m 10 N,, Bm,
2000
Um EVWm y = 100 = 20 N,,
GjdLh 5.58 : 3,, ALXjp SWL Km Btu J
LWp P Gu\ sp JYo tu\o, AYo WhP
Np. LWu GoTdLm 8 ,, RXs[QY Sd
YLULf Nu APV Yis[, AYo TPL SWL
GojN Rd Khf Nu Aek Qd KfNpXXm
ApX Qd SWL TPL Khf NpXXm ApX Q Utm Rd
CPVs[ Sd Khf Nu Aek Qd Kf NpXXm
AYo TP Khf Npm YLm 6 ,/U. Km YLm 8
,/U Gp QY YLULf Nu\PV AYo TPL GeL LW
NodL Yim?
o :
3km
R Utm SdPVs[ Wm x GuL, KP P ( R
x2
YiV Wm 8 x Bm, Um RX +9 x
)
PS = x2 + 9 . S
RX
8-x

SWm = YLm GuTR Sm AYm,

G]Y TP Khf Npm SWm.
Q
x2 + 9 (8 x)
Rt= 6 Utm Km SWm rt= 8 Bm,
TPm 5.43

x2 + 9 (8 x)
Gjd LiP UjR SWm T = Rt+rt = 6 + 8 ,0x8

66
 Ce x = 0 Gp AYu Rdm x = 8Gp Qdm TPL SWL
Khf NpXXm,
UXlsp
x 1
T (x) = 0 T (x) = 2
8 = 0
6 x +9

4x = 3 x2 + 9
16x2 = 9 (x2 + 9)
7x2 = 81
9 9
x= H]p x = CVX
7 7
9
UX Gi x = , TCu UlT l sLs Utm
7
9
x= Cp LQdPd PlT
7

T(0) = 1.5, T
9 7 73
= 1 + 8 1.33, Utm T(8) = 6 1.42
7
9
x= Cp TCu Ul L \ks[, G]Y AYo TPL
7
RPdLl sk Go LWp Btu WhP Np
9
, ( 3.4 ,) RXp LWf NodL Yim,
7
Tt 5.10
(1) CWi GiLu Rp 100 AqYiLu Tdj
RL TU UlTL PdL AqYiLs Gu]YL
CdL Yim?
(2) CWi L GiLu Tdj RL 100.
AqYiLu Rp U UlTL PdL AqYiLs
Gu]YL CdL Yim?
(3) LdLlThP J TWlT[]d LiP NqYLeLs
NWm UhU Uf t\[ Ttdm G]d LhL,

67
 (4) LdLlThP J t\[]d LiP NqYLeLs
NWm UhU TU TWlT[Yd Lidm G]d
LhL,
(5) r BWs[ YhPjs YWVlTm Ll TV TWlT[
LiP NqYLju [ ALXeLs Gu]YL Cdm?
(6) J SLm YL]ju RP (F)Cu NUuT F = 5/x + 100x
Gp. RPu U UlTd LiL,
5,11 () Utm Y[ Utl sLs
(Concavity (convexity) and points of inflection) :
TPeLs 5.44 (a), (b) B] [a, b]Cp C Hm NoLu
YWTPeL[ Lhu\], C YWPTPeLm s Am
s Bm NodLlTh YqY NLp Y[dLlThs[],
GlT Sm CkR CYL TdL YTjd LhY?
TPeLs 5.44 (c), (d) Y[YWp YqY CPeLp
RLLs YWVlThs[], (c)Cp Y[YWV]
RLLd UX AUk Es[, CkXp f B]
[a, b]Cp UpSd (rSd ) Tts[RLl
T\lTm, (d)Cp Y[YWV] RLLdd r
AUks[, CkXp gB] [a, b]Cp rSd
(UpSd ) Tts[RLl T\lTm,
y y
B B

f g
A A

x x
0 a b 0 a b
TPm 5.44 (a) TPm 5.44 (b)
y y
B B

A
A
x x
0 0
TPm 5.44(c) TPm 5.44 (d)

68
YWV\ : I Gu\ CPYp fCu YWTPm ICp Es[ GpX
RLLdm UX CkRp f B] I Gu\ CPYp
UpSd (concave upward) ApX rSd (convex
downward) Tts[ Gu AZdLlTm, I Gu\ CPYp
fCu YWTPm GpX RLLdm Z AUkRp fB]
rSd (concave downward) ApX Up Sd
(convex upward) Gu AZdLlTm,
()Cu CPY LQ CWiPY YLPp
GlT ER\ GuTR ClT Sm LiTm,
TPm 5.44(c)Cu Xm Sm LiT CPl\jk YXl\m
NpLp RLhu Nn ALlTRd Li\m,
Ck YL f (x) J Hm No Utm YL f (x) J
L Gi GuT RY\, CR Tp TPm 5.44 (d)Cp
CPl\jk YXl\m NpLp RLhu Nn
\\, G]Y f (x) J \ Gi GuTm RY\, CkR
LWQeLu AlTPp rdLm Rt\m EiU G]d
LQXm,
()d NR]The test for concavity (convexity) :
I Gu\ CPYp C\ YLlTjRdV No f(x)
GuL,
(i) f (x) > 0 x I Gp f B] I Gu\ CPYp
UpSd Tts[ (rSdd ) Bm,
(ii) f(x) < 0, x I Gp f B] I Gu\ CPYp
rSd (UpSd ) Tts[ Bm,
YWV\ : Y[YWp Es[ HRm J s PCp
Y[YWV] UpSd (rSd )-k
rSd (Up Sd )dL ApX rSd
(UpSd )-k UpSd (rSd
)-dL U]p Cls P Y[ Utl s (point of
inflection) Bm,
ARY. J RPofV] Y[YWV l
Tk l TVL dLdV s Y[ Utl
sVm,
Y[ Utl sp RL AUkRp
AjRL Y[YWV Yhm GuT RY\,
H]p Y[YWu J T RLht m. Ut\

69
T RLht Um AU\, uYm Rt\m Xm
GkR J Xp UXl s (critical point). Y[
UtlsVL U\ GuTR AVXm,
Rt\m :
y=f(x) Gu\ NUuThPp J Y[YWV]
YWVdLlTYRLd LsYm, f (x0) = 0 ApX f (x0) LQ
V TYRLd LsYm, f (x)Cu V] x = x0 Gu\
s Yf Npm T U]p x = x0I x-Afj WUnd
LiP Y[YWu Up Es[ sV] Y[
Utls Bm, x0Cu AiUl T (tl\m) (a, b)I
(a, x0)Cp Es[ JqY xdm f (x) > 0 GUm (x0, b)-p Es[
JqY x-dm f (x) < 0 GUm (CkR TkR]Ls Um
AUVXm) LQkRp. (x0, f(x0)) B] Y[ Utl
sVm, ARY x0-u tl\jp f (a)m f (b)m L[p
YThjRp Yim,
y y y y
A B
A B

x x x x
O O O O
TPm 5.45
Utl : Y[Utl sLs UXl sL[n
CdLj RYpX, Utm UXl sLs Y[ Utl
sL[n CdLj RYpX, Clm x0 B] UXl
sVk f(x) B] x0-Cu YV NpLp f (x). Ru
V Ut\ Clu x0 J Y[ Utl sVm,
Um Y[ Utl s x0d f (x0) = 0 Gu\ TkR]
RYVm, f (x0)=0 BL Ckm. f (x)Ru V Ut\
Clu. x0 J Y[ Utl sVL CdL V,
UtLiP YReLk T\lTY VRp. Y[
Utl sLs x0d. f (x0)=0 BLm. x0Cu AiUl T
(a, b)Cp f (a) Utm f (b) YqY L[l TtjRX
Bm,

70
 x = x0 B] f (x) = 0 Gu\ NUuThu Jt\ YN Nou
o GuL, ARY Rjo. mUPe o etc., GuL,
AqY\u x = x0B] TUjRV ApX UjRV
Rm, AR NUVjp x = x0 B] CWhPj oYu x = x0 Pj
RLhPu V Y[ Utl sVj Rm,
CdLsLLs uYm [dL GjdLhp Su [em,
y = x3 ; y = 3x2 Utm y = 6x.
y(0) = 0 Utm y(0) = 0. Um x = 0 B] y Utm yBV
CWidU UXl sVm, x < 0 Utm x > 0d y (x) > 0
G]Y. x = 0 YV f(x) NpLp y B] R] V
UtYpX,
ARY. y ( 0.1) > 0 Utm y(0.1) > 0 ARY 0Cu
AiUlT, ( 0.1, 0.1)Cp y Ru V UtYpX,
CqY\L. Rp YN YLdLf NR]lT (0, 0) J
Y[ UtlsVm,
y(0) = 0, y( 0.1) < 0 Utm y(0.1) > 0. y
y =x3
y(x) B] x = 0 YV NpLp. y
B] R] V Ut\, CkR Concave
upward
Xp CWiPm YN YLdLf Convex
downward
NR]lT. (0, 0) J Y[ Utl
sVm, y = x3Cu Y[YWu 0 x
Convex
l TV. ARu l upward
Tk (0, 0) d\,
y(x) = 3x2 Concave
x = 0 B] y(x)=0Cu CWiPm downward
YNj oYm, o YN
NR]k (0, 0) B] x-AfN TPm 5.46
PjRLPLd LiP Y[
Utl s GuTR A\m,
GjdLh 5.59 : y = 2 x2 Gu\ Y[YWu ()-u
NoTLjRd LiL,
o : y = 2 x2
y = 2x Utm y = 2 < 0 x R

71
 Y[YWV] GpX sLPjm rSd YL
(UpSd YL) Es[,
GjdLh 5.60 :
y = ex Gu\ Nou tL] AWeLj]d LiL,
o : y = ex ; y = ex > 0 x R
Y[YWV] GpX sLPjm rSd YL
Es[,
GjdLh 5.61 : y
y = x4 Gu\ Y[YWd Y[ y =x4
16
UtlsLs Clu. LiL,
o : y = x4 12
y = 12x2 = 0 x = 0
8
x < 0 Utm x > 0 Gp y > 0
Y[YWV] UpSd 4
YL Es[, x = 0 YVL y(x) 0 x
Npm T yCu U\pX, -2 -1 1 2
G]Y CqY[YWd Y[ TPm 5.47
Ut\lspX,
l : Y[YWV] ( , 0) Utm (0, )Cp UpSd
YL Es[,
GjdLh 5.62 : y = x3 3x + 1 Gu\ Y[YW GkR
CPYLp. UpSd . -BL Es[ Gum
Utm Y[ Utl sVm LiL,
o :
f(x) = x3 3x + 1 - x =0
f (x) = 3x 3 = 3(x 1)
2 2
TPm 5.48
f (x) = 6x
x > 0 Gp f (x) > 0, x < 0 Gp f (x) < 0
( , 0) Gu\ CPYp UpSd YLm Utm
(0, )Cp UpSd YLm Es[, x = 0 Gu\ sp
Y[YWV] UpSd k UpSd t
U\Rp (0, f(0)) B] Y[ Utl sVm, ARY
(0, 1) Y[ UtlsVm.

72
l : Utm tL] CPYL[ dLlThP
CPYLp HRm J sV Njm LQXm,
GjdLh 5.63 :
y = x4 4x3 Gu\ Y[YWd Utm Y[ Ut\l
sL[m TNdL,
o : f(x) = x4 4x3
f (x) = 4x3 12x2
f (x) = 12x2 24x = 12x (x 2)
f(x)=0 x = 0 ApX 2 CY
Un Gi LhP ( , 0), (0, 2), - 0 2
(2, ) Gu\ u CPYL[Ll
d\, uYm AhPYQV TPm 5.49
oj NnYm,

CPY f (x) = 12x (x 2)

( , 0) + UpSd
(0, 2) rSd
(2, ) + UpSd
s (0, f(0)) ARY (0, 0) GuT Y[ Utl sVm,
H]p Y[YWV] Clsp UpSd k
rSd YL U\, Um (2, f(2)) ARY (2, 16) Gu\
sm Y[ Utl sVm, H]p Y[YWV]
Clsp rSd k UpSd t
U\,

GjdLh 5.64 :
2
LVu Y[YW y = ex . GkR CPYLp .
AP\ GuTRm. Y[ Utl sL[m LiL,
2
y = 2xex ; y = 2ex (2x2 1)
2
o :
(Rp Utm CWiPY YL GpX CPeLm
AU\), y = 0 Gp

73
 2
2ex (2x2 1) = 0
- -1/2 0 1/2
1 1
x= , ApX x =
2 2

TPm 5.50
1 1
x< Gp y > 0 Utm x > Gp y < 0
2 2
1
CWiPY YL, x = Gm sYf Npm T
2
1
A L k \ d U\, G]Y x =
2
GPjp J Y[ Utls Es[,

1
1
, e 2 GuT Y[ Utl s Bm,
2
1 1 1
x< Gp y < 0 Utm x > Gp y > 0 . G]Y. x =
2 2 2
1
1
GPjp Um J Y[ Utls Es[, , e 2
2
GuT Cu] Y[ Utls Bm, (Y[YW
x-AfNl Tj NUfWL ClTRp Ut\ Y[
Utls Ei GuT RV Y\). CWiPY
YLhu Xm Sm TY.
1
< x < Cp Y[YW UpSd YLm ;
2
1 1
< x < Cp Y[YW UpSd YLm; Utm
2 2
1
< x < Cp UpSd YLm Es[,
2
GjdLh 5.65 :
y = x3 3x + 2 Gu\ Not Y[ Ut\l sLs Clu
AYt\d LiL,
o : y = x3 3x + 2
dy 2
dx = 3x 3 = 3(x + 1) (x 1)

74
 d2y
= 6x = 0 x = 0
dx2
d2y
ClT ( 0.1) = 6( 0.1) < 0 Utm
dx2
d2y
(0.1) = 6(0.1) > 0.
dx2
0Cu AiUl TV] ( 0.1, 0.1)d y ( 0.1)m y(0.1)m Go
L[L AUu\],
(0, y (0)) ARY (0, 2) J Y[ Utl sVm,
l : y (0) = 3 0 G]Y x = 0 GuT J UXl sVpX
GuT lPjRdL,
GjdLh 5.66 : y = sinx, x (0, 2)Gu\ Y[YWu Y[
Utl sL[j Ro NnVm,
o : y = cosx
y = sinx = 0 x = n, n = 0, 1, 2, ...
B]p x (0, 2), n = 1 Gp x =
y (.9) = sin (.9) < 0 Utm
y(1.1) = sin (1.1 ) > 0 ( sin (1.1) J \ Ul Bm)
CWiPY YLPp NR] Xm (, f()) = (, 0) GuT
J Y[ Utls G] E NnVlT\,
l : y() = cos = 1 0 G]Y x = J Xl sVpX
GuT lPjRdL, y = sin xd ( , )Cp GiQjRdL Y[
Utl sLs Es[], AlsL[ (n, 0), n = 0, 1, 2,
Xm T\Xm, GkR sm y(n) = ( 1)n. fVUL,
Ck Sm AY Y[ UtlsLs Xl sL[L
AUVj RYpX,

Tt 5.11
uYm NoLs GkR CPYLp APu\]
GuTRm Utm Y[ Utl sL[m LiL:
(1) f(x) = (x 1)1/3 (2) f(x) = x2 x
(3) f(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 4x (4) f(x) = x4 6x2
(5) f() = sin 2 ; (0, ) (6) y = 12x2 2x3 x4

75
YLPdV Nou TUm Utm Um BVYt\ Rp
YN YLdL Xm NjRp
UXl s x0 YVL f (x) Npm UXl su
RuU
T f (x) Cu
x < x0 x = x0 x > x0
+ f (x0) = 0 ApX f TUl s
RPofVt\ No
f (x0) = 0 ApX f + Ul s
RPofVt\ No
+ f (x0) = 0 ApX f + TUm CpX
RPofVt\ No Um CpX, (Hm
No) Y[ Utl
sVL CdLXm,
f (x0) = 0 ApX f TUm CpX -
RPofVt\ No Um CpX (C\em
No) Y[ Utl
sVL CdLXm,
CWiPm YN YLdLf NR]
su
f(x) Utm f (x)Cu UXl sp f (x) Cu Ls RuU
x = x0
f (x0) f (x0)
fCu U
0 Xl s
TUls
fCu U
0 + Uls
Xl s
x < x0 f (x0) x > x0
Y[
+ 0 ApX 0 0 Utls
Y[
0 ApX 0 0 +
Utls
Hm NpX
+ 0 ApX 0 0 +
V
Hm NpX
0 ApX 0 0 V

76