IEEE Hyderabad Section

Joint Chapter of PES/IAS Societies

(www.ewh.ieee.org/r10/hyderabad/pesias)

Talk on

SCADA and Distribution Automation

By
Dr. NDR Sarma

10th March 2006

Venue: NTPC Conference Hall, Secunderabad
Typical Power System Generating Plant

Step-up
transformers

Circuit breakers

Generation System Transmission System

Transmission System Transformers in Dispersed

Bulk power Storage and
substations generation
(DSG)
Distribution System Solar or
Sub-transmission Wind
system Sources
substations Three-
phase
(100KW to
1MW)
Distribution
Voltage
transformers substation Primary
feeders Regulator

circuit breakers DSG Sectionalizing

Capacitor
switch
feeders Battery or
Fuel cells,
bank
1 to 25 MW Primary
sectionalizing switches circuits

capacitor banks
voltage regulators
Distribution
DSGs Transformer

customers
Industry
- HT customers
- LT customers DSG
Photovoltaic
Power supply,
Home
up to 100 KW
Sub-Station Transformer
Incoming feeders
Outgoing feeders
Distribution Transformer
Location
Distribution Transformer
(1-Ph) Location
Switch at a DT
Switch on a 11kV feeder
Power System connectivity

17.6/220 kV
Sub-station

220kV Lines

220/33 kV EHV substations

Sub-station

33 kV lines

Industry at 33 kV

11 kV lines
(feeders) Distribution
33/11 kV substations
Sub-station
Distribution
Transformer
11/ 0.4 kV

Customers
Industry at 11 kV (Domestic, Commercial, Agricultural)
Power System in a typical city

EHV Sub-stations

Distribution s/s
Power System in a typical city

Distribution s/s
 IT Applications to Power

Power System Operation and Control

- Power Plant Automation
- Energy Management Systems
Distribution Automation
- Distribution Automation
- GIS Applications

Metering and Billing

Energy Accounting/auditing
Distribution Automation

What ?

How ? DA
Why ?
 Distribution Automation System Generating Plant

Step-up
transformers

Circuit breakers

Transmission System

Transformers in Dispersed
Bulk power Storage and
substations generation
(DSG)
Solar or
Distribution Sub-transmission Wind
Control system Sources
Three- (100KW to
Center Distribution phase 1MW)
Primary
Voltage
substation
Regulator
(monitor feeders

and DSG Sectionalizing

SCADA Control) Battery or
switch Capacitor
bank
Fuel cells,

and 1 to 25 MW Primary
circuits

Application Functions One-phase

lateral feeder

(Decision support Distribution

Transformer
Tools)

Photovoltaic
DSG Home
Power supply,
up to 100 KW
Energy Management System
Generating Plant

Step-up
transformers
219 kV
248 MW Circuit breakers

Transmission System

( monitor
and Transformers in
Control Dispersed

Center SCADA Control ) Bulk power

substations
Storage and
generation
(DSG)

and Sub-transmission
Solar or
Wind
system Sources
Application Functions Distribution
Three-
phase
(100KW to
1MW)
Primary
Voltage
substation
Regulator
( Decision support feeders

DSG
Tools ) Battery or
Sectionalizing
switch Capacitor
bank
Fuel cells,
1 to 25 MW Primary
circuits

One-phase
lateral feeder

Distribution
Transformer

Photovoltaic
DSG Home
Power supply,
up to 100 KW
 Levels of Automation

Substation Level Automation Dispersed

Storage and
generation
(DSG)

Feeder Level Automation Sub-transmission

Solar or
Wind
system Sources
Three- (100KW to
Distribution phase 1MW)
Primary
Voltage
substation
Regulator
Customer Level Automation DSG
feeders

Sectionalizing
switch Capacitor
Battery or bank
Fuel cells,
1 to 25 MW

One-phase
lateral feeder

Distribution
Transformer

Photovoltaic
DSG Home
Power supply,
up to 100 KW
Function of Distribution Automation System

Remotely monitors the distribution system,

facilitates supervisory control of devices and
provides decision support tools to improve the
system performance
SCADA
(Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)

Application Functions
 SCADA

What ?

How ? SCADA
Why ?
 SCADA

How ? SCADA
 SCADA Features

Hardware Components

Software Components
SCADA Hardware Components

A/D Converter Transducer Field Values

output output
(011011110011) (Voltage : 10 V DC) (Voltage : 10 kV)
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
Pole Top RTU
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
 Communication Options

Wired
Wireless
 Communication Options - Wired

Twisted pair cables

Co-axial cables
Fiber Optic cables
PLCC
 Communication Options - Wireless

HF (3-30 MHz)
VHF (30-300 MHz)
UHF (300-1.5 GHz)
Line of Sight Microwave (>1.5 GHz)
Satellite Communication (4/6, 11/13 GHz)
Cellular Phones
 Communication Systems - MARS

Multiple Address Radio System

Primarily for Data Communication
Voice Communication possible using a
hand set
Polling interrupted during voice call
Voice restricted to emergency situations
 Communication Systems - MARS

Frequency of operation : 800-900/400-512 MHz

Range : 20-30 Kms
Half duplex
Offers data rates up to 9600 Bps
Very popular for DA application
Typical Multiple Access Radio Network
 Communication Systems

Broadcast Systems
Single communication Channel shared by all
Packets accepted or rejected based on
destination address
Point-to-Point Systems
Separate communication channel between two
nodes
Packet sent is received only by the intended
node
Control Center Architecture
RTUs in
Modems
the field

DAH

SCADA Host Systems App Server

FES
1&2

LAN

Printer
MMI 1 MMI 6 PERIPHERAL
Sharer PERIPHERAL
SERVER -2
SERVER -1
.
..

DMP -1
Video
Projector
Time
Center
DMP -2
DT 1 & 2
 SCADA Software Components

Data Acquisition
Data Processing
Control
Alarms and Events
Database
Graphical User Interface
Logging and Reporting
 SCADA Software Components(Contd.)

A/D Converter Transducer Field Values

output output
Data Acquisition (011011110011) (Voltage : 10 V DC) (Voltage : 11kV)
Protocols
Field Equipment Connectivity

Multiple Scan Rates

Multiple Protocols
(IEC / Modbus / DNP)
Acquisition Types
Fetch All Data
Report By Exception
Group Wise
Time Synchronization
Data Types/Data Resolutions
(AI/DI/PI/BCD)(8/12/16)
 SCADA Software Components(Contd.)

A/D Converter Transducer Field Values

output output
(011011110011) (Voltage : 10 V DC) ( Voltage : 11kV)
Data Processing

Engineering Conversion
Linear, Non-linear, Piece-wise, Look-up

Calculation subsystem

Zero Suppression

Reasonability Check
 SCADA Software Components(Contd.)

Transducer Characteristic

Piece-wise linear

0 < x < A1
y = a1 X+ b1 Engg Value

A1 < x < A2
y = a2 X+ b2
x > A2
y = a3 X+ b3

DC Value A1 A2
 SCADA Software Components(Contd.)

Dispersed
Storage and
generation
(DSG)

Control
Solar or
Sub-transmission Wind
system Sources
Three- (100KW to
Distribution phase 1MW)
Primary
Voltage
substation
Single, Group, Sequential and Closed Loop Control feeders Regulator

DSG Sectionalizing
Capacitor
Select-Check-Execute, Immediate Execute Battery or
switch
bank
Fuel cells,
1 to 25 MW
Interlocks based on Attributes, values/status Close IIITFeederCB ?
One-phase
lateral feeder

Yes No
Distribution
Transformer

Photovoltaic
DSG Home
Power supply,
up to 100 KW
 SCADA Software Components(Contd.)

Dispersed
Storage and
generation
(DSG)

Control
Solar or
Sub-transmission Wind
system Sources
Three- (100KW to
Distribution phase 1MW)
Primary
Voltage
substation
Single, Group, Sequential and Closed Loop Control feeders Regulator

DSG Sectionalizing
Capacitor
Select-Check-Execute, Immediate Execute Battery or
switch
bank
Fuel cells,
1 to 25 MW
Interlocks based on Attributes, values/status
IIITFeederCB One-phase
lateral feeder

Successfully closed ! Distribution

Transformer

Photovoltaic
DSG Home
Power supply,
up to 100 KW
 SCADA Software Components(Contd.)

Voltage
Alarms & Events VH Limit

H Limit
Configurable Event Types Normal Range

Current Alarms Configurable L Limit

Alarm Priorities
VL Limit
Configurable Message Formats

Events
Alarms
 SCADA Software Components(Contd.)

Graphical User Interface

Real Time display

Single Line Diagrams,Graphics,Maps

Trends; Real-time and Historic
Alarms; current and Historic
Interface to control field devices
Automated Mapping and Facilities Management (AM/FM)

Display of geographical Maps

Dynamic info on Maps

(From T&D World, Oct 2001)

Layering, Zooming, Scrolling and Panning

Historical data on Devices

(From T&D World, Oct 2001)

Distribution Automation :
- Application Functions
Operational problems and Potential Applications of DAS

Fault location, isolation and Service Restoration

Maintaining good voltage profile
Load Balancing
Load Control
Metering
Maintaining Maps
Fuse-off call operations
Energy accounting

Recent Buzz words !!

Outage Management
Customer Information Management
 Application Functions

Network Reconfiguration
a) Fault localization
b) Service Restoration
c) Load Balancing
Integrated Volt-Var Control
Remote Metering
Automatic Load Shedding
Load Management
Automated Mapping and Facilities Management (AM/FM)
Trouble Call Management System (TCMS)
Load Survey and Energy Accounting
1.Ch. Narasimha Murthy, KV Raju, A Ramakoteswara Rao, N. Balakrishna Reddy, NDR Sarma, P. Vani, Sanjay J
Mali, Jhuma Nath, KJ Babu Narayanan, "Gachibowli Distribution Automation", Proceedings, DA/DSM Asia
'96, New Delhi, India, 17-19 Sept. 1996, Vol 5, pp 31-40.
2. NDR Sarma, "Rapid Growth Leads to System Automation Efforts", Transmission and Distribution World,
Sept, 1997
 Network Reconfiguration - Fault Localization

Locates faulty section in a radial distribution feeder by

operating Load Break Switches on a feeder

Remotely controllable Switch

Remotely controllable
Switch on a 11kV feeder
Remotely controllable
Switch on a 11kV feeder
 Network Reconfiguration - Fault Localization

Localization is faster compared to

manual determination of
Fault
faulty section
Distribution s/s
Network Reconfiguration - Service Restoration

Restores service to non-faulty feeder sections by reconfiguration

Considerations

* Presence of alternate paths

* Operation of LB switches
* Need to have remotely controllable switches
* Restoration based on
- satisfaction of current and voltage constraints
- minimum switches
- minimum losses
 Network Reconfiguration - Service Restoration

Considerations
* Presence of alternate paths Distribution s/s
* Operation of LB switches
* Need to have remotely controllable switches
* Restoration based on
- satisfaction of current and voltage constraints
- minimum switches
- minimum losses
Network Reconfiguration - Service Restoration
 Network Reconfiguration - Service Restoration

Fault Identification
Determination of affected load points
- After isolating the faulted component(s), system would be divided in
group of connected components
- Loads in the groups with no source points are affected load points
Network Reconfiguration
Service Restoration
Network Reconfiguration
Service Restoration

Loads at nodes 15, 44 and 56 (L7&, L4 and L3) are

affected loads for this case
 Network Reconfiguration - Service Restoration

Fault Identification
Determination of affected load points
- After isolating the faulted component (s), system would be divided in
group of connected components
- Loads in the groups with no source points are affected load points

Determination of non-restorable affected load points

- No alternate path for an affected load point
- Service restorable to such non-restorable affected load points only
after repairing the faults

- Consider the network with all components (except faulted

components)
- Check the connectivity
- If connected, service restorable to all components
 Network Reconfiguration - Service Restoration

Determination of non-restorable affected load points

- No alternate path for an affected load point
- Service restorable to such non-restorable affected load points only
after repairing the faults
- Consider the network with all components (except faulted
components)
- Check the connectivity
- If connected, service restorable to all components
- If not connected, network will be divided into different groups
* Type 0 : Does not have affected load points and source points
* Type 1 : Have source points
* Type 2 : Has affected load points but no source points
Loads in Group of Type 2 are non-restorable affected load points !

Network obtained after deleting groups of type 0 and 2

is considered for further analysis
 Network Reconfiguration - Service Restoration

Determination of all possible service restoration strategies

Network obtained after deleting groups of type 0 and 2
is considered for further analysis
- The complete network is reduced to a smaller network by merging
all the connected (except those corresponding to switches in
interlocking sequence) together
- All interesting trees of this reduced network correspond to a possible
restoration strategy
- Restoration is based on
- satisfaction of current and voltage constraints
- minimum switches
- minimum losses
Network Reconfiguration - Service Restoration
Network Reconfiguration
Service Restoration
Network Reconfiguration
Service Restoration

Loads at nodes 15, 44 and 56 (L&, L4 and L3) are

affected loads for this case
Network Reconfiguration
Service Restoration
Network Reconfiguration
Service Restoration
Network Reconfiguration
Service Restoration
Network Reconfiguration
Service Restoration
Network Reconfiguration - Loss Minimization

Composition and hence consumption patterns of loads on

different feeders are different

Thus, a particular configuration of the distribution system which is

set for minimum loss at a certain instant of time will no longer be a
minimum loss configuration at a different instant of time

Therefore, there is a need to reconfigure the system for loss

minimization when ever there is a change in the loading pattern
on the system

This is an important function in Distribution Automation

 Network Reconfiguration Loss Minimization

Considerations
* Presence of alternate paths Distribution s/s
* Operation of LB switches
* Need to have remotely controllable switches
* Reconfiguration for minimum losses
 Network Reconfiguration Loss Minimization

Considerations
* Presence of alternate paths Distribution s/s
* Operation of LB switches
* Need to have remotely controllable switches
* Reconfiguration for minimum losses

NDR Sarma, KS Prakasa Rao, " A New 0-1 integer Programming Method of Feeder
Reconfiguration for Loss minimization in Distribution Systems", International Journal on
Electric Power Systems Research, Vol 33, 1995, pp 125-131.
 How to reconfigure for Loss Minimization ?

There are several methods in the literature

 0-1 Integer Programming Method

Elements 12, 23 and 16 are initially open

Node 6 can be switched to Ckt 2 or node 14 can be switched to ckt 1
Node 9 can be switched to Ckt 3 or node 23 can be switched to ckt 1
 0-1 Integer Programming Method

Nodes 6,9,14 and 23 can be associated with variables X6, X9, X14, and X23

These variables are 0-1 integer variables

X6= 1 implies that node 6 is connected to ckt 1 and X6= 0 implies that
node 6 is NOT connected to ckt 1 but connected to ckt 2

Thus the values of X6 and X14 will decide whether node 6 is to be

switched on to ckt 2 or node 14 is to be switched on to ckt 1

It is important to see that each node is connected to any one circuit,

i.e., both cannot be zero simultaneously
X6 + X14 1
 0-1 Integer Programming Method

Current in element 1 can be written as

Power loss in element 1 can be written as

 0-1 Integer Programming Method

Power loss in element 1 can be written as

 0-1 Integer Programming Method

General Form for loss in element 1

General Form for loss in element i

 0-1 Integer Programming Method

Loss Function for Circuit 1 is obtained by taking

summation over all elements in the circuit
0-1 Integer Programming Method
 0-1 Integer Programming Method

Power loss functions

 0-1 Integer Programming Method

Total loss function for the entire system

This function has to be minimized subject to

0-1 Integer Programming Method
0-1 Integer Programming Method
Network Reconfiguration - Load Balancing

Composition and hence consumption patterns of loads on

different feeders are different

To distribute loads among transformers/feeders

Remote control of switches for reconfiguration

 Load Balancing - Illustration

Distribution s/s

Considerations
* To distribute loads among transformers/feeders
* Remote control of switches for reconfiguration

NDR Sarma, P.S. Nagendra Rao, V.C. Prasad and KS Prakasa Rao, "A New and Efficient Method of
Feeder Reconfiguration for Load Balancing in Distribution Systems", Proceedings of 59th American
Power Conference, Chicago, USA, April, 1997.
 Why Distribution Automation ?

Benefits

- Tangible
- Intangible
Tangible Benefits
Substation
Automation
Reduction in Capital Expenditure
due to:
Deferment of additional substation
facilities
Effective utilization of substation
facilities
Reduction in O&M Costs of Breaker
switching for:
Routine Operations
Non-Routine Operations
Reduction in O&M Costs of LTC
Operation for:
Routine LTC Operations
Non-Routine Operations
Reduction in O&M Costs for:
Routine Relay Testing
Relay Setting
Reduction in O&M Costs of:
Routine Data Collection
Non-Routine Data Collection
Data Analysis
Testing of Data Logging Devices
Repair of Data Logging Devices
Feeder Customer interface
Automation Automation
Reduction in O&M Costs of:
Reduction in Capital Expenditure
Regular Meter Reading
due to:
Reprogramming of Meters
Deferment of additional feeders
Service Connect/Disconnect
Effective utilization of existing
Processing of Customer Claims
feeders
Reduction in O&M Costs of: Increased Revenue Due to:
Fault Location and Isolation Reduction of System Peak Load
Service Restoration Tamper Detection to Reduce
Routine Switching Operations Electricity Theft
Recloser Setting Reduced Payments for Customer
Recloser Testing Claims
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Feeder Reconfiguration
Capacitor Banks Inspection
Increased Revenue Due to:
Loss Reduction due to Feeder
Reconfiguration
Loss Reduction due to Capacitor
Banks Automation
Faster Service Restoration
 Summary of cost/benefit Analysis Results (done in 1991)
based on tangible benefits

Function Substation Feeder Customer interface

Category Automation Automation Automation

Present Value of 177,393 423,260 2,913,258

benefits ($)
Present Value of 166,764 555,000 10,934,353
costs ($)
Benefit/Cost 1.06 0.76 0.27
Ratio

Details of the area : 32,000 customers with electric and gas meters with a mix of 53 % residential,
8 % commercial 37% industrial and 2% agricultural.
Peak demand : 124 MW
Area served by three major substations (230/21 kV, 115/12 kV, 60/12 kV)
with 13 primary feeders circuits (eleven 12kV and two 21kV) in the area

David L. Brown, et al., Prospects For Distribution Automation at Pacific Gas & Electric
Company, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 6, No. 4, October 1991, pp 1946-1954.
Intangible Benefits

Benefit Substation Feeder Customer interface

Category Automation Automation Automation

Improved Service
Reliability
Applicable Applicable Not Applicable
Improved Customer Applicable Applicable Applicable
Satisfaction
Improved Public Applicable Applicable Not Applicable
Safety
Better Information Applicable Applicable Applicable
for Engineering and
Planning
Strategic or Applicable Applicable Applicable
Marketing
Advantages

Improved Public Not Applicable Not Applicable Applicable

Image
 Gachibowli DA Project

Technology Development Project supported by

DoE, Govt. of India

Involves all aspects of DA

- Substation Automation
- Feeder Automation
- Customer Automation

Funding
- Department of Electronics
Control Center, Development efforts
- APSEB
Field Equipment, Communication System, Specifications
- CMC
Specifications, Design and Development, Implementation

1.Ch. Narasimha Murthy, KV Raju, A Ramakoteswara Rao, N. Balakrishna Reddy, NDR Sarma, P. Vani, Sanjay J
Mali, Jhuma Nath, KJ Babu Narayanan, "Gachibowli Distribution Automation", Proceedings, DA/DSM Asia
'96, New Delhi, India, 17-19 Sept. 1996, Vol 5, pp 31-40.
2. NDR Sarma, "Rapid Growth Leads to System Automation Efforts", Transmission and Distribution World,
Sept, 1997
 DA System for Tiruvanthapuram City

Automates the 11 kV Distribution Network of

Tiruvanthapuram City
- Three substations (110/66/11kV)
- Distributed Nodes in the field
Functions
- 11kV Network Monitoring and Control
- Feeder Reconfiguration
- Distributed Network Display (GIS)
- Load Flow Analysis (voltage profile/losses, etc)
- Short term load Forecast
- Optimum Feeder segmentation
 DA System at IIT Kanpur Campus

Technology Development Project

Automates the complete campus

Distribution Network
Retrofitting was done to monitor and control the
existing components of the system
 Hyderabad DA Project

20 EHV (220/132 kV) substations

110 Medium voltage (33/11 kV) substations
Covers about 1555 sq. km area
1 Municipal corporation, 9 municipalities,
about 316 villages
Covers Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Medak
districts
Executed by ABB
Hyderabad DA Project
Hyderabad DA Project (Contd)
 Summary
What is Distribution Automation ?
Monitor, Control, Decision support tools

How do you do Distribution Automation ?

SCADA and Application Functions

How do we do SCADA ?
Hardware Components, Software Components

Why Distribution Automation ?

Tangible and Intangible benefits
Some DA Projects
Further Reading.
 References

..
1. Turan Gonen, Electric Power Distribution System Engineering,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1986, Chapter 1, pp 1-36.

2. David L. Brown, James W. Skeen, Parkash Daryani, Farrokh A Rahimi,

Prospects For Distribution Automation at Pacific Gas & Electric
Company, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 6, No. 4,
October 1991, pp 1946-1954.

3. NDR Sarma, Rapid Growth Leads to System Automation Efforts,

Transmission and Distribution World, Sept, 1997.
http://industryclick.com/Magazinearticle.asp?magazineid=108&magazinearticleid=55966&releaseid=4707&siteid=14
 QUESTIONS

QUESTIONS

QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
ndrsarma@ieee.org