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• The characteristics and operation of pass NMOS and PMOS transistor logic.
• The characteristics and operation of CMOS transmission gate logic.
• The resistance behavior for both logic
Theory
A conceptually simple approach for implementing logic functions utilizes series and parallel
combinations of switches that are controlled by input logic variables to connect the input and
output nodes. Each of the switches can be implemented either by a single NMOS transistor
(Fig. 1 known as pass-transistor logic (PTL)) or by a pair of complementary MOS transistors
connected in what is known as the CMOS transmission-gate configuration (Fig. 2). The pass
transistor logic reduces the number of transistors required to implement the logic. NMOS
transistors pass a strong 0 but a weak 1(threshold voltage drop. High =Vdd-Vtn) and PMOS
transistors pass a strong 1 but a weak 0(threshold voltage drop. Low= Vtp)
Also the pass transistor logic can not be cascaded as shown in Fig.3 but can be cascaded as
shown in Fig. 4.
1
2
Spice model for the NMOS transistor in the laboratory is:
2.0V
1.5V
1.0V
0.5V
0V
0V 0.5V 1.0V 1.5V 2.0V 2.5V 3.0V 3.5V 4.0V 4.5V 5.0V
V(M3:d)
V_VIN
5.0K
2.0M
4.0K
1.5M
3.0K
1.0M
2.0K
0.5M
1.0K
0 0
0V 0.5V 1.0V 1.5V 2.0V 2.5V 3.0V 3.5V 4.0V 4.5V 5.0V 0V 0.2V 0.4V 0.6V 0.8V 1.0V 1.2V 1.4V 1.6V 1.8V
ABS((V1(VIN)-V(R4:1))/I(VIN)) ABS((V1(VIN)-V(R4:1))/I(VIN))
V_VIN V_VIN
The solution of the output signal loss is solved by connecting the output node of the PTL to
the input of CMOS inverter. A PMOS transistor QR whose gate is controlled by the output of
the inverter and its drain connected to the output of the PTL as shown A3 in the discussion.
3
Great improvements in static and dynamic performance are obtained when the switches
implemented with CMOS transmission gates. The transmission gate utilizes a pair of
complementary transistors connected in parallel. It acts as an excellent switch, providing
bidirectional current flow (Fig. 5), and it exhibits an on-resistance that remains almost
constant for wide ranges of input voltage. These characteristics make the transmission gate
not only an excellent switch in digital applications but also an excellent analog switch in such
applications data converters and switched-capacitor filters.
4
5
5.0V
4.0V
3.0V
2.0V
1.0V
0V
0V 0.5V 1.0V 1.5V 2.0V 2.5V 3.0V 3.5V 4.0V 4.5V 5.0V
V(R4:2)
V_V1
Experimentally
Fig. B1:
7
For figure B2:
Fig. B2:
Discussion:
For figure A1: