Temperature is a quantity related to our 9 0

sense of hot and cold. We say that an T F = T +32

5 C
object A is hotter than object B if As
temperature is higher than Bs While there is no upper limit to the
temperature. Or A is colder than B if As temperature of a body, there is a lower
temperature is lower than that of B. limit. The lowest temperature is taken as
the zero of the Kelvin scale (i.e. 0K),
There are different scales by which referred to as absolute zero.
temperature is described:
the Kelvin scale (i.e. 100K), also
known as the absolute temperature
scale
the Celsius scale (i.e. 270C)
the Fahrenheit scale (i.e. 500F)
0
T C =T K 273.15
 object T, the A and B are in thermal
equilibrium. This is known as the Zeroth
Law of Thermodynamics.

Note:

T = ___0C = ___0F
T = ___C0 = ___F0

T i =450 C
When two objects have the same T f =750 C
temperature, they are said to be in 0
T =T f T i =30C
thermal equilibrium. When object A is
in thermal equilibrium with object T and
object B is in thermal equilibrium with
It has been observed that materials expand
when their temperatures increase (and
contract when their temperatures
decrease). This behavior is referred to as
Thermal Expansion.
a. Linear Expansion
L=L 0 T
L = change in length
L0 = initial length
= coefficient of linear expansion
T = change in temperature
For area expansion, use linear expansion
to calculate the change in area.
b. Volume Expansion expands with temperature as we would
expect.
If all dimensions of a solid expand with
temperature, then the volume of that solid READING ASSIGNMENT
must also expand. thermal stress

V =V 0 T

=3
EXAMPLE 1
V = change in volume On a hot day, an oil trucker loaded 37,000L of
V0 = initial volume diesel fuel. He encountered cold weather
= coefficient of volume expansion where the temperature was 23.0K lower when
he delivered his entire load. How many liters
T = change in temperature
of fuel did he deliver? The coefficient of
volume expansion for diesel fuel is
Volume expansion is the only meaningful 9.50 x 10-4/C0 and the coefficient of linear
expansion parameter for liquids. expansion for the steel truck tank is
11 x 10-6/C0.
It is interesting to note that water does not V 0 =37,000 L
behave like other liquids. Between 00C T =23.0 K
and 40C, water actually contracts with 4
=9.50 x 10 /C
0

increasing temperature. Above 40C, water

 V =V V 0=V 0 T L= LL0 =L0 T
V =V 0 (1+ T ) L2 L1=L1 (T 2 T 1 )
4
V =37,000(1+(9.50 x 10 )(23)) 0.020=10.000 (80.000)
V =36,191.55 L 0.020 5
= =2.500 x 10
800.000
V =36,191.55 L L3 L1=L1 (T 3T 1 )
L3 =L1 (1+(T 3T 1))
Note that the thermal expansion of the steel L3=10.000(1+(2.5005 )(20))
tank has nothing to do with the problem.
L3=9.995 cm
EXAMPLE 2
An aluminum alloy rod has a length of L=9.995 cm
10.000cm at 20.0000C and a length of
10.020cm at the boiling point of water EXAMPLE 3
(100.0000C). What is the length of the rod at At 200C, a brass cube has edge length of
the freezing point of water (0.0000C)? 25cm. What is the increase in the surface area
when it is heated from 200C to 750C? The
L1=10.000 cm=0.100 m coefficient of linear expansion of brass is 19 x
-6 0
0
T =20.000 C =293.15 K 10 /C .
1
L2=10.020 cm=0.1002 m T i =200 C =293.15 K
0
T 2=100.000 C=373.15 K T f =750 C =348.15 K
0 L0 =25 cm
T 3 =0 C =273.15 K
 =19 x 106 /C 0 A= r 2=(1.00460529)r 20
2 2
A0 =6 L0 =6(25) =3,750 A=1.00460529 A0
L=LL0= L0 T V 0 =L0 A0
L=L0 (1+ T ) V =LA=(1.0023 L0 )(1.00460529 A0 )
6
L=25(1+(19 x 10 )(55))=25.026125 V =1.006915882 V 0
2
A=6 L =3,757.841597 m
D 0=
A= A A0=7.841595094 cm
2 V0
m m
D= =
A=7.842 cm 2 V 1.006915882V 0
D=0.9931316187 D 0
EXAMPLE 4 D
100=0.686831252 %
When the temperature of a metal cylinder is D0
raised from 0.00C to 100.00C, its length
increases by 0.23%. Find the percent change D
in density. 100=0.687 %
D0
T i =0.00 C=273.15 K
T f =100.00 C =373.15 K As you can see from Example 4, some
L=1.0023 L0 problems in thermal expansion might not
r=1.0023 r 0 involve the thermal expansion equations L
2
A0 = r 0 and V.