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Metamaterial-based Thin Planar Lens Antenna
for Spatial Beamforming and Multi-beam
Massive MIMO
Mei Jiang, Zhi Ning Chen, Fellow, IEEE, Yan Zhang, Member, IEEE, Wei Hong, Fellow, IEEE, Xiaobo
Xuan
Abstract A metamaterial-based thin planar lens antenna is
proposed for spatial beamforming and multi-beam massive
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The antenna
consists of a planar lens and a linear array of receive/transmit
elements. To lower the insertion and reflection loss, the lens is
formed by the two-layered ultra-thin metamaterial-based surface
separated with air and fed by substrate integrated waveguide
(SIW)-fed stacked-patch antennas. The effects of the focal-to-
diameter (f/D) on the power distribution of the lens are
investigated to work out a design method. A planar lens antenna
fed with seven elements is, for example, designed to operate at
28-GHz bands. The measured results show that the proposed
antenna can achieve a scanning coverage of 27 with a gain
tolerance of 3.7 dB and a maximum gain of 24.2 dBi with an
aperture efficiency of 24.5% over the operating bandwidth of
26.6-29 GHz. The lens antenna also features the advantages of
compact size, low cost, lightweight, simple feeding network, and
easy integration with other circuits for next generation mobile
communication and radar systems.
Index Terms Multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO),
28-GHz, spatial beamforming, substrate integrated waveguide
(SIW), metamaterial (MTM), multi-beam, lens antenna
I. INTRODUCTION
W ith the growing demands for high data rate, the use of
millimeter-wave bands for next generation wireless
communication network such as the fifth generation (5G)
mobile systems has generated much attention. The unused
spectrum at 28-GHz bands is proposed for the 5G mobile
communications due to low reflection loss and atmospheric
absorption of wave propagation suitable for outdoor mobile
communications [1]-[2].
Manuscript received May 10, 2015. This work was supported in part by the
Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai under Grant 16ZR1445700 and
16ZR1445800, in part by NSFC under Grant 61302019 and NSF of Jiangsu
province under Grant BK2012323.
M. Jiang, and X. B. Xuan are with the Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Electromagnetic Environment Effects for Aerospace Vehicle, Shanghai 200438,
China (e-mail: jmjiangmei263@163.com; 13918037145@139.com).
Z. N. Chen is with Department of Electrical Engineering, National
University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore (e-mail: eleczn@nus.edu.sg).
W. Hong and Y. Zhang are with the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter
Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China (e-mail:
weihong@seu.edu.cn; yanzhang@seu.edu.cn).
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Beamforming is to steer the direction of the main lobe of the
radiation by switching the elements of an antenna array or by
changing the relative phases of radio frequency (RF) signals
driving the array elements. Such a technology has been widely
used to either increase the coverage of cellular base stations
with high gain, or suppress the co-channel interferences in
wireless communication and radar systems [3]-[4]. On the other
hand, directional multi-beam antennas at base stations have
been proposed to reduce co-channel interference as well as to
increase frequency reuse and system capacity [5]. Massive
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology to be the
key technology in the 5G network will use very large-scale
antenna arrays with active terminals and frequency duplex
operation to significantly increase RF channels for the great
improvement in throughput and radiation efficiency of the
systems [6]. Therefore, with beamforming and multi-beam
technologies, the massive MIMO systems are promising in
their ability to increase capacity, frequency reuse, usage
efficiency of spectrum, and capability of anti-interference but at
the price of complexity and high cost of both hardware and
signal processing.
A new system architecture designed by integrating an
electromagnetic (EM) lens with an antenna array has been
proposed to enable massive MIMO technology [7]-[8]. The EM
lens is used to focus the incoming wave on the sub-regions of
the antenna array to realize spatial beamforming by the virtue
of the natural spatial scanning properties of the lens. By
integrating the EM lens with an antenna array, the throughput
and data rate of the massive MIMO system are highly improved.
For instance, a spherical dielectric Luneburg lens with a planar
feeding array has been proposed for multi-beam and
wide-angle scan operation [9]. In order to integrate with other
planar circuits and keep the antenna less insertion loss, more
compact and lightweight, metamaterials-based lens designs
have been proposed [10]-[12].
There are three key challenges for the thin planar lens design.
First, the lens needs to achieve a high gain with high radiation
and aperture efficiency in order to focus received/transmitted
signal power in the desired directions. The low reflection and
transmission losses caused by the lens directly benefit the high
efficiency of lens antenna. As the cells forming a planar lens
surface significantly affect the gain and overall efficiency of the
lens, several types of cells used in the lens design have been
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Fig. 1. The side view of the lens loaded seven-element antenna.
studied [13]-[18]. In [13], an artificial dielectric lens was
designed using six-layered perforated substrate. Due to the low
reflection and insertion loss of the perforated substrate cell, the
lens antenna achieves a gain of 30dBi at 94GHz with an
aperture efficiency of 25%. The cells supported by six-layered
perforated substrate are necessary to achieve enough phase
shift for this lens design. A quad-layer transmitarray using
double square loop elements is designed and implemented at
Ku band in [14]. The gain of 30.22dBi with the aperture
efficiency of 50% is achieved. To reduce the thickness of the
lens, a planar spatial phase shifter consisting of a
sub-wavelength capacitive patch and wire grid separated by a
substrate sheet has been proposed in [15]. The maximum
focusing gain is 10dB at 10GHz with the presence of the
ten-zone lens prototype and the estimated aperture efficiency is
less than 10%.
The second challenge is in minimizing the thickness and the
focal length to keep the system compact. However, similar to
the reflectarray investigated in [19]-[21], the ratio of focal
length to aperture diameter, f/D of the lens antenna is usually
within the range of 0.5-1. A focal length that is too short results
in large quantization phase errors and amplitude taper errors
which may cause the deterioration of gain and efficiency
[19]-[20]. Therefore, there is a trade-off between the volume
and the performance of lens antennas.
The last challenge lies in the design of the focal arc. It is
important because positioning the receive/transmit elements
along the focal arc ensures consistent gain throughout the entire
scanning range [22]-[27]. However, such an arrangement
causes difficulties in integrating such an antenna system with
the other planar circuits in a coplanar way. A thinner lens is
preferred to achieve a flatter focal arc like an ideal lens with
less astigmatic aberrations in both meridian and transverse
planes [28]-[29]. Microstrip antenna is a good candidate for the
feeding source of the lens antenna, which is easily integrated
with other planar circuits. As the frequency comes up to
millimeter bands, the feeding network causes high ohmic loss
and also suffers from the strong surface-wave coupling
between receive/transmit elements. As an alternative, a
substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) slot antenna features less
losses caused by conductor and dielectric as well as suppressed
surface wave coupling [30]-[32].
In this paper, a thin planar lens loaded antenna system is
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proposed to achieve the spatial beamforming and multi-beam
for massive MIMO applications at 28GHz. Both the lens and
source elements are fabricated by printing circuit board (PCB)
processing. First, the architecture and concept of the proposed
antenna are introduced. Then, the design considerations of the
cells of the lens surface are investigated in detail. In order to
scan the beam over the spatial range from -27 to 27, a
seven-element SIW-fed stacked-patch antenna is proposed as
the transmit/receive antenna to operate at 28-GHz bands. The
overall performance of the lens antenna is demonstrated by
exciting the ports of the seven-element antenna one by one.
Finally, the measured results validate the design of the lens
antenna.
II. CONFIGURATION OF LENS ANTENNA
Fig. 1 shows the configuration of the proposed lens antenna
fed by seven elements. It consists of a planar double-layered
metamaterial-based surface lens and seven feeding elements
located at the focal region behind the lens. The incoming wave
with an incident angle b is focused on and received by one of
the seven feeding elements. In the transmit mode, the spherical
wave radiating from a source element is transferred to a planar
wave by the lens and transmits outward with an angle of b.
Arranging seven feeding elements uniformly along a line
achieves a beam scanning in free space. For an ideal beam
scanning lens without any phase error, the scanning angle is
determined by [22]:
b d x / f (1)
where f is the focal length of the lens antenna, and dx is the
distance from the source element to the focal point along x-axis.
Due to the intrinsic error of the lens, the phase error is
inevitable and becomes worse when the direction of incident
wave is away from the principal axis [28]. Thus, the focal
subsets are actually not convergent in a plane behind the lens,
but tend to be a curved surface, namely the focal arc in the
linear cases. As the linear sources are printed onto a planar
substrate with other planar circuits, a lens with a straight focal
line is most preferred. As studied in [22], the f/D should be high
enough to reduce the phase error and subsequently make a focal
curve closer to a straight line, at a price of a larger antenna
volume. Moreover, since the aperture of lens antenna is limited,
the coverage of scanning angle is reduced with the increase of
f/D. In this work, f/D=0.5 is set as a trade-off to achieve the
desired focusing performance and a wide scanning range with
an acceptably compact volume.
Design of an ultra-thin lens is challenging for conventional
dielectric lenses where curved surfaces are always used to
correct the phase of the wavefront. Alternatively, a
metamaterial-based surface is a new candidate for the ultra-thin
lens design because the discrete cells of the metamaterial
structure can be used to compensate for the phase shift of the
wave front on the planar lens surface. The planar
double-layered metamaterial-based lens is located on the fourth
and fifth substrate layers as shown in Fig. 1. Both the fourth and
fifth layers with a substrate thickness of h4 are covered with the
same patterns on their upper and bottom surfaces respectively,
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0 -400

-600

Trans. Magnitude (dB)

Trans. Phase (degree)

-10
c2=0.6 -800 c2=0.6
c2=1.3 c2=1.3
-20 c2=2 -1000 c2=2
c2=2.7 c2=2.7
c2=3.4 -1200
c2=3.4
-30
15 20 25 30 35 15 20 25 30 35
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)
(a) (b)
Fig. 3. Simulated performances of the proposed double-layered cell. (a)
Transmission amplitude with different cap length c2. (b) Transmission phase
with different cap length c2.

Fig. 2. Configuration of a JC meta-cell: (a) a Jerusalem cross (JC) cell on top -10

layer; (b) perspective and side view of the double-layered JC cell where p=4.6,
h4=0.203, h5=1.52, a=0.2, c1=3.9, c2=2.7, all dimensions are in mm.
and they are separated by air with a spacing of h5, giving an
overall thickness 2h4+h5.
The seven identical feeding elements are uniformly and
linearly arranged behind the lens at a distance of the focal
length f. The antenna elements are backed by a metallic ground
plane to suppress the unwanted back radiation. The feeding
elements are formed by two substrate layers and a bonding
layer as illustrated in Fig. 1. Since the height of copper is
negligible, the thickness of the feeding antenna is h1+h2+h3.
Thus, the overall thickness of the proposed antenna is
2h4+h5+f+h1+h2+h3.
III. PLANAR DOUBLE-LAYERED LENS DESIGN
A. Jerusalem Cross (JC) Cell
Jerusalem cross (JC) is one of the elements which have long
been used for frequency selective surface (FSS) applications.
The JC cell features many merits such as compact size, flexible
frequency operation, broad bandwidth, and stable frequency
characteristics for a wide-angle incidence due to its center
connected or N-poles structure [33]. The field mode, reflection
and transmission responses of JC cells have been studied in
[34]-[35].
Fig. 2 shows the dimensions of the double-layered JC cell. In
Fig. 2(a) the JC cell on the top layer consists of a metal cross
and a metal cap at the end of each cross arm. The width of each
square element is p, the arm length of the center cross is c1, the
width of the metal strip is a, and the length of the end cap is c2.
Fig. 2(b) illustrates the double-layered JC element which is
constructed by cascading two identical JC cell resonators. The
two layers of JC elements are separated by air with a distance of
h5. All the JC elements are simulated by CST Microwave
Studio. In the simulation, the plane wave excitations with
normal and oblique incidence are used to obtain the
transmission and reflection responses of the proposed periodic
element in an infinite array. The inter-element mutual coupling
effect is also taken into account in this simulation. In order to
avoid the grating lobe, the size of the element should be less
than 0.50 (0 is the operating wavelength in free space) so that
the element with a periodicity of 4.6mm or 0.430 is chosen.
S Parameter (dB)
b=0
-20
b=15
-30
Fig. 6. Power distributions b=30
at the x-straight line corresponding to the focal
length for different incident angles. (a) Lens with f/D=0.1 and focal plane at
z=10.1mm. (b) Lens-40 with f/D=0.3 and focal plane at z=30.4mm. (c) Lens with
f/D=0.5 and focal plane
15 at z=50.6mm.
20 (d) Lens 30
25 with f/D=1
35and focal plane at
z=101.2mm. z=0mm located atFrequency
the bottom layer of double-layered lens. All
(GHz)
the results
Fig. are observed
4. Simulated at 28GHz.
S parameter of the proposed double-layered JC cell with
different incident angle b (c2=2.7mm).
Fig. 3 shows the simulated transmission magnitude and
phase shift with different cap length c2 under a normal incident
planar wave excitation. As shown in Fig. 3(a), by cascading two
resonators, the 3-dB transmission bandwidth of the cell is
significantly improved up to approximately 15GHz. The
resonance frequency of the transmission response is determined
by the cap length c2 of the JC cell. The resonance frequency
shift leads to the shift of transmission phase while the length of
cross arm influences the resonance frequency. In order to keep
the cell size p consistent, only c2 is tuned to achieve the varying
phase shift on the lens surface.
Fig. 3(b) shows that the transmission phase response is
almost linear over the frequency band of 20-35GHz,
contributing to the wideband performance of the lens. By
increasing c2 from 0.35mm to 3.4mm, a maximum phase shift
of 240 can be achieved at 28GHz, with a maximum
transmission loss of 6.6dB.
Fig. 4 shows the transmission and reflection coefficient with
varying incident angles b. By increasing the incident angle
from 0 to 30, the amplitude and resonant poles of the
transmission coefficient remain almost unchanged while there
is a slight deterioration on the reflection coefficient at the center
frequency of the pass band.
B. Lens Design Principles
Fresnel zone plate is one of the well-known methods for lens
design, but its focusing efficiency is inherently smaller than
ordinary lenses due to the significant phase errors caused by the
transformation of an incoming spherical wave into an outgoing
planar wave [36]. In order to improve the focusing efficiency,
the phase correction zone or phase shift surface is proposed
because it exhibits higher gain and efficiency performances.

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0.07 0.16

0.06
b=0 0.14
b=0
b=10
0.12 b=10
0.05
b=20

Power (VA/m )
Power (VA/m )
0.10 b=20

2
2
0.04 b=30
0.08 b=30
0.03
0.06
0.02
0.04
0.01 0.02

0.00 0.00
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
dx (mm) dx (mm)
(a) (b)
0.16
0.08
0.14
b=0
b=0 0.07
b=10
0.12 b=10
0.06 b=20
b=20

Power (VA/m )
Power (VA/m )

2
0.10

2
0.05 b=30
b=30
Fig. 5. Geometric structure and phase distribution of the single-focal lens. (a) 0.08 0.04

Conventional double-convex dielectric lens. (b) The proposed zoned 0.06 0.03

metamaterial-based surface lens. 0.04 0.02

0.02 0.01
Fig. 5 shows the mechanism of phase compensation of the 0.00 0.00
single-focal lens. Based on Fermats principle, using a -80 -60 -40 -20
dx (mm)
0 20 40 60 80 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
dx(mm)
20 40 60 80

double-convex dielectric lens as shown in Fig. 5 (a) for a (c) (d)

continuous phase shift, a spherical wave radiates from the focus
point is transferred to a planar wave front after propagating
through the lens. Following the principle mentioned above, Fig.
5(b) shows the operation mechanism of the proposed planar
lens, where the planar cells are used to compensate for the
zoned phase shift caused by ray path difference compared with
the continuous phase shift by the a double-convex dielectric
lens. The phase compensation of the planar lens can be
calculated by:
2 f 1 cos (2)
c (r ) 2n
0 cos
tan 1 ( r / f ) (3)
where r is the distance from the lens center to the center of a cell,
is the angle of an incident ray deviated from the axis, and f is
the focal length of the lens .
C. Lens Performances with Varying f/Ds
The ray tracing is merely a good approximation to
understand the physics, particularly in optical regimes. At
microwave bands, especially for the lenses with small f/D, the
full-wave simulation is needed to consider the mutual coupling
and truncated edge effects of the finite-sized metamaterial
surfaces in the design. Here, the CST Microwave Studio was
used.
In the simulation, the plane wave is used to excite the lens
with an incident angle of b to examine the focusing
performance of the lens with f/D =0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1
respectively. All the lenses are designed at 28GHz with a
constant aperture diameter of 101.2mm or 9.450 and a
thickness of 1.93mm or 0.180.
Fig. 6 presents the power distributions along the x-direction
with the different f/Ds and b. It is found that the power density
is reduced with increasing b. When f/D increases, the distance
between two adjacent focal spots increases for the same b so
that the lenses with larger f/D have higher resolution of spatial
angle. For the f/D up to 0.5 and 1, the direction of maximum
radiation almost linearly shifts with the incident angle b, which
indicates that a larger f/D leads to a better linear scanning.
Besides, it is important to note that the scanning angle range is
Fig. 6. Power distributions in the focal plane for different incident angle. (a)
Lens with f/D=0.1 and focal plane at z=10.1mm. (b) Lens with f/D=0.3 and
focal plane at z=30.4mm. (c) Lens with f/D=0.5 and focal plane at z=50.6mm.
(d) Lens with f/D=1 and focal plane at z=101.2mm. z=0mm located at the
bottom layer of double-layered lens. All the results are observed at 28GHz.
reduced as increasing f/D with the fixed source configuration.
Thus, there exists a trade-off among the scanning range,
resolution, and linear scanning. In order to achieve a linear
beam scanning as well as keep the antenna compact, f/D is set
0.5. As the scanning angle b is a function of feed positions dx, a
first-order polynomial fitting is carried out to achieve the
scanning angle function with the shift of feed position as shown
in Fig. 6(c). The scanning angle function of the lens with
f/D=0.5 for a small incidence angle can be approximately
obtained as:
b 0.9116d x (4)
The w is defined as the 90% power beamwidth as proposed
in [7], which suggests that by moving the observation point to a
distance of w/2 away from the direction of peak power along
the x-axis, the power density is reduced by 90%.
Fig. 7 shows the tendency of w and the peak power for
different incident angles. In Fig. 7 (a) the w is nearly unchanged
with increasing b in the focal plane (z=50.6mm). However, by
moving the observation plane far away from the focal plane, the
beamwidth becomes broader and the peak power is reduced as
shown in Fig. 7 (b). In order to focus power with minimum loss,
the space occupied by the source element should be consistent
with w and the arrangement of feed sources should be uniform.
If the size of the feeding element is comparable with w, only
one feeding element is used at a time to receive the power from
a certain incident angle. However, if the size of feeding element
is much smaller than the w, two or more feeding elements may
be used to receive the power from a certain angle. On the other
hand, if the amplitude uniformity of the receive antennas is of
interest, the position of the feeding elements can be a little far
away from the focal plane. The occupied area and arrangement
of the feeding elements can also be determined according to the
curves shown in Fig. 7.

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70 0.16
Radiation patches SIW cavity
z=60.6 mm z=60.6 mm Feeding SIW
90% Power Beamwidth w (mm)

60 0.14 z=50.6 mm 2r0

z=50.6 mm d
z=40.6 mm 0.12 z=40.6 mm A GCPW to SIW transition A

Peak Power (VA/m )

50

2
z=30.6 mm z=30.6 mm
0.10
40
0.08 w1 w2 w3 w4 w5 w6 w7 w8 s1
30 y
0.06
20 w0
0.04 Radiation
10 slots
0.02
0 l0 l1 l2 l3 l4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
(a)
Incident Angle b (degree) Incident Angle b(degree) x
y

Fig. 7. Properties of lens (f/D=0.5) for different scanning angles. (a) 90% z
w0 Metal layer
power beamwidth w. (b) peak power distributions. All the results are observed d0
at 28GHz in planes at z= 60.6mm, 50.6mm, 40.6mm and 30.6mm. h3 Sub 3

h2 w1 Sub 2 Bonding substrate t0

s0
h1
IV. SEVEN-ELEMENT SIW-FED STACKED-PATCH ANTENNA Sub 1

Metal ground
A. SIW-Fed Stacked-Patch Element (b)
Fig. 8. Configuration of the feed source element. (a) Top view. (b) A-A
The configuration of the SIW-fed stacked-patch antenna cross-sectional view. w0=2.4, w1=2.2, w2=7, w3=3.5, w4=4.5, w5=5, w6=4.3,
element is shown in Fig. 8. The antenna consists of two w7=2.6, w8=0.7, l0=6, l1=6, l2=1.7, l3=4.6, l4=1.8, d0=3.4, d=0.6, r0=0.4. h1=0.813
substrate layers and a bonding layer. There are four identical h2=0.202, h3=0.508, s0=0.2, s1=0.15, t0=0.036. All dimensions are in mm.
stacked square patches on the top layer of Sub 3 which are
excited by an SIW-fed square cavity through a square ring slot
on top of the SIW-fed cavity. The edge substrates of Sub 2 are
cut off to reduce the effect of mutual coupling with other
elements. The top metal layer of Sub 1 is designed to connect
with a 50- coaxial probe. The bottom metal layer of Sub 1 is
totally covered by a metal ground to reduce the back radiation
and minimize the interference with other planar circuits. An
SIW-to-ground co-planar waveguide (GCPW) transition is
Fig.9. Top view of the seven-element feed antenna. d1=9.525, d2=10. All
designed to connect the antenna element with an input port. The dimensions are in mm.
TEM wave excited from the outer coaxial probe transmits along
the GCPW and is transformed to a waveguide mode TE10
connector. The distance is comparable with the 90%
through the GCPW-to-SIW transition. The TE10 mode wave
beamwidth w as shown in Fig 7(a) at the focal plane z=50.6mm.
transmits along the SIW and is coupled to the square SIW
Thus, in this design, one feeding element is used at a time to
cavity through the coupling iris with a width of w3. A resonance
receive the incident power from a certain angle. In order to keep
mode quasi-TE120 is excited in the SIW cavity where the
the feeding element compact and make room to install the
maximum E-field amplitude appears at the x-directional
connectors for measurement, the distance between the adjacent
radiation slots as shown in Fig. 8 (a). The strong E-field at the
feed elements d2 is set to 10mm. The maximum scanning angle
radiation slots well excites the stacked patches on the top layer
of the lens is 27.4 using formula (4).
of the element. With the proposed configuration of stacked
patches, both the gain and bandwidth of the feeding element are C. Simulated and Measured Results of the Single Feed
significantly improved. Element
B. Seven-Element Feed Antenna Configuration The single feed element is fabricated on a multilayered board
which consists of top and bottom substrate layers and a bonding
In this design, an identical and uniformly seven-element
mid-layer. The substrate layers are Rogers RO4003C with
antenna array is used as the source of the proposed planar lens,
permittivity of 3.55, loss tangent of 0.0027, and thickness of
which is located at the focal plane to achieve maximum
0.508mm (top) and 0.813mm (bottom). The bonding layer is
focusing power.
Rogers RO4450B with permittivity of 3.54, loss tangent of
Fig. 9 shows the top view of the seven-element antenna array.
0.004, and height of 0.202mm.
Seven elements are arranged in a crossover type along x-axis.
Fig. 10 shows the photograph of the proposed feed element.
Each element consists of four SIWfed stacked patches as the
The simulated and measured reflection coefficients and gain of
radiating elements and an SIW-to-GCPW transition. There are
the feed element are shown in Fig. 11. As illustrated in Fig.
seven GCPW ports from left to right, and they are used to
11(a), the measured impedance bandwidth is 25.8-28.9GHz
connect with RF signals. Since the distance of the screw holes
with |S11| less than -10dB. The measured reflection coefficients
used for fixing with Southwest connector is a little larger than
of the feed element agree well with the simulation except a
the core width of the element, the minimum width of antenna
slight frequency shift at the higher frequencies. The measured
elements is mainly determined by the distance of the screw
maximum gain is 9.3dBi at 29GHz as shown in Fig. 11(b). The
holes, that is, d1=9.525mm by the given dimensions of the

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Fig. 10. Photograph of the single source element. (a) Top view. (b) Bottom
view. Fig. 13. Photograph of the proposed antennas. (a) The proposed lens loaded
0
10 seven-element antenna. (b) The photograph of the lens and seven-element
-5 feed array.
5 0 0
-10 |S11| |S11|
Gain (dBi)
|S11| (dB)

-10 |S22| -10 |S22|

-15 0 |S33| |S33|
-20

S Parameter (dB)
S Parameter (dB)
-20 -20 |S44| |S44|
-5 Measured |S14| |S24|
-25 Measured -30 -30
Simulated |S24| |S64|
Simulated
-30 -10 -40 |S34| -40 |S31|
23 25 27 29 31 33 23 25 27 29 31 33 |S54| |S51|
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz) -50 |S71|
-50 |S64|
|S74|
-60 -60
Fig. 11. Measured and simulated results of the feed element. (a) |S11|. (b) Gain. 23 25 27 29 31 33 23 25 27 29 31 33
0 0 Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)
0 0 (a)
-30 30 -30 30 (b)
0
-20
0
-20 -60 60 -40 -60 60 -10
|S44| (without lens) -10
Amplitude (dB)
Amplitude (dB)

-60 |S44| Measurement

S Parameter (dB)

-20

S Parameter (dB)
-40 |S44| (with lens)
-80 -90 -20 |S24| Measurement
-90 90 90 |S24| (without lens)
-80 |S44| Simulation
-30 |S24| (with lens)
-40 -30 |S24| Simulation
-60
-40 -40
-120 120 -40 -120 120
-20
Co-polarization Simulated -20 Co-polarization Simulated -50 -50
Co-polarization Measured Co-polarization Measured
-150 150 -150 150
0 Cross-polarization Simulated 0 -180 Cross-polarization Simulate -60 -60
-180
Cross-polarization Measured Cross-polarization Measure 23 25 27 29 31 33 23 25 27 29 31 33
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)
(c) (d)
Fig. 12. Radiation patterns of the feed element at 28GHz in (a) H-plane and
(b) E-plane. Fig. 14. Measured and simulated S parameters of the proposed antennas. (a)
Measured S parameter of the seven-element feeding antenna. (b) Measured S
parameter of the overall antenna. (c) Measured |S44| and |S24| with and
without lens. (d) Comparisons of simulation and measurement.
measured and simulated 3-dB gain bandwidths are 26-30GHz
and 24-31GHz respectively. The measured gain shows a antenna for |S44|<-10dB are 26.1-28.8GHz and 26.1-29GHz,
frequency shift of approximately 1GHz (3.5%) towards the respectively. Due to the symmetric structure of the feeding
lower frequency band comparing with the simulated result. The antenna, the reflection coefficients for Ports 1, 2 and 3 are also
radiation patterns in E and H-planes are shown in Fig. 12. The given in Fig. 14(a) and (b). The results feature the same
measured 3-dB beamwidths are 63.8 and 55.8 at 28GHz in E tendency with Port 4 which testifies the consistency of the
and H-planes respectively. The cross-polarization levels in the fabrication. In order to investigate the mutual coupling effect of
boresight direction are -62.8dB and -37.6dB in E and H-planes the feeding elements, transmission coefficients from Port 4 to
respectively. the other six ports are measured in Fig. 14(a). The mutual
coupling are below -23dB, -30dB, and -34dB for two elements
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS with the spacing of 10mm, 20mm, and 30mm respectively. The
The proposed lens and feeding array are all fabricated using reflection coefficient of the overall antenna keeps almost
the standard PCB process. The lens prototype consists of two unchanged after loading the lens as shown in Fig. 14(c).
pieces of metamaterial surfaces that are separated by air with a However, the mutual coupling between Elements 2 and 4 has
thickness of 1.52mm and fixed with screws on the edges of the become increased at the higher frequencies after loading the
substrate. The metamaterial surface is fabricated on a piece of lens. Fig. 14(d) compares the measured reflection coefficients
Rogers RO4003C with permittivity of 3.55, loss tangent of with the simulated ones. The measured |S44| agrees well with
0.0027, and thickness of 0.203mm. The aperture size of the lens the simulated results except a little deterioration at the higher
is 101.2mm101.2mm and the focal length is 50.6mm. The frequencies.
feeding array is fabricated on three-layered boards. Fig. 13 Fig. 15 gives the measured radiation patterns of the lens
shows the photographs of the lens and seven-element feeding antenna at 28GHz to show the beam scanning property. The
antenna. An antenna frame made of acrylic plastic is used to radiation beams are pointed to the directions of 27, 18, 9, 0
maintain the distance between the lens and feeding array. and their relative amplitudes are -3.7, -1.5, -0.3 and 0dB for the
The measured and simulated S-parameters of the proposed input Ports 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Due to the symmetrical
antennas are shown in Fig. 14. The measured impedance structure of the lens and feed antenna, the measured results of
bandwidths of the seven-element feeding array and the lens Ports 7, 5, and 6 show the same patterns as Ports 1, 2, and 3,

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TABLE I
MEASURED RESULTS OF THE PROPOSED LENS ANTENNA
Maximum gain 24.2 dBi@27.5GHz Scan loss 3.7dB
3-dB Gain bandwidth 26.6-30GHz Side lobe level -18.4dB
10-dB Impedance
26.1-29GHz Cross polarization -20.3dB
bandwidth
Aperture efficiency 24.5 % Total height 54mm
Scanning range -27 - 27 Lens aperture 101.2101.2mm2

0 0 0
Port1 Co-polarization Co-polarization
Port2 Cross-polarization
-10
Cross-polarization
-10
-10 Port3

Amplitude (dB)
Amplitude (dB)
Port4 -20 -20
Port5
Amplitude (dB)

-20 Port6 -30

-30
Port7
-40 -40
-30 -180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180 -180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180

Angle (degree) Angle (degree)

(a) (b)
0 0
Co-polarization Co-polarization
-40 Cross-polarization Cross-polarization
-10 -10
Amplitude (dB)

Amplitude (dB)
-50 -20 -20
-180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180
Angle (degree) -30 -30

Fig. 15. Measured scanned beams of the lens loaded seven-element antenna at
28GHz. -40
-180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180
-40
-180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180
0 0
Simulated Angle (degree) Angle (degree)
Simulated
Measured (c) (d)
Measured
-10 -10 Fig.17. Measured co-polarization and cross-polarization for port 4 in the
Amplitude (dB)
Amplitude (dB)

H-plane at: (a) 26GHz, (b) 27GHz, (c) 28GHz, (d) 29GHz.
-20 -20
25 1.0

-30 -30

20 0.8

-40 -40

Aperture Efficiency
-180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180 -180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180
Angle (degree) 15 0.6
Angle (degree)
Gain (dBi)

(a) (b)
0 0
10 Gain Simulated 0.4
Simulated Simulated Gain Measured
Measured Measured Aperture Efficiency Measured
-10 -10
5
Amplitude (dB)

0.2
Amplitude (dB)

-20 -20
0 0.0
23 25 27 29 31 33
-30 -30
Frequency (GHz)
Fig. 18. Simulated and measured gain for port 4.
-40 -40
-180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180 -180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180
Angle (degree)
(c)
Angle (degree)
(d) cross-polarization levels in the H-planes are less than -12.5/
Fig. 16. Simulated and measured radiation patterns of the lens loaded seven- -12.9, -17.5 / -20.8, -18.4 / -20.3, -17 / -20.6 (all in dB) at 26, 27,
element antenna in H-plane at 28GHz for (a) Port 1; (b) Port 2; (c) Port 3; and (d) 28, and 29GHz, respectively. Due to the symmetrical structure
Port 4.
of the lens surface, the lens equally affects the polarization
respectively. along x and y axis, and the cross-polarization levels of the
Fig. 16 compared the simulated and measured radiation overall antenna are mainly determined by the cross-polarization
patterns of the lens antenna at 28 GHz. The simulated results performances of the feed source antenna.
agree well with the measured results for Ports 1, 2, 3 and 4. Fig. 18 shows the simulated and measured gain of the lens
Fig. 17 shows the measured co- and cross-polarized radiation antenna. The maximum measured gain is 24.2dBi at 27.5GHz
patterns for Port 4 in the H-planes at different frequencies. Due with an aperture efficiency of 24.5%. The main factor that
to the symmetrical feed source and lens configuration, the main causes the reduction of aperture efficiency may be the small
beams are steering at the boresight direction without any beam transmission phase range of 240 with high transmission losses
squinting over the bandwidth. The measured 3-dB beamwidths that reaches 6.6 dB of the double-layered JC element as shown
in the H-plane are 8, 6.6, 6.8 and 7.8 at 26, 27, 28, and in Fig.3. The measured 3-dB gain bandwidth is 26.6-30GHz.
29GHz, respectively. The measured sidelobe/ The measured gain bandwidth is a little narrower than the

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simulated results. The deterioration of gain bandwidth is caused
by the gain reduction of the feed source in the upper and lower
frequency ends.
The main parameters of the planar lens loaded seven-element
antenna are summarized in Table I. The measured results show
the proposed antenna can achieve a scanning coverage of 27
with a gain tolerance of 3.7 dB, a maximum gain of 24.2 dBi
with an aperture efficiency of 24.5% over the 3-dB gain
bandwidth of 26.6-30GHz and the 10-dB impedance bandwidth
of 26.1-29 GHz.
VI. CONCLUSION
An antenna with a thin planar lens has been proposed for
spatial beamforming and multi-beam massive MIMO
communication applications. The planar lens which consists of
two layers of ultra-thin metamaterial surface has been validated
to feature the good focusing performances as well as linear
beam scanning. A method of obtaining the arrangement and
distance of feeding elements by analyzing the power
distribution of the lens prototype has been investigated. A
linear uniformly seven-element feeding array has been
designed to cover the required scanning angle in free space. The
proposed antenna has experimentally demonstrated the gain of
24.2dBi, HPBW of 6.8, low SLL less than -18.4dB for the
center input port. The lens antenna features stable radiation
over 26-29GHz and realizes a spatial beam scanning of 27
with a gain tolerance of 3.7dB through switching the ports of
the feed elements. The lens and feeding array are easily
fabricated by standard PCB processing and integrated with
other planar circuits, which is promising for the next generation
mobile communication and radar systems.
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Mei Jiang (S09) was born in Henan
province, China, 1987. She received the B. Eng.
degree in electronic information engineering
from Henan University of Science and
Technology, Luoyang, China, in 2009, and
received the Ph.D degree in electromagnetic and
microwave engineering from Southeast
University, Nanjing, China, in 2015.
During March 2014 to November 2014, she
was with the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, National University of
Singapore. Since August 2015, she has been
with the Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Electromagnetic Environment Effects for Aerospace Vehicle, Shanghai 200438,
China. Her current research interests include phased array antennas,
reflectarray and lens antennas, terahertz antennas, planar transmission-line
techniques, and filters.
Dr. Jiang is the recipient of the Best Paper Award of the 2013 International
Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP 2013).
Zhi Ning Chen (M99SM05F07) received his
BEng, MEng, and PhD degrees all in Electrical
Engineering from the Institute of Communications
Engineering (ICE), Nanjing, China and his second PhD
degree from University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan,
respectively.
During 19881995, he worked at ICE as a Lecturer
and later an Associate Professor, as well as at Southeast
University, China as a Postdoctoral Fellow and later as
an Associate Professor. During 19951997, Dr. Chen joined the City
University of Hong Kong as a Research Assistant and later a Research Fellow.
In 1997, he was awarded the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
Fellowship to conduct his research at the University of Tsukuba, Japan. In 2001
and 2004, he visited the University of Tsukuba under a JSPS Fellowship
Program (senior level). In 2004, he worked at IBM T. J. Watson Research
Center, USA as an Academic Visitor. During May-June 2013, he visited
Laboratoire des SignauxetSystmes, UMR8506 CNRS-Supelec-University
Paris Sud in Gif-sur-Yvette, France as a Senior DIGITEO Guest Scientist.
During 19992016, he worked with the Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R)
(formerly known as Centre for Wireless Communications and Institute for
Communications Research) as Member of Technical Staff (MTS), Senior MTS,
Principal MTS, Senior Scientist, Lead Scientist, Principal Scientist, and Head
for RF & Optical Department and Technical Advisor. Since 2012, he joined the
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of
Singapore as a Full Professor. Concurrently, he is also holding the
professorships at Southeast University (Changjiang Guest Chair Professor),
Nanjing University (Guest Professor), Shanghai Jiaotong University (Guest
Professor), Tsinghua University (Visiting Professor), Tongji University (Guest
Professor), University of Science and Technology of China (Guest Professor),
Fudan University (Outstanding Visiting Professor), Dalian Maritime
University (Guest Professor), Chiba University (Visiting Professor), National
Taiwan University of Science and Technology (Visiting Professor), Shanghai
University (Ziqiang Professor), Beijing University of Posts and
Telecommunications (Visiting Professor), Tohoku University (Visiting
Professor) as well as City University of Hong Kong (Adjunct Professor).
Dr. Chen has been the founding General Chairs of International Workshop
on Antenna Technology (iWAT), International Symposium on InfoComm &
Media Technology in Bio-Medical & Healthcare Applications (IS 3T-in-3A),
International Microwave Forum (IMWF) as well as Asia-Pacific Conference on
Antennas and Propagation (APCAP).
Dr. Chens current research interest includes electromagnetic engineering,
antennas for communication, radar, imaging and sensing systems. He has
published 535 technical papers and authored/edited the books entitled
Broadband Planar Antennas (Wiley 2005), UWB Wireless Communication
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(Wiley 2006), Antennas for Portable Devices (Wiley 2007), Antennas for Base
Stations in Wireless Communications (McGraw-Hill 2009), and Handbook of
Antenna Technologies with 76 chapters (Springer References 2016) as an
Editor-in-Chief. He has also contributed the chapters to the books entitled UWB
Antennas and Propagation for Communications, Radar, and Imaging (Wiley
2006), Antenna Engineering Handbook (McGraw-Hill 2007) as well as
Microstrip and Printed Antennas (Wiley 2010). He is holding 28 granted and
filed patents with 35 licensed deals with industry. He is the recipient of
International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Best Paper Award
2010, the CST University Publication Award 2008, IEEE AP-S Honorable
Mention Student Paper Contest 2008, Institution of Engineers Singapore (IES)
Prestigious Engineering Achievement Awards 2006, 2013 and 2014, I2R
Quarterly Best Paper Award 2004, IEEE iWAT 2005 Best Poster Award, and
several technology achievement awards from China during 1990-1997.
Dr. Chen is a Fellow of the IEEE for the contribution to small and
broadband antennas for wireless applications. He is serving IEEE Trans
Antennas and Propagation as an Associate Editor, IEEE Antennas and
Propagation Society as a Distinguished Lecturer (since 2009), as well as Vice
President and a Distinguished Lecturer of IEEE Council on RFID (since 2015).
Yan Zhang (S09M12) received the B. Eng.
degree in information engineering and the Ph.D.
degree in electromagnetic and microwave
engineering from Southeast University, Nanjing,
China, in 2006 and 2011, respectively.
During January 2009 to July 2009, he was with
Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Agency for
Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore, as a Research Engineer. From
November 2009 to December 2010, he was with the
Electromagnetic Communication Laboratory of the
Pennsylvania State University as a Visiting Scholar.
Since December 2011, he has been with the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter
Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. He has authored and
co-authored over a dozens of peer-viewed papers, and is holding 14 granted and
filed patents. His research interests include millimeter-wave and terahertz
antennas, planar transmission-line techniques, and filters, RF and antenna
design for satellite communication.
Dr. Zhang is the recipient of the Best Student Paper Award of the
International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology
(2008). He serves as a reviewer for several journals, including IEEE
Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Antennas and Wireless.
Wei Hong (M92-SM07-F12) received the
B.S. degree from the University of Information
Engineering, Zhengzhou, China, in 1982, and the
M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Southeast
University, Nanjing, China, in 1985 and 1988,
respectively, all in radio engineering.
Since 1988, he has been with the State Key
Laboratory of Millimeter Waves where he serves
as the Director of the lab since 2003, and is
currently a professor and Vice-Dean of the School
of Information Science and Engineering,
Southeast University. In 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997
and 1998, he was a short-term Visiting Scholar with the University of
California at Berkeley and at Santa Cruz, respectively. He has been engaged in
numerical methods for electromagnetic problems, millimeter wave theory and
technology, antennas, RF technology for wireless communications, etc. He has
authored and co-authored over 300 technical publications, and authored two
books. He was thrice awarded the first-class Science and Technology Progress
Prizes issued by the Ministry of Education of China and Jiangsu Province
Government, etc. Besides, he also received the Foundations for China
Distinguished Young Investigators and for the Innovation Group issued by
NSF of China.
Dr. Hong is a Fellow of IEEE, Fellow of CIE, Vice-Presidents of Microwave
Society and Antenna Society of CIE, Chairperson of IEEE
MTT-S/AP-S/EMC-S Joint Nanjing Chapter, and served as the Associate
Editor of IEEE Trans. on MTT during 2007-2010, and the editor board
members for IJAP, China Communications, and Chinese Science Bulletin, etc.