2016fleming PDF

POZNAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (PUT)
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
BIM modelling for structural analysis
BY
WOJCIECH STANISAW FLEMING
MAY 2016
Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Structural Engineering
In the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Poznan University

of Technology. Master thesis realized in partnership with the Tampere University
of Technology, Finland.
Supervisors: Adam Glema, Professor PUT, Faculty of Civil Engineering at PUT

Co-supervisor: Markku Heinisuo, Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering at TUT
Co-supervisor: Toni Teittinen, Doctoral Student, Faculty of Civil Engineering at TUT
CPUT copyright information

The dissertation/thesis may not be published either in part (in scholarly, scientific or technical journals), or as a whole (as a monograph),
unless permission has been obtained from the University.
Fleming Wojciech BIM modelling for structural analysis
DECLARATION
I, Wojciech Stanisaw Fleming, declare that the contents of this dissertation/thesis represent
my own unaided work, and that the dissertation/thesis has not previously been submitted for ac-
ademic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions
and not necessarily those of the Poznan University of Technology or Tampere University
of Technology.
Wojciech S. Fleming 16.05.2016
Signed Date
wojciech.fleming@gmail.com
e-mail
II
DIPLOMA WORKSHEET
(Photocopy with signature)
III
ABSTRACT
magine a world where designers have full understanding construction process,
I the ability to preview the decision taken before the moment. The clear communi-
cation during the whole life cycle of buildings. Our imaginations today become
a reality. The solution is Building Information Modelling (BIM). The BIM process could revo-
lutionize the construction market, and the system which our predecessors knew, cease to exist.
It is a hot topic nowadays, every company in Architecture, Engineering, Construction (AEC)
market see benefits in implementing this technology into their own businesses. This change
is comparable to the introduction of the Computer Aided Design (CAD) software to the design
office. The change is inevitable.
Writing this master thesis has strengthened my own ability to work independently.
In October 2015, I was not aware of many problems that could occur along my scientific path.
I did not know anything about the BIM process. I could not even use the software for 3D mod-
elling. At first, I felt it was too hard for me: foreign language and new technology.
But as the thesis was developed I saw more and more advantages. Poland has to learn
a lot about BIM process from our Scandinavian neighbours. The dissertation shows if all pro-
ject will be create according BIM rules, then a lot of money and time can be saved. Every year,
growing number of specialized companies is noticed in the implementation the BIM technology
in the companies in the construction industry. Each software vendor work on they own file for-
mats and platform. Here is the main problem, which inhibits the development of BIM process.
Each of designers want to work on the best software. Often, each vendor has in its offer
a unique product. When, a set of unique software is composed to office, appears a problem
in cooperating between them. Then, the compatibility issues is checked when design models
are transferred between each other. The best solution to this problem is to use export/import
function by using universal format, popularly known as IFC.
The aim of this thesis is to find the software, standards that can be used by anyone
in order to communicate with each other without any data lose, any faults and provide transpar-
ent workflow. The majority of this dissertation will detail the workflow process between soft-
ware from different vendors as well as from the same vendors. The interoperability between
different software programs have been tested and the model behavior have been described.
This thesis focus on data exchange by add-on tools, indirect link and direct link options.
In this thesis you will find also the characteristics of the BIM process and clarification
IV
of a number of concepts, without which it is not possible to understand the benefits

that this technology brings.
STRESZCZENIE
yobramy sobie wiat, w ktrym projektanci maj pen wiedz na temat przy-
W szej konstrukcji w caym cyklu istnienia. Ponadto cay proces tworzenia obiektu
wyrnia si klarown i szybk komunikacj pomidzy uczestnikami procesu.
Dzi nasze wyobraenia mog sta si rzeczywistoci. Rozwizaniem jest BIM (Modelowanie
Informacji o Budynku). Proces BIM moe zrewolucjonizowa cay rynek budowlany, a system,
ktry znali nasi przodkowie przestanie istnie. Zmiana ta jest nieunikniona.
Niniejsza praca magisterska umocnia moj zdolno do samodzielnej pracy. W pa-
dzierniku 2015 roku, nie byem wiadomy wielu problemw, ktre pojawiy si w trakcie pisa-
nia pracy. Moja wiedza na temat procesu BIM oraz umiejtno obsugi oprogramowania BIM
bya znikoma z naciskiem na zerowa. Na pocztku czuem, e temat mnie przerasta, gdy nawet
go nie rozumiaem i wiza si ze wszystkim, co musiaem opanowa we wasnym zakresie.
W dodatku dyplom realizowaem w jzyku angielskim. Natomiast wraz z rozwojem rozprawy
naukowej zauwaaem coraz to wiksze korzyci.
Nasz kraj musi si jeszcze sporo nauczy od naszych skandynawskich ssiadw, kt-
rych poczynania obserwowaem przez rok podczas wymiany Erasmus+ w Finlandii. W pracy
przedstawiono, e dziki wykorzystaniu procesu BIM w trakcie caego ycia obiektu moemy
zaoszczdzi sporo czasu oraz pienidzy. Wskazano szereg problemw, na ktre napotkamy
si wdraajc now technologie w firmie. A rzeczywisto znaczco odbiega od informacji,
jakie dostarczaj nam sprzedawcy oprogramowania. Kady z nas chce pracowa na najlepszym
oprogramowaniu, co wie si z doborem oprogramowania od rnych producentw. Wwczas
napotykamy si na szereg problemw zwizanych z interoperacyjnoci pomidzy nimi. W
wyniku, czego jestemy zmuszeni do szukania rozwiza zastpczych. Jestemy zmuszeni do
znalezienia najefektywniejszej cieki przesyu danych, ktra bdzie charakteryzowaa si naj-
mniejsza strat informacji. Celem niniejszej pracy jest dobr najlepszego oprogramowania
wraz z odpowiedni ciek przesyu informacji, ktra zapewnia bezstratn i przejrzyst wy-
mian danych. W pracy przedstawiono proces wymiany w przypadku oprogramowania nale-
cego do tego samego dystrybutora oraz w przypadku oprogramowania nalecego do rnych
dystrybutorw. Zamieszczono rwnie wstp teoretyczny na temat BIM, bez ktrego pene zro-
zumienie niniejszego tematu moe okaza si bardzo trudne.
V
Keywords: BIM, Tekla Structures, Revit, IFC, LOD, Interoperability, Workflow
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
M
any people have contributed in a variety of ways in the preparation of this disser-
tation. At Poznan University of Technology I would like to express my deepest
gratitude to my graduated supervisor, Professor Adam Glema for his kind super-
vision and great ideas and support without which this research would not have been possible.
I would like to thank you for pushing me to keep improving my work.
During my Erasmus+ exchange program in Finland I met a lot of motivated people.
I spent at Tampere University of Technology nearly one year. The biggest acknowledgment
would have to go to my co-supervisor professor Markku Heinisuo for his support and ideas.
I would like to thank you for your ideas, guidance and time.
Special thanks go to Toni Teittinen who have been very inspirational and sharing expe-
rience and information valuable for my thesis. I would like to thank you for your enlightening
approach and helping during whole my study period at TUT.
I would like to thank colleagues with years of professional experience from RCK Biuro
Inynierskie for yours invaluable help in structural designing.
Finally, I would like to thank to my parents who supported me during whole study pe-
riod and for making opportunity of studying engineering a reality. Your support allowed
me to pursue my dreams. Thank you.
Tampere, May 2016

Wojciech Stanisaw Fleming
VI
ACRONYMS
AEC - Architecture, Engineering and Construction

AECO - Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations
API - Application Programming Interface
ARSAP - Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional
BCF - BIM Collaboration Format
BIM - Building Information Modelling
BIMserwer - Building Information Modelserwer
BLM - Building Lifecycle Management
CAD - Computer Aided Design
CIS/2 - CIMSteel Integration Standard version 2
COBIE - Construction Operations Building Information Exchange
FM - Facility Manager
GUI - Graphical User Interface
GUID - Globally Unique Identifier
IAI - International Alliance for Interoperability
IDP - Integrated Design Process
IFC - Industry Foundation Classes.
IPD - Integrated Project Delivery
ISO - International Organization for Standardization
LCA - Life Cycle Assessment
LOD - Level-of-Development
LoD - Level-of-Detail
MEP - Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing system
PDF - Portable Document Format
SMC - Solibri Model Checker
SBIM - Structural Building Information Modelling
TBS - Tekla BIMsight
TDP - Traditional Design Process
TS - Tekla Structures
XML - Extensible Mark-up Language
VII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION .................................................................................................................. II
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ IV
STRESZCZENIE .................................................................................................................. V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. VI
ACRONYMS...................................................................................................................... VII
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. VIII
1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background ............................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Purpose .................................................................................................................... 2
1.3. The Software Description used in dissertation .......................................................... 3
1.3.1. Popular software in BIM process ...................................................................... 3
1.3.2. Revit ................................................................................................................. 5
1.3.3. ArchiCAD ........................................................................................................ 6
1.3.4. Tekla Structures ................................................................................................ 6
1.3.5. Tekla BIMsight ................................................................................................. 8
1.3.6. Simplebim ...................................................................................................... 8
1.3.7. Solibri Model Checker ...................................................................................... 8
2. BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING ................................................................. 9
2.1. Definition ................................................................................................................ 9
2.2. BIM Maturity Model.............................................................................................. 10
3. HISTORY, REGULATIONS AND PARTICIPANTS OF BIM PROCESS ................... 13
3.1. A Brief History of BIM .......................................................................................... 13
3.2. BIM process and 2D, 3D modelling ....................................................................... 14
3.3. Building Information Model Life-Cycle ................................................................. 16
3.4. Guidelines.............................................................................................................. 17
3.5. The new participants of the BIM process ............................................................... 18
3.5.1. BIM Facilitator ............................................................................................... 18
3.5.2. BIM Manager ................................................................................................. 18
3.5.3. BIM Operator ................................................................................................. 19
3.5.4. BIM Administrator ......................................................................................... 19
3.5.5. Communication .............................................................................................. 20
VIII
4. EXPLANATION THE CONCEPTS CLOSELY RELATED TO BIM PROCESS ........ 21

4.1. Geometric and non-geometric information ............................................................. 21
4.2. Parametric.............................................................................................................. 21
4.3. Level of Development ............................................................................................ 23
4.4. Structural Building Information Modelling ............................................................ 24
4.5. Project delivery method ......................................................................................... 24
4.5.1. Design-Bid-Build ............................................................................................ 24
4.5.2. Design-Build .................................................................................................. 25
4.5.3. Construction Manager at Risk ......................................................................... 26
4.5.4. Integrated Project Delivery ............................................................................. 26
4.5.5. Traditional Design Process.............................................................................. 27
4.5.6. Integrated Design Process ............................................................................... 28
5. INTEROPERABILITY IN BIM ................................................................................... 29
5.1. Principles of workflow ........................................................................................... 29
5.2. Globally Unique Identifier ..................................................................................... 30
5.3. Standard for the Exchange of Model Data .............................................................. 30
5.3.1. The CIMSteel Integration Standard ................................................................. 31
5.3.2. The Construction Operations Building Information Exchange format........... 31
5.3.3. BIM Collaboration Format .............................................................................. 31
5.3.4. Industry Foundation Class............................................................................... 31
5.4. IFC data structure .................................................................................................. 36
5.4.1. Data structure for concrete slab ....................................................................... 36
5.4.2. Data Structure for Steel Column ..................................................................... 38
5.4.3. Modification of data........................................................................................ 41
5.4.4. Check units in IFC .......................................................................................... 43
6. CASE STUDY OF WORKFLOW ................................................................................ 44
6.1. Analysis models ..................................................................................................... 44
6.1.1. Concrete Beam ............................................................................................... 44
6.1.2. Steel Portal Frame........................................................................................... 44
6.1.3. Concrete Wall ................................................................................................. 45
6.1.4. Pipe Rack ....................................................................................................... 45
6.2. Exchange scenario ................................................................................................. 47
6.2.1. The evaluation method .................................................................................... 47
6.3. Case 1 Concrete Beam ........................................................................................ 48
6.4. Case 2 Portal Steel Frame ................................................................................... 53
IX
6.5. Case 3 - Concrete Wall .......................................................................................... 59

6.6. Case 4 - Pipe Rack ................................................................................................. 66
7. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................ 74
7.1. Summary of results ................................................................................................ 74
7.2. Tips ....................................................................................................................... 76
7.3. BIM benefits ...................................................................................................... 78
7.4. BIM disadvantages ............................................................................................. 81
7.5. The future of BIM .................................................................................................. 82
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 84
WEBPAGES........................................................................................................................ 85
STANDARDS ..................................................................................................................... 86
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................... 87
APPENDIX A: CONTENTS OF THE ENCLOSED DVD DISC...................................... 87
APPENDIX B: SOFTWARE USED IN THE THESIS ..................................................... 90
APPENDIX C: CONCRETE BEAM ................................................................................ 91
APPENDIX D: STEEL PORTAL FRAME .................................................................... 100
APPENDIX E: CONCRETE WALL .............................................................................. 143
X
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
The polish market is still in an embryo stage in implement BIM technology, whereas
in the UK the construction industry is in the midst of a technology renaissance. In todays world,
it is impossible to design a complete building with only one design software. This type of sys-
tem is not possible up to now. Therefore the members of design process have to learn to play
as a team, if they want to deliver the projects on time and on the budget. BIM is not only a new
technology but also the way of thinking, a philosophy, behaviours, and a way of being. Before
the BIM phase, the construction industry look like in basics, that each member of life cycle
of assessment (LCA) looked out strictly for his/her own interests. In BIM all members
of the LCA have to collaborate and work together. They have the same goal and desire.
In that case, it is easy to see that, the communication is very important. Scott Simpson
from Kling Stubbins says BIM is 10 percent technology and 90 percent sociology [5.]. There-
fore, the BIM is so incredibly difficult issue. Before starting any project the communication
channels are committed to be chosen and checked. In result obtains better use of material, en-
riched aesthetics of the project and the community esteem. Learning new things is always an ad-
venture. Humankind has always been interested in developing everything what was around
them. It is very challenging to be a human. This dissertation will take you to a shared journey.
This journey is called BIM.
The thesis consist of six chapters. Each of them is inseparably linked with the previous
one. That together create a coherent whole. In extension to this dissertation enclose DVD disc,
which contains all models. The content of the enclosed DVD disc are listed in Appendix A.
Below was attached a brief description of the individual chapters.
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides an introduction to the thesis and shows the foun-
dation. Here you can find the backgrounds and scope. Besides
in this chapter describes used software in whole master thesis.
Chapter 2: BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING
This short section of dissertation provides the definition of Building In-
formation Modelling.
Chapter 3: HISTORY, REGULATIONS AND PARTICIPANTS OF BIM PRO-
CESS
1
This section describes in the nuts and bolts of using BIM technology
in whole life cycle of building. The potential benefits of BIM as a new
way in the market.
Chapter 4: EXPLANATION THE CONCEPTS CLOSELY RELATED TO BIM
PROCESS
This chapter provides a collection of terms connected with BIM with lu-
cid explanation.
Chapter 5: INTEROPERABILITY IN BIM
This section describes the collaboration and shows examples of different
ways of file transfer. It provides a lot of information about Industry Foun-
dation Classes.
Chapter 6: CASE STUDY OF WORKFLOW
In this chapter describes four different model with a couple of different
exchange scenario. This part provides an accurate description of the case
study used for investigation of interoperability capabilities in a practical
way. This part defines which information should be examined and ex-
changing from the architectural models to structural analysis software
application. For each section the sub-results are provided with the short
analysis. Exact calculations of elements is given in appendixes.
Chapter 7: CONCLUSION
In seventh chapter the result from exchange scenarios are gathered,
summed up and discussed. This section provides suggestions and prob-
lems that have arisen during the research. In this chapter of the study clar-
ifies the faults and discusses potential future trends.
1.2. Purpose
The purpose of this master thesis is to check the interoperability between different de-
sign software. In order to reduce repetition work and possibility of occurs errors. This disserta-
tion should prove, that it is worth finance the development of IFC and this format could replace
other old standards. This thesis checks how software can handle with different type of construc-
tion e. g. steel, precast structure. What are the strengths and limitations add on, direct link or in-
direct link: CIS/2, IFC.
2
1.3. The Software Description used in dissertation

1.3.1. Popular software in BIM process
BIM tools are used by people from different disciplines like architectural, structural
and MEP engineers. They choose the best tool for yourself. Structural engineer prefer Tekla
Structures, because this program emphasizes on detailing in a model compare with Revit Struc-
ture. Moreover Structural engineer uses more than one single program during the work. He has
to use tool for drafting and for structural analysis. While architect prefer to use Revit Architec-
ture or ArchiCAD. Robot Structural Analysis and AxisVM are used to dimension of structure.
Examples of BIM tools are presented in the Tab. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Table 1. BIM tools for modelling object.
Software Company Website

ArchiCAD Nemetschek www.graphisoft.com
Tekla Structures Trimble www.tekla.com
Vectorworks Nemetschek www.vectorworks.net
Revit Autodesk www.autodesk.com
SketchUP Trimble www.sketchup.com
Table 2. BIM tools for dimensioning of structural construction elements.

AxisVM Inter-VCAD Kft www.axisvm.eu
Tekla Structural Designer Trimble www.tekla.com
RSTAB Dlubal www.dlubal.com
Robot Structural Analysis Professional Autodesk www.autodesk.com
Table 3. BIM tools for estimating.

CostX Exactal www.exactal.com
ZUZIAbim Datacomp Sp. Z o.o. http://www.kosztorysowanie-bim.pl/
VICO Software Trimble www.trimble.com
NORMA EXPERT Athenasoft www.ath.pl
HCSS HeavyBid HCSS www.hcss.com
3
Table 4. BIM tools for view models.
Software Free/ Company Website

Commercial
Solibri Model Commercial Solibri www.solibri.com
Checker
Tekla BIMsight Free Trimble www.teklabimsight.com
Navisworks Commercial Autodesk www.autodesk.com
Simplebim Commercial Datacubist Oy www.datacubist.com
BIM Vision Free Datacomp Sp. Z o.o. www.bimvision.eu
BIMx Free Nemetschek www.graphisoft.com/bimx/
Revit Architecture and ArchiCAD are the two most common BIM programs in Finland
for architectural design. Both programs are proven high quality parametric objects and based
on template file. There is big difference in how the programs work technically, but in compare
with TS (Tekla Structures), it is abyss. ArchiCAD has more different components in compare
to Revit. The components in Revit is called families. Nevertheless all families have to be loaded
individually every time. Sometimes it takes a lot of time. Another disadvantages of Revit
is to lack of curved window function. ArchiCAD can create faster and in better quality more
advanced buildings than in Revit. In ArchiCAD all components are built into the program
and they are very advanced. In consequences the model process is faster. In Revit families
can be download from internet websites or by install BIMobject plug-in (www.bimobject.com).
Built-in components are very helpful, the more of them is located in the program, the better
for us.
Table 5. Built-in library of families in BIM and SBIM tools.
Software ArchiCAD 18 (BIM) Revit Architecture Tekla Structures

Built-in Object v2015(BIM) 21.1(SBIM)
Wall
Door
Window
Column
Beam
Slab
Stair
4
Roof
Skylight
Curtain Wall
Object/Components
Site model Mesh tool Topo surface & site
objects
Unique objects HVAC, electrical, Component, ceiling, Precast concrete,
plumbing, furnishing, mullion, truss, beam cast-in-place, pad
cast-in-place, precast system, foundation, footings, strip
concrete, steel, ma- ramp, railing, pad foot- footings, piles,
sonry, equipment, railings, strip footing, railings, joints,
ings. truss, HVAC, electri- bracings, corbels,
cal, plumbing compo- splice connec-
nents. tions, etc.
The export option to IFC2x3 files is available in all checked software. Moreover
the models can be easily check in the Solibri Model Checker. The problems will be appeared
during export model by IFC from ArchiCAD to Revit. In the opposite direction, ArchiCAD
can manage and solve problems appears in model.
In this master thesis the tested software application are Revit 2015 and 2016, ArchiCAD
18, Tekla Structures 21.1, 21.0 and 20.0, Robot Structural Analysis 2015 and 2016, AxisVM12,
Tekla BIMsight, Simplebim, Solibri Model Checker, and BIM Vision.
1.3.2. Revit
Revit platform is popular BIM platform in Poland and probably the most widely used
in the whole world. Only in Scandinavian country Trimble platform is more popular. Revit
Architecture software is very popular among architects. The distinguishing feature of the Au-
todesk brand is ribbon as opposed to standard toolbars.
The Revit consist of three parts Revit Architecture, Revit Structural and Revit MEP.
First Revit developed in 2000 and in 2002 the Autodesk Company acquired the software
from a start-up company. It runs on both operation systems like Windows OS and Macintosh
with plug-in Windows BootCamp. Revit supports the following file format: DWG,
DWF/DWFx, IFC, gbXML, html, DXF, DGN, SAT, ADSK, and FBX. Revit is not a perfect
platform without any faults. This program has problems with model larger than 500MB,
5
and it is very hard to create curved wall or add windows with curved glazing or other curved
surface.
The native format of Revit is .rvt. All elements (objects) have their own ID number.
ID number is a 6-digid combination which stored all information. During export file from Revit
to IFC file format, Revit tool is transformed ID into GUID number. Between ARSAP and Revit
exist direct link options, which provide interoperability. Moreover this tool is able to link
with MS Project (Microsoft Office Project) and exchange scheduling information.
Figure 1. TS-Revit-ARSAP BIM workflow.
1.3.3. ArchiCAD
ArchiCAD is an architectural BIM software created for a personal computer with Win-
dows OS or Macintosh. It is developed by Graphisoft from Hungary in 1984. This was the first
tool which was able to create drawings in 2D and 3D technology. It is considered to be the first
software from BIM family on the market. Graphisoft was acquired by Nemetschek in 2007.
ArchiCAD provides good bidirectional exchange by IFC format. It is the most common ex-
change format in this tool. ArchiCAD has similar problem with RAM memory, like Revit. This
software works slowly with large models with high LODs. ArchiCAD communicates with Ax-
isVM, TS, Revit Structures, and FEM Design with the help of IFC. ArchiCAD has their own
file format .pln, and supports the following file format: DWG, IFC, DGN, DWF/DWFx, DXF,
JPEG, GIF, WMF, and GDL.
1.3.4. Tekla Structures
Tekla Company was founded in the mid-1960s in Espoo, Finland. In 1993 Tekla Cor-
poration completed the first commercial version of Xsteel intended for structural steel engineer.
In 2004 launched on the market the Tekla Structures (TS) software. In 2011 Tekla becomes
6
part of Trimble Group. In 2015 Trimble invented the Tekla Structures Designer. TS can create
model made of different materials, like steel, reinforcement concrete, precast concrete, timber.
Additionally TS has module for construction management and has special modules for steel
detailing, precast detailing or reinforcement concrete detailing [8].
TS has better developed tools for detailing than Revit. Nails, screws or welds are mod-
elled easily in TS. It is intended primarily for structural engineers. Every object in TS is para-
metric. When one parameter is changed, like reinforcement spacing. Then all documentation
and model are changed in real time. The biggest advantage of TS is process of creating docu-
mentation. Drawings in TS are generated directly from the software with small amount of man-
ual intervention. This makes the software a powerful tool for structural engineer. In contrast
to Revit, TS works with large models on a good level. This tools requires from operator high
level of skills. Another downside of TS may be relatively high cost.
The native format of TS is .db1, and it is certified for IFC 2x3. Every elements in TS
have GUID numbers. Between Tekla Structures Designer and TS exists option of direct link,
which provide good quality interoperability and communication. TS supports the following file
format: DWG, DXF, IFC, XML (Microsoft project), DGN (Microstation), STEP (CIS/2), SDF
(Steel Detailing Neutral Format), 3DD (Cadmatic models). TS cooperate with the following
analysis software such as AxisVM, Strusoft, GTStrudl, Dlubal, MIDAS, S-Frame, Robot,
SAP2000, ETABS, CSC Orion, STAAD.Pro and ISM.
Figure 2. a) Graphical user interface (GUI) of the ArchiCAD. b) GUI of the TS, GUI of the Revit.
7
1.3.5. Tekla BIMsight
Tekla BIMsight is non-commercial. It is possible to download it, from the Trimble web-
site. This free viewer allows to open IFC file, view the 3D model, measurement objects, make
mark-ups and notes. In addition it allows to check the clashes in the construction e.g. with other
elements like beams, ventilation ducts, and other pipes. Thanks to this program, it is easy to ex-
plain and solve problems, which appears during design process with another designer.
Figure 3. Clash detection and notes in TBS.
1.3.6. Simplebim
It is simple and helpful software. Application cooperate with ArchiCAD, Revit and TS.
Thanks to this tool, the IFC file can be interfered without knowledge of specialized program-
ming language and structure of IFC file. By using Simplebim, all relevant data from model
can be chosen and delivered to other team member. Besides you can give feedback directly
to the file and add data from external sources, such as results from FEM-tools with results
or components to IFC models. Moreover this software is really good tool for quantity surveyor
because there is option of group and pick proper quantities. Thanks Simplebim there is possi-
bility to merge multiple IFC models which contains different storey of buildings into one con-
sistent IFC model.
1.3.7. Solibri Model Checker
Solibri Model Checker (SMC) is software from Scandinavia, which is used to checking,
viewing and auditing our model. SMC allows make feedback and communicate with other team
members. It can check duplicate elements, check the gaps between elements, check location
of spaces and conduct the clash detection. In SMC there is possibility of creating BCF file,
so it allows to communicate with other team member only with one part of building. Besides
there is possibility to check in the model, which object is viewed, added, changed, removed,
modified.
8
2. BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING

2.1. Definition
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is not a buzzword, it constitutes a paradigm shift
in the AEC industry. BIM is a complex process of new intelligent approach and process
of maintaining all relevant information to a building over all phase of the building life cycle.
It is used to improvement of process, predict outcomes and create computational representation
of all building with less environmental impact. Software is an integral part of the modelling
process, it is a crux of the BIM. Chuck Eastman describes BIM as one of the most promising
developments in the architecture, engineering and construction industries [1]. It is easy to en-
visage that, the Innovation in BIM process will be grown with time. BIM process will destabi-
lize the whole construction industry, it will modify everything, not like in case CAD revolution.
Figure 4. CAD vs. BIM.
The design method based on parametric modelling enabling to share created digital
model with other team members, in order to achieve jointly success. The collaboration is a fun-
damental concept of whole BIM process. The collaboration helps to team members to overcome
obstacles. BIM process supports interoperability and communication throughout the whole life
cycle of a building. According to [3], the traditional construction process is wasted in the field
30% of the total cost due to wasted material, coordination errors, lack of collaboration, ineffi-
cient labor, no optimization. The reason for this is, among other things, the linear scheme
of work and the fragmentation of the AEC industry and it should be replaced by an Integrated
Project Delivery (IPD) system. In which team consist of self-contained people who collaborate
in order to achieve a common goal.
Through the use of 4D technology it will be easier to understand the schedule process,
because it will be more transparent for people not related with construction industry like owner,
client, public authorities, and manager. The revolution of BIM can be compared with the revo-
lution of IT, computer and internet in last century. It shows that it is an investment in the future.
9
Figure 5. BIM obstacles and needs.
2.2. BIM Maturity Model

The BIM Maturity Model (BIM Wedge) is used to determine the use of BIM process
in the project. The BIM wedge presents on Fig. 6, it includes four levels of development
from 0 to 3. The red line indicates, at which level is currently the United Kingdom. The violet
line indicates location of Poland. In UK all buildings financed from public budget should be de-
sign according to level 2 of BIM maturity model.
Figure 6. The BIM Maturity System.
10
Table 6. Three levels of BIM Maturity.
Level Description
Level 0 The level requires data exchange by use paper documentation or electronic,
the exchange data is linear and asynchronous. Entire documentation should
be made in 2D technology with no 3D data. In zero level the interoperability
is on the basic level.
Level 1 The level requires to use a Common Data Environment (CDE) during design pro-
cess according to standards BS1192. It is a simple collaborative environment de-
signed for everyone from AEC industry. This system avoid duplication of mis-
takes, reduce time and cost, reuse information to support cost planning, estimat-
ing, management.
Entire documentation should be made in 2D or 3D technology. Model does not
contain useful data, which can be shared with other team members. In practice
it looks like: each engineer create single-disciplinary models: architectural
model, structural model and MEP model. The exchange file format is DWF
or PDF etc. The chart below presents lifecycle phases.
Level 2 The model of construction should be created in BIM software and delivered
in digital version, transferable without security. Without security means,
that the model should be collaborate by proprietary formats e.g. Revit file format
.rvt between Revit architecture and Revit structure, and by non-proprietary for-
mats e.g. between ArchiCAD and Tekla Structures using the IFC file format.
In second level of BIM Maturity Model all data are shared between all team
members involved in the project. During this process adopted additionally 4D
(time analysis) and 5D (cost estimating) process. The delivery file should contain
3D models in native format, drawings and documents in Portable Document For-
mat (PDF). The chart below shows lifecycle phases.
11
Level 3 The level requires fully integrated and collaborative process with data exchange
and with systems provides the facility management and life costing data. Entire
process of sharing files, thoughts, remarks should take place in the cloud
by proper web services. This full integration can be achieved by model server
technologies. This level allows to complex analysis. The chart below shows
lifecycle phases.
12
3. HISTORY, REGULATIONS AND PARTICIPANTS OF BIM PRO-

CESS
3.1. A Brief History of BIM
The history of the division of roles in the construction industry began in 1452. Italian ar-
chitect Leon Battista Alberti wrote bilingual book De Re Aedificatoria (The ten books of ar-
chitecture) in which he distinguished two separate domains, such as design and construction
from one architecture. In the fifteenth century it was assumed that the construction process re-
quires a staff of different professionals in order to obtain the final product. This chapter
is a short story about concept evolution.
It all began in 1957, when two American computer scientist, Dr. Patrick, J. Hanratty de-
veloped first CAM (Computer-Aided Machining) software PRONTO, a numerical control
programming tool. Few years later, Ivan Sutherland created first CAD software Sketchpad.
In 1982 was demonstrated the first AutoCAD by Autodesk. In the same year was founded the
Autodesk company by John Walker, a coauthor of the AutoCAD 1.0. From several years, an-
nual revenue of the Autodesk Inc. is bigger than US$2.5 billion.
Figure 7. Development timeline of CAD and BIM systems.
The name connected with BIM was created by Charles Eastman in the late 1970s at Geor-
gia Institute of Technology. He used in his book phrase Building Product Model, which was
developed by Phil Bernstein. He is the first, who used term Building Information Model.
Building modelling based on 3D technology was first developed in the early 80s of the last
century, by Gabor Bojar, who smuggled two laptops from the west [1]. This Hungarian scientist
created the first BIM software for personal computer, such as ArchiCAD 1.0 in 1983. At the
13
time, Hungary was covered by the communist system, in which all western technology was pro-
hibited. Please imagine the designers at that time, for which it had to be a huge change. All
drawings can be editable and they can easily scale.
In 1993 was released the first version of PDF, soon after it became the main exchange
format for 2D drawings. In 1994 created a coalition of various people from AEC community,
in order to solve the problem with compatibility of software become from different vendors.
This community defined as Industry Alliance for Interoperability created the first version
of IFC file format in 1997. Then in 2000, Charles River Software has developed Revit in Cam-
bridge, which was written in C++ and used the idea of parametric components. In 2004 was re-
leased the first version of Tekla Structures for steel detailer. Then the Alliance for Interopera-
bility change its name on International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) and finally renamed
on BuildingSMART in 2005. Today, BIM technology and process can be found in the Archi-
tecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations (AECO) industry across the world.
Over the past years, incredibly effort has been inserted into development of three-dimensional
BIM with 4D, 5D, 6D, 7D dimensions.
Figure 8. The graph presents the BIM dimensions. Visualization means design structure in 3D, animation, render-
ing and walkthroughs. Time means scheduling of construction, project phasing simulations. Cost means pricing
and estimating. Sustainability means conceptual energy analysis, LEED tracking. Facility Management means
Building Lifecycle Management (BLM), BIM Maintenance Plans and Technical Support.
3.2. BIM process and 2D, 3D modelling
The main difference between 2D and 3D technology is that, in 3D objects are modelled,
while in 2D objects are drown line by line. In Poland BIM is in initial phase, but it systemati-
cally evaluate. Many companies still work on 2D technology, but they realize that 3D technol-
ogy is a future and it can save time and money. Drawings made in 2D technology are a source
of misunderstanding. Moreover in CAD systems every element has to be edited manually
14
by the designer. All cross sections are detailed manually with thousands of objects such us gird-
ers, pad foundations, baseboards. In BIM whole cross sections are created automatically. People
involved in the building process will agree that the devil is in the details and everyone sees
details better in 3D. CAD technology in comparison to 3D modelling is time consuming. It re-
quires a lot of time to generate single drawing. This old technology condemns to delays, re-
peated work, documentation consist of many pages.
BIM is revolutionizing construction market with Finland leading the way. During
my exchange program in Finland I decided to visit software vendors and organization using
BIM process in practice. I chose the Trimble Company. This software vendor was launched
software on the market, like Tekla Structures, Tekla Designer or Tekla BIMsight. I visited
the headquarters of Trimble in Helsinki, Finland on 16 December 2015. I met with Michael
Evans (Education & Key Account Segment Director at Trimble - UK) and Jody Brookshire
(Global Education Programs Manager at Trimble - US). It was a great opportunity to understand
their vision of BIM in Finland, USA and UK in comparison to my. In Poland occur phenomenon
of the Hollywood BIM. It means that contractor uses the BIM process only to improve better
display or creates only model in 3D tools and does not further use all model with built-in infor-
mation to another steps.
Sometimes single companies use BIM technologies and collaborate with offices,
which based on CAD technology. The situation is called like a lonely BIM. Another prob-
lems, which occurs during interoperability is trust to share with all model in native file with an-
other company. Because they can use our work without our permission. Thats
why a lot of companies do not share with own work like a trade secrets. Then the integrated
process delivery (IPD) is not make sense and this situation is well known as selfish BIM.
Then the data exchange based on PDF files or IFC files through Tekla BIMsight or other soft-
ware intended to open indirect link.
Figure 9. Graphical illustrations of BIM in three different states.
The Fig 10. Presents how many programs is used during design the Helsinki Music Center,
Finland. Finland is considered to be the number one in the use of BIM technology on the whole
world. The Helsinki Music Center is one of the best known buildings in Finland. It was created
15
according to BIM rules [1]. The object is distinguished by style sustainability and modernity.
Many applications from different vendors are used to create this building. For example RI-
USKA Software from Granlund is used to for analysis energy consumptions. The BIM process
was controlled by Tomi Henttinen from Gravicon Oy during whole design and construction
phase.
Figure 10. Example of interoperability design in Finland on the example Helsinki Music Centre.
3.3. Building Information Model Life-Cycle

All projects should be preceded by in-depth analysis. The first stage is to determine
the goals and measure the benefits of BIM process. The next step is to choose software tools,
delivery method, and type of process and create all specifications. The next step is to select
team members, create strategies and method of evaluation and modifications. The team member
should be selected painstakingly, because subsequent changes lead to delays and lack of effi-
ciency in team. After that the conceptual model can be created. After the whole process of ac-
ceptation. The detailed model can be created in the same time the analysis process is carried
out. Another team members should create budget, construction schedule and cost estimation.
Then designers create model with high level of detail and whole necessary information.
Next step is to create documentation of shop drawings for fabricators. Finally the documenta-
tion is created for contractors.
There is also possibility to initiating the BIM process during advance construction
phase. It is never too late to adopt BIM process.
16
Figure 11. The BIM life-cycle: the typical phases of the BIM implementation.
3.4. Guidelines
The following guidelines have been developed by experienced people with BIM pro-
cess. This guidelines are contained useful tips and requirements. It explains how to use new
technology and how to avoid mistakes in the initial phase. The national guidelines series
is the result of continuous development and the growing needs of the AEC sectors. Finland
is derived the COBIM requirements on the market. COBIM 1.0 was published on March 2012.
Another popular BIM requirements comes from Singapore. The currently Singapore BIM guide
2nd edition was published in August 2013.
Similar BIM guidelines are available on government websites in other countries,
such as USA, UK, Norway, Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden, Estonia, South Korea, Hong
Kong, New Zealand, and Australia (links are included in the bibliography).Besides there are
the countries where BuildingSMART organization is active. BuildingSMART helps to author-
ities and governments increase efficiency in the building market. It helps to introduce standards
and knowledge about new technology, which avoid from duplicate efforts and save time and
money.
17
Figure 12. COBIM documents (figure on left side) [9], The Singapore BIM guide (figure on right side) [10].
3.5. The new participants of the BIM process

Today, the designers strive to design faster, cheaper and with bigger efficiency. AECO
industry are consistently changing in order to continuous development. Small companies will
meet more obstacles then the big one. Because BIM is a technology based on collaboration,
this is connected with involved people from many industries. Everyone requires different spe-
cialist BIM tool. In addition, at least one person from each branch has to be high experienced,
which is associated with high costs. Furthermore, on the market appeared demand for new spe-
cialists.
3.5.1. BIM Facilitator
BIM Facilitator occurs only in companies, where BIM technologies is in implemented

phase. He or she helps employees, who do not have experience with new techniques.
3.5.2. BIM Manager
BIM Manager or BIM coordinator is a team member, which is responsible for the con-
tinuous improvement of collaboration between entire crew and with people from outside.
He or she should resolve problems in the most efficient way. Besides he is responsible for strat-
egy and work schedule. When BIM manager and head designer is the same person
then he or she is responsible for the coordination of the design work. BIM coordinator
have to be assign to each project. He or she can be the head designer or another member from
AEC chain. Person for this position is usually appointed by the Head Designer or Project Man-
ager.
18
3.5.3. BIM Operator
BIM operator is responsible for creating models, analyzing models, workflow infor-
mation. BIM operator is a structural engineer, HVAC engineer, Architect, who use BIM tools
or to project engineer position in bigger company. There is one problems, with architects
in BIM chain because they do not have any interest in putting additional information to models
like fire durability, type of elements (structural, architectural), manufacturer, etc. They focus
only on visual view of object. In integrated process, architects should have list of all necessary
parameters which they have add to models in order to reduce the additional work at later stages.
3.5.4. BIM Administrator
BIM Administrator is a person, who is responsible for implementation and associated

file sharing systems. He or she assists in information flow between clients, suppliers and con-
tractors. He or she assists in estimating, design, contract teams. He or she is liaise with suppliers
and sub-contractors.
Figure 13. The participants of the building process and chart of information exchange in BIM central model.
On the left side the smaller chart shows traditional model of exchange information.
19
3.5.5. Communication
The BIM concept is closely connected with the process of communication between peo-
ple involved in project. Imagine, the company which cooperates with foreign company. People
involved in project have to communicate with other people in foreign language and talk about
important things. They talk in this case with people with different specialization. The structural
engineer is encountered a clash between steel rafter with ventilation duct. He has to consult
the solution with MEP engineers. This situation is very hard to explain in huge building by e-
mail. It could lead to e-mails back and forth for couple days. The Fig. 14 describes the best way
for communication in BIM process. In that situation the best possibility to communicate
will be video conference. The revolution in communication could be Autodesk BIM 360 Glue.
This platform works in the network cloud. All members can upload, view the model, run clash
detection, and create notes in real time in the network cloud.
Figure 14. The Graph of effective communication, inspired by Dave McCool.
In the case of communication, there is another problem, which is connected with market
fragmentation. If the design office works in old schema, architect send to structural engineer
all documentation in PDF standard. This documentation presents elevations, floor plans, global
views, summary of doors and windows etc. After conceptual design phase, when architect want
to moves a door, he has to call to structural engineer and ask him to do it. After that he resends
PDF file to him. This situation could be awkward in combinations with advanced construction.
It is a reason of many mistakes.
20
4. EXPLANATION THE CONCEPTS CLOSELY RELATED TO BIM

PROCESS
4.1. Geometric and non-geometric information
BIM model stores information in two types: geometric and non-geometric. Geometric
information is connected with size and shape of the object. The non-geometrical information
is related to material properties, the origin and distribution of material.
Table 7. Examples of geometrical and non-geometrical attributes.
GEOMETRICAL ATTRIBUTES NON-GEOMETRICAL ATTRIBUTES

Size Cost
Width Manufacturer
Height Specification
Length Material
Orientation Fire rating
Shape Regulatory compliance
Volume Insulation properties
4.2. Parametric
In CAD technology elements describe only information about geometry the geometry
information. In BIM parametric modelling all objects carry a variety of properties such as ma-
terial properties, cost, manufacturer, thermal rating and other metadata - the geometric and non-
geometric information.
Figure 15. Difference between a columns created in different stage of BIM Maturity Model. a) The column created
in stage number 0 and first phase of stage 1. b) The column created in second phase of stage 1. c) The column
created in BIM software in stage 2.
21
The BIM process has evolved from based parametric 3D modelling. In Fig. 15 presents
the difference between columns created in 2D technology (e.g. AutoCAD 2D), in 3D technol-
ogy (AutoCAD 3D) and BIM software (e.g. Tekla Structures or Revit). In third case all infor-
mation is embedded in the object and all parameters are editable.
Two types of software for modelling are distinguished. The solid modelling tools
(e.g. ArchiCAD, Revit, and Tekla Structures) and surface model tools (e.g. SketchUP or Rhino
www.rhino3d.com). The first one is commonly called parametric modelling tools. All models
are created in solid modelling tools have parametric model properties. Models create in surface
model software contain only geometrical information without thickness. This object have cor-
rect dimensions, location and real appearance. In consequences the main difference between
the solid and the surface model will be that the surface model will not have mass properties
but the solid model will. All helpful options like clash detection, life cycle cost analysis, energy
analysis, and construction cost estimation requires mass and thickness properties. Usually en-
gineers do not use solid modelling tools for early design concept in order to create general view
of construction. They prefer use surface modelling tools. The concept model is created fast.
The concept gives engineers the general view of construction.
Figure 16. a) Basic surface model created in SketchUP. b) Solid model created in ArchiCAD.
22
4.3. Level of Development
Figure 17. Example of Level of Development, LOD.
A Level of Development (LOD) is the degree of accuracy of the model. It includes

within its scope geometric and non-geometric elements. The value of LOD increase with the
progress of project. LOD relate to graphical representation and the properties of the object.
Sometimes, the phrase of Level of Detail (LoD) appear in literature, it relates only to the graph-
ical representation. It expresses how many details are contained in the object. It is the only dif-
ference. Model with higher LoD are recommended. They contain more accurate information.
Table 8. Levels of Development
LOD Lifecycle Phases Definition

LOD 100 Concep- General outline of object. Equipped with an indicative vol-
tual(Presentation) ume, width, length, height. For example: extrude block,
which cover all shape of house.
LOD 200 Design Model with a complete geometry. Scheme with geometry,
orientation, location. For example: house with roof, balco-
nies, and other exterior installations.
LOD 300 Documentation Model with finally determined geometry. Ready to gener-
ate layouts of drawings. It is possible to attach non-geo-
metrical information to element. For example: house with
advanced exterior interface, detailed walls, roof, door and
windows.
LOD 400 Construction Model prepare for fabrication and assembly. Model ready
for dispatch to sub-contractor with all detailing infor-
mation. For consistency the lower LODs can be generated
from the LOD 400 and LODs 500 can be generated only
from LODs 400. Model has all installation information.
For example: additional all components like furnitures,
welds, bolts, stairs, and rooms.
LOD 500 Facility Manage- Model prepare for maintenance and operations of the ob-
ment jects. For example: rendered model like in reality.
23
4.4. Structural Building Information Modelling

Structural Building Information Modelling (SBIM) is a subset of BIM. It contains
all necessary information to structural engineer like: material properties, structural behavior,
loads, and boundary conditions, class of steel, class of welds, section properties, load combina-
tions and place of axis in geometry. In SBIM model is only elements responsible for carrying
loads. Therefore, all non-load-bearing elements, like: doors, windows, non-load baring partition
walls, furnitures and other components with decorative function are excluded. Finally new
model is generated, which is relevant for structural engineer.
Figure 18. Difference between BIM (right) and SBIM (left) model.
4.5. Project delivery method

4.5.1. Design-Bid-Build
It is the traditional type of delivery method. In Design-Bid-Build (DBB) method

the owner only manage with risk. The owner must alone contract an agreement between archi-
tect and contractor. In DBB process, there is no overlapping services, provided by architect,
contractor or installer. Therefore, this process is considered as a linear. In DBB everyone works
on their own account. The double ring on the Fig. 19 means shared responsibility.
24
Figure 19. The Design-Bid-Built Concept. Owner contracts two separate agreements between designer and con-
tractor.
If DBB companies work with 2D or 3D CAD software according to Level 1 in BIM

Maturity Level, then significant amount of BIM value is lost. With one simple reason, which is
the need to complete the design process and required to start the building phase. Integration
between design and construction phase is lost.
4.5.2. Design-Build
Design-Build (DB) method is one of the best option to increase collaboration between
designers and builder. In DB process the owner sign only one contract with general contractor,
which is responsible for design and build. The owner have to trust the general contractor
that he will not insist on an architect to makes changes in the project, to stay within the budget.
Instead the risk lies with the builder and architect. The design process and build completely
overlap each other. As a result, the object is realized faster. The trust is the most important
factor in this method. If architect and contactor do not work each other, both companies will col-
lapse and the object will not be realized. The double ring on the Fig. 20 means shared respon-
sibility.
Figure 20. The Design-Build Concept. The design and construction services are contracted by owner.
25
4.5.3. Construction Manager at Risk
The Construction Manager at Risk (CMAR) is the next method, which is similar
to DBB. In CMAR method the owner only manage with risk. The owner alone contracts
an agreement divided on two parts, between architect and contractor. The construction manager
acts as consultant of owner in all phases. The construction manager is obliged to delivery,
the project within a guaranteed maximum price. Similar situations like in DBB, but here
the process does not have a linear character. The building process is started faster than in DBB.
In consequence the project will be delivered earlier.
Figure 21. The Construction Manager at Risk Concept. The construction manager manages and controls
the owners interest and ensures that the costs to not exceed the GMP.
4.5.4. Integrated Project Delivery
Integrated project delivery (IPD) involves people from many different industries to re-
duce waste and optimize efficiency through all construction process. This method is very sim-
ilar to Design-Build. The main difference is that, the risk is distributed between the participants
of the construction process. In consequences, each of them also receives a meaningful reward
for the risk involved. In this type of project management all members bear the consequences.
The IPD promotes communication, intense collaboration, because the success of a team mem-
ber is my success. IPD is considered as a one of the fastest project delivery method. The double
ring on the Fig. 22 means shared responsibility.
26
Figure 22. The Integrated Project Delivery Concept. In this system all members of construction process including
the owner work as one firm.
4.5.5. Traditional Design Process
Traditional Design Process (TDP) is a simple linear process without any optimization.
The Fig. 23 presents the traditional design process better than words.
Figure 23. Traditional design process. This figure represent enormous amounts of lost time and the potential for
mistakes.
27
4.5.6. Integrated Design Process
Integrated Design Process (IDP) involves experts from different sectors at the beginning
of design process. This system is gathered the entire multidisciplinary design team
in the same time and let them to jointly solve problems from the outset in order to improve
the project and to avoid many faults.
Figure 24. Integrated design process. The architect, structural, mechanical, electrical engineers takes on active
roles at early design stages.
In todays worlds, additionally constructions are submitted to optimization. It is asso-

ciated with iterative process. At the beginning of introduce the IDP process, It can generate
financial loss in concept design phase. Instead, IDP strategy has more advantages in final bal-
ance of profits. Finally IDP will save time and money.
Figure 25. Typically scheme of IDP optimisation.
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5. INTEROPERABILITY IN BIM
5.1. Principles of workflow

Workflow has become a bugbear in the BIM worldwide [2]. Separate book can be writ-
ten about interoperability. It is really broaden issue, which changes continuously. It is the ability
of software tools produced by different vendors to exchange files with model between each
other and operate on it. File transfer in BIM technology is done in three different ways: API
Application Programming Interface (direct link), direct native file (direct link) and by open for-
mat for data exchange (indirect link).
Direct native file is an authoring tool that works with software from the same vendor.
It works on the principle of using two different models import/export and native file format.
In consequences they can open file without any interpreter of database information. This type
of workflow should provide an information flow without data loss. This situation can be met
in Revit software, such as Revit Architecture, Revit Structure, and Revit MEP.
Direct native file in other words direct link. The link use the application programming
interface (API). It is type of automatically connection between two different software interfaces.
Each software requires their own combination of API. This interface is implemented typically
by programming language, such as C++ or C#. This type of connection occurs between Tekla
Structures and Autodesk Robot Structures Analysis. It should work in two directions.
In SWECO Company creates code base on C++, which ensures back flow without data loss.
In order to ensure workflow without data loss and decrease of repetition work.
Open format for data exchange in other words indirect link such as the CIS/2, SDNF
or IFC (Industry Foundation Class). This is the most popular method of transporting data.
This method allows to share models from different software, from different vendors. The trans-
mission of data by IFC format is connected with the data loss. IFC is one of the most popular
and complex open source format. Each tool, which want to use open format file,
must be able to export and import model without data loss. Among steel detailer
the CIS/2(CIMSteel Integration Standard/version 2) is one of the most popular format used
to for information exchange. It is an alternative to IFC. In other sector, the IFC format is more
popular and useful. SDNF is a steel detailing neutral format. It is alternative to IFC and works
much better with steel construction.
Software from different vendors like Autodesk and Trimble cannot directly exchange
model between each other. Models is saved in different native file format by software from dif-
ferent vendors. Moreover tools from different vendors have their own definition of objects,
29
properties and their own interface of components. In consequences the column created in TS
and exported to Revit will be a different a column.
Figure 26. Three different link types to set interoperability.
5.2. Globally Unique Identifier
Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) is a unique number, used to inter alia to identifying
objects in BIM software. GUID can compare it to ISBN code on books. It is a code represented
by 128 bit number, so it is 32 character combination made up of letters and numbers. GUID
number is nearly guaranteed to be unique. Thanks to 32 characters, it provides limitless variety
of codes. It is an example of GUID code: 0bf4ab52-159a-4d37-b00d-e423f0cb75a5. Every ob-
ject in entire model have own GUID number. This number allows to segregate all items
in a huge structure.
5.3. Standard for the Exchange of Model Data

Standard for the Exchange of Model Data (STEP) [S8.] was created by International
Standard Organizations (ISO). STEP is an international standard for the computer-interpretable
representation and exchange. They define standards for technical exchange of file with model
data. ISO-STEP provide the guidelines, requirements, tools, and way to increase interoperabil-
ity of different tools. The ISO-STEP technology use the most common file format like IFC,
CIS/2 and many other.
30
5.3.1. The CIMSteel Integration Standard
The CIMSteel Integration Standards (CIS/2) was developed in Steel Construction Insti-
tute in UK and was endorsed by American Institute of Steel Construction. Originally CIS/2
design for construction of steel frame buildings and similar structures. It is based on ISO-STEP
software technology. CIS/2 reduces overgrowth work connected with steel design by reduce
rework and reduce possibility occurs errors. CIS/2 data file have the *.stp extension
and may contain three different types of information: analytical model, drawing model, detail-
ing model. This standard is supported by the following programs: Tekla Structures, Revit
and Graitec Advance Steel.
5.3.2. The Construction Operations Building Information Exchange format
The Construction-Operations Building Information Exchange format (COBIE)

is the next international format promoted by BuildingSMART. It is well known in UK. CO-
BIM originally comes from US. It was developed by NASA in 2006. This standard is designed
for non-graphic data exchange (there is no possibility to check model in BIM viewer software,
all data is in algorithm format). Moreover it can be generated from IFC file.
5.3.3. BIM Collaboration Format
BIM Collaboration Format (BCF), it is information take-off format. It is used in file

to clash detection and reviewed in popular viewer like Solibri or Simplebim. This format
is proposed by Trimble and Solibri.
BCF is the next open source exchange format supported by BuildingSMART. This standard
based on XML schema in order to communicate between BIM tools. It is intended to exchange
single part of model. In compare to IFC, which is intended to entire model.
5.3.4. Industry Foundation Class
Industry Foundation Class (IFC) is an international open source exchange format sup-
ported by BuildingSMART [S10.]. It is the most completed of open object-based file format.
IFC standard defines, how information should be stored and provided throughout building life.
IFC format was released by International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) in 1997. IFC format
is assign to BIM technology like DXF format is assign for CAD technology. This standards use
STEP [S8.] for product data exchange. The IFC format segregates entire object on the individ-
ual categories and elements, with associated classes, properties and attributes. The following
elements are distinguished e.g. ifc-Column, ifc-Wall, ifc-Beam, ifc-Slab. Unfortunately
there are no semantics for balconies, chimneys and dormers. Fig. 27 presents what happens
31
with dormer, skylights and roof when the ifc-Dormer and ifc-Roof are not available. Instead
it is systematically changed with the development of IFC e.g. ifc-Chimney is newly introduced
in IFC4.
Figure 27. Part A presents the house created in Revit Architecture 2015. Part B presents the house after rendering.
The part C presents the House opened in Tekla BIMsight by IFC format. All skylights and roof are missed.
The test was repeated in ArchiCAD software. In ArchiCAD there is option to select
all structural element and create separate model. Additionally in ArchiCAD everything is sent
correctly. Skylights, dormers are defined as ifc-Window. Roof and balcony are defined
as ifc - Slab. This small change allows to exchange all models without any faults by IFC format.
Moreover the render function is more advanced.
32
Figure 28. Part A presents the house created in ArchiCAD 18. Part B presents the house after rendering. The part
C presents the House opened in Tekla BIMsight by IFC format. All skylights, balcony and roof are sent properly.
The part D presents model which contains only load-bearing elements.
After that individual elements will be sorted according to categories [S10.] shape (ex-
plicit), shape (extrusion), shape (topology), building elements, relations between elements,
spaces, compartmentation, grids, equipment, furniture, actors, costing, work planes and sched-
ules, orders, external data, classification, associated documents, move management, asset iden-
tification. Three different categories are distinguished to represent 3D objects. B-rep Bound-
ary representation is a solid body described by planar faces. IFC used this type to complex
object such as ifc-door or ifc-windows. In case of sweep volume all element is described
by a cross-section and a path. The path is defined by an axis and an angle. The last type is CSG,
which use Boolean operation to create solid bodies.
33
Figure 29. The three different categories of representing 3Dobjects in IFC. Extrusion, topology and explicit.
IFC 2x3 TC1 is implemented in all software at the moment. It was released in 2007
by BuildingSMART. The latest version on the market is IFC4 but it is not implemented
into the software. The IFC4 standard offers over 800 entities, 358 property sets and 121 data
types, specify architectural and structural elements, support libraries. The BuildingSMART
is already working on the next version of IFC, named IFC5. The IFC 2x3 TC1 is used
in this master thesis. This format allows to exchange data in various ways. Thats why, before
transmission the IFC model sender has to determine with the recipient of the information,
what kind of information he needs. It is possible thanks to Information Delivery Man-
ual (IDM) [S11.]. In practice, it looks like that, the architect designs whole model, with furni-
ture, bearing walls, columns and non-bearing partition walls or other architectural elements.
Architect should send to structural engineer the IFC-model which contains all relevant infor-
mation viz. entire bearing structures. Another standard, which is closely linked with the IFC
is International Framework Dictionary (IFD) [S12.]. It provides translations and multilingual
properties of IFC. Thanks to IFD a door in France is Porte and Tr in German. Another
advantage is to use metric and imperial units. It ensure interoperability between all kinds of
BIM software from all vendors. The version of IFC 2x3 includes facilities to exchange GIS
data. GIS data allows to add information about location and information about surrounding
buildings. IFC 2x3 standard exists in three different versions: IFC 2x3 Coordination view,
which is designed for planning and construction phase. Then the IFC 2x3 designed for structural
analysis view. It can transport load bearing elements with loads, load combinations, boundary
conditions and materials. The last version is IFC 2x3 for basic FM view for operation phase
(model with room boundaries, furniture, equipment, etc.)
Each new standards of IFC provide better results because increases the semantic capa-
bilities. The ifc-Object can be recursively decomposed by other ifc-Object. The chart be-
low shows the overall structure of the IFC.
34
Figure 30. The architecture diagram of IFC, created on the basis of [W2.].
Layer on the diagram is made from the previous ones. The Domain and interoperability
layers are connected with exchange requirements and MVD (Model View Definition). The do-
main layer consist of general categories such as electrical, architecture, structural elements
or HVAC. The interoperability layers contains common categories of elements e.g. The Shared
Building Elements consist of the following elements, such as columns, beams, walls, doors,
windows, the Shared Facilities Elements consist of furniture, occupants and assets. The core
layer defines liaison of the resource layer with interoperability layer. This is an abstract layer,
which is required to define entities not connected with industry. The Kernel can be compared
to the bridge, which connecting two layers. The resource layer contains simple elements prop-
erties e.g. cost, geometric, material, profile. Due to huge numbers of entity in IFC standard,
the scheme of IFC model is complicated. Each core of subschema has separate construction
of entities for specified models. The diagram presents the structure of IFC data. It defines
how this standard segregates the data. It can be compare to array command in programming
language. That way of code organization allows to memory management.
35
Figure 31. An example of creating geometry. The wall is cut by the opening component using the Boolean differ-
ence. After that the window component is located in the gap in the wall.
5.4. IFC data structure

5.4.1. Data structure for concrete slab
The definition of ifc-Slab: A slab is a component of the construction that normally

encloses a space vertically. The slab may provide the lower support (floor) or upper construc-
tion (roof slab) in any space in a building. It shall be noted, that only the core or constructional
part of this construction is considered to be a slab. The upper finish (flooring, roofing)
and the lower finish (ceiling, suspended ceiling) are considered to be coverings. [W15.]. More
about the features found on the webpage [W14.].
Figure 32. Standard geometric representation of ifcSlab [W.15].
36
IFC is an international open standard like mention above. This file can be opened
by simple text editing tools such as Notepad and the like. The Fig. 32 presents fragment
of an IFC code from TS for the concrete slab. TS creates slabs by extrusion like in case show
in Fig. 29.
Figure 33. Concrete slab created in TS.
#6= IFCCARTESIANPOINT((0.,0.,0.)); //global coordinate system point 0

#7= IFCDIRECTION((1.,0.,0.)); //unit vector x
#8= IFCDIRECTION((0.,1.,0.)); //unit vector y
#9= IFCDIRECTION((0.,0.,1.)); //unit vector z
#10= IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT3D(#6,#9,#7); //change work plane to X-Z
#12=IFCGEOMETRICREPRESENTATIONSUBCONTEXT('Body','Mod-
el',*,*,*,*,#11,$,.MODEL_VIEW.,$);
#26= IFCLOCALPLACEMENT($,#10);
#28= IFCLOCALPLACEMENT(#26,#10);
#57= IFCCARTESIANPOINT((1.36424205265939E-014,-1.81898940354586E-014,200.));
#58= IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT3D(#57,#9,#7);
#60= IFCCOLOURRGB('Light Gray',0.6,0.6,0.6); // colour of the slab: name and RGB
#61=IFCSURFACESTYLERENDERING(#60,0.,$,$,$,$,IFCNORMALISEDRATI-
OMEASURE(0.0),IFCSPECULAREXPONENT(10.)); //rendering options
37
#62= IFCSURFACESTYLE('CONCRETE/C30/37',.POSITIVE.,(#61)); //rendered surface -

concrete
#63= IFCPRESENTATIONSTYLEASSIGNMENT((#62));
#64= IFCCARTESIANPOINT((-1.36424205265939E-014,1.81898940354586E-014)); // start
point
#65= IFCCARTESIANPOINT((4999.99999999999,1.81898940354585E-014)); //next point
#66= IFCCARTESIANPOINT((4999.99999999999,10000.)); // next point
#67= IFCCARTESIANPOINT((-4.56111592939123E-012,10000.)); //next point
#68= IFCPOLYLINE((#64,#65,#66,#67,#64)); // draw a polyline
#69= IFCARBITRARYCLOSEDPROFILEDEF(.AREA.,'400*5000',#68); //define the base
are
#70= IFCCARTESIANPOINT((0.,0.,-200.)); //it is a movable Cartesian coordinate-UCS
#71= IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT3D(#70,#9,#7); //(#location of UCS, #z-axis, #x-axis); work
plane
#72= IFCEXTRUDEDAREASOLID(#69,#71,#9,400.); //(#area to be extruded, #work-
planeXZ, #z-axis from 0 to 400. thickness)
#73= IFCSHAPEREPRESENTATION(#12,'Body','SweptSolid',(#72)); //define shape type =
sweep volume. Represents the geometry of an object like axis, body etc.
#75= IFCPRODUCTDEFINITIONSHAPE($,$,(#73));
#76= IFCSLAB('1MsCGX001jX34qDJSmD3ao','SLAB','400*5000','400*5000',#59,#75,
'Concrete_C30/37',.FLOOR.); // ID-number of element, definition, X, Y-like two separates
slabs between AB and BC two separates elements, #75 gives the total length 1000mm
Figure 34. Graphical explanation of IFC code.
5.4.2. Data Structure for Steel Column
This chapter shows snippet of the IFC code for a column - HEB 300. The column created
in TS and exported to IFC file format.
38
Figure 35. HEB 300, source: http://www.staticstools.eu/.
The definition of ifc-Column from ISO 6707-1:1989: Structural member of slender

form, usually vertical, that transmits to its base the forces, primarily in compression,
that are applied to it [W16.].
Figure 36. Special type profile (ifcShapeProfileDef) for the definition of the ifcExtrudedAreaSolid [W.16].
#6= IFCCARTESIANPOINT((0.,0.,0.)); //Cartesian coordinate system

#7= IFCDIRECTION((1.,0.,0.)); //unit vector x
#9= IFCDIRECTION((0.,0.,1.)); //unit vector z
39
#11= IFCGEOMETRICREPRESENTATIONCONTEXT($,'Model',3,1.E-005,#10,$);
#12=IFCGEOMETRICREPRESENTATIONSUBCON-
TEXT('Body',#11,$,.MODEL_VIEW.,$);
#26= IFCLOCALPLACEMENT($,#10);
#46= IFCCOLOURRGB('Light Gray',0.6,0.6,0.6); // colour of the column: name and RGB
#47=IFCSURFACESTYLERENDERING(#46,0.,$,$,$,$,IFCNORMALISEDRATI-
OMEASURE(0.00390625),IFCSPECULAREXPONENT(10.));
#48= IFCSURFACESTYLE('STEEL/S235JR',.POSITIVE.,(#47)); //style of material render
options
#49= IFCPRESENTATIONSTYLEASSIGNMENT((#48));
#50= IFCDIRECTION((1.,0.));
#51= IFCCARTESIANPOINT((0.,0.));
#52= IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT2D(#51,#50); //change work plane
#53= IFCISHAPEPROFILEDEF(.AREA.,'HEB300',#52,300.,300.,11.,19.,27.); //name, coor-
dination, width, height, web thickness, flange thickness and radius.
#54= IFCCARTESIANPOINT((0.,0.,6000.)); //actual coordinate system point 0
#55= IFCDIRECTION((-1.,0.,0.)); //unit vector x
#56= IFCDIRECTION((0.,0.,-1.)); //unit vector z
#58= IFCEXTRUDEDAREASOLID(#53,#57,#9,6000.); //(#area to be extruded, #work plane
- XZ, #z-axis from 0 to 10000,. height)
Figure 37. Graphical explanation of IFC code for column.
40
#59= IFCSHAPEREPRESENTATION(#12,'Body','SweptSolid',(#58)); //define shape

type=sweep
#60= IFCSTYLEDITEM(#58,(#49),$);
#61= IFCPRODUCTDEFINITIONSHAPE($,$,(#59));
#62=IFCCOLUMN('1N0hBI00008p4qDJatEJGt',#5,'COLUMN','HEB300',#45,#61,'column');
//ID number of element, name, type of I-section
#64= IFCPROPERTYSINGLEVALUE('Bottom elevation',$,IFCLABEL(' +0.000'),$); // bot-
tom level
#65= IFCPROPERTYSINGLEVALUE('Top elevation',$,IFCLABEL(' +6.000'),$); //top level
#71= IFCPROPERTYSINGLEVALUE('Weight',$,IFCMASSMEASURE(702.3),$); //weight
702.3 kg
#72= IFCPROPERTYSINGLEVALUE('Volume',$,IFCVOLUMEMEASURE(0.1),$); //vol-
ume 0.1m3
#76= IFCPROPERTYSINGLEVALUE('Height',$,IFCLENGTHMEASURE(300.),$); //height
of cross section 300 mm
#77= IFCPROPERTYSINGLEVALUE('Width',$,IFCLENGTHMEASURE(300.),$); //width
of cross section 300 mm
#78= IFCPROPERTYSINGLEVALUE('Length',$,IFCLENGTHMEASURE(6000.),$);
//length 6000mm
#90= IFCMATERIAL('STEEL/S355JR'); //material/class
5.4.3. Modification of data
This part of dissertation shows how to interfere into IFC code. In example below change
the height of the column, width of the flange and the radius between the flange and the web
of the column.
UNMODIFIED:
#46= IFCCOLOURRGB('Light Gray', 0.6, 0.6,0.6); // colour of I-section light grey, RGB
#53= IFCISHAPEPROFILEDEF(.AREA.,'HEB300',#52,300.,300.,11.,19.,27.); //300 width
of cross section, 300 height of cross section, 11 width of web, 19 width of flange, 27 -
radius
MODIFIED:
#46= IFCCOLOURRGB('GREEN',0.6,0.7,0.4); // colour of I-section light green, RGB
#53= IFCISHAPEPROFILEDEF(.AREA.,'HEB300',#52,280.,300.,11.,19.,0.); //modified B
41
Figure 38. a) unmodified perspective view of HEB300, b) modified perspective view of column.
Below shows how to change height of column:
#58= IFCEXTRUDEDAREASOLID(#53,#57,#9,6000.); // 6000 mm height of the column
#58= IFCEXTRUDEDAREASOLID(#53,#57,#9,6100.); // 6100 mm height of the column
Figure 39 a) 3D view of HEB300, b) modified height of column 3D view.
42
5.4.4. Check units in IFC
Each IFC code at the beginning and at the end refers to the standards ISO-10303-21
[S9.], on the basis which it was created. The IFCAPPLICATION command defines the ver-
sion of TS, which designer uses. At the beginning of each IFC code, there is possibility to check
the units used during design.
#4= IFCAPPLICATION(#2,'21.1 Service Release 1','Tekla Structures Educational','Multi ma-

terial modelling'); //TS 21.1 version, Release 1, Type of licence educational, type of envi-
ronment multi material
#15= IFCSIUNIT(*,.LENGTHUNIT.,.MILLI.,.METRE.); //length [mm]
#16= IFCSIUNIT(*,.AREAUNIT.,$,.SQUARE_METRE.); //area [m2]
#17= IFCSIUNIT(*,.VOLUMEUNIT.,$,.CUBIC_METRE.); //volume [m3]
#18= IFCSIUNIT(*,.MASSUNIT.,.KILO.,.GRAM.); //mass [kg]
#19= IFCSIUNIT(*,.TIMEUNIT.,$,.SECOND.); //time [s]
#20= IFCSIUNIT(*,.PLANEANGLEUNIT.,$,.RADIAN.); //angle [rad]
#21= IFCSIUNIT(*,.SOLIDANGLEUNIT.,$,.STERADIAN.); //solid angle [sr]
#22=IFCSIUNIT(*,.THERMODYNAMICTEMPERATUREUNIT.,$,.DEGREE_CELSIUS.);
//temperature []
#23= IFCSIUNIT(*,.LUMINOUSINTENSITYUNIT.,$,.LUMEN.); //luminous flux [lm]
#24= IFCUNITASSIGNMENT((#15,#16,#17,#18,#19,#20,#21,#22,#23)); //gathered
43
6. CASE STUDY OF WORKFLOW

6.1. Analysis models
6.1.1. Concrete beam
The ledge beam is a simple example, which describe the main problem very well.
This case shows the ability of BIM tools to handle with a composite material as rein-
forced concrete. Description with all calculations are enclosed in Annex C of this dis-
sertation.
Figure 40. 3D view of simple supported ledge beam.
6.1.2. Steel Portal Frame

The columns and rafter beams made of a hot rolled sections. The frame is in-
stalled in the pad foundation. The single-span portal frame consists of two hinged based
columns. The apex and eaves connections are rigid. Calculations are enclosed in Annex
D of this dissertation.
Figure 41. Simple supported portal frame.
44
6.1.3. Concrete Wall

The cylindrical reinforced concrete wall is a part of concrete water tank. It shows
the ability of BIM software to cope with walls and composite material as reinforced concrete.
The concrete class C30/37 has been used to construction the wall. Description with all calcula-
tions are enclosed in Annex E of this dissertation.
Figure 42. 3D view of cylindrical reinforced concrete wall tank.
6.1.4. Pipe Rack

Structural steel pipe rack supports pipes in petrochemical plant. It is an elevated truss
structure used to support pipes. The majority of the trusses consist of L - profiles and I profiles.
The construction is supported on concrete pad foundation. Pad foundation are transferring
the reaction forces to the ground. The connections between steel and concrete are designed
as pinned connections.
Figure 43. 3D view of steel pipe rack.
45
The model is created in LOD 500. It has all welds, bolts and connections. The structure
is without any clashes. The advantages of 3D technology was noted during the design process.
The model was changed many times in order to unification and facilitate the assembly process.
Figure 44. Close-up details in the pipe rack.
46
6.2. Exchange scenario

Regardless of which structures is considered similar parameters should be exchanged
to a structural analysis software in order to get a direct comparison.
6.2.1. The evaluation method

The evaluation system of interoperability based on simple scale consisting of six-stars,
where six hatch stars means excellent collaboration. The more precisely meaning of hatch stars
were given below:
Table 9. Scale of evaluation.
Symbol Description
Six black stars indicates the lack of information exchange. All data were lost
or changed.
One red star one the left side means that whole geometry has been sent cor-
rectly with minor modification in one way.
Two red stars on the left side means that all geometry and material properties
has been sent.
Three red stars on the left side means that it is possible to transfer all necessary
information from BIM software to FEM. The excellent workflow in first di-
rection.
One red star on the right side means the lack of workflow in return direction.
Two red stars on the right side indicates that some changes has been noticed
and transferred properly in return direction. But still some modification
is needed.
Three red stars on the right side indicates that all changes has been noticed
and transferred properly in return direction.
All six red stars means perfect bidirectional workflow.
47
6.3. Case 1 Concrete Beam

First object, for which test are performed is a simple supported precast ledge beam.
The beam is subjected two types of uniform line load. It has declared the boundary conditions
in accordance to Appendix C. The statically system of the precast beam and the cross section
are shown in Fig. 45.
Figure 45. Simply supported ledge beam with cross section.
The adopted cross section meets all crucial conditions in ULS and SLS state. This choice
is made to ensure that the S-BIM tools not only check the most simple design criteria. Fig.46
presents tested workflow pathways and Tab. 10. Presents all needed and checked parameters.
Figure 46. Tested pathways of data workflow.
48
Table 10. The table shows the test results for the precast ledge beam. Exact information that should be ex-
changed when testing the capabilities of the software applications. It tells that the information is present. It
tells that the information is not present. It means that feature change value. It tells that the element change
location.
Exchange scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. SECTION PROPERTIES
Height, h
Width, b
Area, A
Main reinforcement
Stirrups
2. GEOMETRY
Length, l
Position of analytical line
Length of analytical line
3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Yield strength of reinforcement, f yk
Strength of concrete, fck
Modulus of elasticity, E
Density,
Ultimate compressive strain, cu3
4. LOADS
Names
Magnitude, q /
Position / /
Combination
5. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Pinned
Roller
Notes:
1) The analytical line changes position from bottom to the center of gravity.
It has to be change manually. The AxisVM reads this beam like a rib and can rotate
the axis properly. Definition from beam has change to rib in AxisVM. Declared loads
have missed, only the names have been sent (life loads and permanent loads). Rein-
forcements haven't been sent.
Figure 47. The loads and boundary condition have to be added manually in AxisVM.
49
AxisVM calculate reinforcement according to EN 1992-1-1:2004. The result is 212

at the top and 22 12 at the bottom. The crack width 0.28 mm (by hand w=0.27mm).
The result is similar with hand calculation. It is impossible to send calculate reinforce-
ment bars from AxisVM to TS.
2) This case gives satisfactory results. After transport whole model from TS to ARSAP
using direct link, the results of internal forces can be obtained without any changes
in the model. All loads and boundary conditions have been delivered properly with cor-
rect coordinates and magnitudes. Reinforcements haven't been sent. The model was cre-
ated in TS 20.0 in TUT Campus. The access to Robot link from Tekla Maintenance
has only users with commercial licenses. Obviously, the model had to be created
from scratch, because there is no opportunities to opening model created in TS 21.1
in TS 20.0. Additional in ARSA extra loads are observed. This loads have to be delete
manually.
Figure 48. A: The view of transfer beam without any changes from TS to ARSAP. B: Results bending moment.
3) There is no direct link between TS (S-BIM software) and Revit (BIM-software). In con-
sequences the model in Revit was created once again. If the model is sent by indirect
file format, like IFC. Then the file will be opened by Tekla BIMsight. The software
can translate properly all geometrical and material properties but all analytical infor-
mation will be lost. If the model will be sent from Revit to TS by IFC format, then it will
be possible to open the model with whole reinforcement, geometry and material infor-
mation. In TS there is option to convert IFC object to native object and then the model
will be editable. Cooperation between Revit and Robot is at a good level. All supports,
declare loads and combinations are transferred without any changes. Reinforcement ha-
vent been sent. It has to be calculated once again and implemented all changes manu-
ally, like in case number 2. Moreover it is possible to model reinforcement in ARSAP
50
and then transfer it back to Revit. Instead it is necessary to check everything, because
in this case software do not see the notched of beam and change the spacing between
stirrups.
Figure 49. A: Ledge beam with modelled in Revit. B: Ledge beam transported from Revit to ARSA.
4) There is no direct way to export loads and other analysis data to IFC. So it is impossible
to export loads, boundary conditions, location of analytical line to IFC format. In TS
the external and internal forces can be written in UDA information. Then it will be ex-
portable data. Nevertheless all information have been added manually.
Figure 50. A: Ledge beam with line load in TS. B: IFC file opened in Tekla BIMsight.
51
5) Export model from Revit to IFC look similar like in case 4. The IFC code looks different
but the results and conclusions are the same. Except that, the options export to IFC
in Revit are much more modest in comparison to the TS.
Figure 51. IFC file from Revit opened in Tekla BIMsight.
6) In this case it is smart to reflect on the pertinence of transfer file by IFC format to anal-
ysis software. In this case this format is lost all necessary information to structural anal-
ysis, because it was invented to other function. In ARSAP there is possibility to import
IFC file, then the object creates analytical line automatically with length 5.4 m.
It is the total length, but the line is without nodes. All other parameters connected
with geometry and material properties are not available
Figure 52. IFC file from Revit opened in ARSAP.
7) In AxisVM option of import IFC architectural file is unfounded. The software sees only
beam with 5m length and information about material. It misses all analytical lines.
In this case it is better to create whole model once again. Based on the test the direct
link is more preferable path to export models.
Figure 53. IFC file from TS opened in AxisVM.
52
6.4. Case 2 Portal Steel Frame

The steel frame is analyzed to check if S-BIM software can handle with more advanced
than simple structure. The structure is more advanced because several elements are joint to-
gether.
Figure 54. The scheme of portal frame and loads.
The adopted cross sections meet all crucial conditions. This choice is made to ensure
that the S-BIM tools not only check the most simple design criteria. Fig. 55 presents tested
workflow pathways. Afterward the Tab. 11 is presented with all needed and checked parame-
ters.
53
Table 11. The table shows the test results for the steel frame. Exact information that should be exchanged when
testing the capabilities of the software applications. It tells that the information is present. It tells that the in-
formation is not present. It means that feature change value. It tells that the element change location.
Exchange scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1. SECTION PROPERTIES
Cross sections
Height, h
Width, b
Web thickness, tw
Flange thickness, tf
Radius, r
Area, A
Moment of inertia, Iy
Moment of inertia, Iz
Torsion constant, It
Elastic modulus, W el,y
Plastic modulus, W pl,y
All sections
2. GEOMETRY
Length, l / /
Position of analytical line /
Position of cross section
Length of analytical lines
3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Yield stress, f y
Shear modulus, G
Density,
4. LOADS
Magnitude, q / /
Position / /
5. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Pinned
Roller
Notes:
1) First column was rotated by 90 degrees and changed definition from beam to rib.
It should be changed manually. This time TS delivered all loads cases with position
and combination of snow and wind loads to AxisVM, but the software change some-
times their location and magnitude. In consequences it is faster to delate all loads
and create it ones again.
54
Figure 56. a): The view of transfer portal frame without any changes from TS to AxisVM. B) The rotated col-
umn. C) Steel frame after manually changes.
All connections should be checked after create the analytical model in TS. This tool
always creates additional analytical lines in haunches, end plate or base plate or creates analyt-
ical line in wrong place.
Figure 57. Analytical model in TS without any changes.
2) In this case, the satisfactory results are obtained. The boundary condition was delivered
correct. Some changes should be made. The loads should be check. In this case appears
additional loads in different plane. The release changes values in the nodes. After two
55
changes the correct internal forces are obtained. The model was created in TS 20.0
in TUT Campus, like the ledge beam.
Figure 58. a)The view of model in TS ready to export, b) The view of transfer portal frame without any changes
from TS to ARSAP, c) results bending moment.
3) The direct link from Revit to ARSAP and backwards give us good results. All relevant
data can be exchanged. The analysis is possible only in one case. The Revit and ARSAP
should be from the same release year, in this case 2016. In other case it is impossible.
The results are similar to the ledge beam.
Figure 59. Portal frame modelled in Revit.

Steel structure can be transported from TS to Revit by indirect link CIS/2. For the anal-
ysis purpose it was decided to create model from scratch. All supports, declare loads
and combinations can be transferred without any change. ARSAP adds some additional
loads (nodal loads) and changes the release. In consequences it is possible to check
56
all loads and release. After that, the results are correct. Moreover it is possible to dimen-
sioning steel structure in ARSAP and then transfer it back to Revit.
Figure 60. Results from ARSAP.
4) Model from TS was converted to IFC, then the file was successfully loaded to Tekla
BIMsight. The results are similar to the ledge beam. The model can be exported from TS
to IFC with all geometry, clear connections, welds and screws. Besides all elements
are on the correct position.
Figure 61. Portal frame opened in Tekla BIMsight by IFC file.
5) In this case TS BIMsight sees only columns and rafters with haunches. Because the end-
plate, base plate was created like gusset object. In IFC code does not exist the definition
of gusset (like chimney or dormer). It was mentioned in chapter about Industry Foun-
dation Class. Thus, it is important to remember about it during design process. Be-
cause not every steel plate which look the same will be read properly by software. Be-
cause it has different family definition.
57
Figure 62. IFC file from Revit opened in TS BIMsight.
6) Indirect link from Revit to ARSA by IFC files gives different results. There is no pos-
sibility to compare it with ledge beam. The rafter and one column are lost. The haunches
are transported like panel element. One column was exported with nodes and with total
length (not the analytical length). All other parameters connected with geometry
and material properties are not available.
Figure 63. The IFC file from Revit opened in ARSAP.
7) The results are comparable with ledge beam. Tests of models exchanged through direct
links shown better results compared to models exchanged through IFC.
Figure 64. The IFC file from TS opened in AxisVM.
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8) In this case the model was exported to ARSAP by CIS/2. This model is useless because
all geometry should be modified.
Figure 65. The view of steel frame in ARSAP imported by CIS/2.
9) This scheme is interesting, because it gives good results in export editable model
from TS to Revit. Rafters, columns, haunches without connections are transported. Be-
sides Revit needs plug-in to export/import CIS/2. On the market exists plug-in for Revit
release in 2015.
Figure 66. The view of steel frame in Revit imported by CIS/2.
There is another possibility to export model from TS to Revit by plug-in links: Export
to Autodesk Revit (for drawings in Revit). This link is useful for reuse structural model
in the architectural, MEP engineers drawings. Moreover it is worth to mention, that
Revit can handle with model on LOD 300 but TS can handle with model on LOD 400-
500.
6.5. Case 3 - Concrete Wall

Third object, for which test are performed, is a concrete wall. The wall is subjected four
types of loads and it has declared the boundary conditions in accordance to Appendix E.
The cross section are shown in Fig. 67.
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Figure 67. Geometry of concrete wall.
The adopted cross section meets all crucial conditions in ULS and SLS state. The Fig. 68
presents tested workflow pathways. Afterward the Tab. 12 is presented with all needed
and checked parameters. In this case is checked new tools for view BIM model: Simplebim,
BIM Vision and Solibri Model Checker.
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Table 12. The table shows the test results for the concrete wall. Exact information that should be exchanged
when testing the capabilities of the software applications. It tells that the information is present. It tells that
the information is not present. It means that feature change value, It tells that the element change location.
Exchange scenario 1 2 3. 4 5. 6 7
1.SECTION PROPERTIES
Height, h
Width, b
Area, A
Vertical reinforcement
Horizontal reinforcement
2.GEOMETRY
Length, l
Position of analytical line
Length of analytical line
3.MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Yield strength of reinforcement, f yk
Strength of concrete, fck
Density,
Ultimate compressive strain, cu3
4.LOADS
Names
Magnitude, q
Position
Combination
5.BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Pinned
Notes:
1) TS has problem with generate circular analytical line. This is very laborious process.
The wall and column commands do not give positive results. In addition, the process
of implement surface loads is much quicker in analysis software. In this case is used
complicated surface loads. This loads cannot be created properly in TS.
Figure 69. Circular wall was created by command a) wall b) column.
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Figure 70. Circular wall was created by command a) wall b) column. It is possible to get shape of the
analytical line close to the circle. The solution is idea of squaring the circle. It is time consuming and
does not meet expectations.
In this case all results are below expectations. AxisVM creates shape of wall according
to analytical line. Only the material properties are exported properly. This model is use-
less. After that, the wall was created like a 36-sided polygon. Then the wall was exported
to AxisVM. The supports was exported. One wall panel was lost during the transport.
In this case the desired analytical line was not obtained.
Figure 71. The 3D view of results in AxisVM. A) The wall is created by wall command b) the wall is created by
column command.
Figure 72. Circular wall was created by command wall in TS. In this case used the 36-sided polygon.
A) The wall created in TS. b) The wall exported from TS to AxisVM.
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2) In this case all results are below expectations. ARSAP creates shape of wall according
to analytical line. Only the material properties was exported correct. This model is use-
less. All model was deleted and created manually once again. The correct solution
can be found in appendix E.
Figure73. The view of transfer wall without any changes from TS to ARSAP.
3) The direct link from Revit to ARSAP and backwards gives worse results than in previ-
ous cases. Supports and material properties can be transfer without any change. All load
cases and combination change position, magnitude or load factor.
Figure74. The view of transfer wall without any changes from Revit to ARSAP.
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4) Model from TS was converted to IFC, then the file was successfully loaded to BIM Vi-
sion 2.8. The results are similar to the previous cases. The model can be exported
from TS to IFC with all geometry and reinforcement. Besides all elements
are on the correct position.
Figure75. IFC file with concrete walls opened in BIM Vision 2.8. A) CFCHS6100*300 it is possible to ob-
serve the problem with squaring the circle. B) The concrete wall created by wall panel.
Simplebim opened the IFC a bit longer, but this software gives full control under
the model. It is possible to merge parts or select important parts and generate new IFC file.
Figure 76. IFC file with concrete walls opened in Simplebim. On the left: the concrete wall created by column
component CFCHS6100*300, on the right side: the concrete wall created by wall panel..
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5) The model was opened in Solibri Model Checker. The results are similar to the previous
cases. The model was exported with all geometry and reinforcement. The file
was opened fast. Software offers similar option to Simplebim.
Figure 77. IFC file with concrete wall was opened in Solibri Model Checker
6) In this case this format is lost all necessary information to structural analysis, be-
cause it was invented to other function. The results are comparable to previous cases.
Figure 78. IFC file from Revit opened in ARSAP.
7) The results are comparable to previous cases. The model is useless. The IFC file was not
invented for analysis purposes.
Figure 79. IFC file from TS opened in AxisVM. A) The concrete wall created by column component
CFCHS6100*300. b) The concrete wall created by wall panel.
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6.6. Case 4 - Pipe Rack

Fourth object, for which test are performed, is steel pipe rack. The structure is subjected
three types of loads and it has declared the boundary conditions in accordance to Appendix F.
The 3D view and cross sections are shown in Fig. 80, 81 82.
Figure 80. Cross sections of Pipe Rack according to key plan.
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Figure 81. Cross section of Pipe Rack according to key plan Fig. 80
67
Figure 82. 3D View of Pipe Rack
The adopted cross section meets all crucial conditions in ULS state. Fig. 83 presents
all tested workflow pathways. Afterward presents Tab. 13 with all needed and checked param-
eters.
68
Table 13. The table shows the test results for the pipe rack. Exact information that should be exchanged when
testing the capabilities of the software applications. It tells that the information is present. It tells that the
information is not present. It means that feature change value. It tells that the element change location.
Exchange scenario 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1.SECTION PROPERTIES
Cross sections
Height, h
Width, b
Web thickness, tw
Flange thickness, tf
Radius, r
Area, A
All sections
2.GEOMETRY
Length, l / / / /
Position of analytical line / / / /
Position of cross section / /
Length of analytical lines / /
3.MATERIAL
Yield stress, f y /
Shear modulus, G
Density,
4.LOADS
Magnitude, q /
Position /
5.BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Pinned
Roller
Notes:
1) In this case posts is divided into three separate parts. All elements connected with top
and bottom flange are split up. It should be changed manually. TS delivered all loads
cases with position and combination to AxisVM, but the software change their location
and magnitude. The boundary condition is lost.
Figure 84. The view of SBIM pipe rack model in TS.
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Figure 85. The view of transfer pipe rack without any changes from TS to AxisVM.
2) The boundary condition was delivered correctly. All loads combinations, load cases
are transferred correctly. Some changes should be made. All elements connected
with top and bottom flange are split up. It should be changed manually.
Figure 86. a) The view of model in ARSAP without any changes.
3) All relevant data can be exchanged. All supports and combinations can be transferred
without any change. ARSAP changes some line loads. Moreover all elements connected
with top and bottom flange are split up. It should be changed manually.
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Figure 87. a) Pipe rack modelled in Revit. b) The view of model in ARSAP with changed load.
4) The results are similar to the previous cases. IFC file format can store whole model
with high LOD without any changes.
Figure 88. Pipe Rack opened in Solibri Model Checker.
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5) All relevant elements are transferred correctly. The results are similar to the three pre-
vious cases.
Figure 89. IFC file from Revit opened in BIM Vision.
6) Indirect link from TS to ARSA by IFC files gives unfavourable results. Nearly all ele-
ments are lost. All other parameters connected with geometry and material properties
are not available. ARSAP is converted some elements to analytical elements. Besides
they are editable. This model is useless.
Figure 90. The IFC file from TS opened in ARSAP.
7) The result is different compared with the case number six. The AxisVM is transferred
all material properties and cross sections. The model is not editable. It looks and behaves
like 3D drawing. This model is useless.
Figure 91. The IFC file from TS opened in AxisVM.
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8) In this case the model was exported to ARSAP by CIS/2. This model is useless be-
cause all geometry should be modified.
Figure 92. The view of steel frame in ARSAP imported by CIS/2.
9) This patch of transfer is interesting. It gives good results in export editable model
from TS to Revit. All model without connections are transported.
Figure 93. The view of pipe rack in Revit imported by CIS/2 format.
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7. CONCLUSION
7.1. Summary of results
After summing up all contents and sub-conclusion of the whole chapters, the questions
from the thesis statement can be answered. The aim of this thesis was found software, interop-
erability pathway between them, that can be used by anyone in order to communicate
with each other without any data lose, any faults and provide transparent workflow. In or-
der to reduce repetition work and possibility of occurs errors. This dissertation should prove,
that it is worth finance the development of IFC and this format could replace other old stand-
ards. This thesis checks how software can handle with different type of construction e. g. steel,
precast structure. What are the strengths and limitations add on, direct link or indirect link:
CIS/2, IFC.
Table 14. Evaluation of the conducted tests. The description of stars symbol is given in chapter 6.2.1.
CASE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
- -
1

2
- -
3

4
During the analysis occurs many problems associated with licenses and software versions.
Files created in TS version 21.1 might have been opened only on the same version or later
editions. Without the ability to save to the older standards. Students do not have rights to install
add-ons and other applications, such as robot link, which is available only for users with a pack-
age of Tekla Maintenance. Besides the Solibri Model Checker is available only for 15 days
for student and 30 days for Simplebim. Therefore, the researcher was forced to frequently
change the software.
The flow of data using add-on tools gives positive results. This type of workflow was used
in pathway number 1 and 2. In case the interoperability between TS and AxisVM always require
manual corrections. All the time the boundary conditions are lost and loads change value or po-
sition. Besides the position of analytical line and position of cross section according to global
coordinate system should be checked. This situation looks different in case interoperability be-
tween TS and ARSAP. In this connections all supports, geometry, material properties, position
and length of analytical lines are sent properly. Sometimes the manual intervention is required
to change the magnitude and position of loads. With small manually intervention the workflow
in one direction works on good level for steel structure. Besides the workflow of data looks
different with more than simple structure. The incompatibility appeared in nodes and it should
74
be set manually. This process is time consuming and is sensitive to mistakes. Similar scores
are obtained for pathway number 3. In this case was used the direct link between Revit and AR-
SAP. First of all Revit and ARSAP should be from the same release year. In other side the anal-
ysis is impossible to conduct. All information are sent correctly in one direction. Sometimes
the loads are changed position or magnitudes. The back direction stands out many of weak-
nesses. Some elements change their cross section other remains unchanged. This situation re-
quired all the time to check all cross sections. It demands a lots of time. The workflow in back
direction is flawed and full of incompatibility in comparison to first direction. Checked soft-
ware does not support two-way communication for concrete structure. It is impossible to export
all reinforcement in correct position to analysis software and import it after analysis process
to modelling software. Only the information about required reinforcement is possible to import.
All reinforcement and cross sections should be changed manually. This option look similar
for pathway workflow number 1, 2 and 3. Software can provide workflow without data lost
in one direction for steel structure. In second direction for steel structure some elements
are overlapped or lost. In consequences all the time the engineer have to check manually
all structure piece by piece. The investigation shows, that the exchanging model by direct link
by TS and Revit to ARSAP allows to export the analytical lines in correct place, boundary
conditions, and loads for various scenario.
IFC format met all expectations. This format is editable and with a clearly algorithm
structure. Each participants of the construction process can opened the 3D model of building
with freeware software. It is possible to exchange all information connected with geometry
and material properties thanks to IFC. It is possible to exchange date without any fault,
if all rules will be respected. The knowledge about available variables in IFC format is required.
This format allows to fusion model from separate parts. In consequences the design of green
areas, MEP services, structure and elevations can be merged into one coherent model by IFC
format, if all coordinate system will be save correctly. According to the conducted test associ-
ated with pathway number 5 and 6 all data was transferred similar to the test conducted
by BuildingSMART CV 2.0 [W17.]. It is possible to import model in IFC format to TS
and then, thank to separate tool to convert IFC object to native TS parts. This function
is not available in Revit. Thanks to this function the repeated work can be omitted. The IFC ex-
port function was tested in Revit, TS and ArchiCAD. ArchiCAD has the biggest options in man-
age with file and structure of IFC format. This software change all object connected with slabs
to ifc-Slab and so-on. In Revit sometimes elements are lost or change orientation. Moreover
the grid sometimes is lost. The test conducted in CV2.0 was on the Revit 2013 and this version
does not support the ifc-Reinforcingbar. This mistake was repair in Revit 2014 and higher.
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In TS the results are comparable to ArchiCAD. All elements always was exported to IFC format
correctly. The transfer model by IFC format to analysis software is meaningless. The IFC file
is unable to store analytical information (boundary conditions, length, position of analytical
lines, loads, combination of loads) at present time. This format was invented to other purpose.
If IFC be able to store the information about the analytical line it will be the biggest step into in-
teroperability between software from different vendor.
In workflow pathway number 8 and 9 was checked the CIM steel Integration Standards
(CIS/2). It is useful format in daily work. This format gives the ability to export all data
about geometry and material properties to analysis software and to other software for model-
ling. CIS/2 was created only for steel structure. It is required to check all position of analytical
lines and direction of cross section according to global coordinate system. The model
has to be sent in standard LOD 200. In other way it will be useless.
7.2. Tips
This part of master thesis, focuses on the important guidelines. This tips have to be kept
in mind during collaborative designing process, using BIM technology. Collaborative means
working together as a team. Everyone in a team have the same purposes and goal. Everyone
in staff have to know each other and understand the aim in the same way. Before starting
to work, the multiple of factors have to be considered. Everything depends on our knowledge
degree about BIM process. The BIM tools should be implemented one by one, not at once
by design office.
The folders and files should be clearly named. This folders will be shared
with other team members. In consequences people not related with project should know,
what is inside the file. Below is an example of file naming convention for project.
Project name: Year.Month-CASINO
The authors initials: Shortcut of performed spe- Zone abbreviations:
cialization
MS = Mike Smith AR = Architect CL = Cellar content
BW = Brad Wilson SE = Structural Engineer 00 = Ground floor content
SJ = Samuel Jackson EE = Electrical Engineer 01 = First floor content
MR = Matti Runnakko SD = Steel Detailer 02 = Second floor content
RF = Roof content
AL = All Levels
Example of use: 2016.1-CASINO-MS-AR-01(Casino project made on January 2016, made
by Mike Smith, who is an architect, the file contains a first floor)
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Moreover the IFC file should be compressed (e.g. zipped - ifcZIP), when it will be de-
cided to send it to somebody. This operation usually reduce the file size approximately about
20%. This tips is recommended for large project. Another form of IFC compressed format
is ifcXML. This format is reduced the file size about 5-10%. In Fig. 94 presents big problem
with compress file by Autodesk software. It presents the portal frame from chapter number five,
it was created separate in TS and Revit. It was modelled in Revit on the level LOD300
and it takes seventy-five times more space than the same frame created in TS at LOD 500.
The same situation appears in ARSAP compare to AxisVM.
Figure 94. Comparison of file sizes created by the software from Autodesk, Trimble and Inter-CAD. 1A: presents
the size of portal frame created in TS on the LOD 500. 1B: presents the portal frame created in Revit Structures
on the LOD 300. 2A: presents the static model of portal frame created in AxisVM. 2B: present the static model of
portal frame created in ARSAP.
Besides, before you start cooperate with another team members, you have to check
the version of software with other team members. In order to avoid later problems with syn-
chronization. Otherwise the unexpected problems can be met. This problem can block
or stopped the joint work with other company, which does not has upgrade version of software.
All detailed drawings should be prepared in AutoCAD or other similar software to sim-
ple drawings. BIM modelling software is used to create overall drawings, plain drawings, shop
drawings, but not to the detailed drawings.
Moreover each time the designed object coordination should be determined on the pos-
itive sides of the XYZ-axis. The zero level should be defined at the height of the main staircase
landing.
Sometimes the problem with axis is appeared in analytical model. It appears usually
like an eccentricity with respect to the geometrical centre of element. This parameters
should be changed manually.
Figure 95. Analytical model without modification (top), Corrected analytical model (bottom).
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Below show how to modell corectly details in order to automatical calculation of exact
necessary material to quantity takeoff e.g. slab with walls and partitional-wall with slab.
Figure 96 Left: correct representation of slab with walls. Right: wrong representation of walls and slab, software
will calculate less material than it is necessary.
The walls should not be modelled as a continuous through all floors. It should be split
up by at floors. Exceptions are shafts for elevator, columns which can be cast continuously
over the height of the building. Besides stairs and ramps should be modelled by special tool
prepare for stairs like stair components. Stairs should not be modelled by separate slabs.
The model created for structural analysis should be on LOD 200. This level keep enough
information for structural analysis. The model with higher LOD can generate problems con-
nected with additional analytical lines or split up elements in wrong place. In consequences
for detailing should be created additional model to obtain a detailed model on LOD 500.
It is worth to repeat that TS can handle with model on LOD 400-500 in comparison to Revit,
which can handle with model on LOD 300.
7.3. BIM benefits
The main advantage of BIM, from the investor point of view is the ability to visualize
in 3D technology whole object with all details. Almost every engineer, know that a picture
is worth thousand words [8]. The same sentence in BIM process changes the meaning
on a 3D model is worth a thousand pictures. Furthermore all objects are parametric. All nec-
essary information can be defined in each component. This option is available only in software
for modeling.
BIM gives the opportunity to carry out a virtual walk in the newly designed complex
or simulate its construction. The process of construction can be simulated day-by-day. In con-
sequence it can reveal sources of potential errors. Advanced simulation may contain temporary
construction like scaffolding, shoring or temporary objects like cranes, diggers. BIM is an ep-
ochal transition in design practice. The simulation is a big advantages during the negotiation
process with subcontractors, owner and suppliers.
78
BIM software stand out with high accuracy and speed of achievement documentations.
In order to create model faster, there is possibility to upload drawings in .dwg format
to BIM software like a reference model. The reference model will be three-dimensional model
without all information (non-parametric model). The software does not recognize any types
of elements. It can be used only like a reference model. In order to create faster the model
(like a grid of structure).
Figure 97. Screenshot from TS software. Drawing in DWG format was opened in TS as a reference model.
Modern tools help to detect errors and potential problems. They can be eliminated be-
fore the construction start. In result all costly consequences can be avoided and eliminated.
In 2D drawings clash detection is performed manually by overlaying single drawings.
To this process design offices use special tables with lighting in the countertop. In or-
der to identify potential errors.
Changes happens every day due to changes of clients minds, mistakes in calculations
and so on. With BIM tools change something is easier than in CAD software. All changes im-
plemented in the model will be noticed in the system. The system will automatically change
all relevant drawings, tables, views, documents and other files connected with model. In prac-
tice, if the wall size would be changed on the floor plan, then the change will effect on whole
project made until now. In shortcuts BIM reduce repetitive work for each change. That
save a lot of time and money.
In the operation phase of the building, if some element would be destroyed, it can be re-
placed faster than in traditional method. All important information can be found in the model
(information like: manufacturer, company, online webpage and other important parameter).
This technology gives opportunity to link model from architectural software to analysis
software without re-modeling. Moreover it facilitates fabrication process. The documentation
can be sent directly to manufacturers. Besides, the team work can take place in the cloud in real
time, with easier and more effective communication and quicker decision. Another benefits
are sort-out with documentations, because all information is in one file on computer. Documen-
tation is characterized by an ease of storage and easy access.
79
The final project is distinguished by a higher performance and lesser use of resources
and rework, more sustainable construction process and higher level of safety during construc-
tion process. BIM software improved scheduling and helps to ensure just-in-time sources of ma-
terials, equipment and labor. BIM process can provide quantity takeoff, which means the lesser
materials and labor are used to complete a construction project. In consequences tendering pro-
cess is much more controlled, as in the case in Finland. Recent studies have shown, that the cost
of changes increase with the development of the project. This is logical, because it is easier
to move a column with mouse than with a bulldozer.
The Fig. 98 presents the MacLeamy curve. It illustrates the advantages of Integrated
Project Delivery in BIM workflow. The red line illustrates traditional design process from pre-
design phase through operation phase. In BIM workflow the bigger effort and cost is moved
to the first stages of project like concept and detailed design phase.
Figure 98. The MacLeamy curve.
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7.4. BIM disadvantages

Many users of BIM software encounter problem with scalability. The software become
sluggish, when it has to open large model. This is done because models consume a lot of RAM
memory in computer. The same situation is encountered in CAD software like AutoCAD.
This is a big problem, because even the easiest operation is lumbering. This situation take place
in projects with high degree of detail (LOD 300, 400). Scalability means the resilience
of the system to overload, regardless of the level of detail and number of parametric objects [1].
For this reason, two kinds of software are distinguished: memory-based and file-based system.
Memory based software have to update any changes in real time, which is associated with high
consumption of RAM memory. It cannot perform several operations at the same time. However,
it is possible in file-based system software and even more like update multiple files and edit
at the same time. For smaller project better idea is to use memory-based software. For large
project the second type of software is preferred, because it cooperates better with large mod-
els [1]. The problem with sluggish software is increased along with group work on company
server.
Another contraindication may be a high price for BIM software. This is the most com-
mon arguments. On the market exists loads of different BIM tools. The company has to choose
the best set of it and calculate how many licenses are needed. Finally how many persons should
be send on the course. The BIM process signalizes with hidden costs. The process of return
of the contribution is a long-term. It is advisable to introduce upgrades inch by inch in the com-
pany, to avoid the story about Titanic.
Figure 99. The hidden cost of BIM process.
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7.5. The future of BIM

I would like to dispel the myths. BIM is not a 3D design software but a human opera-
tions, which covers a wide range of changes, leading to continuous development in the con-
struction industry. In the future, the project will be performed better. In consequences schedule
overruns, the crossing of budget, claims will be reduced. According to [1] the adoption of BIM
process in any company requires three years, to bring benefits.
I predict a bright future for IFC. In the near future the IFC will become the gold standard,
like PDF's format in last century. Due to its availability, file integrity. In the future workflow
by using IFC standard should allow seamless integration between all models and trades. Im-
proved the IFC implementation is seen as the best path for future development.
Currently on the market, Solibri Model Checker and Tekla BIMsight are distinguished
as specialized software for clash checks. This software pave the way for easier access to BIM
process by other users. In addition, more and more manufacturers of materials supplies its prod-
ucts as a ready-made plug-ins to software components. This tools can be easily found on online
sites like Autodesk Seek, SmartBIM Library or use BIMobject tools. Increased availability of
product libraries in BIM tools increased interest of this technology.
Everyone without blinking an eye can tell that the World are slowly striving to a paper-
less world. The technology progress is recorded in each year. Technologies such as radio-fre-
quency ID (RFID), Oculus Rift, laser scanning (LADAR), GPS (positioning), tablets, QRcode
significantly influenced on development of BIM.
Laser scanning can create point cloud surveys of existing objects, which can be used
to dimensioning exist building and to create a project of renovation or modernization.
For 3D modelling, the scans from all positions and with huge accuracy are needed in or-
der to get enough information to create all geometry. Moreover the contractors can use laser
scanning technologies to verify that concrete pours in correct place or check location of prefab-
ricated column.
The barcode and QRcode and simultaneous using with tablet, allows to share all infor-
mation with the entire team in the field and gives the access to all documentations, drawings,
models, specifications, which are currently needed. At the same time the database will be up-
dating of things that have been already made, thanks to QRcode and special reader in tablet.
Thank to RFID engineers can be up to date all time with material delivery status.
They can check where it is or check how many pieces of elements, they have on construction
site without getting up from a chair. It is usually ideal solution for precast building consist
with prefabricated components.
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On the market appears many of application which supports high-level communication

like BIM 360 Field and BIM 360 Glue from Autodesk. This application allow to communicate
with other team members through the cloud and at the same time. Engineers can work
on the same project and all changes will be made in real time. Glue allows to synchronous col-
laboration process and access from all multiple devices.
The aim of this chapter is to provide perspective of using BIM in the future. Currently
on the AEC market, there are to major trends such as BIM and green building. Engineers
pay more attention to ecobuilding systems of certification like LEED in the USA, Green Star
in Australia, DGNB in Germany, MINERGIE in Switzerland BREEAM in UK and many more.
One of the first was BRE Environmental Assessment Method, which was established in 1990
in the UK. Generally this system assess, inter alia, that building has been designed and con-
structed according to rules, which improve water efficiency, reduce use of electricity, CO2 emis-
sions, protect against loss of energy and ensure that building is build according to philosophy
of sustainability development. BIM is an excellent tool to support eco-technology. Engineers
can manage, analyze and monitor the building performance in terms of energy consumptions,
illumination, using the same model without rework. The data-rich model can be used through-
out the life cycle of building. Energy analysis tools can be found within nearly each BIM plat-
form. Although user still has a lot of doubt about the correctness of its calculations [1].
In the same time the designers should try to connect to project lean construction philosophy.
The lean construction implies: reduction of material consumption, and thereby wastes, reduce
unnecessary stacks of paper drawings, eliminate errors and rework and reduce the construction
time.
As it is wrote at the beginning of master thesis BIM is not only a new technology
but also the way of thinking, a philosophy, behaviors, and a way of being. This sentence is valid
throughout the period of creation this master thesis. BIM technology is still developing and re-
quire continuous learning of engineers. All the changes require an increase of project price.
In order to create model free of errors the designers have to spend more time then the designers
work with old practice. In Singapore 5% of total costs from construction period was shifted
to increase the total budget of design process. Then this process has a chance to flourish. Bear-
ing in mind that the cost of construction phase will fall by about 10 - 15 percent. The sooner,
the need for change will be recognized, the faster country can be competitive.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1.] C. Eastman, P. Teicholz, R. Sacks, K. Liston. BIM Handbook A guide to Building
Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers, and Contrac-
tors. 2nd ed. New Jersey 2011: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[2.] R. Crotty, The Impact of Building Information Modelling Transforming Construc-
tion, 1st ed, London 2012: SPON Press
[3.] K. Pramod Reddy, BIM for Building Owners and Developers making a business
case for using BIM on project. New Jersey 2012: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Hill Construction, https://www.dir.ca.gov/das/hcc/WorkingDefinition.pdf
[3.02.2016]
[5.] B. Hardin, D. Mccool. BIM and Construction Management proven tools, methods
and workflows, 2nd ed, Indianapolis, Indiana 2015: WILEY.
[6.] B. Succar. Building information modelling framework: A research and delivery
foundation for industry stakeholders. University of Newcastle, Australia, RMIT
University, Automation in Construction 18(2009), pages:357-375, www.else-
vier.com/locate/autcon
[7.] J. Underwood, U. Isikdag. Building Information Modelling and Construction Infor-
matics Concepts and technologies. New York 2010: Information Science Refer-
ence.
[8.] W. Kymmell, Building Information Modelling Planning and Managing Construc-
tion Projects with 4D CAD and simulations, McGraw_Hill Construction, New York
2008
[9.] Published by Senate Properties. COBIM - Common BIM Requirements, v 1.0, 2012
http://www.en.buildingsmart.kotisivukone.com/3 [9.02.2016]
[10.] Building and Construct Authority, Singapore BIM Guide. 2nd ed. August 2013, Sin-
gapore, www.bca.gov.sg, https://www.corenet.gov.sg/media/586132/Singapore-
BIM-Guide_V2.pdf [9.02.2016]
[11.] D. Migilinskas, V. Popov, V. Juocevicius, L. Ustinovichius. The Benefits, Obstacles
and Problems of Practical BIM Implementation. Vilnius Gediminas Technical Uni-
versity, Lithuania. Procedia Engineering 57(2013), pages:767 - 774, www.else-
vier.com/locate/procedia
[12.] A. Tomana, BIM Innowacyjna technologia w budownictwie. Podstawy, Standardy,
Narzdzia. Krakw 2015: Drukarnia Kserkop Krakw.
84
WEBPAGES
[W1.] http://www.buildingsmart-tech.org/
[W2.] www.buildingsmart.org
[W3.] USA - guideline: http://www.gsa.gov/graphics/pbs/GSA_BIM_Guide_v0_60_Se-
ries01_Overview_05_14_07.pdf, http://www.nibs.org/news/127862/NBIMS-US-
V3-Ballot-Submission-Period-Now-Open.htm
[W4.] UK - guideline: https://aecuk.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/aecukbimprotocol-v2-
0.pdf
[W5.] Norway - guideline: http://www.statsbygg.no/Files/publikasjoner/manualer/Statsby-
ggBIMmanualV1-2Eng2011-10-24.pdf
[W6.] Denmark - guideline: http://changeagents.blogs.com/Linked_Docu-
ments/BIPS%203D%20Working%20Method.pdf
[W7.] Netherlands guideline: http://www.rijksvastgoedbedrijf.nl/english/documents/publi-
cation/2014/07/08/rgd-bim-standard-v1.0.1-en-v1.0_2
[W8.] South Korean guidelines: http://www.buildingsmart.or.kr/Docu-
ment/BIM_Guide_vol1_KoreaPPS_2010_eng.pdf, http://www.build-
ingsmart.or.kr/Document/BIM_Guide_MLTL_Korea_2010_eng.pdf
[W9.] Hong Kong - guideline: http://www.housingauthority.gov.hk/en/business-partner-
ships/, http://www.housingauthority.gov.hk/en/business-partnerships/re-
sources/%20building-information-modelling/index.html, http://www.housingauthor-
ity.gov.hk/en/business-partnerships/resources/building-information-modelling/in-
dex.html
[W10.] Australian guideline:http://www.construction-innovation.info/im-
ages/pdfs/BIM_Guidelines_Book_191109_lores.pdf
[W11.] New Zealand - guideline: http://www.branz.co.nz/cms_show_down-
load.php?id=2be18e9778375eab939ff3c96a520b5ff9dabfc9, http://www.master-
spec.co.nz/news-reports/p1/new-zealand-national-bim-survey-report-2012-
i748c31a1-a451-40c9-bd1c-2aba8e621916-1243.htm
[W12.] Estonia - guideline: http://www.rkas.ee/parim-praktika/bim
[W13.] Sweden guideline: http://byggtjanst.se/globalassets/tjanster/bsab/pro-
jekt/130620_bim_rapport.pdf
[W14.] http://www.buildingsmart-tech.org/ifc/IFC2x3/TC1/html/index.htm
[W15.] http://www.buildingsmart-tech.org/ifc/IFC2x3/TC1/html/ifcsharedbldgelements/lex-
ical/ifcslab.htm
[W16.] http://www.buildingsmart-tech.org/ifc/IFC2x3/TC1/html/ifcsharedbldgelements/lex-
ical/ifccolumn.htm
[W17.] Certified Software according to BuildingSMART. http://www.build-
ingsmart.org/compliance/certified-software/
85
STANDARDS
[S1.] EN 1990 Basis of structural design

[S2.] EN 1992-1-1:2004: Design of concrete structures Part 1-1: General rules and
rules for buildings
[S3.] EN 1992-1-2: Design of concrete structures Part 1-2: General rules Structural
fire design
[S4.] EN 1991-1-1 Actions on structures part 1-1: General actions densities, self-
weight, imposed loads for buildings
[S5.] PN-B-03264:2002 Polish standards for design of concrete structures
[S6.] EN 1993-1-1: 2005: Design of steel structures Part 1-1: General rules and rules
for buildings
[S7.] EN 1993-1-8: 2005: Design of steel structures part 1-8: Design of joints
[S8.] ISO 10303 Industrial automation systems and integration Product data represen-
tation and exchange [http://www.iso.org/]
[S9.] ISO 10303-21:2016 Industrial systems and integration Product data representa-
tion and exchange Part 21: Implementation methods: Clear text encoding of ex-
change structure [http://www.iso.org/]
[S10.] ISO 16739:2013 Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) for data sharing in the con-
struction and facility management industries [http://www.iso.org/]
[S11.] ISO 29481 Building Information Models Information Delivery Manual (IDM)
[http://www.iso.org/]
[S12.] ISO 12006 3:2007 Building construction Organization of information about
construction works Part 3: Framework for object-oriented information
[http://www.iso.org/]
86
APPENDICES
Appendix A
APPENDIX A: CONTENTS OF THE ENCLOSED DVD DISC
The enclosed DVD disc contains the following folders:
0. IFC CODE
This folder contains files used in chapter 5.4. IFC data structure:
0.1. Column HEB300 - ifc
0.2. Concrete slab -ifc
1. PRECAST LEDGE BEAM
This folder contains the following files:
LedgeBeam_21.0_ROBOT.db1
LEDGE_beam_21.1_TS.db1
TS_1_PRECAST_LEDGE_BEAM.db1
TS_3_TO_AXISVM_PRECAST_LEDGE_BEAM.db1
LEDGE_BEAM_TS_TO_ROBOT.rtd
LEDGE_BEAM_AxisVM.axs
LEDGE_BEAM_IFC_TO_AxisVM.axs
LEDGE_BEAM_IFC_TO_Robot.rtd
LEDGE_BEAM_REVIT_TO_IFC.ifc
LEDGE _BEAM_REVIT_TO_ROBOT.rtd
LEDGE_BEAM_REVIT_TO_ROBOT.rvt
LEDGE_BEAM_TS_TO_IFC.ifc
AxisVM_TO_IFC.ifc
2. STEEL PORTAL FRAME
1_TS_PORTAL_FRAME_EXPORT.db1
PORTAL_FRAME_TS_21.0.db1
STEEl_PORTAL_FRAME_AxisVM_TS_21.1.db1
PORTAL_FRAME-AppendixD.sdi
PORTAL_FRAME_IFC_TO_AxisVM.axs
PORTAL_FRAME_REVIT.rvt
PORTAL_FRAME_REVIT_ARSAP.rvt
PORTAL_FRAME_REVIT_IFC_TO_ARSAP.rtd
PORTAL_FRAME_REVIT_TO_ARSAP.rtd
PORTAL_FRAME_REVIT_TO_IFC.ifc
PORTAL_FRAME_TS_TO_ARSAP.rtd
PORTAL_FRAME_TS_TO_CIS2_TO_ARSAP.rtd
87
PORTAL_FRAME_TS_TO_CIS2_TO_REVIT.rvt
PORTAL_FRAME_TS_TO_IFC.ifc
3. CONCRETE WALL
ARSAP-Analysis
TS 20.1_TO_ARSAP.db1
TS_21.1_TO_AxisVM.db1
WALL_TANK_TS_21.0.db1
Concrete Wall in Simplebim.cube
CONCRETE WALL_SOLIBRI_MODEL_CHECKER_IFC.smc
CONCRETE WALL_TS_TO_IFC.ifc
CONCRETE_WALL_AxisVM_IFC.axs
CONCRETE_WALL_TS_TO_IFC.ifc
CONCRETE_WALL_IFC_TS.rtd
CONCRETE_WALL_REVIT.rvt
CONCRETE_WALL_REVIT_TO_IFC.ifc
CONCRETE_WALL_TS_TO_ARSAP.rtd
CONCRETE_WALL_TS_TO_AxisVM_SQUARING.axs
4. PIPE RACK
PIPE_RACK_STATICAL_MODEL.db1
CIS2_TO_ARSAP.rtd
CIS2_TO_REVIT2014.rvt
IFC_REVIT2014.ifc
PIPE_RACK_TS_TO_AxisVM.axs
PIPE_RACK_IFC_SOLIBRI_MODEL_CHECKER.smc
PIPE_RACK_TO_IFC.ifc
PIPE_RACK_TS_TO_ARSAP.rtd
PIPE_RACK_TS_TO_ARSAP_BY_IFC.rtd
PIPE_RACK_TS_TO_AxisVM_BY_IFC.axs
PIPE_RACK_TO_IFC.ifc
PIPE_RACK_TS_TO_IFC_ALL.ifc
REVIT2014.rvt
REVIT2014_CIS2.stp
REVIT2014_TO_CIS2.stp
5. HOUSE ArchiCAD
RENDERED PHOTOS
88
ArchiCAD_HOUSE_ALL.ifc
HOUSE_ArchiCAD.pla
IFC_HOUSE_STRUCTURAL.ifc
IFC_HOUSE_STRUCTURAL.rtd
6. HOUSE - REVIT
REVIT_HOUSE.ifc
REVIT_HOUSE.rvt
7. Appendix D Portal Frame

This folder contains spreadsheet made in Mathcad for portal frame.
Appendix D Portal Frame_CALCULATIONS.xmcd
Appendix D-Portal Frame.xdoc
8. GRAPHIC
This folder contains all graphic created especially for this master thesis. Many
graphic was created in SketchUP, AutoCAD 2015, TS 21.1, ArchiCAD 18.
89
Appendix B
APPENDIX B: SOFTWARE USED IN THE THESIS
1. Software used to create 3D models

a. Tekla Structures version 20, 21.0 and 21.1
i. Export to Revit add-on applications
b. Autodesk Revit 2015, 2014, 2016
i. Export to Tekla add-on application
ii. Export/Import to CIS2 add-on application
c. ArchiCAD 18
2. Software used to analysis and calculations
a. AxisVM 13_x64
b. Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis 2015,2016
c. Mathcad 15 (This software was used to perform calculation for steel portal
frame)
d. Soldis PROJEKTANT 8.5
3. Software used to create graphic:
a. SketchUP
b. Autodesk AutoCAD 2015
c. Paint(This program was used to create simple changes on drawings)
d. Jing (This program was used to create snapshots)
e. Microsoft PowerPoint 2013
4. IFC Model viewer
a. Tekla BIMsight
b. BIM Vision
c. Simplebim
d. Solibri Model Checker
5. Software used to create documentations
a. Microsoft Word 2013
90
Appendix C
APPENDIX C: CONCRETE BEAM
Figure C1. Precast ledge beam with loads
Strength parameters of structural materials

Class of concrete: C30/37 According to Table E.1N of standards [S2.]
Class of reinforcing steel: B500 and C ductility class
Strength parameters of concrete:
Characteristic compressive cylinder strength: = 30,0 MPa
Value of concrete compressive strength: = 20,0 MPa
30,00
( = = 1,0 = 20 )
1,5
Mean value of concrete cylinder compressive strength: = 38,0
Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete: = 2,9
Characteristic value of tensile strength of concrete: ,0,05 = 2,0
Design value of tensile strength of concrete: = 1,33
,0,05 2,0
( = = 1,0 = 1,33 )
1,5
Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete: = 33
Strength parameters of reinforcing steel:

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement: = 500,0
Design yield strength of reinforcement: = 435,0
500,0
( = = = 435,0 )
1,15
Value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel: = 200
Computational models of structural materia

Reinforcing steel: horizontal top branch was assumed
Concrete: perfectly rigid plastic model
For assumed materials, basing on strain distribution, there were calculated: , , ,
and 0,
91
3
= =
3 +
For 50 ; 3 = 0,0035
435
= = = 0,002175
200 000
0,0035
= 0,8 = 0,4934
0,0035 + 0,002175

= = 1 0,5 = 1 0,5 0,4934 = 0,7533

0, = = 0,4934 0,7533 = 0,372
Character- Partial Design loads

Type of action istic loads safety factor kN
kN [ ]
[ ]

DEAD LOAD
OVERALL DEAD LOADS [g] 20,0 1,35 27,0
LIFE LOAD
OVERALL LIFE LOADS [q] 60,0 1,50 90,0
OVERALL 80,0 117,0
2
( + ) (27 + 90) 52
= = = 365,63
8 8
( + ) (27 + 90) 5
= = = 292,5
2 2
Dimension to bending reinforcement
The bending moment will be bear by the higher rectangular cross section.
Minimum cover (Assumed diameter of reinforcing bars: 12 mm)
12
= {25 = 25
10
= + = 25 + 5 = 30
Minimum distance between single bars:
1 1 12 12
, = { + 2 = {16 + 5 = {21 = 21
20 20 20
1 1
a1 = cnom + + = 30 + 8 + 12 = 44 mm
2 2
1 1
a2 = cnom + + + s + = 30 + 8 + 12 + 21 + 12 = 77 mm
2 2
Effective height of cross section with two rows of bars:
2 = 2 = 0,58 0,077 = 0,503
92
Minimum area of cross section of longitudinal reinforcement:

2,9
0,26 2 0,26 500 38 50,3 2,88 2
, = { = { = {
0,0013 2 0,0013 38 50,3 2,49 2
, = 2,88 2
Maximum area of cross section of longitudinal reinforcement:
, = 0,04 = 0,04 38 58 = 88,16 2
365,63 103
0 = = = 0,19
2 20,0 0,38 0,5032
0 = 0,19 0, = 0,372
Single reinforced cross-section
= 0,5 (1 + 1 2 0 ) = 0,5 (1 + 1 2 0,19) = 0,89
365,63 103
, = = = 0,00192 = 19 2
0,89 435 0,503
Adopted: 12 18 (1, = 20,36 2 )
, = 2,88 2 < 1, = 20,36 2 < , = 88,16 2
Dimensioning to shear reinforcement

t 0,4
VEd = VA (g + q) (d + ) = 292,5 117 (0,503 + ) = 210,25 kN
2 2
Calculation of VRd,c(6.2.1 PN-EN 1992-1-1)
0,18 0,18
CRd,c = = = 0,12
c 1,5
200 200
1,631
k = min {1 + d = min {1 + 503 = min { = 1,63
2,0
2,0 2,0
Adopted longitudinal reinforcement: 1016 (Asl = 20,12 cm2 )
Asl 20,36
0,011
1 = min bw d = min {38 50,3 = min {
{ = 0,011
0,02
0,02 0,02
NEd kN
k1 = 0,15 and cp = for NEd = 0 kN, so cp = 0 m2
Ac
3 3
Vmin = 0,035 k 2 fck = 0,035 1,632 30 = 0,40
1
(CRd,c k (100 1 fck )3 + k1 cp ) bw d
VRd,c = max {
(Vmin + k1 cp ) bw d
1
119920 N
VRd,c = max {0,12 1,63 (100 0,011 30)3 380 503 = max { = 120 kN
0,4 380 503 76456 N

VEd = 210,25 kN > VRd,c = 120 kN Required shear reinforcements bars
Calculation of VRd,max (6.9 PN-EN 1992-1-1)
cw = 1,0 (6.2.3(3) PN-EN 1992-1-1)
z = 0,9 d = 0,9 503 = 452,7 mm
fck 30
v = 0,6 (1 ) = 0,6 (1 ) = 0,528
250 250
cot = 2,0 ( tan = 0,5) And 1,0 cot 2,0
93
cw bw z fcd 1 380 452,7 0,528 20

VRd,max = = = 7,2664 105 N = 727 kN
cot + tan 2 + 0,5
VEd = 292,5 kN VRd,max = 727 kN The condition is met.
Calculation of shearing reinforcement

The length of the shear
VEd (g + q) lw = VRd,c
VEd VRd,c 292,5 120
lw = = = 1,47 m
g+q 117
Bearing capacity of stirrups: (6.8 PN-EN 1992-1-1):
Asw
VRd,s = z fywd cot
s
Asw
s z fywd cot
VRd,s
Diameter of shear stirrups:
Figure C2. The length of the shear
2st 0,82
Asw = = = 0,5 cm2 = 0,5 104 m2
4 4

VRd,s = VEd = 210,25 kN
0,5 104
s= 0,4527 435 103 2,0 = 0,09 m
210,25
sl,max = 0,75d = 0,75 0,503 = 0,377 m
s = 0,18 m sl,max = 0,377m
Ultimate stirrups spacing: s = 0,09 m
f 0,5 300,5
w,min = 0,08 ck = 0,08 = 0,00088
fyk 500
The amount of shear reinforcement:
A 0,5
w = sbsw = 9 38 = 0,00146 w,min = 0,00088 The condition is met
w
CHECK:
0,5 104
, = cot = 0,4527 435 103 2 = 218,81 kN
0,09

= 210,25 kN , = 218,81 kN The condition is met
Behavior in SLS (cracking, deflection)
Effective modulus of elasticity of concrete
= 33 Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete
= = 0,38 0,58 = 0,22 2 Cross-section area
= 2 + 2 = 2 0,38 + 2 0,58 = 1,92 Perimeter of the member
2 20,22
0 = = = 0,23 = 230 National size of the member
1,92
94
= 38
0 = 28
( 3.1[2])
= 50%
{ 0 = 0,23
Figure C3. Effective modulus of elasticity

(, 0 ) = 2,35
33 , 9,85
, = 1+(, )
= 1+2,35 = 9,85 = 100% = , %
0 33
Geometric characteristics
Effective modulator ratio
200
= = = 20,3
, 9,85
Concrete cross section
3 0,380,583
= = = 6,18 103 4
12 12
2 0,38 0,582
= = = 0,012 3
6 6
Reinforced concrete cross section
UNCRACKED CROSS-SECTION
= + (1 + 2 ) = 0,58 0,38 + 20,3 20,36 104 = 0,262 2

= + (1 + 2 2 )
2
0,58
= 0,38 0,58 + 20,3 20,36 0,503 104 = 0,085 3
2
0,085
= = = 0,324 < = 0,58
0,262
3 2
= + (0,5 ) + [1 ( )2 + 2 ( 2 )2 ]
12
2
0,38 0,583 1
= + 0,2204 ( 0,58 0,324) + 20,3 20,36 104 (0,503 0,324)2
12 2
= 0,00776 4 = 7,76 103 4
= 1 ( ) = 20,36 104 (0,503 0,324) = 3,64 104 3
CRACKED CROSS-SECTION

= 0 1 ( ) + 2 ( 2 ) = 0
2
95
2 (1 + 2 ) 2
2 + (1 + 2 2 ) = 0

(1 + 2 ) 1 + 2 2 2
=
+ ( ) + (1 + 2 2 )

20,3 20,36 104
= +
0,38
2
20,3 20,36 104 2 20,3
+( ) + 20,36 0,503 104 = 0,239
0,38 0,38
= 0,239 < = 0,58

3 2
= + ( ) + [1 ( )2 + 2 ( 2 )2 ]
12 2
0,38 0,239 3 0,239 2
= + 0,38 0,239 ( ) + 20,3 20,36 104 (0,503 0,239 )2
12 2
= 4,61 103 4
= 1 ( ) = 20,36 104 (0,503 0,239) = 5,38 104 3
CHECK:
= 0,239 < = 0,324 Condition is met
= 4,61 103 4 < = 7,76 103 4 Condition is met
Deflection checking
If the span/effective depth ratio is met the condition:
leff l l
( ) = 1 2 3 ( )
d d lim,eff d lim
It isnt necessary to calculate the deflections explicitly.
1 Coefficient for other steel stress levels
2 Coefficient for flanged section where the ratio of the flange breadth to the rib breadth
exceeds 3
3 Coefficient for parts which suport partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflec-
tions
0 0 3/2
K [11 + 1,5 fck + 3,2 fck ( 1) ] for 0

l
( ) =
d lim 0 1
K [11 + 1,5 fck + fck ] for > 0
12
{
0 Reference reinforcement ratio;
0 = fck 103 = 30 103 = 0,00548
Required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to the design
loads
As1 20,36
= = = 0,0107 > 0 = 0,00548
bw d 38 50,3
= 0 Required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to
the design loads
K = 0,8 For simply supported beam
l 0 0,00548
( ) = K [11 + 1,5 fck ] = 0,8 [11 + 1,5 30 ] = 12,17
d lim 0,0107
96
Coefficients modified limit slenderness:

500As,prov 50020,36
1 = = = 1,072, 2 = 1,0; 3 = 1,0
fyk As,req 50019
leff 5,0 l
= = 9,94 ( ) = 1,072 1,0 1,0 12,17 = 13,05 The condition is met
d 0,503 d lim,eff
It is not necessary to carry out direct calculation

Cracks checking
,
=
, ( )
Section immediately prior to cracking an the change to the lever arm for bending = 0,4
, = = 2,9
= 0,4 = 0,5 = 0,5 0,58 = 0,29

According to table 7.2N [S2.]

= = = = = ( )
,
365,63 103
= 20,3 (0,503 0,239) = 4,25051 108 = 425
4,61 103
= 0,3
For { according to table 7.2N] = 5
= 425
2,9 0,4 0,29
= 16 > = 5 = 3,77
2,9 2 (0,58 0,503)
It is necessary to carry out direct calculations
Control of cracking by direct calculation

The cracking moment: = = 2,9 0,012 = 0,0348 = 34,8
= 365,63 > = 34,8 , The cross-section is cracked
Calculation of crack width
Figure C4. Member in bending
2,5 ( ) 2,5 (0,58 0,503)

0,1925
, = { = { 0,58 0,239 = { = 0,114
0,114
3 3
, = , =0,38 0,114 = 0,043 2
= 0 2 ; = 20,36 2 ; 1 = 0; , effective reinforcement ratio
+1 20,36 104
, = = = 0,047
, 0,043
Mean strain in the reinforcement, average strain concrete between cracks
97
,
(1 + , )
,
=

(1 )
{
= 425 = 0,4 , = = 2,9
2,9
425 0,4 0,047 (1 + 20,3 0,047)
1,884 103
= 200 103 = {
425 1,275 103
(1 0,4)
{ 200 103
= 1,884 103

3 + 1 2 4 , 5 ( + )
, 2
, =

{ 1,3 ( ), > 5 ( + )
2
0,012
= = 0,03 , = 0,077 < 5 ( + ) = 5 (0,03 + ) = 0,18
2 2
1 Coefficient which takes account of the bond properties of the bonded reinforcement
1 = 0,8 For high bond bars
2 = 0,5 For bending (coefficient which takes account of the distribution of strain)
3 = 3,4; 4 = 0,425

, = 3 + 1 2 4
,
0,012
, = 3,4 0,03 + 0,8 0,5 0,425 = 0,145 = 145
0,047
= , ( ) (According to 7.8)
= 145 1,884 103 = , = , The condition is met
Dimensioning of the notched ends
Ledge beam is working as a cantilever beam with length of 200 mm+77 mm=277mm. That
kN
cantilever beam is load with uniform loads117 . I assumed that I will calculate reinforce-
m
ment per 1m, so we can transform that uniform load for force 117kN and consider reinforce-
ment per 1m.
Figure C5. Cross section of ledge beam [cm]
98
NEd = 117 kN
MEd = 32,41 kN
1 1
a1 = cnom + st + = 30 + 8 + 12 = 44
2 2
d = h a1 = 0,3 0,044 = 0,256 m
MEd 32,41 103
A0 = = = 0,0247
fcd b d2 20,0 1,0 0,2562
A0 = 0,0247 A0,lim = 0,372
eff = 0,5 (1 + 1 2 A0 ) = 0,5 (1 + 1 2 0,0247) = 0,9875
MEd 32,41 103
As,req = = = 0,00029472 m2 = 2,95 cm2
eff fyd d 0,9875 435 0,256
fctm 2,9
0,26 bw d 0,26 100 25,6 3,86 cm2
As,min = max { fyk = max { 500 = max {
0,0013 bw d 0,0013 100 25,6 3,33 cm2
As,min = 3,86 cm2
Reinforcement: 12 4 pieces (As1,prov = 4,52cm2 )
As,min = 3,86 cm2 < As1,prov = 4,52 cm2
Additional reinforcement
In that case there is also demanded additional reinforcement in higher part, to up lift load from
ledge. NEd = 117 kN
NEd NEd 117 kN
= A= = = 2,69 cm2
A fyd kN
43,5 2
cm
Adopted the follow reinforcement bars: 12 4 pieces (As1,prov = 4,52cm2 )
99
Appendix D
APPENDIX D: STEEL PORTAL FRAME
1. Design data
1.1. Design assumption
The width of a hall: d 23 2 0.2 23.4 m
The height of a hall: h 10 0.3 10.3 m
The slope of a roof: 21.8degree (40%) cos

21.8
0.928 rad
180
Figure D.1. Portal frame
2. Loads
Figure D.2. Scheme of loads
100
3. Calculations
Calculations were made using a SOLDIS Designer and Mathcad software.
Figure D.3. Bending moment diagram
Figure D.4. Shear force diagram
Figure D.5. Axial force diagram
101
SLS - serviceability limit state:

The maximum deflection of the rafter. Vertical displacement in bar number 2 is equal to 6.7 cm and is smaller
than the limit value. L 2300cm
3
L 2.3 10
9.2 cm
250 250
The maximum horizontal displacement occurred in the bar number 4. The displacement is equal to 2.7 cm and is
smaller than the limit value. H 540 cm
H 540
3.6 cm
150 150
4. Column - Cross section
Figure D6. HEB400, source: http://www.staticstools.eu/
DATA:
Steel S235JR (PN-EN 1993-1-1 point 3.2.6)
fy 235 MPa
E 210000N/mm2
G 81000
N/mm 2
The geometry characteristic:
Area of cross section: A c 198cm2
Moment of inertia with respect to y-y: Iyc 57700cm

4
Moment of inertia with respect to z-z: Izc 10800cm

4
Torsional moment of inertia: IT c 360cm

4
Fragmentary moment of inertia: Iwc 3820000cm6
Elastic modulus with respect to y axis: W elyc 2880cm3
Plastic modulus with respect to y axis: W plyc 3240cm

3
102
d c 298mm, t wc 13.5mm, rc 27mm, b c 300mm,
t fc 24mm, h wc 352mm, h c 400mm,
Check the load capacity:

Column - bar number 0, My6 543.585kNm, Mmax My6
Axial force: N6 235.623kN, N7 243.856kN
Transversal force: V6 92.564kN, V7 108.764kN and Vmax V7
Classification cross section (PN-EN 1993-1-1, Tab. 5.2):
t fc 24 mm <40 mm -> fy 235 MPa
235 235
1
fy 235
c 298
Web compression: c d c, t t w c., 22.074 < 33 33
t 13.5
c
b c t wc 2 rc
300 13.5 2 27
The compression flange: 4.844 < 9 9
t 2 tfc 2 24
Web and flange belong to first class.
Compression (6.2.4)
Load capacity of cross section under uniform compression for cross section class I: M0 1.0
2 3 3
10 fy 10 2
10 235 10 3
NcRd A c 198 4.653 10 kN (6.10)
M0 1
For doubly symmetrical I-sections allowance need not be made for the effect of the axial force on the plastic re-
sistance moment about the y-y axis when the following criteria are satisfied:
3
N7 243.856 kN < 0.25 NcRd 1.163 10 kN (6.33)
3 3
fy 10 235 10
N7 243.856 kN < 0.5 hwc twc 0.5 352 13.5 558.36 kN (6.34)
M0 1
So we can skip the impact of axial force on the plastic capacity under bending. (6.2.9.1(4))
Bending (6.2.5)
Calculation capacity of cross section under one-direction bending for cross section class I
fy 3 235 5
M cRd W plyc 3.24 10 7.614 10 kNmm, (6.13)
M0 1
McRd 5
7.614 10
McRd 761.4 kNm
1000 3
1 10
Crucial condition for cross section under bending moment:
M max 543.585
0.714 <1.0
M cRd 761.4
Shear (PN-EN 1993-1-1 6.2.6)

The shear area Avc for rolled I sections, load parallel to web:
1.0(PN-EN 1993-1-5)

Avc Ac 100 2 bc tfc twc 2 rc tfc
103
3
Avc 198 100 2 300 24 ( 13.5 2 27) 24 7.02 10 mm2
A vc twc 13.5
A vc 70.2 cm2> h wc 1 352 47.52 cm2
100 100 100
In the absence of torsion the design plastic shear resistance is given by (PN-EN 1993-1-1 (6.2.6(2)) :
fy 235

VcRd A vc 10
3 10 3 70.2 102
2 3
10
3
952.455 kN
M0 1
Vmax 108.764
0.114 <50%
VcRd 952.455
We can neglect the influence shear force on the capacity cross section during bending. When the shear force is
less than half the plastic shear resistance (6.2.8(2)).
Buckling resistance of members (PN-EN 1993-1-1 (6.3))

Flexural buckling - in the plane of the frame layout (5.2.2(8))
Conduct the analysis of the elastic stability loss, in result got the smallest multiplier coefficient:
c r 17.639 for calculation take into account the average value of axial force NEd attempt in bar number 0.
N6 N7 235.623 243.856
NEd 239.739 kN
2 2
3
Ncry cr NEd 17.639 239.739 4.229 10 kN
Buckling coefficient for Class 1: (6.49)
2
A c 10 fy 2
198 10 235
y 1.049
3 3 3
Ncry 10 4.229 10 10
hc 400
1.333 >1.2 so we choose curve a (Tab. 6.2)
bc 300
Imperfection factor for buckling curves: 0.21(Tab. 6.1)
1 1
y 0.631
2 2 2 2
y 1.139 1.139 1.049
Buckling out of plane of the frame layout:
Flexural buckling: Lcrz 4780mm
2 4
E Izc 10 3
2 5
2.1 10 1.08 10 10
4 4
3 3
Ncrz 10 10 9.797 10 kN
Lcrz
2
4.78 103 2
Torsional buckling:
So the critical length during torsion is equal to the buckling length out of plane, because we don't have any re-
straints, so LcrT 4780mm.
4 4 4
I0c Iyc Izc 5.77 10 1.08 10 6.85 10 cm4
104

A c 10
2 2 6
4 E Iwc 10 3
NcrT G ITc 10 10
4 2
I0c 10
LcrT

198 10
2 4 2.1 10 3.82 10 10
2 5 6 6
NcrT 8.1 10 360 10
4
10 3 1.844 104 kN
6.85 10 10
4 4
4.78 10
3
2

9 2 6
7.942 10 1.155 10 4
NcrT 1.844 10 kN (SN001a PL-EU - access steel)
6 137
7.826 10
Buckling coefficient: in the cross section the shear centre coincides with the centre of gravity so NcrTF NcrT
(PN-EN 1993-1-1 Tab. 6.2, Tab 6.1 6.49)

Ncr min NcrzNcrT 9.797 10 9.797 10 kN
3 3
2
A c 10 fy 2
198 10 235
z 0.689
3 3 3
Ncr 10 9.797 10 10
Imperfection factor for buckling curves (according to z-z axis): 0.34
0.5 1 z 0.2 z 0.5 1 0.34 ( 0.689 0.2) 0.689 0.821

2 2

1 1
z 0.79
2 2 2 2
z 0.821 0.821 0.689
Lateral torsional buckling (6.3.2.3)
During buckling column is restrained out of plane on the level of pad foundation and on the haunches level.
LcrLT 4.78m, the chart of bending moment is triangular so 0, because in pad foundation M=0 and
C1 1.77(SN003a PL-EU - Tab 3.1).
The coefficient of buckling length: k 1, kw 1, zg 0- distance between centre of shear and point where
acting force.
2 2
E Izc 5
Iwc 4
LcrLT G ITc
M cr C1 10 10 (3)
2 Izc 2
LcrLT E Izc
2 5 4 6 2 4
2.1 10 1.08 10 5 3.82 10 4 4.78 8.1 10 360 3
Mcr 1.77 10 10 4.426 10 kNm
2 4 2 5 4
4.78 1.08 10 2.1 10 1.08 10
W plyc fy 3.24 10 235
3
LT 0.415 (PN-EN 1993-1-1, 6.56)
3 3
Mcr 10 Mcr 10
hc 400
bc
= 300 = 1,333 < 2, buckling curve - b (Tab.6.5)
Recommended for the selection of lateral buckling buckling curve b: LT 0.34 (Tab.6.3)
LT0 0.4, 0.75(6.3.2.3(1))
LT 0.5 1 LT LT LT0 LT 0.5 1 0.34 ( 0.415 0.4) 0.75 0.415 0.567 (6.57)
2 2

1 1
LT 0.994
2 2 2 2
LT LT LT 0.567 0.567 0.75 0.415
105
LT 0.994 0.994 < LT 1.0Column is not exposed to lateral-torsional buckling
Member capacity under simultaneously compression and one-way bending:

Interaction factors for interaction according to Annex B, table B.1:
Cmy 0.9 (Tab.B.3) , M1 1
NEd

kyy1 Cmy 1 y 0.2 0.9 1 ( 1.049 0.2) 239.739 0.962
NcRd 4.653 10
3
y
M1 0.631
1
NEd
kyy2 Cmy 1 0.8 0.9 1 0.8 239.739 0.959
NcRd 4.653 10
3
y
M1 0.631
1
kyy min kyy1 kyy2 0.959
kzy 0.6 kyy 0.575 0.575
NEd Mmax 239.739 543.585
kyy 0.959 0.77 <1.0 (6.61)
NcRd McRd 3 761.4
y LT 4.653 10 0.994
0.631 1
M1 M1 1
NEd Mmax 239.739 543.585
kzy 0.575 0.478 <1.0 (6.62)
NcRd McRd 3 761.4
z LT 4.653 10 0.994
0.79 1
M1 M1 1
The conditions for column have been met.
5. RAFTER:
RAFTER - HEA450 - CROSS SECTION
Figure D7. HEA450, source: http://www.staticstools.eu/
106

Area of cross section: A b 178 cm2
Moment of inertia with respect to y-y: Iyb 63700cm4
Moment of inertia with respect to z-z: Izb 9465cm4
Torsional moment of inertia: ITb 243.8cm4
Fragmentary moment of inertia: Iwb 4150000cm6
Elastic modulus with respect to y axis: W elyb 2896cm3
Plastic modulus with respect to y axis: W plyb 3216 cm3

Geometry: tfb 21 mm, d b 344mm, twb 11.5 mm, b b 300 mm, rb 27 mm,
hwb 398 mm, h b 440mm
Internal forces (bar number 1 and 2):

- bending moment:
My4 156.243kNm, My5 272.618kNm, My6 543.585kNm, My45 279.224kNm
- Axial force:
N4 71.083kN, N5 160.116kN, N6 173.451kN
- Shear force:
V4 71.53kN, V5 151.053kN, V6 184.393kN
Check the bar 1 capacity:

Classification of cross section
tmax tfb, t fb 21 mm< 40 mm and fy 235 MPa and 1
Web compression:
c db 344
explicit ALL 29.913 < 33 33 - class I
t twb 11.5
Flange compression:
c b b t wb 2 rb 300 11.5 2 27
5.583 < 9 9 - class I
t 2 t fb 2 21
Check the load capacity: (6.2)
Load capacity of cross section under uniform compression for cross section class I: (6.2.4)
M0 1.0
2 3 3
10 fy 10 2
10 235 10 3
NcRd A b 178 4.183 10 kN (6.10)
M0 1
3
NEd N5 160.116 kN < 0.25 NcRd 1.046 10 kN (6.33)
3 3
fy 10 235 10
NEd 160.116 kN < 0.5 h wb twb 0.5 398 11.5 537.798 kN (6.34)
M0 1
So we can skip the impact of axial force on the plastic capacity under bending. (6.2.9.1(4))
BENDING (6.2.5)
Calculation capacity of cross section under one-direction bending for cross section class I
107
fy 3 235 5
M cRd W plyb 3.216 10 7.558 10 kNmm, (6.13)
M0 1
McRd 5
7.558 10
McRd 755.76 kNm
1000 3
1 10
Crucial condition for cross section under bending moment:
MEd My5 272.618 kNm
M Ed 272.618
0.361 <1.0
M cRd 755.76
Shear (PN-EN 1993-1-1, point 6.2.6)

The shear area Avc for rolled I sections, load parallel to web:
1.0(PN-EN 1993-1-5 (4.6))
Avb Ab 100 2 bb tfb twb 2 rb tfb
3
Avb explicitALL 178 100 2 300 21 ( 11.5 2 27) 21 6.575 10 mm2
A vb twb 11.5
A vb 65.755 cm2> h wb 1 398 45.77 cm2
100 100 100
In the absence of torsion the design plastic shear resistance is given by: PN-EN 1993-1-1 (6.2.6(2))
fy 235

VcRd Avb 10
3 10 3 65.755 102
2 3
10
3
892.146 kN (6.18)
M0 1
V5 151.053
0.169 <50%
VcRd 892.146
We can omit the influence shear force on the capacity cross section during bending.
Buckling resistance of members (PN-EN 1993-1-1 (6.2.3))

Flexural buckling - in the plane of the frame layout, cr 17.639
For calculation take into account the average value of axial force NEd attempt in bar number 2.
N4 N4 and N5 N5
N4 N5 71.083 160.116
NEd 115.6 kN
2 2
3
Ncry cr NEd 17.639 115.6 2.039 10 kN
Buckling coefficient for Class 1 :( 6.49)
2
A b 10 fy 178 10 235
2
y 1.432
3 3 3
Ncry 10 2.039 10 10
hb 440
bb
= 300 = 1,467 > 1,2, so we choose curve a (Tab. 6.2)
Imperfection factor for buckling curves: 0.21(Tab. 6.1)
0.5 1 y 0.2 y 0.5 1 0.21 ( 1.432 0.2) 1.432 1.655 (6.49)

2 2

1 1
y 0.402
2 2 2 2
y 1.655 1.655 1.432
108
Buckling out of plane of the frame layout:

Flexural buckling: I don't take into account the purlins. I take into account the length between haunches.
Lcrz 10786mm
2 4
E Izb 10 3
2 5
2.1 10 9.465 10 10
3 4
3 3
Ncrz 10 10 1.686 10 kN
Lcrz
2
1.079 104 2
Torsional buckling:
LcrT 10786mm,
4 3 4
I0b Iyb Izb 6.37 10 9.465 10 7.316 10 cm4 (SN001a PL-EU)
A b 10 2 2 6
4 E Iwb 10 3
NcrT G ITb 10 10
4 2
I0b 10
LcrT

178 10
2 4 2.1 10 4.15 10 10
2 5 6 6
NcrT 8.1 10 243.8 10
4
10 3 6.603 103 kN
7.316 10 10
4 4
1.079 10
4
2

Buckling coefficient:
In the cross section the shear centre coincides with the centre of gravity so NcrTF NcrT

Ncr min NcrzNcrT 1.686 10 1.686 10 kN
3 3
2
A b 10 fy 178 10 235
2
z 1.575
3 3 3
Ncr 10 1.686 10 10
Imperfection factor for buckling curves (b): 0.34(PN-EN 1993-1-1 Tab. 6.2, Tab 6.1 6.49)
0.5 1 z 0.2 z 0.5 1 0.34 ( 1.575 0.2) 1.575 1.974

2 2

1 1
z 0.316
2 2 2 2
z 1.974 1.974 1.575
Lateral torsional buckling (SN003a PL-EU)

During buckling column is restrained out of plane on the level of pad foundation and on the level of haunches.
Lc rLT 10.79m.
M y4 156.243
The chart of bending moment is nonlinear so 0.573
M y5 272.618
Continuity load on rafter between the restraints:
q 16 6 22 kN/m
2
q LcrLT 22 10.79
2
1.174 (3.4)

8 My5
8 272.618
C1 5, (SN003a PL-EU - Fig 3.3)
The coefficient of buckling length: k 1, kw 1, zg 0- distance between centre of shear and point where
acting force.
2 2
E Izb 5
Iwb 4
LcrLT G ITb
M cr C1 10 10
2 Izb 2
LcrLT E Izb
109
2 5 3 6 2 4
2.1 10 9.465 10 5 4.15 10 4 10.79 8.1 10 243.8 3
Mcr 5 10 10 3.381 10 kNm
2 3 2 5 3
10.79 9.465 10 2.1 10 9.465 10
3
Mcr 3.381 10 kNm
W plyb fy 3.216 10 235

3
LT 0.473 (PN-EN 1993-1-1, 6.56)
3 3
Mcr 10 Mcr 10
hb 440
1.467 < 2, buckling curve b (Tab.6.5)
bb 300
Recommended for the selection of lateral buckling buckling curve b: LT 0.34
LT0 0.4, 0.75(6.3.2.3(1))
LT 0.5 1 LT LT LT0 LT 0.5 1 0.34 ( 0.473 0.4) 0.75 0.473 0.596 (6.57)
2 2

1 1
LT 0.971
2 2 2 2
LT LT LT 0.596 0.596 0.75 0.473
M y45 279.224
s 1.024
M y5 272.618
CmLT 0.1 ( 1 ) 0.8 s 0.1 ( 1 0.573) 0.8 1.024 0.977 >0.4 (Tab. B.3)
kc CmLT 0.988 0.988
f 1 0.5 1 kc 1 2 LT 0.8 1 0.5 (1 0.988) 1 2 (0.473 0.8) 0.995 (6.3.2.3(2))

2 2

LT 0.971
LTmod 0.976 < 1.0 (6.58)
f 0.995
Rafter is not exposed to lateral-torsional buckling.
Member capacity under compression and ondirectional bending:

Interaction factors for interaction according to Annex B, table B.1:
Cmy 0.9 (Tab.B.3) , M1 1
NEd
kyy1 Cmy 1 y 0.2 0.9 1 ( 1.432 0.2)
115.6 0.976 (Tab B.1)
NcRd 4.183 10
3
y
M1 0.402
1
NEd
kyy2 Cmy 1 0.8 0.9 1 0.8 115.6 0.949
NcRd 4.183 10
3
y
M1 0.402
1

kyy min kyy1 kyy2 0.949
For below two conditions if only one is met then lateral torsional buckling effect may be ignored and only cross
sectional checks apply. (6.3.2.2(4))
LT 0.473 > LT0 0.4 - was not met,
MEd 272.618
(1) 0.081
Mcr 2 5 3 6 2 4
2.1 10 9.465 10 5 4.15 10 4 10.79 8.1 10 243.8
5 10 10
2 3 2 5 3
10.79 9.465 10 2.1 10 9.465 10
110
M Ed
< LT02 0.16 - condition was met.
Mc r
0.1 z NEd 0.1 1.575 115.6
(2) kzy 1 1 0.981
CmLT 0.25 NcRd 0.977 0.25 3
z 4.183 10
0.316
M1 1
0.1 NEd 0.1 115.6

kzy 0.981 < 1 1 0.988
CmLT 0.25 NcRd 0.977 0.25 3
z 4.183 10
0.316
M1 1
Is less so: kzy 0.99
NEd MEd 115.6 272.618
kyy 0.949 0.421 <1.0
NcRd McRd 3 755.76
y LT 4.183 10 0.971
0.402 1
M1 M1 1
NEd MEd 115.6 272.618
kzy 0.99 0.455 <1.0
NcRd McRd 3 755.76
z LT 4.183 10 0.971
0.316 1
M1 M1 1
The conditions for rafter have been met.
6. RAFTER'S HAUNCHES - HEA450 - CROSS SECTION
They extend over a length of 1600 mm.
Figure D8. Haunches and cross section in the middle.

Area of cross section: A s 195.86cm
2
Moment of inertia with respect to y-y: Iys 145900cm

2
Moment of inertia with respect to z-z: Izs 9457.7cm2
111
Elastic modulus with respect to y axis: W elys 4494 cm3
Check the capacity - bar number 1

Classification of cross section: HEA450, - class I like above. Capacity of cross section: supply of load capacity
in HEA 450 is more about 60%, so the additionally checked haunches is not necessary. Load capacity element
including stability. The distribution of bending moment along the length of haunches is other than in the rod
number 2. This fact cause the compression on the bottom flange on the whole length. Moreover we should check
the resistant of element number 1 to lateral torsional buckling. The buckling length out of plane: Lc 1.6m
the total length of haunches. Simplified assessment methods for beams with restraints in buildings 6.3.2.4. The
bottom flange of makeshift cross section in the middle of the haunches. Assuming that half of the cross section is
compressed. The geometric characteristic of the replacement bottom side under compression:
3
Af bb tfb twb 10.98 300 21 11.5 10.98 6.426 10 mm2
Af
Af 64.263 cm2
100
3 3
tfb bb 10.98 twb 21 300
3
10.98 11.5
3
7
Ifz 4.725 10 mm4
12 12 12 12
Ifz 3
Ifz 4.725 10 cm4
10000
The slenderness of the replacement bottom part:
Ifz 3
4.725 10
ifz 8.575 cm
Af 64.263
fy 3 235 6
M cRd W elys 4.494 10 1.056 10 Nm
M1 1
McRd 3
McRd 1.056 10 kNm
1000
kc - is a slenderness correction factor for moment distribution between restraints
kc 1.0 (6.3.2.4. NOTE 2B)
Slenderness limit of the equivalent compression flange: c0 LT0 0.1 0.5 , Lc Lc 100 160 cm,
Member with discrete lateral restraint to the compression flange are not susceptible to lateral torsional buckling
if the length Lc between restrains satisfies the condition:
kc Lc 1 1 160 1 McRd 1.056 10
3
fz
0.199 < c0 0.5 0.971 6.59
ifz 93.9 8.575 93.9 My6 543.585
The element is not exposed to lateral-torsional buckling
7. Checking connections:
7.1 The Column base plate:
The axial and shear force at the support of column: bar 0, NjEd 243.856kN, FjEd 108.764kN
Data: Steel: S235, class of concrete of pad foundation C25/30, c 1.5, M2 1.25
The dimensions of base plate: b p 350 mm, h p 450mm, tp 20 mm, e1 25 mm, e2 25 mm
112
Figure D9. Base plate
The concrete strength on compression: fck 25 N/mm2 (PN-EN 1992-1-1)

fck
The calculated strength concrete to compression: fcd 16.667 16.667 N/mm2
c
The design bearing strength of the joint to pressure fjd (PN-EN 1993-1-8 6.2.5(7))
2
j , the material coefficient for pad foundation (PN-EN 1992-1-1)
3
Design capacity under concentration force acting on the concert surface: PN-EN 1992-1-1
A c0, A c1- area of pressure and distribution
b eff , leff - effective width and length, Ac0=beff*leff (6.2.5(7))
A c1
The concentrated design resistance force: FRdu Ac0 fcd < 3.0 fcd A c0
A c0
Ac1 A c1
fjd j fcd , in practical: 1.5(6.6)
Ac0 A c0
fjd j fcd 1.5 16.667 16.667 N/mm2
Equivalent T-stub in compression, the forces transferred through a T-stub should be assumed to spread uni-
formly, M0 1
fy 235
c tp 20 43.359 Mm 6.2.5(5)
3 fjd M0 3 16.667 1
* The physical length of the basic joint component represented by T-stub exceeds c on any sides, the part of the
additional projection beyond the width c should be neglected.
c 43.359 mm> e1 25 mm and c 43.359 mm> e2 25 mm, so we have small overhang of steel plate.
(According to 6.2.5(5) - Where the projection of the physical length of the basic joint component represented by
the T-stub is less than c, then the effective area look like below:)
113
Figure D10. Crushing zone to the pad foundation

Ac0f bc 2 e2 c tfc e1 ( 300 2 25) ( 43.359 24 25) 3.233 10 mm2
4
Ac0w hc 2 tfc 2 c twc 2 c

4
(400 2 24 2 43.359) (13.5 2 43.359) 2.659 10 mm2
Check the bearing capacity of pad foundation due to pressure under the base plate:
4 4
NjRd 2 Ac0f Ac0w fjd 2 3.233 10 2.659 10 16.667 1.521 10 N
6
NjRd 3
NjRd 1.521 10 kN
1000
3
NjEd 243.856 kN < NjRd 1.521 10 kN
The condition was met.
The design friction resistance FfRd,

Between base plate and grout should be derived as follows: (6.2.2(6))
Cfd- the coefficient of friction between base plate and grout layer. For sand-cement mortar
Cfd 0.2
NcEd - the design value of the normal compressive force in the column, NcEd N7 243.856 kN
FfRd Cfd NcEd 0.2 243.856 48.771 kN < FjEd 108.764 kN (6.1)
In a column base the design shear resistance of an anchor bolt FvbRd, should be taken as the smaller: (6.2.2(7))
Where the shear plane passes through the threaded portion of the bolt: v 0.6(Tab.3.4)
fub 360MPa , fyb 235MPa

The ultimate tensile strength for bolts according to Table 3.1 PN-EN 1993-1-8, I take into account two pieces of
anchor bolts M24 so d 24mm, A - is the tensile stress area of the bolt As:
2 2
d 24
A 452.389 mm2
4 4
v fub A 0.6 360 452.389 4
F1vbRd 7.817 10 N (Tab.3.4)
M2 1.25
F1vbRd
F1vbRd 78.173 kN
1000
114
fyb 235 N/mm2 Nominal values of the yield strength for bolts - tab. 3.1
b 0.44 0.0003 fyb 0.369
A s 353 mm2 - the tensile area of the bolt

b fub A s 0.369 360 353 4
F2vbRd 3.756 10 N (6.2)
M2 1.25
F2vbRd
F2vbRd 37.565 kN
1000
F2vbRd
F2vbRd 37.565 kN
1000

FvbRd min F1vbRd F2vbRd min( 78.17337.565) 37.565 kN and n 2
Fv.Rd FfRd n FvbRd 48.771 2 37.565 123.901 kN > FjEd 108.764 kN
The condition was met.
Check the capacity of the welds in the connect between the column with the base plate:
I take into account the full contact between the columns with the base plate. I dimensioning the weld on the 25%
of force attempt between column and base plate:
NjEd 0.25 NjEd explicitALL 0.25 243.856 60.964 kN
I take the fillet weld with the thickens: a 5 mm, the perimeter around the HEB400: l 1461.65mm
The stresses in the weld:

NjEd 1000 60.964 1 10
3
8.342 N/mm2 (4.5.3.2)
al 3
5 1.462 10

8.342
5.899 N/mm2 and
2 2
fub

360
5.899 N/mm2 < 0.9 0.9 259.2 N/mm2
M2 1.25
Assumed that the shear force take the welds only along the web:
3
FjEd 10 108.764 10
3

II
2 a dc

2 5 298
36.498 N/mm2, , w 0.8
3 II
2

2

2 2 2 2
5.899 3 5.899 36.498 64.308 N/mm2
fub
3 II <
2 2 2 360
360 N/mm2 (4.1)
w M2 0.8 1.25
The capacity is fulfil.
115
7.2 The connection rafters in the apex:
Figure D11. Ridge details
Data:
Rafter - HEA450, screw M24, class 10.9: d 24mm, A s 353mm2, d m 38.8mm
thb 15 mm, tnb 19 mm, tw a 4 mm. fyb 900 MPa, fub 1000MPa
The frontal plate no stiffened: tp 24 mm, w 150 mm, e 75 mm, b ep 300 mm
ex 40 mm, d 1 100 mm, d 2 140 mm, d3 90 mm, ep 40mm, p 410m,
h 1 505. 6mm, h 2 365.6mm,
The category of connection: E, steelS235, fy 235 MPa, fu 360MPa (t<40mm)

The partial coefficient: M0 1, M2 1.25
The load attempt in the connection between bars number 2 and 3:

M 156.243kNm N 71.083kN, V 71.53 kN
The internal force: MEd M 156.243 kNm,
21.8
0.38 0.38 rad
180
VEd V cos ( ) ( N sin( ) ) 71.53 cos ( 0.38) 71.083 sin( 0.38) 40.017 kN
NEd N cos ( ) V sin( ) 71.083 cos ( 0.38) 71.53 sin( 0.38) 92.563 kN
116
Figure D12. Scheme of forces
7.2.1. Welded connection rafter with the end plate: (6.2.3(5))

The fillet weld should take the the bending moment equal to the bending plastic capacity - rafter. The fillet weld
around flange with thickens: af 11mm,
t fb bb fy
N M0 tfb fy
= = =
af l af bb af M0
Figure D13. Fillet welds
117
tfb fy 21 235
224.318 N/mm2 (4.5.3.2)
2af M0 2 11
The weld the upper side of rafter: w 0.8 (Tab 4.1)
0.38
2 2
sin 224.318 sin 185.749 N/mm2
2 2
fu

360
185.749 N/mm2 < 0.9 0.9 259.2 N/mm2
M2 1.25
0.38
2 2
cos 224.318 cos 125.762 N/mm2 and II 0
2 2
3 II 185.749 3 125.762 0 286.27 N/mm2 <
2 2 2 2 2 2

fu 360
360 N/mm2 (4.1)
w M2 0.8 1.25
The capacity of the upper weld is fulfil.
The weld on the bottom side of rafter:

0.38
2 2
sin 224.318 sin 125.762 N/mm2
2 2
fu
125.762 N/mm2 < 0.9
360
0.9 259.2 N/mm2
M2 1.25
0.38
2 2
cos 224.318 cos 185.749 N/mm2 and II 0
2 2
3 II 125.762 3 185.749 0 345.433 N/mm2 <
2 2 2 2 2 2

fu 360
360 N/mm2 (4.1)
w M2 0.8 1.25
The capacity of the bottom weld is fulfil.
The weld connected the web:

t wb db fy
N M0 tw b fy
= = =
aw l aw db aw M0
The fillet weld with thickens on the both sides: aw 6mm,
twb fy 11.5 235
225.208 N/mm2 (4.5.3.2)
2aw M0 2 6
VEd 1000

225.208
159.246 N/mm2 and and II 19.388 N/mm2
2 2 aw d b
118
fu

360
159.246 N/mm2 < 0.9 0.9 259.2 N/mm2 (4.1)
M2 1.25

2 2
3 II 159.246 3 159.246 19.388 320.258 N/mm2 <
2 2 2 2
fu 360
360 N/mm2(4.1)
w M2 0.8 1.25
The capacity of web welds if fulfil.
The connection of the rafter bolted connection in the apex:

M jRd = h r FtrRd (6.25)
h r- The distance between the bolt array and to the centre of compression
FtrRd- The effective design capacity under bending.
h1 505.6 mm, h2 365.6 mm
The capacity of compression zone. Web and flange in compression zone:(6.2.6.7, 6.21)
M cRd
FcfbRd= , h- the depth of the connected beam, tfb-the flange thickness
h t fb
M cRd - the design moment resistance of the beam cross-section, reduced if necessary to allow for shear.
fy 3 235 5
M cRd W elyb 2.896 10 6.806 10 kNmm (PN-EN 1993-1-1 6.14)
M0 1
hb 440
h 473.89 mm,
cos ( ) cos ( 0.38)
McRd 5
6.806 10 3
FcfbRd 1.503 10 kN, (PN-EN 1993-1-8 (6.21)
h tfb 473.89 21
The capacity of tensile zone:

The first array of bolts:
End-plate in bending: (6.2.6.5)
af 11
z2 13.284 mm (the length of the weld - picture D.13)

0.38

2 2
cos cos
2 2
ex 40mm, emin ex,
mx d1 ex 0.8 z2 100 40 0.8 13.284 49.373 mm
The effective lengths for an end-plate (circular patterns, the bolt row considered outside of the tensile beam
flange) (Tab.6.6)
x1 2 mx 2 49.373 310.218 mm
x2 mx w 49.373 150 305.109 mm
x3 mx 2 e 49.373 2 75 305.109 mm

leffcp min x1x2x3 305.109 mm
Effective lengths, non-circular patterns (the bolt row considered outside of the tensile beam flange)
x1 4 mx 1.25 ex 4 49.373 1.25 40mm
x2 e 2 mx 0.625 ex 75 2 49.373 0.625 40 198.746 mm
119
x3 0.5 bep 0.5 300 150 mm

x4 0.5 w 2 mx 0.625 ex 0.5 150 2 49.373 0.625 40 198.746 mm

leffnc min x1x2x3x4 150 mm
Model 1, Design Resistance FTRd of a T-stub flange: (Tab.6.2)

leff1 min leffcpleffnc 150 mm
2
fy 6
M pl1Rd 0.25 leff1 t p 5.076 10 Nmm
M0
4 Mpl1Rd 4 5.076 10
6
5
FT1Rd 4.112 10 N
mx 49.373
FT1Rd
FT1Rd 411.239 kN
1000

leff2 leffnc 150 mm
2
fy 6
M0
n emin 40 mm < 1.25 mx 61.716 mm
The resistance of bolt to tension: k2 0.9
k2 fub As 3
0.9 1 10 353 5
FtRd 2.542 10 N (Tab.3.4)
M2 1.25
Punching shear resistance:
fu 360 5
BpRd 0.6 d m tp 0.6 38.8 24 5.055 10 N
M2 1.25
5
Take the FtRd 2.542 10 N, like the smaller value
2 Mpl2Rd 2n FtRd 6
2 5.076 10 2 40 2.542 10
5
5
FT2Rd 3.411 10 N
mx n 49.373 40
FT2Rd
FT2Rd 341.097 kN (Tab.6.2)
1000
Model 3 - (Table 6.2)
5
FT3Rd 2 FtRd 5.083 10 N,
FT3Rd
FT3Rd 508.32 kN
1000
The design resistance of end-plate

Ft1epRd min FT1RdFT2RdFT3Rd min( 411.239341.097508.32) 341.097 kN
The capacity of I row of bolt:
Ft1Rd Ft1epRd 341.097 kN
Check the conditions restraint the capacity: (6.2.7.2(7))
3
FtRd Ft1Rd 341.097 kN < FcfbRd 1.503 10 kN
The capacity of first row don't demand reduction.
120
The second row of bolts:

End-plate in bending (6.2.6.5)
w t wb 2 0.8 2 aw 150 11.5 2 0.8 2 6
m 62.462 mm
2 2
emin e 75 mm
Effective lengths, circular patterns (I row bolts inside beam)
leffcp 2 m 2 62.462 392.459 mm
Effective lengths, non-circular patterns (I row bolts inside beam)
leffnc m 23.766 mm
af 11
z1 19.62 mm
0.38
2 2
cos cos
2 2
tfb 21
m2 ex d2 d1 0.8 z1 40 140 100 0.8 19.62 41.686 mm (Fig.6.11)
cos ( ) cos ( 0.38)
m 62.462
1 0.454
m e 62.462 75
m2 41.686
2 0.303 -> 6.65
m e 62.462 75
leffnc m 6.65 62.462 415.371 mm

leff1 min leffcpleffnc 392.459 392.459 mm
2
fy 2 235 7
M pl1Rd 0.25 leff1 tp 0.25 392.459 24 1.328 10 Nmm
M0 1
4 M pl1Rd 4 1.328 10
7
5
FT1Rd 8.505 10 N
m 62.462
FT1Rd
FT1Rd 850.492 kN
1000

leff2 leffnc 415.371 mm
2
fy 7
M0
n emin 75 mm < 1.25 m 1.25 62.462 78.077 mm

k2 fub As 3
0.9 1 10 353 5
FtRd 2.542 10 N (Tab.3.4)
M2 1.25
2M pl2Rd 2n FtRd 7
2 1.406 10 2 75 2.542 10
5
5
FT2Rd 4.819 10 N
m n 62.462 75
FT2Rd
FT2Rd 481.852 kN
1000
121

5
FT3Rd 2 FtRd 5.083 10 N,
FT3Rd
FT3Rd 508.32 kN
1000
The capacity of end-plate:

Beam web in tension: (6.2.6.8)

beffw b min leffcpleffnc min( 392.459415.371) 392.459 mm
fy 235 6
Ft2w bRd b effw b twb 392.459 11.5 1.061 10 N
M0 1
Ft2w bRd 3
Ft2w bRd 1.061 10 kN
1000
The capacity the second row of bolts:

Ft2Rd min Ft2epRd Ft2wbRd min 481.8521.061

10
3 481.852 kN
Check the condition of restrict the capacity:
3
FtRd Ft1Rd Ft2Rd 341.097 481.852 822.95 kN < FcfbRd 1.503 10
The capacity of second row of bolts, dont need reduction. (NA.5 and 6.2.7.2.(7))
Check the capacity of connection during bending:

5
MjRd h1 Ft1Rd h2 Ft2Rd 505.6 341.097 365.6 481.852 3.486 10 Nm (6.25)
M jRd
M jRd 348.624 kNm
1000
The crucial condition of capacity of node:
M Ed 156.243
0.448 <1.0, the condition was met.(6.23)
M jRd 348.624
The methods for determining the design moment resistance of a joint MjRd do not take account of any co-exist-
ing axial force NEd in the connected member. They should not be used if the axial force in the connected mem-
ber exceeds 5% of the design elastic resistance NplRd of its cross-section 6.2.7.1(2)
N N 71.083 kN - the axial force in the beam
1
fy 1 235
0.05 NplRd 0.05 A b 10 0.05 178 10 209.15 kN > N 71.083 kN
M0
1
So we don't have to check the condition (6.24 from PN-EN 1993-1-8)
Check the capacity during the shear:
VEd VEd 40.017 kN
The design resistance of a group of fasteners may be taken as the sum of the design bearing resistances F bRd of
the individual fasteners provided that the design shear resistance FvRd of each individual fastener is greater than
or equal to the design bearing resistance FbRd. Otherwise the design resistance of a group of fasteners should be
taken as the number of fasteners multiplied by the smallest design resistance of any of the individual fasteners.
The shear force carry the screws in the compression zone.
3 5
FpC 0.7 fub As 0.7 1 10 353 2.471 10 N (3.7)
122
FpC
FpC 247.1 kN, the class of friction surface: C -> 0.3, ks 1.0, M3 1.25, n 1
1000
Design slip resistance :(3.6)
ks n 1 0.3
FsRd FpC 247.1 59.304 kN
M3 1.25
The capacity condition:
VEd 40.017 kN < 4 FsRd 237.216 kN
The condition was meet.
Rotational stiffness of node:

Provided that the axial force NEdin the connected member does not exceed 5% of the design resistance NplRd of
its cross-section, the rotational stiffness Sj of a beam to column joint or beam splice for a moment Mjd less than
the design moment resistance M.jRd of the joint, may be obtained with the sufficient accuracy from: (6.27)
2
Ez
Sj =

ki
1

i
Figure D14. Mechanical model of connection
The effective stiffness coefficient:

The first row of bolts: - The end-plate in bending

leff min leffcpleffnc min( 305.109150) 150 mm, m mx 49.373 mm
Bending the end-plate
3
0.9 leff tp 0.9 150 24
3
k5 15.506 mm Tab. 6.11
3 3
m 49.373
Single bolt row in tension - tension bolt:
tnb thb 19 15
Lb 2 tp 2 twa 2 24 2 4 73 mm
2 2
1.6 A s 1.6 353
k10 7.737 mm
Lb 73
123
Figure D15. Lb length
The effective stiffness coefficient keff1 1-row of bolts

1 1
keff1 3.873 mm (6.30)
1 1 1 1 1 1

k5 k10 k5 15.506 7.737 15.506
The second row of bolts :( end-plate in bending)
w t wb 2 0.8 2 aw 150 11.5 2 0.8 2 6
m 62.462 mm
2 2
leffcp 2 m 2 62.462 392.459 mm
leff leffcp 392.459 mm,
End plate in bending (for a single bolt-row in tension)
3
0.9 leff tp 0.9 392.459 24
3
k5 20.037 mm (Tab. 6.11)
3 3
m 62.462
Bolts in tension (for a single bolt row in tension): like in row 1
1.6 A s 1.6 353
k10 7.737 mm
Lb 73
The effective stiffness coefficient keff2 2-row of bolts
1 1
keff2 4.366 mm (6.30)
1 1 1 1 1 1

k5 k10 k5 20.037 7.737 20.037
The replacement coefficient of stiffness, the equivalent lever arm z eq should be determined:
2 2
keff1 h1 keff2 h2 2
3.873 505.6 4.366 365.6
2
zeq 442.728 mm (6.31)
keff1 h1 keff2 h2 3.873 505.6 4.366 365.6
The single equivalent stiffness coefficient:
keff1 h 1 keff2 h 2 3.873 505.6 4.366 365.6
keq 8.027 mm (6.29)
zeq 442.728
124
The rotational stiffness:

2
E zeq 5
2.1 10 442.728
2
11
Sjini 3.304 10 Nmm/rad (6.27, Tab. 6.10)
1 1
keq 8.027
Sjini 5
s jini 3.304 10 kNm/rad
6
10
Classification boundaries: according to 5.2.2.5(1) kb 25,
Lb 12170mm- is the span of a be7am (centre to centre of columns),
Ib- The second moment of area of a beam
Lc 4780mm - is the storey height of a column
2 2
11 kb E Iyb 10 5 4
25 2.1 10 6.37 10 10 5
Sjini 3.304 10 kNm/rad > 2.748 10 kN*m/rad
Lb 4
1.217 10
4
Iyb 10 4
6.37 10 10
4
4
Kb 5.234 10 mm3
Lb 4
1.217 10
4
Iyc 10 4
5.77 10 10
4
5
Kc 1.207 10 mm3
Lc 3
4.78 10
Kb
0.434 >0.1 - the joints should be classified as rigid.
Kc
7.3. The connection of rafter in eaves zine with the column:
Figure D16. Eaves - detail
125
Data:
Rafter HEA 450, Column HEB 400,
Screws: M24 class 10.9 d 24mm, A s 353mm2, d m 38.8mm, fyb 900MPa, fub 1000MPa
The end-plate(non-rigid): tp 25mm, w 150mm, e 75mm, b ep 300mm , ex 40mm, d1 90mm,
d 2 135mm, d 3 130mm, d4 90mm, d 5 948mm, ex 40mm, p 100mm, p 2 579mm, h 1 1019
mm, h 2 884mm, h 3 784mm, ts 21mm
The connection class E, steel: S235, fy 235MPA, fu 360MPa (t<40mm),
The partial coefficient: M0 1, M2 1.25
The load attempt in the connection:

M 543.585kNm N 173.451kN, V 92.564kN
The internal force: MEd M 543.585 kNm,
Reduction to the centre of gravity the connection: z 0.205m
21.8
0.38 0.38 rad
180
VEd V cos ( ) ( N sin( ) ) ( 92.564) cos ( 0.38) 173.451 sin( 0.38) 150.358 kN
NEd N cos ( ) V sin( ) 173.451 cos ( 0.38) 92.564 sin( 0.38) 126.672 kN
MEd M NEd z 543.585 126.672 0.205 569.553 kNm
Figure D17. Forces in connection
Welded connection- rafter with the end-plate:

I take into account the fillet welds on both sides with thickness: af 11 mm, and the fillet welds on both sides
connected the web with the end-plate with the thickness aw 6 mm, like in the apex connection.
The capacity screw connection rafter with the column:
r - The distance between screw rows to centre of compression
FtrRd- The effective design capacity the row screws
126
The capacity the compression zone:

The flange and web in the compression zone. McRd - the design capacity
under the bending beam with the haunches. The moment of inertia cross
section with the haunches with omitted the intervening flange:

964 21 ( 964 2 21) 11 3.52 109 mm4
2 3
Iy 2 300 21 2
12
The cross-section modulus:
2 9 2 6
W ely Iy 3.52 10 7.302 10 mm3
964 964
fy 6 235 9
M cRd W ely 7.302 10 1.716 10 Nmm (PN-
M0 1
EN 1993-1-1 (6.14))
h 992mm
McRd 6 6
FcfbRd 1.82 10 1.82 10 N (PN-EN 1993-1-8
964 21
(6.21))
FcfbRd 3
FcfbRd 1.82 10 kN
1000
The height of beam and haunches exceed 600 mm, so the interest of web in
the capacity, we have to restrict about 20%. (6.2.6.7(1))
Figure D18. Cross-section B-B
1 tfb b b fy 1 21 300 235 6
Fcfb1Rd 1.851 10 N
0.8 M0 0.8 1
Fcfb1Rd 3
Fcfb1Rd 1.851 10 kN
1000
The capacity of flange and haunches web is smallest of two values:

FcfbRd min FcfbRdFcfb1Rd min 1.82 10 1.851 10
3 1.82 103
3
Column web in transverse compression:

The web have ribs on both sides: ts 21 mm, bs 143.24mm (6.2.6.2)
The capacity web with ribs according to PN-EN 1993-1-5. I take into account the working zone of web in both
size with the width 15 tw c. Steel S235, 1.0
The area of cross section of the rib with the working area of web (PN-EN 1993-1-5).
2 2 4
As1 2 bs ts 2 15 twc 2 143.24 21 2 15 1 13.5 1.148 10 mm2
Class of cross section the rib:
c bs 143.24
6.821 < 9 9 - First Class
t ts 21
Because of the low height of rib: hc 2 tfc 400 2 24 352 mm, the buckling will be omitted.
As1 fy 1.148 10 235

4
6
FcwcRd 2.699 10 N,
M0 1
FcwcRd 3
FcwcRd 2.699 10 kN
1000
127
The capacity of tensile zone:

Calculate the single row of screws: the First row of screws: (PN-EN 1993-1-8)
Column flange in transverse bending: (6.2.6.4)
w 2 0.8 rc twc 150 2 0.8 27 13.5
m 46.65 mm
2 2
emin e 75 mm, e1 ex 40 mm
The effective length for a stiffened column flange: circular patterns (Tab. 6.5)
x1 2 m 2 46.65 293.111 mm
x2 m 2 e1 46.65 2 40 226.555 mm

leffcp min x1x2 226.555 226.555 mm
The Effective lengths for a stiffened column flange: non-circular patterns:

Take the weld with the width af 11 mm installed the ribs to column flange.
m2 d 4 ex 0.8 af 2 90 40 0.8 11 2 37.555 mm (fig. 6.11)
m 46.65
1 0.383
m e 46.65 75
m2 37.555
2 0.309 -> 7.0
m e 46.65 75
leffnc e1 m ( 2 m 0.625 e) 40 7 46.65 ( 2 46.65 0.625 75) 226.375 mm
Model 1: (Tab. 6.2)

leff1 min leffcpleffnc min( 226.555226.375) 226.375 mm
2
fy 2 235 6
M pl1Rd 0.25 leff1 tfc 0.25 226.375 24 7.661 10 Nmm
M0 1
4 M pl1Rd 4 7.661 10
6
5
FT1Rd 6.569 10 N
m 46.65
FT1Rd
FT1Rd 656.851 kN
1000
Model 2:
6 6
Mpl2Rd Mpl1Rd 7.661 10 7.661 10 Nmm
n emin 75 mm, but n< 1.25 m 1.25 46.65 58.313 mm -> n 58.0mm
The capacity of screw on the tensile: (Tab. 3.4)
k2 fub As 3
0.9 1 10 353 5
FtRd 2.542 10 N
M2 1.25
fu 360 5
BpRd 0.6 d m tp 0.6 38.8 25 5.266 10 N
M2 1.25
5
2 Mpl2Rd 2n FtRd 6
2 7.661 10 2 58 2.542 10
5
5
FT2Rd 4.281 10 N
m n 46.65 58
128
FT2Rd
FT2Rd 428.128 kN (Tab.6.2)
1000
Model 3 - (table 6.2)

5
FT3Rd 2 FtRd 5.083 10 N,
FT3Rd
FT3Rd 508.32 kN
1000
The design resistance of column flange:

Ft1fcRd min FT1RdFT2RdFT3Rd min( 656.851428.128508.32) 428.128 kN
Column web in transverse tension: (6.2.6.3)

befftw c min leffcpleffnc min( 226.555226.375) 226.375 mm
1 1
1.0, 0.896 (Tab. 6.3)
2 2
b efftw c twc 1 1.3 226.375 13.5
1 1.3 2
A 102 70.2 10
vc
b efftw c twc fy 0.896 226.375 13.5 235 5
Ft1w cRd 6.433 10 kN (6.15)
M0 1
Ft1w cRd
Ft1w cRd 643.289 kN
1000
The end-plate: (6.2.6.5)

The length of fillet weld fitting flange of rafter to steel plate at the top: z2 13.28mm
mx d1 ex 0.8 z2 90 40 0.8 13.28 39.376 mm (fig. 6.10)
emin ex 40 mm
The effective lengths for an end-plate (circular patterns, the bolt row considered outside of the tensile beam
flange) (Tab.6.6)
x1 2 mx 2 39.376 247.407 mm
x2 mx w 39.376 150 273.703 mm
x3 mx 2 e 39.376 2 75 273.703 mm

leffcp min x1x2x3 247.407 mm
Effective lengths, non-circular patterns (the bolt row considered outside of the tensile beam flange)
x1 4 mx 1.25 ex 4 39.376 1.25 40 207.504 mm
x2 e 2 mx 0.625 ex 75 2 39.376 0.625 40 178.752 mm
x3 0.5 bep 0.5 300 150 mm
x4 0.5 w 2 mx 0.625 ex 0.5 150 2 39.376 0.625 40 178.752 mm

leffnc min x1x2x3x4 150 mm
Model 1: (Tab.6.2)

leff1 min leffcpleffnc 150 mm
2
fy 2 235 6
M pl1Rd 0.25 leff1 tp 0.25 150 25 5.508 10 Nmm
M0 1
129
4 Mpl1Rd 4 5.508 10
6
5
FT1Rd 5.595 10 N
mx 39.376
FT1Rd
FT1Rd 559.51 kN
1000
leff2 leffnc 150 mm
2
fy 6
M0
n emin 40 mm < 1.25 mx 49.22 mm
k2 fub As 3
0.9 1 10 353 5
FtRd 2.542 10 N (Tab.3.4)
M2 1.25
fu 360 5
BpRd 0.6 d m tp 0.6 38.8 25 5.266 10 N
M2 1.25
5
2 Mpl2Rd 2n FtRd 6
2 5.508 10 2 40 2.542 10
5
5
FT2Rd 3.949 10 N
mx n 39.376 40
FT2Rd
FT2Rd 394.936 kN (Tab.6.2)
1000
Model 3 - (table 6.2)

5
FT3Rd 2 FtRd 5.083 10 N,
FT3Rd
FT3Rd 508.32 kN,
1000
The design resistance of end-plate,

The resistance of first row of screws:

Ft1Rd min Ft1fcRdFt1w cRdFt1epRd min( 428.128643.289394.936) 394.936 kN
Check the conditions restraint the capacity: (6.2.7.2(7))
3
3 3
FtRd Ft1Rd 394.936 kN < min FcwcRdFcfbRd explicitALL min 2.699 10 1.82 10 1.82 10 kN
Design resistance - column web panel in shear:
0.9 fy Avc 0.9 235 70.2
VwpRd 857.209 kN (6.7)
3 M0 10 3 10
VwpRd 857.209
FtRd Ft1Rd 394.936 kN < 857.209 kN
1
The load capacity the first screw dont need reduction
The second row of bolts:

End-plate in bending due to transversal interaction (6.2.6.4)
w twc 2 0.8 rc 150 13.5 2 0.8 27
m 46.65 mm (Fig. 6.8)
2 2
130
emin e 75 mm
Effective lengths, circular patterns (I row bolts inside beam)
leffcp 2 m 2 46.65 293.111 mm (Tab. 6.5)
Effective lengths, non-circular patterns (row of screws near to the rib)
m2 ex d 2 d 4 ts 0.8 af 2 40 135 90 21 0.8 11 2 51.555 mm (Rys. 6.51)
m 46.65
1 0.383
m e 46.65 75
m2 51.555
2 0.424 -> 6.64
m e 46.65 75
leffnc m 6.64 46.65 309.756 mm

2
fy 2 235 6
M0 1
4 M pl1Rd 4 9.919 10
6
5
FT1Rd 8.505 10 N
m 46.65
FT1Rd
FT1Rd 850.492 kN
1000
2
fy 7
M pl2Rd 0.25 leff2 t fc 1.048 10 Nmm
M0
n emin 75 mm < 1.25 m 1.25 46.65 58.313 mm, n 58mm

k2 fub As 3
0.9 1 10 353 5
FtRd 2.542 10 N (Tab.3.4)
M2 1.25
2M pl2Rd 2n FtRd 7
2 1.048 10 2 58 2.542 10
5
5
FT2Rd 4.821 10 N
m n 46.65 58
FT2Rd
FT2Rd 482.053 kN
1000
Model 3, Design Resistance FTRd of a T-stub flange : (Tab.6.2)
5
FT3Rd 2 FtRd 5.083 10 N,
FT3Rd
FT3Rd 508.32 kN
1000
The capacity of column flange:

Column web in transverse tension: (6.2.6.3)

131
1 1
1.0, 0.841 (Tab. 6.3)
2 2
b efftw c twc 1 1.3 293.111 13.5
1 1.3 2
A 102 70.2 10
vc
b efftw c twc fy 0.841 293.111 13.5 235 5
Ft2w cRd 7.823 10 N (6.15)
M0 1
Ft2w cRd
Ft2w cRd 782.267 kN
1000
w twb 2 0.8 2 aw 150 11.5 2 0.8 2 6
m 62.462 mm
2 2
emin e 75 mm
Effective lengths, circular patterns (I row bolts below the tensile flange) (Tab. 6.6)
leffcp 2 m 2 62.462 392.459 mm
Effective lengths, non-circular patterns (I row bolts below the tensile flange)

The width of the fillet weld z1 19.62 mm, 21.8 0.38 0.38
180
tfb 21
m2 ex d2 d1 0.8 z1 40 135 90 0.8 19.62 46.686 mm (Rys. 6.11)
cos ( ) cos ( 0.38)
m 62.462
1 0.454
m e 62.462 75
m2 46.686
2 0.34 -> 6.64
m e 62.462 75
leffnc m 6.64 62.462 414.746 mm

2
fy 2 235 7
M pl1Rd 0.25 leff1 tp 0.25 392.459 25 1.441 10 Nmm
M0 1
4 M pl1Rd 4 1.441 10
7
5
FT1Rd 9.228 10 N
m 62.462
FT1Rd
FT1Rd 922.843 kN
1000
Model 2, Design Resistance FTRd of a T-stub flange : (Tab.6.2)

leff2 leffnc 414.746 414.746 mm
2
fy 2 235 7
M pl2Rd 0.25 leff2 tp 0.25 414.746 25 1.523 10 Nmm
M0 1
n emin 75 mm < 1.25 m 1.25 62.462 78.077 mm

k2 fub As 0.9 1 10 353

3
5
FtRd 2.542 10 N (Tab.3.4)
M2 1.25
132
2M pl2Rd 2n FtRd 7
2 1.523 10 2 75 2.542 10
5
5
FT2Rd 4.989 10 N
m n 62.462 75
FT2Rd
FT2Rd 498.916 kN
1000

5
FT3Rd 2 FtRd 5.083 10 N,
FT3Rd
FT3Rd 508.32 kN
1000


befftw b min leffcpleffnc min( 392.459414.746) 392.459 mm
fy 235 6
Ft2w bRd b efftw b twb 392.459 11.5 1.061 10 N (6.22)
M0 1
Ft2w bRd 3
Ft2w bRd 1.061 10 kN
1000
The capacity of the second row of bolts:

Ft2Rd min Ft2fcRdFt2wcRdFt2epRd Ft2wbRd min 482.053782.267

498.9161.061 10 482.053 kN
3
Check the condition of restrict the capacity: (6.2.7.2(7))
FtRd Ft1Rd Ft2Rd 394.936 482.053 876.989 kN

FtRd 876.989 kN< min FcwcRdFcfbRd min 2.699 10 1.82 10 1.82 10 kN 3
3 3
The reduce capacity due to shear the web:

Where transverse web stiffeners are used in both the compression zone and the tension zone, the design plastic
shear resistance of the column web panel VwpRd may be increased by VwpaddRd:
ds- Is the distance between the centrelines of the stiffeners
ds d5 ts 948 21 969 mm
The design plastic moment resistance of a column flange:
2
fy 2 235 7
M plfcRd 0.25 b c tfc 0.25 300 24 1.015 10 Nmm
M0 1
The design plastic moment resistance of a stiffener:
2
fy 2 235 6
M plstRd 0.25 2 b s t s 0.25 2 143.24 21 7.422 10
M0 1
4 MplfcRd 4 1.015 10
7
4
VwpaddRd 4.191 10 N (6.8)
ds 969
4
2 MplfcRd 2 MplstRd 7
2 1.015 10 2 7.422 10
6
4
VwpaddRd 4.191 10 N < 3.627 10 N
ds 969
VwpaddRd 38305.2N
2
0.9 fy A vc 10 0.9 235 70.2 10
2
4 5
VwpRd VwpaddRd 3.831 10 8.955 10 N
3 M0 3
133
VwpRd
VwpRd 895.514 kN
1000
VwpRd 895.514
FtRd 876.989 kN < 895.514 kN,
1
The capacity the second row of screw don't demand reduction.
The third row of screw:

Column flange in transverse bending: (6.2.6.4)
w 0.8 rc 2 twc 150 0.8 27 2 13.5
m 46.65 mm (Fig. 6.8)
2 2
emin e 75 mm
The effective length for a stiffened column flange:
Circular patterns, other inner row of screw (Tab. 6.5)
leffcp 2 m 2 46.65 293.111 mm
The Effective lengths for a stiffened column flange:
Non-circular patterns, other inner row of screw:
leffnc 4 m 1.25 e 4 46.65 1.25 75 280.35 mm
Model 1: (Tab. 6.2)

leff1 min leffcpleffnc min( 293.111280.35) 280.35 mm
2
fy 2 235 6
M pl1Rd 0.25 leff1 t fc 0.25 280.35 24 9.487 10 Nmm
M0 1
4 M pl1Rd 4 9.487 10
6
5
FT1Rd 8.135 10 N
m 46.65
FT1Rd
FT1Rd 813.466 kN
1000
Model 2:
6 6
Mpl2Rd Mpl1Rd 9.487 10 9.487 10 Nmm
n emin 75 mm, but n< 1.25 m 1.25 46.65 58.313 mm -> n 58.0mm
The capacity of screw on the tensile: (Tab. 3.4)
k2 fub As 3
0.9 1 10 353 5
FtRd 2.542 10 N
M2 1.25
2 M pl2Rd 2n FtRd 6 5
2 9.487 10 2 58 2.542 10 5
FT2Rd 4.63 10 N
m n 46.65 58
FT2Rd
FT2Rd 463.035 kN
1000
Model 3 - (Tab 6.2)
5
FT3Rd 2 FtRd 5.083 10 N,
FT3Rd
FT3Rd 508.32 kN
1000
The design resistance of column flange:

134
Column web in transverse tension: (6.2.6.3):

befftw c min leffcpleffnc min( 293.111280.35
) 280.35 mm
1 1
1.0, 0.852 (Tab. 6.3)
2 2
befftwc twc 1 1.3 280.35 13.5
1 1.3 2
A 102 70.2 10
vc
b efftw c t wc fy 0.852 280.35 13.5 235 5
Ft3w cRd 7.577 10 N (6.15)
M0 1
Ft3w cRd
Ft3w cRd 757.702 kN
1000

w t wb 2 0.8 2 aw 150 11.5 2 0.8 2 6
m 62.462 mm
2 2
emin e 75 mm
Effective lengths, circular patterns (other inner row of screws) (Tab. 6.6)
leffcp 2 m 2 62.462 392.459 mm
Effective lengths, non-circular patterns (other inner row of screws)
leffnc 4 m 1.25 e 4 62.462 1.25 75 343.597 mm

2
fy 2 235 7
M pl1Rd 0.25 leff1 tp 0.25 343.597 25 1.262 10 Nmm
M0 1
4 M pl1Rd 4 1.262 10
7
5
FT1Rd 8.079 10 N
m 62.462
FT1Rd
FT1Rd 807.947 kN
1000

leff2 leffnc 343.597 343.597 mm
2
fy 2 235 7
M pl2Rd 0.25 leff2 tp 0.25 343.597 25 1.262 10 Nmm
M0 1
n emin 75 mm < 1.25 m 1.25 62.462 78.077 mm

k2 fub As 0.9 1 10 353

3
5
FtRd 2.542 10 N (Tab.3.4)
M2 1.25
2M pl2Rd 2n FtRd 7
2 1.262 10 2 75 2.542 10
5
5
FT2Rd 4.609 10 N
m n 62.462 75
FT2Rd
FT2Rd 460.906 kN
1000
135
5
FT3Rd 2 FtRd 5.083 10 N,
FT3Rd
FT3Rd 508.32 kN
1000


fy 235 5
M0 1
Ft3w bRd
Ft3w bRd 928.571 kN
1000
The capacity of the third row of screws:

Ft3Rd min Ft3fcRdFt3w cRdFt3epRd Ft3w bRd min( 463.035757.702
460.906928.571) 460.906 kN
Check the condition of restrict the capacity: (6.2.7.2(7))
3
FtRd Ft1Rd Ft2Rd Ft3Rd 394.936 482.053 460.906 1.338 10 kN

FtRd < min FcwcRdFcfbRd min 2.699 10 1.82 10 1.82 10 kN
3
3 3

4
VwpaddRd 3.831 10 N (6.8)
2
0.9 fy A vc 10 2
0.9 235 70.2 10 4 5
3 M0 3
VwpRd
VwpRd 895.514 kN
1000
3
VwpRd 895.514
FtRd 1.338 10 kN >
895.514 kN,
1
The capacity the third row of screw demand reduction.
VwpRd
Ft3Rd

Ft1Rd Ft2Rd
895.514
1
( 394.936 482.053) 18.526 kN
Calculation of load capacity of rows of screws treated as a group of ranks, a number of screws number 1 cannot
be considered as a part of the series. Their capacity Ft1Rd 394.936 kN, like in the single row.
Group of row screws number 2 and 3:
The column flange in bending:
The second row of screws: m 46.65mm, emin e 75 mm (6.2.6.4)
Effective lengths, circular patterns (row of screws near the ribs) (Tab. 6.5)
leffep m p 46.65 100 246.555 mm
Effective lengths, non-circular patterns (row of screws near the ribs) 6.64
leffnc1 0.5 p m ( 2 m 0.625 e) 0.5 100 6.64 46.65 ( 2 46.65 0.625 75) 219.581 mm
The third row of screws:
Effective lengths, circular patterns (row of screws other row)
leffcp m p 46.65 100 246.555 mm
Effective lengths, non-circular patterns (row of screws other row)
136
leffnc2 2 m 0.625 e 0.5 p 2 46.65 0.625 75 0.5 100 190.175 mm

leffcp leffcp 2 493.111 mm
leffnc leffnc1 leffnc2 409.756 mm
Model 1: (Tab. 6.2)

leff1 min leffcpleffnc 409.756 mm
2
fy 2 235 7
M0 1
4 M pl1Rd 4 1.387 10
7
6
FT1Rd 1.189 10 N
m 46.65
FT1Rd 3
FT1Rd 1.189 10 kN
1000

2
fy 2 235 7
M0 1
n emin 75 mm < 1.25 m 1.25 46.65 58.313 mm, n 58mm
k2 fub As 3
0.9 1 10 353 5
FtRd 2.542 10 N (Tab.3.4)
M2 1.25
2M pl2Rd 4n FtRd 7
2 1.387 10 4 58 2.542 10
5
5
FT2Rd 8.285 10 N
m n 46.65 58
FT2Rd
FT2Rd 828.451 828.451 kN
1000
Model 3: (Tab.6.2)
6
FT3Rd 4 FtRd 1.017 10 N,
FT3Rd 3
FT3Rd 1.017 10 kN
1000
The capacity of the column flange:

Ft23fcRd min FT1RdFT2RdFT3Rd min 1.189 10 828.4511.017 10
3 828.451 kN
3
Column web in transverse tension :( 6.2.6.3):

1 1
1.0, 0.744 (Tab. 6.3)
2 2
b efftw c twc 1 1.3 409.756 13.5
1 1.3 2
A 102 70.2 10
vc
b efftw c t wc fy 0.744 409.756 13.5 235 5
Ft23w cRd 9.67 10 N (6.15)
M0 1
Ft23w cRd
Ft23w cRd 966.991 kN
1000
137

w twb 2 0.8 2 aw 150 11.5 2 0.8 2 6
m 62.462 mm
2 2
emin e 75 mm
Second row:
Effective lengths, circular patterns (1st row below the tensile flange) (Tab. 6.6)
leffcp m p 62.462 100 296.229 mm
Effective lengths, non-circular patterns (1st row below the tensile flange) 6.64
leffnc1 0.5 p m ( 2 m 0.625 e) 0.5 100 6.64 62.462 ( 2 62.462 0.625 75) 292.948 mm
Third row:
Effective lengths, circular patterns (other rows of screws) (Tab. 6.6)
leffcp m p 62.462 100 296.229 mm
Effective lengths, non-circular patterns (other row of screws) 6.64mm
leffcp leffcp 2 592.459 mm
leffnc leffnc1 leffnc2 292.948 190.175 483.123 mm
Model 1: (Tab. 6.2)

leff1 min leffcpleffnc 483.123 mm
2
fy 2 235 7
M pl1Rd 0.25 leff1 tp 0.25 483.123 25 1.774 10 Nmm
M0 1
4 M pl1Rd 4 1.774 10
7
6
FT1Rd 1.136 10 N
m 62.462
FT1Rd 3
FT1Rd 1.136 10 kN
1000
2
fy 2 235 7
M pl2Rd 0.25 leff2 tp 0.25 483.123 25 1.774 10 Nmm
M0 1
n emin 75 mm < 1.25 m 1.25 62.462 78.077 mm,

k2 fub As 3
0.9 1 10 353 5
FtRd 2.542 10 N (Tab.3.4)
M2 1.25
2M pl2Rd 4n FtRd 7
2 1.774 10 4 75 2.542 10
5
5
FT2Rd 8.128 10 N
m n 62.462 75
FT2Rd
FT2Rd 812.788 kN
1000
Model 3: (Tab.6.2)
6 6
FT3Rd 4 FtRd 1.017 10 1.017 10 N,
FT3Rd 3
FT3Rd 1.017 10 kN
1000
The capacity of the column flange:
138

Ft23epRd min FT1RdFT2RdFT3Rd min 1.136 10 812.7881.017 10 3 3 812.788 kN
Beam web in tension: (6.2.6.8):

fy 235 6
M0 1
Ft23w bRd 3
Ft23w bRd 1.306 10 kN
1000
The resistance of row of screws number 2 and 3:

Ft23Rd min Ft23fcRdFt23wcRdFt23epRd Ft23wbRd min 828.451966.991

812.7881.306 10
3 812.788 kN
Check the condition restrict the capacity: (6.2.7.2(7))
3
FtRd Ft1Rd Ft23Rd 394.936 812.788 1.208 10 kN <

min FcwcRdFcfbRd min 2.699 10 1.82 10
3 3 1.82 103 kN
4
VwpaddRd 3.831 10 N
2
0.9 fy A vc 10 2
0.9 235 70.2 10 4 5
3 M0 3
VwpRd
VwpRd 895.514 kN
1000
3
VwpRd 895.514
FtRd 1.208 10 kN >
895.514 kN (6.8)
1
The capacity the third row of screw demand reduction.
VwpRd
Ft3Rd

Ft1Rd Ft2Rd
895.514
1

( 394.936 482.053) 18.526 kN
Calculation of load capacity of 2 and 3 rows of screws can't cross this value:
VwpRd 895.514
Ft23Rd< Ft1Rd 394.936 500.579 kN so Ft23Rd 612.29kN
1
Ft2Rd Ft3Rd< Ft23Rd
Ft3Rd Ft23Rd Ft2Rd 612.29 482.053 130.237 kN
Finally:
3
Ft1Rd 394.936 kN, h1 1.019 10 mm
Ft2Rd 482.053 kN, h 2 884 mm
Ft3Rd 130.237 kN, h 3 784 mm
The condition 6.26 according to NA.5 can be omitted. The design moment resistance MjRd of a beam-to-column
with a bolted end-plate connection:
MjRd Ft1Rd h1 Ft2Rd h2 Ft3Rd h3
3 5
MjRd 394.936 1.019 10 482.053 884 130.237 784 9.307 10 kNmm (6.25)
MjRd
MjRd 930.68 kNm
1000
The condition of node capacity:
139
M Ed 569.553
0.612 <1.0
M jRd 930.68
The condition was meet
The axial NEd 173.451kN in the connected member don't exceed 5% of the design plastic resistance NplRd :
(6.2.7.1(2))
A b fy 0.1 178 235 0.1
0.05 NplRd 0.05 0.05 209.15 kN
M0 1
So we don't have to check the condition 6.24 PN-EN 1993-1-8
Group of fasteners:
The design resistance of a group of fasteners may be taken as the sum of the design bearing resistances F bRd of
the individual fasteners provided that the design shear resistance FvRd of each individual fastener is greater than
or equal to the design bearing resistance FbRd. Otherwise the design resistance of a group of fasteners should be
taken as the number of fasteners multiplied by the smallest design resistance of any of the individual fasteners.
The shear force carry the screws in the compression zone.
3 5
FpC 0.7 fub As 0.7 1 10 353 2.471 10 N (3.7)
FpC
FpC 247.1 kN,
1000
the class of friction surface: C -> 0.3, ks 1.0, M3 1.25, n 1
Design slip resistance :(3.6)
ks n 1 0.3
FsRd FpC 247.1 59.304 kN
M3 1.25
The capacity condition:
VEd 150.358 kN < 4 FsRd 237.216 kN
The condition was meet.

The effective coefficient of stiffness:
z - Is the lever arm from figure 6.15
- is the transformation parameter from 5.3(7) 1.0
h1 h2 1.019 10 884
3
z 951.5 mm
2 2
2
0.38 Avc 10 0.38 70.2 10
2
k1 2.804 mm
z 1 951.5
k2 , column web in compression
The first row of screws:
k3 , column web in tension
The bending of column flange:
leffc p 225.8 mm, leffnc 215.8mm

leff min leffcpleffnc min( 225.8215.8) 215.8 mm m 46.65mm
3
0.9 leff tfc 0.9 215.8 24
3
k4 26.447 mm
3 3
m 46.65
The bending of end-plate
leff 150 mm, m mx 39.376 mm
140
3
0.9 leff tp 0.9 150 25
3
k5 34.551 mm
3 3
m 39.376
The tensile of screws:
tnb thb 19 15
Lb tfc tp 2 twa 24 25 2 4 74 mm
2 2
1.6 A s 1.6 353
k10 7.632 mm
Lb 74
The effective stiffness coefficient keff1
1 1
keff1 5.056 mm (6.30)
1 1 1 1 1 1

k4 k5 k10 26.447 34.551 7.632
The second row of screws:
The bending of column flange :(Tab 6.11)
leff min( 291.5235.8352.6258) min( 291.5235.8352.6258) 235.8 mm,
m 46.65mm
3
0.9 leff tfc 0.9 235.8 24
3
k4 28.898 mm
3 3
m 46.65
Bending of the end-plate:
leff min( 390.8285.4429.2329.9) min( 390.8285.4429.2329.9) 285.4 mm
m 62.46mm,
3
0.9 leff tp 0.9 285.4 25
3
k5 16.471 mm
3 3
m 62.46
k10 7.632 mm like in first row
1 1
keff2 4.418 mm (6.30)
1 1 1 1 1 1

k4 k5 k10 28.898 16.471 7.632
The third row of screws:

The bending of column flange: (Tab 6.11)
leff min( 291.5235.8279.4184.7) min( 291.5235.8279.4184.7) 184.7 mm,
m 46.65mm
3
0.9 leff tfc 0.9 184.7 24
3
k4 22.635 mm
3 3
m 46.65
Bending the end-plate:
leff min( 390.8285.4342.6216.3) min( 390.8285.4342.6216.3) 216.3 mm
m 62.46mm,
3
0.9 leff tp 0.9 216.3 25
3
k5 12.483 mm
3 3
m 62.46
141
k10 7.632 mm like in first row

1 1
keff3 3.917 mm (6.30)
1 1 1 1 1 1

k4 k5 k10 22.635 12.483 7.632
The replacement coefficient of stiffness:
The equivalent lever arm zeq should be determined: (6.31)
zeq
2
keff1 h 1 keff2 h 2 keff3 h 3
2 2

5.056 1.019 10
3 2 4.418 8842 3.917 7842 916.03 mm
keff1 h 1 keff2 h 2 keff3 h 3 3
5.056 1.019 10 4.418 884 3.917 784
The single equivalent stiffness coefficient:
keff1 h1 keff2 h2 keff3 h3 3
5.056 1.019 10 4.418 884 3.917 784
keq 13.241 mm (6.29)
zeq 916.03
2 5 2
Ez 2.1 10 951.5 11
Sjini 4.399 10 Nmm/rad (6.27, Tab. 6.10)
1 1 1 1

keq k1 13.241 2.804
Sjini 5
Sjini 4.399 10 KNm/rad
6
10
Classification boundaries: (5.2.2.5)
Lb 12170mm - is the span of a bam (centre to centre of columns),
Ib- The second moment of area of a beam
2 2
5
kb E Iyb 10 5 4
25 2.1 10 6.37 10 10 5
Sjini 4.399 10 kNm/rad > 2.748 10 kN*m/rad
Lb 4
1.217 10
4
Iyb 10 6.37 10 10
4 4
4
Kb 5.234 10 mm3
Lb 4
1.217 10
4
Iyc 10 5.77 10 10
4 4
5
Kc 1.207 10 mm3
Lc 3
4.78 10
Kb
0.434 >0.1 - the joints should be classified as rigid.
Kc
142
Appendix E
APPENDIX E: CONCRETE WALL
Geometric parameters and taking of structural positions
Figure E1. Geometry of tank [cm]
Exposure classes related to environmental conditions: XD2 (for wet, rarely dry envi-
ronment), concrete surface exposed to industrial waters containing chlorides. According to
Table 4.1 of standards [S2.].
Strength parameters of structural materials

Class of concrete: C30/37 According to Table E.1N of standards [S2.]
Class of reinforcing steel: B500SP and C ductility class
Strength parameters of concrete:
Characteristic compressive cylinder strength: = 30,0 MPa
Value of concrete compressive strength: = 21,4 MPa
30,00
( = = 1,0 = 21,4 )
1,4
Mean value of concrete cylinder compressive strength: = 38,0
Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete: = 2,9
Characteristic value of tensile strength of concrete: ,0,05 = 2,0
Design value of tensile strength of concrete: = 1,4
143
,0,05 2,0
( = = 1,0 = 1,4 )
1,4
Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete: = 32
Strength parameters of reinforcing steel:

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement: = 500,0
Design yield strength of reinforcement: = 435,0
500,0
( = = = 435,0 )
1,15
Value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel: = 200
For assumed materials, basing on strain distribution, there were calculated: , , ,

and 0,
3
= = , for 50 ; 3 = 0,0035
3+
435
= = = 0,002175
200 000
0,0035
= 0,8 = 0,4934
0,0035 + 0,002175

= = 1 0,5 = 1 0,5 0,4934 = 0,7533

0, = = 0,4934 0,7533 = 0,372
Taking of concrete cover

Nominal cover: = +
,
, + , , ,
= { 10
,
, = 40 - According to Table 4.4N of standards [S2.]
20 mm
= {40 mm = 40 mm
10 mm
= + = 40 + 10 = 50 mm
CONCRETE WALL OF TANK

Geometric parameters
The thickness of wall was taken as: = 0,30
144
Effective depth of cross-section

1 1
1 = + = 50 + 16 = 58 mm
2 2
= 1 = 300 58 = 242 mm = 0,242 m
1 3
1 = + = 50 + 16 = 74 mm
2 2
= 1 = 300 74 = 226 mm = 0,226 m
Minimum and maximum reinforcement areas:
,, = 0,002 = 0,002 100 30 = 6 cm2 /
,, = 0,04 = 0,04 100 30 = 120 cm2 /
0,25 , 0,25 6 1,5 cm2 /
,, = { = { = { 2 = 3,0 cm2 /
0,001 0,001 100 30 3,0 cm /
Maximum spacing of bars
3 2 300 mm 900 mm
, = { = { = { = 400 mm
400 mm 400 mm 400 mm
, = 400
Table E1. List of loads on wall of tanks

Characteristic Partial safety Design loads
Type of action kN kN
loads [m2 ] factor, [ ]
m2
Permanent Actions - uniform 63,27 1,35 85,42

Variable Actions - uniform 10,00 1,50 15,00
OVERALL 73,27 100,42
kN
Uniform load: ( + ) = 73,27 , =
m2
2
2 , = 2 = 2 = 2
Uniform concentrated force along the arch:

2,9
( + ) = 73,27 = 106,24
2
Figure E2. Disposal of forces

Table E2. List of loads for wall of tanks
145

loads [ ] factor, [ ]

Permanent action 106,24 1,35 143,42

Technological loads 14,5 1,5 21,75
OVERALL 120,74 165,17

Liquid pressure: = , density of equivalent of liquid: = 11,2 3
Table E3. Liquid loads

loads [ ] factor, [ ]

Liquid pressure
78,40 1,5 117,60
11,2 3
7,0 = 70,0 2

Earth pressure: type of ground: = medium sand (MSa)

State of humidity: m = saturated; = 20,5 2 , density index: = 0,73
= ( + )

= 2 (1 + )

adhesion (between ground and wall), cohesion intercept
= ( + )
= 34,5 angle of shearing resistance
= angle of shearing resistance between ground and wall
= 1,0
slope angle of the ground behind the wall (upward, positive)
146
Figure E3. Nomogram 1 according to EN 1997-1:2004 [6]. Coefficients Ks of effective active earth pressure
(horizontal component): with horizontal retained surface (=0).
= ( , , ) = 0,225
Table E1. List of loads
Characteristic Partial safety Design loads,
loads, [ 2 ] factor, [ 2]
m m
Upper value of earth pressure:
0,225 63,27 12,79 1,5 19,19
Earth pressure lover value

0,225 (20,5 2 7 + 63,27 2 ) 46,52 1,5 69,78

0,225 10 2 2,25 1,5 3,38
Combinations of Loads
KOMB 1 = 1,35
KOMB 2 = 1,35 + 1,35
KOMB 3 = 1,35 + 1,35 + 1,5
KOMB 4 = 1,35 + 1,5
KOMB 5 = 1,35 + 1,35 + 1,5 + 1,5
147
Figure E4. Combinations of loads
Figure E5. Combinations in ARSAP: A: STA, B: COV, C: TECH, D: LIQ
148
Static calculations- MEMBRANE STATE OF MOMENTS
Figure E6. A: Internal forces caused by the dead load, B: Internal forces caused by the pressure of liquid, C and
D: Internal forces caused by technological loads, E and F: Internal forces caused by pressure of ground.
DISORDER STATE OF MOMENTS
Table E5. Basic parameter
E [kPa] v t [m] r0 H [m] Hposad [m]

32000000 0,2 0,3 2,9 7,0 10,48
Cylindrical shells stiffness:

3 32000000 0,33
= = = 75000
12(1 2 ) 12(1 0,22 )
4 3(1 2 ) 4 3(1 0,22 ) 1

= 2 2
= 2 2
= 1,3967
2,9 0,3
= ,
149
Figure E7. A: Latitudinal force, B: Longitudinal force,C: Latitudinal bending moment, D: Longitudinal bending
moment, E: Longitudinal Shear forces.
= , + ,
Figure E8. A: Latitudinal force, B: Longitudinal force, C: Latitudinal bending moment, D: Longitudinal bending
moment, E: QXX: Latitudinal shear forces, F: QYY- Longitudinal shear forces.
= , + , + ,
150
Figure E9. A: Latitudinal force, B: Longitudinal force, C: Latitudinal bending moment, D: Longitudinal bending
moment, E: QXX: Latitudinal shear forces, F: QYY- Longitudinal shear.
= , + ,
Figure E10. A: Latitudinal force, B: Longitudinal force, C: Latitudinal bending moment, D: Longitudinal bend-
ing moment, E: QXX: Latitudinal shear forces, F: QYY- Longitudinal shear.
151
= , + , + , + ,
Figure E11. A: Latitudinal force, B: Longitudinal force, C: Latitudinal bending moment, D: Longitudinal bend-
ing moment, E: QXX: Latitudinal shear forces, F: QYY- Longitudinal shear.
Table E2. Values of internal forces
VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT HORIZONTAL REINFORCEMENT

COMB MYY NYY e [m] COMB MXX NXX e [m]
[kNm] [kN] [kNm] [kN]
(1) -1,04 -69,46 0,015 (1) -0,21 -14,10 0,015
(2) 10,41 -217,11 0,048 (2) 2,08 -40,41 0,052
(3) 10,86 -239,07 0,045 (3) 2,19 -44,68 0,049
(4) -25,65 -85,60 0,300 (4) -5,13 -18,85 0,272
(5) -14,11 -245,58 0,058 (4) -0,96 262,35 0,0036
(4) -6,31 -55,94 0,113
Second order effect are additional action effects caused by structural deformations
= 0 + 2
2 the second order moment, the slenderness ratio, 0 the effective length
3

= = 12
= , the radius of gyration of the uncracked concrete section
2 3
152
0 0 7,0 0,699
= = 23 = 23 = 23 = 56,4995
0,3
relative normal force
0,08560 1
= = =
0,3 1,0 21,4 75
the limited slenderness ratio
20 20 0,7 1,1 0,7
= = = 93,358

1
75
Second order effects can be ignored if they are less than 10% of the corresponding first order
effects or the slenderness criterion is met:
56,4995 93,358
Second order effect may be ignored
Simplified method of analysis second order effects
Method based on nominal stiffness:

= 0 (1 + )

1
the buckling load based on nominal stiffness
factor which depends on distribution on 1st and 2nd order moments
2 2
= = = 1,0281
0 9,6
design value of axial force, = 200
2 30
= , 1 = 20 = 20 = 1,225
02
1 56,4995
2 = { 170 = {75 170 = 0,004313
0,20 0,20
0, 18,04
= (,0 ) = 2,30 25,65 = 1,6176, is the effective creep ratio
0,
2 1 0,004313 1,225
= = = 0,0020184
1 + 1 + 1,6176
32000
= = = 26667
1,2
26670
, = = = 10188,7
1 + 1 + 1,6176
= 1,0 coefficient depends on the proportion of the reinforcement
= ( , ) = 14,07 2 /
153
14,07
= = 30100 = 0,04105 (716/m)
0,04 0,0469
| |=| | = 0,02625 0,10
0,04
= (0.5 1 )2 = 14,07 (0.5 30 7,4)2 = 812,68 4 = 0,00000812,68 4
= +
1 0,33
= 0,002018 26667 103 + 1,0 200 106 0,81268 105
12
= 1746,44 2
2 2 1746,44
= 2 = = 719,95
0 4,8932
1,0281 1,0281
= 0 (1 + ) = 25,65 (1 + ) = 25,65 1,139 = 29,2
719,95
1 1
85,60
ULS: vertical walls of the turnover tank working in the longitudinal planes of the compres-
sive forces acting axially latitudinal or on the eccentrics. In the latitudinal planes, we have
small latitudinal bending moments, these sections dimensioned to axial tensile forces. Calcu-
lations of horizontal reinforcement. I have to redo the calculations taking into account the rods
with a diameter 16 mm. So change the cross-sectional area As = 14.07 cm2 and an effective
width of cross-section. Moreover the final second order moment equal to 29,2 kNm it have to
be taking into account into calculation the symmetrical vertical reinforcement in compression.
Symmetric reinforcement for the biggest tensile force and the corresponding latitudinal
moment:

= 262,35

= 0,96
The construction eccentricity:

0,96
= = 262,35 = 0,0037

1 = 0,5 + 1 = 0,0037 0,5 0,30 + 0,071 = 0,0753

2 = + 0,5 2 = 0,0037 + 0,5 0,30 0,071 = 0,0827
1 = 2 = = 435

3 0,0035
yd = 2 = 0,071 = 0,0438
435
3 + 0,0035 + 200000

154
= ( 3 ) = 0,8 (435 103 0,0035 200 106 ) = 212000

= 2(fyd d cu3 Es a2 (1 + 0,5)
= 2 (435 103 0,229 0,0035 200 106 0,071 (1 + 0,5 0,8)) = 60070
(fyd 1 3 Es 2 )
= 2( 3 Es 2 2 )

262,35 (435 103 (0,0753) 0,0035 200 106 0,0827)
=2( 0,0035
0,8 1,0 21,4 103 1,0
200 106 0,0712 ) = 9835,54
2 3 Es 2 2 2 85,6 0,0035 200 106 0,071 0,0827

= = = 41,1019
0,8 1,0 21,4 103 1,0
0 = 3 + 2 + +
212000 3 60070 2 9835,54 + 41,1019 = 0
= 0,00408

= 0,00408 yd = 0,0438
2 = = 435
1 4 (1 + 2 )
= (( + 2 ) ( + 2 )2 )
2
1 4 262,35 (0,0753 + 0,0827)

= ((0,229 + 0,071) (0,229 + 0,071)2 )
2 0,8 1,0 21,4 103 1,0
= 0,000378
2 + (0,5 2 )
=
1 ( 2 )
262,35 0,0827 + 21,4 103 0,8 0,000378 (0,5 0,8 0,000378 0,071)
=
435 103 (0,229 0,071)
= 0,31 104 2 / < ,, = 3,0 104 2 /
1, = 2, = , = 3,0 2
, = , = ,
Symmetric reinforcement for the biggest compressive force and the corresponding lati-
tudinal moment:

= 18,85

155

= 5,13

1 3
1 = + = 50 + 14 = 71 mm
2 2
= 1 = 300 71 = 229 mm = 0,229 m
435
= = = 0,002175
200000
5,13
= = 18,85 = 0,272

1 = + 0,5 1 = 0,272 + 0,5 0,30 0,071 = 0,351

2 = 0,5 + 2 = 0,272 0,5 0,30 + 0,071 = 0,193
0,0035
= 0,8 = 0,4934
0,0035 + 0,002175
3 0,0035
lim = = 0,229 = 0,1412
435
3 + 0,0035 + 200000

3 0,0035
yd = 2 = 0,071 = 0,0438
435
3 + 0,0035 + 200000

3 0,0035
yd = 2 = 0,071 = 0,1876
435
3 0,0035
200000
3 0,00175
0 = (1 ) = (1 ) 0,30 = 0,15
3 0,0035

0 3 2 0,002175 0,15 0,00175 0,071
yd = = = 0,475
3 0,002175 0,00175
18,85
= = = 0,0011
0,8 1,0 21,4 103 1,0
= 0,0011 = 0,1412
1 = = 435

= 0,0011 < yd = 0,1876
= ( 3 ) = 0,8 (435 103 0,0035 200 106 ) = 212000

= 2(fyd d cu3 Es a2 (1 + 0,5)
= 2 (435 103 0,229 0,0035 200 106 0,071 (1 + 0,5 0,8)) = 60070
(fyd 1 3 Es 2 )
= 2( 3 Es 2 2 )

156
18,85 (435 103 0,351 35 2 0,193)

=2( 70 104 0,0712 ) = 7018,7
0,8 1,0 21,4 103 1,0
2 3 Es 2 2 2 18,85 0,0035 200 106 0,071 0,193
= = = 21,122
0,8 1,0 21,4 103 1,0
0 = 3 + 2 + +
212000 3 60070 2 7018,68 + 21,122 = 0
= 0,002935

= 0,0032935 yd = 0,0438
2 = = 435
1 4 (1 + 2 )
= (( + 2 ) ( + 2 )2 )
2
1 4 18,85 (0,351 + 0,193)

= ((0,229 + 0,071) (0,229 + 0,071)2 )
2 0,8 1,0 21400 1,0
= 0,00201
2 + (0,5 2 )
=
1 ( 2 )
18,85 0,193 + 1,0 21400 1,0 0,8 0,00201 (0,5 0,8 0,00201 0,071)
=
435 103 (0,229 0,071)
= 0,178 104 2 / < ,, = 6,0 104 2 /
1, = 2, = , = 3,0 2
, = , = ,
Calculations of vertical reinforcement

Symmetric reinforcement for the biggest compressive force and the corresponding longi-
tudinal moment:

= 85,60

= 25,93

1 1
1 = + = 50 + 14 = 57 mm
2 2
= 1 = 300 57 = 243 mm = 0,243 m
157
1 3
1 = + = 50 + 14 = 71 mm
2 2
= 1 = 300 71 = 229 mm = 0,229 m
435
= = = 0,002175
200000
25,65
= = 85,60 = 0,30

1 = + 0,5 1 = 0,30 + 0,5 0,30 0,071 = 0,379

2 = 0,5 + 2 = 0,30 0,5 0,30 + 0,071 = 0,221
0,0035
= 0,8 = 0,4934
0,0035 + 0,002175
3 0,0035
lim = = 0,229 = 0,1412
435
3 + 0,0035 +
200000

3 0,0035
yd = 2 = 0,071 = 0,0438
435
3 + 0,0035 + 200000

3 0,0035
yd = 2 = 0,071 = 0,1876
435
3 0,0035
200000
3 0,00175
0 = (1 ) = (1 ) 0,30 = 0,15
3 0,0035

0 3 2 0,002175 0,15 0,00175 0,071
yd = = = 0,475
3 0,002175 0,00175
85,60
= = = 0,005
0,8 1,0 21,4 103 1,0
= 0,005 = 0,1412
1 = = 435

= 0,005 < yd = 0,1876
= ( 3 ) = 0,8 (435 103 0,0035 200 106 ) = 212000

= 2(fyd d cu3 Es a2 (1 + 0,5)
= 2 (435 103 0,229 0,0035 200 106 0,071 (1 + 0,5 0,8)) = 60070
(fyd 1 3 Es 2 )
= 2( 3 Es 2 2 )

85,6 (435 103 0,379 35 2 0,221)
=2( 35 2 104 0,0712 )
0,8 1,0 21,4 103 1,0
= 6955,75
158
2 3 Es 2 2 2 85,6 0,0035 200 106 0,071 0,221

= = = 109,837
0,8 1,0 21,4 103 1,0
0 = 3 + 2 + +
212000 3 60070 2 6955,75 + 109,837 = 0
= 0,014

= 0,014 yd = 0,0438
2 = = 435
1 4 (1 + 2 )
= (( + 2 ) ( + 2 )2 )
2
1 4 85,6 (0,379 + 0,221)

= ((0,229 + 0,071) (0,229 + 0,071)2 )
2 0,8 1,0 21,4 103 1,0
= 0,0103
2 + (0,5 2 )
=
1 ( 2 )
85,6 (0,221) + 1,0 21,4 103 1,0 0,8 0,0103 (0,5 0,8 0,0103 0,071)
=
435 103 (0,229 0,071)
= 1,04 104 2 / < ,, = 6,0 104 2 /
1, = 2, = , = 6,0 2
, = , = ,
The decisive condition is the limit state SLS - scratch section. It decided to adopt a greater
number of reinforcement because of it.
SUMMARY WALL OF TANK

Class of concrete: C30/37
Class of reinforcing steel: B500SP and C ductility class
The thickness of wall = 30
Nominal cover: = 50 mm
Effective depth of a cross-section: = 0,243 m; = 0,229 m
Assumption reinforcement
Horizontal reinforcement - latitudinal: 14 (1, = 14,07 cm2 )
Vertical reinforcement - longitudinal: with 14 cm (1, = 14,07 cm2 )
159

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POZNAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (PUT)

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

BIM modelling for structural analysis

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree

Master of Technology: Structural Engineering

In the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Poznan University

Supervisors: Adam Glema, Professor PUT, Faculty of Civil Engineering at PUT

CPUT copyright information

Wojciech S. Fleming 16.05.2016

magine a world where designers have full understanding construction process,

of a number of concepts, without which it is not possible to understand the benefits

Keywords: BIM, Tekla Structures, Revit, IFC, LOD, Interoperability, Workflow

Tampere, May 2016

AEC - Architecture, Engineering and Construction

4. EXPLANATION THE CONCEPTS CLOSELY RELATED TO BIM PROCESS ........ 21

6.5. Case 3 - Concrete Wall .......................................................................................... 59

1.3. The Software Description used in dissertation

Table 1. BIM tools for modelling object.

Software Company Website

Table 2. BIM tools for dimensioning of structural construction elements.

Software Company Website

Table 3. BIM tools for estimating.

Software Company Website

Table 4. BIM tools for view models.

Software Free/ Company Website

Table 5. Built-in library of families in BIM and SBIM tools.

Software ArchiCAD 18 (BIM) Revit Architecture Tekla Structures

Figure 1. TS-Revit-ARSAP BIM workflow.

1.3.4. Tekla Structures

1.3.5. Tekla BIMsight

Figure 3. Clash detection and notes in TBS.

1.3.7. Solibri Model Checker

2. BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING

Figure 4. CAD vs. BIM.

Figure 5. BIM obstacles and needs.

2.2. BIM Maturity Model

Figure 6. The BIM Maturity System.

Table 6. Three levels of BIM Maturity.

3. HISTORY, REGULATIONS AND PARTICIPANTS OF BIM PRO-

Figure 7. Development timeline of CAD and BIM systems.

3.2. BIM process and 2D, 3D modelling

Figure 9. Graphical illustrations of BIM in three different states.

3.3. Building Information Model Life-Cycle

3.5. The new participants of the BIM process

3.5.1. BIM Facilitator

BIM Facilitator occurs only in companies, where BIM technologies is in implemented

3.5.2. BIM Manager

3.5.3. BIM Operator

3.5.4. BIM Administrator

BIM Administrator is a person, who is responsible for implementation and associated

Figure 14. The Graph of effective communication, inspired by Dave McCool.

4. EXPLANATION THE CONCEPTS CLOSELY RELATED TO BIM

Table 7. Examples of geometrical and non-geometrical attributes.

GEOMETRICAL ATTRIBUTES NON-GEOMETRICAL ATTRIBUTES

4.3. Level of Development

Figure 17. Example of Level of Development, LOD.

A Level of Development (LOD) is the degree of accuracy of the model. It includes

Table 8. Levels of Development

LOD Lifecycle Phases Definition

4.4. Structural Building Information Modelling

4.5. Project delivery method

It is the traditional type of delivery method. In Design-Bid-Build (DBB) method

If DBB companies work with 2D or 3D CAD software according to Level 1 in BIM