Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1 full circle (turn) = 360 degrees = 2 radians The inverse trigonometric functions are partial inverse
= 400 gons. functions for the trigonometric functions. For example,
1
2 6 ANGLE SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES
cr
sin(arcsin x) = x for |x| 1 sin
d
arc
and C
O cos versin D exsec E
sin2 + cos2 = 1
5.1 Symmetry
where cos2 means (cos())2 and sin2 means (sin())2 .
This can be viewed as a version of the Pythagorean the- When the trigonometric functions are reected from cer-
orem, and follows from the equation x2 + y2 = 1 for the tain angles, the result is often one of the other trigono-
unit circle. This equation can be solved for either the sine metric functions. This leads to the following identities:
or the cosine: Note that the sign in front of the trig function does not
necessarily indicate the sign of the value. For example,
+ cos does not always mean that cos is positive. In
sin = 1 cos2 , particular, if = , then + cos = 1 .
cos = 1 sin2 .
where the sign depends on the quadrant of . 5.2 Shifts and periodicity
By shifting the function round by certain angles, it is often
3.1 Related identities possible to nd dierent trigonometric functions that ex-
press particular results more simply. Some examples of
Dividing the Pythagorean identity by either cos2 or sin2
this are shown by shifting functions round by /2, and
yields two other identities:
2 radians. Because the periods of these functions are
either or 2, there are cases where the new function is
exactly the same as the old function without the shift.
1 + tan2 = sec2 and 1 + cot2 = csc2 .
Using these identities together with the ratio identities, it
is possible to express any trigonometric function in terms 6 Angle sum and dierence identi-
of any other (up to a plus or minus sign):
ties
See also: Product-to-sum and sum-to-product identities
4 Historical shorthands These are also known as the addition and subtraction the-
orems or formulae. They were originally established by
The versine, coversine, haversine, and exsecant were used the 10th century Persian mathematician Ab al-Waf'
in navigation. For example the haversine formula was Bzjn. The identities can be derived by combining right
used to calculate the distance between two points on a triangles such as in the adjacent diagram or by consider-
sphere. They are rarely used today. ing the invariance of the length of a chord on a unit circle
6.1 Matrix form 3
gives the sin and cos . The cos line is the hypotenuse
cos( + ) sin sin of a right angle triangle with angle so it has sides sin
and cos both multiplied by cos . This is the same for
+ the sin line. The original line is also the hypotenuse of
cos sin
a right angle triangle with angle +, the opposite side is
the sin(+) line up from the origin and the adjacent side
is the cos(+) segment going horizontally from the top
sin
left.
1
sin( + )
Overall the diagram can be used to show the sine and co-
sine of sum identities
sin cos
cos cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin
because the opposite sides of the rectangle are equal.
6.1 Matrix form
cos cos
See also: matrix multiplication
Illustration of angle addition formulae for the sine and cosine.
Emphasized segment is of unit length.
The sum and dierence formulae for sine and cosine can
be written in matrix form as:
1 - tan tan tan tan
( )( )
cos sin cos sin
+ sin cos sin cos
tan
tan
( )
cos cos sin sin cos sin sin cos
=
/
co
( )
s
cos( + ) sin( + )
= .
sin( + ) cos( + )
1
sum of the angles.
6.2 Sines and cosines of sums of innitely
many terms
Illustration of the angle addition formula for the tangent. Em- ( )
phasized segments are of unit length.
sin i = (1)(k1)/2 sin i cos i
i=1 odd k1 A{ 1,2,3,... } iA iA
|A|=k
given a particular central angle. Further, it is even possi-
( )
ble to derive the identities using Eulers Identity although
this would be a more obscure approach given that com- cos i = (1)k/2 sin i cos i
plex numbers are used. i=1 even k0 A{ 1,2,3,... } iA iA
|A|=k
For the angle addition diagram for the sine and cosine,
the line in bold with the 1 on it is of length 1. It is the In these two identities an asymmetry appears that is not
hypotenuse of a right angle triangle with angle which seen in the case of sums of nitely many terms: in each
4 7 MULTIPLE-ANGLE FORMULAE
product, there are only nitely many sine factors and 6.4 Secants and cosecants of sums
conitely many cosine factors. ( )
If only nitely many of the terms i are nonzero, then only sec i sec i
i =
nitely many of the terms on the right side will be nonzero i
e 0 e2 + e4
because sine factors will vanish, and in each term, all but ( )
nitely many of the cosine factors will be unity. i sec i
csc i =
i
e1 e3 + e5
3 cot cot3 of solving a cubic equation, which allows one to prove that
cot(3) =
1 3 cot2 trisection is in general impossible using the given tools, by
[16][18] eld theory.
A formula for computing the trigonometric identities for
the one-third angle exists, but it requires nding the ze-
7.1.3 Half-angle formulae
roes of the cubic equation x3 3x+d4 = 0 , where x is the
( ) value of the cosine function at the one-third angle and d
1cos is the known value of the cosine function at the full angle.
sin = sgn 2 + 4
2 4 2 However, the discriminant of this equation is positive, so
( )
this equation has three real roots (of which only one is the
= sgn 2 + 4 hav
4 solution for the cosine of the one-third angle). None of
these solutions is reducible to a real algebraic expression,
1 cos
sin2 = = hav as they use intermediate complex numbers under the cube
2 2 roots.
( )
1 + cos
cos = sgn + + 4
2 4 2
( ) 7.2 Sine, cosine, and tangent of multiple
= sgn + + 4 hvc angles
4
1 + cos For specic multiples, these follow from the angle ad-
cos2 = = hvc
2 2 dition formulas, while the general formula was given by
16th
1 cos sin 1 century
cos French mathematician Vieta.
tan = csc cot = = =
2 1 + cos 1 + cos sin
ver sin n ( )
ver ( )
= = = n 1
vcs vcs sin(n)sin
= k
cos sin nk
sin (n k)
k 2
k=0
1 1 + tan2 tan
tan = = n ( )
( )
2 tan 1 + sec n 1
cos(n) = k
cos sin nk
cos (n k)
1 + cos sin 1 + cos k=0 k 2
cot = csc + cot = = =
2 1 cos 1 cos sin of these two equations, the rst parenthesized
In each
vcs sin a binomial
term isvcs coecient, and the nal trigonometric
= = = equals one or minus one or zero so that half the
function
ver ver sin
[19][20]
entries in each of the sums are removed. tan n can be
written in terms of tan using the recurrence relation:
Also
tan(n) + tan
tan ((n+1)) = .
+ sin + sin 1 tan(n) tan
tan =
2 cos + cos
cot (n) can be written in terms of cot using the recur-
( )
rence relation:
tan + = sec + tan
2 4
cvs 1 sin 1 tan(/2) cot(n) cot 1
= = cot ((n+1)) = .
cvc 1 + sin 1 + tan(/2) cot(n) + cot
Similarly sin(nx) can be computed from the sines of (n (Triple tangent identity) Ifx + y + z =
1)x and (n 2)x = circle, half
8 Power-reduction formula
Obtained by solving the second and third versions of the then cot x + cot y + cot z = cot x cot y cot z.
cosine double-angle formula.
and in general terms of powers of sin or cos the fol- 9.2 Hermites cotangent identity
lowing is true, and can be deduced using De Moivres for-
mula, Eulers formula and binomial theorem . Main article: Hermites cotangent identity
n
n
sin(2x) + sin(2y) + sin(2z) = 4 sin x sin y sin z. cot(za1 ) cot(za2 ) = 1+cot(a1 a2 ) cot(za1 )+cot(a2 a1 ) cot(z
10.3 More than two sinusoids 7
where
10 Linear combinations
a2 = ai aj cos(i j )
For some purposes it is important to know that any lin- i,j
N
1 cos((N + 12 ))
a sin x + b cos x = c sin(x + ) sin(n) = cot
n=1
2 2 2 sin( 12 )
where
N
1 sin((N + 21 ))
cos(n) = +
2 2 sin( 12 )
n=1
c= a2 + b2 , A related function is the following function of x, called
and (using the atan2 function) the Dirichlet kernel.
(( ) )
sin n + 12 x
= atan2 (b, a) . 1+2 cos x+2 cos(2x)+2 cos(3x)+ +2 cos(nx) = .
sin(x/2)
(cos )x sin
g(x) = ,
(sin )x + cos 17 Identities without variables
then
The curious identity known as Morries law
(cos( + ))x sin( + )
f (g(x)) = g(f (x)) = .
(sin( + ))x + cos( + )
1
More tersely stated, if for all we let be what we called cos 20 cos 40 cos 80 = 8
above, then
is a special case of an identity that contains one variable:
f f = f+ .
k1
sin(2k x)
If x is the slope of a line, then (x) is the slope of its cos(2j x) = .
rotation through an angle of . j=0
2k sin x
9
The same cosine identity in radians is Degree measure ceases to be more felicitous than radian
measure when we consider this identity with 21 in the
denominators:
2 4 1
cos cos cos = .
9 9 9 8 ( ) ( )
2 2 2
Similarly: cos + cos 2 + cos 4
21 21 21
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 1
3 + cos 5 + cos 8 + cos 10 = .
sin 20 sin 40 sin 80 = 21 21 21 2
8
The factors 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10 may start to make the pat-
is a special case of an identity with the case x = 20:
tern clear: they are those integers less than 21/2 that are
relatively prime to (or have no prime factors in common
sin 3x with) 21. The last several examples are corollaries of a
sin x sin(60 x) sin(60 + x) = . basic fact about the irreducible cyclotomic polynomials:
4
the cosines are the real parts of the zeroes of those poly-
Similarly the case x = 15: nomials; the sum of the zeroes is the Mbius function
evaluated at (in the very last case above) 21; only half of
the zeroes are present above. The two identities preced-
2 ing this last one arise in the same fashion with 21 replaced
sin 15 sin 45 sin 75 = , by 10 and 15, respectively.
8
1 Other cosine identities include:[38]
sin 15 sin 75 = .
4
Similarly the case x = 10:
2 cos = 1,
3
2
sin 10 sin 50 sin 70 =
1
. 2 cos 2 cos = 1,
8 5 5
2 3
The same cosine identity is 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos = 1,
7 7 7
and so forth for all odd numbers, and hence
cos 3x
cos x cos(60 x) cos(60 + x) = .
4 2 2 3
cos +cos cos +cos cos cos + = 1.
Similary: 3 5 5 7 7 7
Many of those curious identities stem from more general
facts like the following:[39]
3
cos 10 cos 50 cos 70 = .
8
n1
k n
2 sin = n1
cos 15 cos 45 cos 75 = , k=1
n 2
8
1 and
cos 15 cos 75 = .
4
Similarly:
n1
k sin(n/2)
cos =
n 2n1
k=1
tan 50 tan 60 tan 70 = tan 80 .
Combining these gives us
tan 40 tan 30 tan 20 = tan 10 .
The following is perhaps not as readily generalized to an
n1
k n
identity containing variables (but see explanation below): tan =
n sin(n/2)
k=1
m
k = cos 36 = 14 ( 5 + 1) = 12
cos
tan = 2m + 1 5
2m + 1
k=1
sin = sin 18 = 14 ( 5 1) = 21 1
The transfer function of the Butterworth low pass lter 10
can be expressed in terms of polynomial and poles. By Also see exact trigonometric constants.
setting the frequency as the cuto frequency, the follow-
ing identity can be proved:
17.4 An identity of Euclid
n
(2k 1)
n
(2k 1) 2 Euclid showed in Book XIII, Proposition 10 of his
sin = cos = n Elements that the area of the square on the side of a regu-
4n 4n 2
k=1 k=1 lar pentagon inscribed in a circle is equal to the sum of the
areas of the squares on the sides of the regular hexagon
17.1 Computing and the regular decagon inscribed in the same circle. In
the language of modern trigonometry, this says:
An ecient way to compute is based on the following
identity without variables, due to Machin:
sin2 18 + sin2 30 = sin2 36 .
4 5 16 3 12 63
= arccos +arccos +arccos = arcsin +arcsin +arcsin .
5 13 65 5 13
cos(t sin x)65= J0 (t) + 2 J2k (t) cos(2kx)
k=1
19.1 Implications
sin x
lim = 1, The fact that the dierentiation of trigonometric func-
x0 x
tions (sine and cosine) results in linear combinations of
veried using the unit circle and squeeze theorem. The the same two functions is of fundamental importance to
second limit is: many elds of mathematics, including dierential equa-
tions and Fourier transforms.
1 cos x
lim = 0,
x0 x 19.2 Some dierential equations satised
veried using the identity tan(x/2) = (1 cos x)/sin x. by the sine function
Having established these two limits, one can use the limit
denition of the derivative and the addition theorems to Let i = 1 be the imaginary unit and let denote compo-
show that (sin x) = cos x and (cos x) = sin x. If the sine sition of dierential operators. Then for every odd posi-
and cosine functions are dened by their Taylor series, tive integer n,
then the derivatives can be found by dierentiating the
power series term-by-term.
n ( )( ) ( ) (
n d d d
sin x sin x + i sin x + (k 1)i
k dx dx dx
d k=0
sin x = cos x
dx
(When k = 0, then the number of dierential operators
The rest of the trigonometric functions can be dif- being composed is 0, so the corresponding term in the
ferentiated using the above identities and the rules of sum above is just (sin x)n .) This identity was discovered
dierentiation:[41][42][43] as a by-product of research in medical imaging.[44]
d d 1
sin x = cos x, arcsin x = 20 Exponential denitions
dx dx 1 x2
d
cos x = sin x,
d
arccos x =
1 21 Miscellaneous
dx dx 1 x2
21.1 Dirichlet kernel
d d 1
tan x = sec2 x, arctan x = The Dirichlet kernel Dn(x) is the function occurring on
dx dx 1 + x2
both sides of the next identity:
d d 1
cot x = csc2 x, arccot x = [( ) ]
dx dx 1 + x2
sin n + 21 x
1+2 cos x+2 cos(2x)+2 cos(3x)+ +2 cos(nx) = ( ) .
sin x2
d d 1
sec x = tan x sec x, arcsec x =
dx dx |x| x2 1 The convolution of any integrable function of period 2
with the Dirichlet kernel coincides with the functions nth-
degree Fourier approximation. The same holds for any
d d 1
csc x = csc x cot x, arccsc x = measure or generalized function.
dx dx |x| x2 1
The integral identities can be found in "list of integrals of
trigonometric functions". Some generic forms are listed 21.2 Tangent half-angle substitution
below.
Main article: Tangent half-angle substitution
(u)
du
= sin1 +C If we set
a2 u 2 a
( )
du 1 1 u
= tan +C x
a2 + u2 a a t = tan ,
u 2
du 1
= sec1 + C then[46]
u u 2 a2 a a
12 23 NOTES
When this substitution of t for tan(x/2) is used in calculus, [6] Abramowitz and Stegun, p. 72, 4.3.9
it follows that sin x is replaced by 2t/(1 + t 2 ), cos x is re-
[7] Abramowitz and Stegun, p. 72, 4.3.78
placed by (1 t 2 )/(1 + t 2 ) and the dierential dx is re-
placed by (2 dt)/(1 + t 2 ). Thereby one converts rational [8] Abramowitz and Stegun, p. 72, 4.3.16
functions of sin x and cos x to rational functions of t in
order to nd their antiderivatives. [9] Weisstein, Eric W., Trigonometric Addition Formulas,
MathWorld.
List of integrals of trigonometric functions [20] Weisstein, Eric W., Half-Angle Formulas, MathWorld.
24 References
Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene A., eds. (1972).
Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formu-
las, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. New York:
Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-61272-0.
25 External links
Construction Proof for Sine and Cosine of the Sum
of Two Angles
Values of Sin and Cos, expressed in surds, for inte-
ger multiples of 3 and of 5 5 8 , and for the same
angles Csc and Sec and Tan
14 26 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
26.2 Images
File:AngleAdditionDiagramSine.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/AngleAdditionDiagramSine.svg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Vector art software Original artist: Gaiacarra
File:AngleAdditionDiagramTangent.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/
AngleAdditionDiagramTangent.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Oscarjd74
File:Cercle_trigo.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Cercle_trigo.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con-
tributors: ralis avec un programme de dessin vectoriel par Cdang Original artist: Christophe Dang Ngoc Chan Cdang at fr.wikipedia
File:Circle-trig6.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Circle-trig6.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contrib-
utors: This is a vector graphic version of Image:Circle-trig6.png by user:Tttrung which was licensed under the GFDL. ; Based on
en:Image:Circle-trig6.png, which was donated to Wikipedia under GFDL by Steven G. Johnson. Original artist: This is a vector graphic
version of Image:Circle-trig6.png by user:Tttrung which was licensed under the GFDL. Based on en:Image:Circle-trig6.png, which was
donated to Wikipedia under GFDL by Steven G. Johnson.
File:Unit_circle_angles_color.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Unit_circle_angles_color.svg Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jim.belk