Indeterminate Forms and

CHAPTER 8 Improper Integrals

8.1 Concepts Review 0
7. The limit is not of the form .
0
1. lim f ( x); lim g ( x)
xa x a As x 1 , x 2 2 x + 2 1, and x 2 1 0 so
f ( x) x2 2 x + 2
2. lim =
g ( x) x 1 x2 + 1
0
3. sec2 x; 1; lim cos x 0 8. The limit is of the form .
x 0 0
1 2x
4. Cauchys Mean Value ln x 2 2 1
lim = lim x = lim =1
x 1 x 2 1 x 1 2 x x 1 x 2
Problem Set 8.1
0
0 9. The limit is of the form .
1. The limit is of the form . 0
0 1 3sin 2 x cos x
2 x sin x 2 cos x ln(sin x)3 3
lim = lim =1 lim = lim sin x
x 0 x x 0 1 x / 2 / 2 x x / 2 1
0
0 = =0
2. The limit is of the form . 1
0
cos x sin x 0
lim = lim =1 10. The limit is of the form .
x / 2 / 2 x x / 2 1 0
ex e x ex + e x 2
0 lim = lim = =1
3. The limit is of the form . x 0 2sin x x 0 2 cos x 2
0
x sin 2 x 1 2 cos 2 x 1 2 0
lim = lim = = 1 11. The limit is of the form .
0
x 0 tan x x 0 sec2 x 1
1 2t
t t2 2 t 3 3
0 lim = lim = 2 =
t 1 ln t t 1 1 1 2
4. The limit is of the form . t
0
3 0
tan 1 3 x 1+ 9 x 2 3 12. The limit is of the form .
lim = lim = =3 0
x 0 sin 1 x x 0 1 1
1 x 2 7 x ln 7
x x
7 1 2 x 7 ln 7
lim = lim = lim
+
0 x 0 2 x
1 x 0+ 2 x ln 2 x 0 +
2 x
ln 2
5. The limit is of the form . 2 x
0
ln 7
x2 + 6 x + 8 2x + 6 = 2.81
lim = lim ln 2
x 2 x 2
3x 10 x 2 2 x 3
2 2 0
= = 13. The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals
7 7 0
Rule twice.)
0 2sin 2 x
6. The limit is of the form . ln cos 2 x cos 2 x 2sin 2 x
0 lim = lim = lim
x 0 2 x 0 14 x x 0 14 x cos 2 x
7x
x3 3 x 2 + x 3x2 + 6 x + 1 1 1
lim = lim = = 4 cos 2 x 4 2
x 0 x3 2 x x 0 3x2 2 2 2 = lim = =
x 0 14 cos 2 x 28 x sin 2 x 14 0 7

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 0 0
14. The limit is of the form . 19. The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals
0 0
3sin x 3cos x Rule twice.)
lim = lim 2 x
1 1
x 0 x x 0 1
2 x tan 1 x x 1+ x 2 (1+ x 2 ) 2
lim = lim = lim
= lim 6 x cos x = 0 x 0 8 x3 24 x 2
x 0 x 0 48 x
x 0 1 1
= lim =
x 0 24(1 + x 2 ) 2 24
0
15. The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals
0
0
Rule three times.) 20. The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals
0
tan x x sec2 x 1 Rule twice.)
lim = lim
x 0 sin 2 x 2 x x 0 2 cos 2 x 2 cosh x 1 sinh x cosh x 1
lim = lim = lim =
2sec 2 x tan x 2sec 4 x + 4sec2 x tan 2 x x 0 2` 0 2 x 0 2 2
= lim = lim x x x
x 0 4sin 2 x x 0 8cos 2 x
2+0 1 0
= = 21. The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals
8 4 0
Rule twice.)
0 1 cos x x sin x
16. The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals lim 2
0 x 0 2 2 cos x sin x
+

Rule three times.) x cos x

= lim
sin x tan x cos x sec2 x x 0+ 2sin x 2 cos x sin s
lim = lim
x 0 x 2 sin x x 0 2 x sin x + x 2 cos x x sin x cos x
= lim
+ 2 2
sin x 2sec2 x tan x x 0 2 cos x 2 cos x + 2sin x
= lim
x 0 2sin x + 4 x cos x x 2 sin x 0
This limit is not of the form .
0
cos x 2sec4 x 4sec2 x tan 2 x
= lim As x 0+ , x sin x cos x 1 and
x 0 6 cos x x 2 cos x 6 x sin x
1 2 0 1 2 cos x 2 cos 2 x + 2sin 2 x 0+ , so
= =
600 2 x sin x cos x
lim =
+ 2 cos x 2 cos 2 x + 2sin 2 x
x 0
0
17. The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals
0 0
22. The limit is of the form .
Rule twice.) 0
x2 2x 2 sin x + tan x cos x + sec2 x
lim = lim = lim lim = lim
+ sin x x + cos x 1 + sin x
x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 ex + e x 2 ex e x
x 0
0 0
This limit is not of the form . As This limit is not of the form .
0 0
x 0+ , 2 2, and sin x 0 , so As x 0 , cos x + sec 2 x 2, and
2 cos x + sec2 x
lim = . e x e x 0 , so lim = .
+ sin x
x 0 x 0 ex e x
0 0
18. The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals 23. The limit is of the form .
0 0
Rule twice.) x

lim 0
1 + sin t dt
= lim 1 + sin x = 1
e ln(1 + x) 1
x e x
1+1x x 0 x x 0
lim = lim
x 0 2 x 0 2x
x
e + x 1
(1+ x )2 1+1
= lim = =1
x 0 2 2

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 0 26. Note that sin (1 0 ) is undefined (not zero), so
24. The limit is of the form .
0 l'Hpital's Rule cannot be used.
x 1 1
lim
0 t cos t dt
= lim
x cos x As x 0, and sin oscillates rapidly
x x
+ 2 + 2x
x 0 x x 0 between 1 and 1, so
= lim
x 0 +
cos x
2 x
=
lim
( ) lim
x 2 sin 1x x2
.
x 0 tan x x 0 tan x
25. It would not have helped us because we proved
sin x x2 x 2 cos x
lim = 1 in order to find the derivative of =
x 0 x tan x sin x
sin x. x 2 cos x x
lim = lim x cos x = 0 .
x 0 sin x x 0 sin x

Thus, lim
x 2 sin ( 1x ) = 0 .
x 0 tan x
A table of values or graphing utility confirms
this.

1
27. a. OB = cos t , BC = sin t and AB = 1 cos t , so the area of triangle ABC is sin t (1 cos t ).
2
1 1
The area of the sector COA is t while the area of triangle COB is cos t sin t , thus the area of the curved
2 2
1
region ABC is (t cos t sin t ).
2
1 sin t (1 cos t )
area of triangle ABC
lim = lim 2
1
t 0+ area of curved region ABC t 0+ 2 (t cos t sin t )

sin t (1 cos t ) cos t cos 2 t + sin 2 t 4sin t cos t sin t 4 cos t 1 3

= lim = lim = lim = lim =
+ t cos t sin t + 1 cos 2 t + sin 2 t + 4 cos t sin t + 4 cos t 4
t 0 t 0 t 0 t 0
(LHpitals Rule was applied twice.)

1 1 1
b. The area of the sector BOD is t cos 2 t , so the area of the curved region BCD is cos t sin t t cos 2 t.
2 2 2
1 cos t (sin t t cos t )
area of curved region BCD
lim = lim 2
+ area of curved region ABC 1 (t cos t sin t )
t 0 t 0+ 2
cos t (sin t t cos t ) sin t (2t cos t sin t ) 2t (cos 2 t sin 2 t ) t (cos 2 t sin 2 t )
= lim = lim = lim = lim
t sin t cos t 2 2 4 cos t sin t 2 cos t sin t
t 0+ t 0+ 1 cos t + sin t t 0+ t 0+
cos 2 t 4t cos t sin t sin 2 t
1 0 0 1
= lim = =
+ 2 20 2 2
t 0 2 cos t 2sin t
(LHpitals Rule was applied three times.)

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 28. a. Note that DOE has measure t radians. Thus the coordinates of E are (cost, sint).
Also, slope BC = slope CE . Thus,
0 y sin t 0
=
(1 t ) 0 cos t (1 t )
(1 t ) sin t
y =
cos t + t 1
(t 1) sin t
y=
cos t + t 1
(t 1) sin t
lim y = lim
+ + cos t + t 1
t 0 t 0
0
This limit is of the form .
0
(t 1) sin t sin t + (t 1) cos t 0 + (1)(1)
lim = lim = = 1
t 0+ cos t + t 1 t 0+ sin t + 1 0 + 1

b. Slope AF = slope EF . Thus,

t t sin t
=
1 x 1 cos t
t (1 cos t )
= 1 x
t sin t
t (1 + cos t )
x = 1
t sin t
t cos t sin t
x=
t sin t
t cos t sin t
lim x = lim
t 0 +
t 0 + t sin t
0
The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals Rule three times.)
0
t cos t sin t t sin t
lim = lim
t 0 + t sin t t 0 1 cos t
+

sin t t cos t t sin t 2 cos t 0 2

= lim = lim = = 2
t 0 + sin t t 0 + cos t 1

0 ex 1 ex
29. By lHpitals Rule , we have lim f ( x) = lim = lim = 1 and
0 x 0 + x 0+ x x 0+ 1
ex 1 ex
lim f ( x) = lim = lim = 1 so we define f (0) = 1 .
x 0 x 0 x x 0 1

1
0 ln x
30. By lHpitals Rule , we have lim f ( x) = lim = lim x = 1 and
0 x 1+ x 1+ x 1 x 1+ 1
1
ln x
lim f ( x) = lim = lim x = 1 so we define f (1) = 1 .
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 1

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 31. A should approach 4b 2 , the surface area of a sphere of radius b.
2 2 2 2
2
2a 2 b arcsin a a b 2
a 2 arcsin a a b
lim 2b + = 2b + 2b lim+
a b + a 2 b2 a b a 2 b2

Focusing on the limit, we have
a 2 b2
a 2 b2 2a arcsin + a2 b

a 2 arcsin a
a 2
a b 2 2 2
= lim 2 a 2 b 2 arcsin a b + b = b.
lim a
= lim
+ +
a b +
2 2 a a
a b a b a b
a 2 b2
Thus, lim A = 2b 2 + 2b(b) = 4b 2 .
a b +

32. In order for lHpitals Rule to be of any use, a(1)4 + b(1)3 + 1 = 0, so b = 1 a.

Using lHpitals Rule,
ax 4 + bx3 + 1 4ax3 + 3bx 2
lim = lim
x 1 ( x 1) sin x x 1 sin x + ( x 1) cos x
To use lHpitals Rule here,
4a(1)3 + 3b(1)2 = 0, so 4a + 3b = 0, hence a = 3, b = 4.
3 x 4 4 x3 + 1 12 x3 12 x 2 36 x 2 24 x 12 6
lim = lim = lim = =
x 1 ( x 1) sin x x 1 sin x + ( x 1) cos x 2
x 1 2 cos x ( x 1) sin x 2
6
a = 3, b = 4, c =

33. If f (a ) and g (a ) both exist, then f and g are 38.

both continuous at a. Thus, lim f ( x) = 0 = f (a )
x a
and lim g ( x ) = 0 = g (a ).
x a
f ( x) f ( x) f (a )
lim = lim
xa g ( x) xa g ( x) g (a )
f ( x ) f ( a )
f ( x ) f ( a ) lim
xa x a xa f (a)
lim = =
x a g ( x ) g ( a ) lim
g ( x ) g ( a ) g (a )
xa xa xa

cos x 1 + x2
2 1
34. lim =
x 0 4 24
x

ex 1 x x2 x3
2 6 1
35. lim =
x 0 4 24
x

1 cos( x 2 ) 1
36. lim = The slopes are approximately 0.02 / 0.01 = 2 and
x 0 3 2
x sin x 0.01/ 0.01 = 1 . The ratio of the slopes is
therefore 2 /1 = 2 , indicating that the limit of the
tan x x sec2 x 1 ratio should be about 2. An application of
37. lim = lim 1 =2
x 0 arcsin x x x 0 1 l'Hopital's Rule confirms this.
2
1 x

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 39.
The slopes are approximately 0.005 / 0.01 = 1/ 2
and 0.01/ 0.01 = 1 . The ratio of the slopes is
therefore 1/ 2 , indicating that the limit of the
ratio should be about 1/ 2 . An application of
l'Hopital's Rule confirms this.
40.
The slopes are approximately 0.01/ 0.01 = 1 and
0.02 / 0.01 = 2 . The ratio of the slopes is
therefore 1/ 2 , indicating that the limit of the
ratio should be about 1/ 2 . An application of
l'Hopital's Rule confirms this.
Instructors Resource Manual
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of
this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
41.
The slopes are approximately 0.01/ 0.01 = 1 and
0.01/ 0.01 = 1 . The ratio of the slopes is
therefore 1/1 = 1 , indicating that the limit of
the ratio should be about 1 . An application of
l'Hopital's Rule confirms this.
42. If f and g are locally linear at zero, then, since
lim f ( x ) = lim g ( x ) = 0 , f ( x) px and
x 0 x 0
g ( x) qx , where p = f '(0) and q = g '(0) .
Then f ( x) / g ( x) px / px = p / q when x is
near 0.
Section 8.1 481
 8.2 Concepts Review
5. The limit is of the form .

f ( x) 3sec x + 5 3sec x tan x
1. lim = lim
g ( x )
x
2
tan x x
2
sec 2 x
f ( x) g ( x) 3 tan x
2. lim or lim = lim = lim 3sin x = 3
x a 1 x a 1 x sec x x
2 2
g ( x) f ( x)

3. , 0, , 1
6. The limit is of the form .

4. ln x 1 2sin x cos x
ln sin 2 x sin 2 x
lim = lim
x 0+ 3ln tan x x 0+ 3 sec 2 x
tan x
2 cos 2 x 2
Problem Set 8.2 = lim =
x 0+ 3 3

1. The limit is of the form .
7. The limit is of the form .

( )
1 1000 x999
ln x1000 1000 1 1 1000 x999
lim = lim x ln(ln x1000 ) ln x1000 x1000
x x x 1 lim = lim
x ln x x 1
1000 x
= lim =0
x x 1000
= lim =0
x x ln x1000

2. The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals

8. The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals
Rule twice.)
(ln x)2 2(ln x) 1x Rule twice.)
lim = lim 1 2(4 8 x)(8)
x 2x x 2 x ln 2 ln(4 8 x) 2 (48 x )2
lim = lim
= lim
2 ln x
= lim
2 ( 1x ) ( 2)
x 1
tan x x 1 ( 2)

sec2 x
x x 2 x ln 2 x 2 x ln 2(1 + x ln 2)
16 cos 2 x 32 cos x sin x
2 = lim = lim
= lim =0 (4 8 x ) 8
(2) (2)

x 1 x 1
x x 2 ln 2(1 + x ln 2)
x

= lim 4 cos x sin x = 0

(2)

x 10000 x 1
3. lim = 0 (See Example 2).
x x
e

9. The limit is of the form .

4. The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals
cot x csc2 x
Rule three times.) lim = lim
1
x 0 + ln x x 0+
3x 3 2 x ln x
lim = = lim
x ln(100 x + e x ) x 1 (100 + e x ) 2 x ln x
x
100 x + e = lim
x 0 + sin 2 x
300 x + 3e x 300 + 3e x 2x
= lim = lim = lim csc x ln x =
x 100 + e x x ex x 0 + sin x
3e x x
= lim =3 since lim = 1 while lim csc x = and
x ex x 0 + sin x
x 0 +
lim ln x = .
x 0 +

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 15. The limit is of the form 00.
10. The limit is of the form , but the fraction can
2
be simplified. Let y = (3 x) x , then ln y = x 2 ln 3x
2 csc2 x 2 2 ln 3 x
lim = lim = =2 lim x 2 ln 3 x = lim
+ + 1
x 0 cot 2 x x 0 cos 2 x 12 x 0 x 0
x2

1000 ln x1000 The limit is of the form .
11. lim ( x ln x ) = lim
x 0 x 0 1
1 3
x ln 3 x 3x x2
lim = lim = lim =0
1 2 2
The limit is of the form . x 0 + x 0 + 3 x 0 +
x2 x
2
1 1000 x999 lim (3x) x = lim eln y = 1
ln x1000 1000 +
lim = lim x x 0 x 0 +
x 0 1 x 0 1
x x2
= lim 1000 x = 0 16. The limit is of the form 1.
x 0 Let y = (cos x)csc x , then ln y = csc x(ln(cos x))
2 ln(cos x)
x lim csc x(ln(cos x)) = lim
12. lim 3 x 2 csc 2 x = lim 3 = 3 since x 0 x 0 sin x
x 0 x 0 sin x
0
x The limit is of the form .
lim =1 0
x 0 sin x 1 ( sin x )
ln(cos x)
lim = lim cos x
1 cos 2 x x 0 sin x x 0 cos x
13. lim (csc 2 x cot 2 x) = lim
x 0 x 0 sin 2 x sin x 0
= lim = =0
2 x 0 cos 2 x 1
sin x
= lim =1
x 0 sin 2 x lim (cos x)csc x = lim eln y = 1
x 0 x 0

sin x 1
14. lim (tan x sec x) = lim 17. The limit is of the form 0 , which is not an
x x cos x
2 2
indeterminate form. lim (5cos x) tan x = 0
0
x ( / 2 )
The limit is of the form .
0
sin x 1 cos x 0
lim = lim = =0
x cos x x sin x 1
2 2

2 2 2
1 1 1 x 2 sin 2 x
18. lim csc2 x = lim = lim
x 0 x2 x 0 sin 2 x x 2 x 0 x 2 sin 2 x

x 2 sin 2 x 0
Consider lim . The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals Rule four times.)
x 0 2 2 0
x sin x
2 2
x sin x 2 x 2sin x cos x x sin x cos x
lim = lim = lim
2 2 2 2
x 0 x sin x x 0 2 x sin x + 2 x sin x cos x x 0 x sin x + x 2 sin x cos x
2

1 cos 2 x + sin 2 x 4sin x cos x

= lim = lim
x 0 sin 2 x + 4 x sin x cos x + x cos x x sin x 2 2 2 2 x 0 6 x cos x 2 + 6 cos x sin x 4 x 2 cos x sin x 6 x sin 2 x
4 cos 2 x 4sin 2 x 4 1
= lim = =
2 2 2 2 2 2 12 3
x 0 12 cos x 4 x cos x 32 x cos x sin x 12sin x + 4 x sin x
2 2
x 2 sin 2 x 1 1
Thus, lim = =
2
x 0 x sin x 2 3 9

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 19. The limit is of the form 1. 24. The limit is of the form 1.
3 2 1
Let y = ( x + e x / 3 )3 / x , then ln y = ln( x + e x / 3 ). Let y = (cos x)1/ x , then ln y = ln(cos x) .
x x2
3 3ln( x + e x / 3 ) 1 ln(cos x)
lim ln( x + e x / 3 ) = lim lim ln(cos x ) = lim
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x 2 x 0 x2
0 0
The limit is of the form . The limit is of the form .
0 0

lim
3ln( x + e x / 3 )
= lim
3
x +e x / 3
(
1 + 13 e x / 3 ) (Apply lHpitals rule twice.)
1 ( sin x )
ln(cos x) tan x
x 0 x x 0 1 lim = lim cos x = lim
x 0 2 x 0 2x x 0 2 x
x
3 + ex / 3 4
= lim = =4 sec 2 x 1 1
x/3 1 = lim = =
x 0 x+e
x 0 2 2 2
lim ( x + e x / 3 )3 / x = lim eln y = e 4 2 1
x 0 x 0 lim (cos x)1/ x = lim eln y = e1/ 2 =
x 0 x 0 e
20. The limit is of the form (1)0 .
The limit does not exist. 25. The limit is of the form 0 , which is not an
indeterminate form.
21. The limit is of the form 10 , which is not an lim (tan x) 2 / x = 0
x 0 +
indeterminate form.
lim (sin x)cos x = 1 26. The limit is of the form + , which is not an
x indeterminate form.
2
lim (e x x) = lim (e x + x) =
x x
22. The limit is of the form , which is not an
indeterminate form.
27. The limit is of the form 00. Let
lim x x =
x y = (sin x) x , then ln y = x ln(sin x).
ln(sin x)
23. The limit is of the form 0 . Let lim x ln(sin x) = lim
+ + 1
x 0 x 0 x
1
y = x1/ x , then ln y = ln x.
x The limit is of the form .

1 ln x
lim ln x = lim 1 cos x
x x x x ln(sin x) sin x
lim = lim
+ 1 1
x 0 x 0 +
The limit is of the form . x x2

x
1 = lim ( x cos x) = 1 0 = 0
ln x 1 + sin x
lim = lim x = lim = 0 x 0
x x x 1 x x
lim (sin x ) x = lim eln y = 1
1/ x ln y x 0 + x 0+
lim x = lim e =1
x x
28. The limit is of the form 1. Let
1
y = (cos x sin x)1/ x , then ln y =ln(cos x sin x).
x
1 ln(cos x sin x)
lim ln(cos x sin x ) = lim
x 0 x x 0 x
1 ( sin x cos x)
cos x sin x
= lim
x 0 1
sin x cos x
= lim = 1
x 0 cos x sin x
lim (cos x sin x )1/ x = lim eln y = e1
x 0 x 0

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 29. The limit is of the form . 33. The limit is of the form 1.
1 1 1 x sin x 1
lim csc x = lim = lim Let y = (cos x)1/ x , then ln y = ln(cos x).
x 0 x x 0 sin x x x 0 x sin x x
0 1 ln(cos x)
The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals lim ln(cos x) = lim
0 x 0 x x 0 x
Rule twice.) 0
x sin x 1 cos x The limit is of the form .
lim = lim 0
x 0 x sin x x 0 sin x + x cos x 1
ln(cos x) ( sin x) sin x
sin x 0 lim = lim cos x = lim =0
= lim = =0 x 0 x x 0 1 x 0 cos x
x 0 2 cos x x sin x 2
lim (cos x)1/ x = lim eln y = 1
x 0 x 0
30. The limit is of the form 1.
x
1 1 34. The limit is of the form 0 .
Let y = 1 + , then ln y = x ln 1 + .
x x ln x
lim ( x1/ 2 ln x) = lim
1
lim x ln 1 + = lim
ln 1 + 1x ( ) x 0 + x 0+
1
x
x x x 1
x The limit is of the form .
0
The limit is of the form . 1
0 ln x
lim = lim x
= lim 2 x = 0
( )
1 1
1 1 x 0 + x 0 + x 0+

lim
(
ln 1 + 1x ) = lim 1+ 1
x
x2
x 2 x3/ 2

x 1 x 1 35. Since cos x oscillates between 1 and 1 as

x x2
x , this limit is not of an indeterminate form
1 previously seen.
= lim =1
x 1 + 1
x Let y = ecos x , then ln y = (cos x)ln e = cos x
x
1 lim cos x does not exist, so lim ecos x does not
lim 1 + = lim eln y = e1 = e x x
x x x
exist.
31. The limit is of the form 3 , which is not an 36. The limit is of the form .
indeterminate form. x +1
x 1/ x lim [ln( x + 1) ln( x 1)] = lim ln
lim (1 + 2e ) = x x x 1
x 0 +
x +1 1 + 1x x +1
lim = lim = 1, so lim ln =0
32. The limit is of the form . x x 1 x 1 1 x x 1
x
1 x ln x x 2 + x
lim = lim
x 1 x 1 ln x x 1 ( x 1) ln x 0
37. The limit is of the form , which is not an
0
The limit is of the form . indeterminate form.
0
Apply lHpitals Rule twice. x
lim =0
1 2x +1 x 0+ ln x
ln x x 2 + x
lim = lim x
x 1 ( x 1) ln x x 1 ln x + x 1 38. The limit is of the form , which is not an
x
1 2x + x2
4 x + 1 3 3 indeterminate form.
= lim = lim = = lim (ln x cot x) =
x 1 x ln x + x 1 x 1 ln x + 2 2 2 x 0 +

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 1 + et > 1 for all t, so
( n n 1) = nlim n 1
n
39. d. lim n
n 1
1 + et dt > dt = x 1 .
x x
1 1
n
0
This limit is of the form ,
The limit is of the form . 0

since lim n
n = 1 by part b.
1 + et dt
x
1 1+ e x n
lim
x x
= lim
x 1
=1
lim
n
n 1
= lim
n
n ( ) (1 ln n)
1
n2
n 1 n 1
0 n n2
40. This limit is of the form .
0
= lim n
n (ln n 1) =
x n
lim
1 sin t dt
= lim
sin x
= sin(1)
x 1 + x 1 +
x 1 1 42. a. The limit is of the form 00.
Let y = x x , then ln y = x ln x.
1
41. a. Let y = a , then ln y = ln a.
n
ln x
n lim x ln x = lim
+ + 1
1 x 0 x 0 x
lim ln a = 0
n n
ln y
The limit is of the form .
lim n
a = lim e =1
n n 1
ln x
lim = lim x
= lim x = 0
1 1
b. The limit is of the form 0 . x 0 + x x 0 + 2 x 0 +
x
1 ln y
Let y = n n , then ln y = ln n . lim x x = lim e =1
n x 0 + x 0 +
1 ln n
lim ln n = lim
n n n n b. The limit is of the form 10 , since
lim x x = 1 by part a.
This limit is of the form .
x 0 +

ln n
1 Let y = ( x x ) x , then ln y = x ln( x x ).
lim = lim n = 0
n n n 1 lim x ln( x x ) = 0
x 0+
lim n
n = lim eln y = 1
n n lim ( x x ) x = lim eln y = 1
x 0 + x 0 +
Note that 10 is not an indeterminate form.
( n a 1) = nlim a 1
n
c. lim n
n 1
The limit is of the form 01 , since
n
c.
0
This limit is of the form , lim x x = 1 by part a.
0 x 0 +
since lim n
a = 1 by part a. x
n Let y = x( x ) , then ln y = x x ln x
1 n a ln a
n
a 1 lim x x ln x =
n2 x 0+
lim = lim
n 1 n 1
x
n n2 lim x( x )
= lim eln y = 0
+
x 0 x 0 +
= lim n
a ln a = ln a
n Note that 01 is not an indeterminate form.

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 d. The limit is of the form 10 , since ln x
1
lim = lim x = 0, so lim x1/ x = lim eln y = 1
lim ( x x ) x = 1 by part b. x x x 1 x x
x 0 + 1 ln x
y = x1/ x = e x
Let y = (( x ) ) , then ln y = x ln(( x ) ).
x x x x x

1 ln x 1x ln x
lim x ln(( x x ) x ) = 0 y = e
x 0 + x2 x2
lim (( x x ) x ) x = lim eln y = 1 y = 0 when x = e.
x 0 + x 0 + y is maximum at x = e since y > 0 on (0, e) and
Note that 10 is not an indeterminate form.
y < 0 on (e, ). When x = e, y = e1/ e .
e. The limit is of the form 00 , since
44. a. The limit is of the form (1 + 1) = 2 , which
(xx )
lim ( x ) = 0 by part c. is not an indeterminate form.
x 0 +
( xx )
lim (1x + 2 x )1/ x =
x 0 +
x
Let y = x( x )
, then ln y = x( x ) ln x.
x ln x
lim x( x ) ln x = lim
1
b. The limit is of the form (1 + 1) = 2 ,
+ +
x 0 x 0 x
x( x )
which is not an indeterminate form.
lim (1x + 2 x )1/ x = 0
The limit is of the form . x 0

1
ln x c. The limit is of the form 0 .
lim = lim x
1
x 0 + x 0+ x ( x x ) x x (ln x +1) ln x + x Let y = (1x + 2 x )1/ x , then
x
x x
x( x )
x 1
( x( x ) )2 ln y = ln(1x + 2 x )
x
x
x( x )
1 ln(1x + 2 x )
= lim lim ln(1x + 2 x ) = lim
+ 2
x 0 x x(ln x) + x x ln x + x
x x x
x x x x
0
= =0 The limit is of the form . (Apply
1 0 + 1 0 + 1
(ln x)2 lHpitals Rule twice.)
Note: lim x(ln x )2 = lim 1 (1x ln1 + 2 x ln 2)
1
x 0 + x 0 + ln(1x + 2 x ) 1x + 2 x
x lim = lim
2 ln x x x x 1
= lim x
= lim 2 x ln x = 0 2 x ln 2 2 x (ln 2)2
1
x 0+ 2 x 0 + = lim = lim = ln 2
x x 1x + 2x x 1x ln1 + 2 x ln 2
( xx )
lim x( x )
= lim eln y = 1 lim (1x + 2 x )1/ x = lim eln y = eln 2 = 2
x x
x 0 + x 0+

43. d. The limit is of the form 10 , since 1x = 1 for

all x. This is not an indeterminate form.
lim (1x + 2 x )1/ x = 1
x

ln x
ln y =
x
ln x
lim = , so lim x1/ x = lim eln y = 0
+ x
x 0 x 0+ x 0+

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 1/ t
1k + 2k + " + n k 1 9 10 9
45. lim c. lim 2t + 5t = 10 2 5 4.562
n n k +1 t 0 + 10 10
1 1 2
k k k
n
= lim + + " 48. a.
n n n n n

k
n
1 i
= lim
i =1 n n
n

The summation has the form of a Reimann sum

for f ( x ) = x k on the interval [ 0,1] using a
regular partition and evaluating the function at
1 i
each right endpoint. Thus, xi = , xi = , and
n n
n2 x
k b. n 2 xe nx = , so the limit is of the form .
i
f ( xi ) = . Therefore,
nx
e
n 2
n x 2nx
k lim = lim
1k + 2k + " + n k 1 i n
lim = lim n e nx n xenx
n n k +1 n
i =1 n n
1
This limit is of the form .
1 1 k +1
= x k dx = x 2nx 2x
0 k +1 0 lim = lim =0
n xe nx n x 2 enx
1
=
k +1 1 x 1 2
c. 0 xe dx = xe x e x = 1
0 e
1/ t
n 1 n 1 2 x 1 3
46. Let y = ci xit , then ln y = ln ci xit . 0 4 xe dx = 2 xe2 x e2 x = 1

t i =1 0 e2
i =1
1 3 x 1 4
n 0 9 xe dx = 3xe3 x e3 x = 1
ln ci xit 0 e3
1 n
lim ln ci xit = lim i =1 1 4 x 1 5
+ t + 016 xe dx = 4 xe4 x e4 x = 1
t 0 i =1 t 0 t 0 e4
n 1
0 1 6
The limit is of the form
0
, since ci = 1. 0 25 xe
5 x
= 5 xe5 x e5 x = 1
0 e5
i =1
1 1 7
6 x
dx = 6 xe6 x e6 x = 1
0 36e
n
ln ci xit 0 e6
1 n
lim i =1 = lim
ci xit ln xi 1 2
t 0 + t 0+
n xe nx dx = 1
t n
d. Guess: lim
ci xit i =1 n 0
i =1 1 2 1
n n 0 n xe nx dx = nxe nx e nx
0
= ci ln xi = ln xi ci
i =1 i =1 n +1
= (n + 1)e n + 1 = 1
1/ t en
n
lim ci xi t = lim eln y 1 n +1

t 0+ i =1
t 0 + lim n 2 xe nx dx = lim 1
0
n
n n en
ln xici n n +1
= ei =1 = x1c1 x2c2 xncn = xi ci = 1 lim if this last limit exists. The
n e n
i =1

limit is of the form .
1/ t
1 1
47. a. lim 2t + 5t = 2 5 3.162 n +1 1
t 0 +2 2 lim = lim = 0, so
n e n n en
1/ t
1 4 5 1 2
b. lim 2t + 5t = 5 2 54 4.163 limn xe nx dx = 1 .
+5 5 n 0
t 0

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 49. Note f(x) > 0 on [0, ).
dx 1
x 25 x3 2 x 7. 1 x1.00001 = 0.00001x0.00001
lim f ( x) = lim + + = 0 1
x x e x e x e
1 1
= 0 = = 100, 000
Therefore there is no absolute minimum. 0.00001 0.00001
f ( x) = (25 x 24 + 3 x 2 + 2 x ln 2)e x
x 1
10 1 + x2 dx = 2 ln(1 + x )
2
( x 25 + x3 + 2 x )e x 8.
10
= ( x 25 + 25 x 24 x3 + 3 x 2 2 x + 2 x ln 2)e x 1
= ln 101 =
Solve for x when f ( x) = 0 . Using a numerical 2
method, x 25. The integral diverges.
A graph using a computer algebra system verifies

that an absolute maximum occurs at about x = 25. dx x 0.00001
9. = = 100, 000 =
1 x 0.99999
0.00001 1
The integral diverges.
8.3 Concepts Review

1. converge x 1
10. 1 (1 + x2 )2 dx = 2(1 + x2 )
b 1
2. lim cos x dx
b 0 1 1
= 0 =
4 4
0
3. f ( x)dx; 0 f ( x)dx
1
11. e dx = [ln(ln x)]e = 0 =
4. p > 1 x ln x
The integral diverges.

Problem Set 8.3

ln x 1 2 1
In this section and the chapter review, it is understood
12. e x dx = 2 (ln x) e = 2 =
b The integral diverges.
that [ g ( x)] means lim [ g ( x)] and likewise for
a b a
1 1 1
similar expressions. 13. Let u = ln x, du = dx, dv = dx, v = .
x 2 x
x
ln x b ln x
1. 100 edx = e x
x
100
= e100 = 2 x 2 dx = blim
2 x 2
dx

The integral diverges. ln x

b
b 1

x 2 b 2 x 2
= lim + lim dx
5 b
5 dx 1 1 1
2. x 4 = 3x3 = 3(125) 0 = 375 ln x 1
= lim =
ln 2 + 1
b

b x x 2 2

1
2 xe x dx = e x = 0 ( e 1 ) =
2 2
3. 1 1 e 14.

1 xe x dx
u = x, du = dx
1
1 1 1 1 dv = e x dx, v = e x
4. e4 x dx = e4 x = e4 0 = e4
4 4 4

1 xe x d = xe x + e x dx
1 1

= 1 + x 2 = 82 =
x dx
5. 9 2 9 = xe x e x = 0 0 ( e 1 e 1 ) =
1
2
1+ x e
The integral diverges.
1
1 dx 1
x
15. =
dx 2 (2 x 3) 3 2
6. 1 x = 2 = = 4(2 x 3)
1 1 1
The integral diverges. = (0) =
4 4

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 dx 1/ 3
16. 4 ( x )2 / 3 = 3 ( x ) 4
= + 33 4 =

The integral diverges.

0
dx = x 2 + 9 + x 2 + 9 = (3 ) + ( 3)
x 0 x x
17. dx =

dx +
0 0
x2 + 9 x2 + 9 2
x +9
0 x x
The integral diverges since both 2
dx and 0 2
dx diverge.
x +9 x +9

dx 0 dx dx
18. ( x2 + 16)2 = ( x2 + 16)2 + 0 ( x + 16) 2
2

dx 1 1 x x
( x 2 + 16)2 = 128 tan +
2
4 32( x + 16)
by using the substitution x = 4 tan .

0
0 dx 1 1 x x 1
( x2 + 16)2 = 128 tan 4 + 32( x2 + 16) = 0 128 2 + 0 = 256


dx 1 1 x x 1
0 ( x2 + 16)2 = 128 tan 4 + 32( x2 + 16) = 128 2 + 0 (0) = 256
0
dx
( x 2 + 16)2 = 256 + 256 = 128

1 1 0 1 1
19. x 2 + 2 x + 10 dx = ( x + 1)2 + 9 dx = ( x + 1)2 + 9 dx + 0 ( x + 1)2 + 9
dx

1 1 1 x +1
( x + 1)2 + 9 dx = 3 tan 3
by using the substitution x + 1 = 3 tan .

0
0 1 1 1 x + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( x + 1)2 + 9 dx = 3 tan 3 = 3 tan 3 3 2 = + 2 tan
6 3


1 1 x + 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 dx = tan 1 = tan 1 = 2 tan 1
2 3 3 0 3 2 3 3 6 3
( x + 1) + 9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x2 + 2 x + 10 dx = 6 + 2 tan + 2 tan
3 6
=
3 3

x 0 x x
20. 2x
dx =
e 2 x
dx +
0 e 2x
dx
e
0 x 0 1 2x
For e 2 x dx = xe
2x
dx, use u = x, du = dx, dv = e2 x dx, v = e .
2
0 0
0 2x 1 2x 1 0 2x 1 2x 1 2x 1 1
xe dx = 2 xe 2 e dx = 2 xe 4 e = 0 4 (0) = 4
x 1
For dx = xe 2 x dx, use u = x, du = dx, dv = e 2 x dx, v = e 2 x .
0 e2 x 0 2

1 1 1 1 1 1
0 xe 2 x dx = xe 2 x + e 2 x dx = xe 2 x e 2 x = 0 0 =
2 0 2 0 2 4 0 4 4
x 1 1
2 x dx = 4 + 4 = 0
e

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 0 25. The area is given by
21. sech x dx = sech x dx = 0 sech x dx 2 1 1
= [tan 1 (sinh x)]0 + [tan 1 (sinh x)]
1 4 x 2 1dx = 1 2 x 1 2 x + 1 dx
0

1 1 2x 1
= 0 + 0 = = ln 2 x 1 ln 2 x + 1 = ln
2 2 2 1 2 2 x + 1 1
1 1 1
1 2 = 0 ln = ln 3
22. 1 csch x dx =
1 sinh x
dx =
1 ex e x
dx 2 3 2
2x 1
2e x Note:. lim ln = = 0 since
= dx x 2x + 1
1 2x
e 1
2x 1 .
Let u = e x , du = e x dx . lim =1
x 2 x + 1
2e x 2 1 1
1 e 2x
1
dx =
e 2
u 1
du =
e
du
u 1 u + 1
26. The area is
1 1 1
= [ln(u 1) ln(u + 1)]
u 1

1 x 2 + x dx = 1 x x + 1 dx
e = ln
u + 1 e
x 1
e 1 = ln x ln x + 1 = ln = 0 ln = ln 2
= 0 ln 0.7719 1
x + 1 1 2
e +1
.
b 1 b 1
lim ln = 0 since lim = 1
b b + 1 b b +1 27. The integral would take the form
1
k dx = [ k ln x ]3960 =
x 1 3960 x
23.
0
e cos x dx =
2e x
(sin x cos x)
0 which would make it impossible to send anything
out of the earth's gravitational field.
1 1
= 0 (0 1) =
2 2 28. At x = 1080 mi, F = 165, so
(Use Formula 68 with a = 1 and b = 1.)
k = 165(1080) 2 1.925 108 . So the work done
in mi-lb is
x 1
24.
0
e sin x dx =
2e x
(cos x + sin x)
0 1.925 108
1
dx = 1.925 108 x 1

1080 x 2 1080
1 1 8
= 0 + (1 + 0) = 1.925 10
2 2 = 1.782 105 mi-lb.
1080
(Use Formula 67 with a = 1 and b = 1.)

29. FP = e rt f (t ) dt = 100, 000e0.08t
0 0

1
= 100, 000e0.08t = 1,250,000
0.08 0
The present value is $1,250,000.

30. FP = e0.08t (100, 000 + 1000t )dt
0

= 1, 250, 000e0.08t 12,500te0.08t 156, 250e0.08t = 1,406,250
0
The present value is $1,406,250.

31. a. a b 1
f ( x) dx = 0 dx + a b a dx + b 0 dx

1 1
= 0+ [ x ]b + 0 = (b a )
ba a ba

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 b.
= x f ( x) dx

a b 1
= x 0 dx + x dx + x 0 dx
a ba b
b
1 x2
= 0+ +0
b a 2
a
2 2
b a
=
2(b a)
(b + a)(b a )
=
2(b a)
a+b
=
2

2 = ( x ) 2 dx

a b 1
= ( x )2 0 dx + ( x )2 dx + ( x )2 0 dx
a ba b

3 b
1 ( x )
= 0+ +0
ba 3
a
3 3
1 (b ) ( a )
=
ba 3
1 b3 3b 2 + 3b 2 a3 + 3a 2 3a 2
=
ba 3
Next, substitute = (a + b) / 2 to obtain
1 1 b3 3 b 2 a + 3 ba 2 1 a3
2 =
3(b a ) 4 4 4 4
1
= ( b a )3
12 ( b a )

( b a )2
=
12

c. 2
P ( X < 2) = f ( x) dx

0 2 1
= 0 dx + dx
0 10 0
2 1
= =
10 5

( )
32. a. 0 1 ( x / )
f ( x) dx = 0 dx + 0 x e dx

In the second integral, let u = ( x / ) . Then,

du = ( / )(t / ) 1 dt . When x = 0, u = 0 and when
x , u . Thus,

(x)
1 ( x / )
f ( x) dx = 0
e dx

= eu du = eu = 0 + e0 = 1
0 0

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 b. 1
0 x
= xf ( x) dx = x 0 dx + x e( x / ) dx
0
2 2 ( x / 3)2 3
3 0
= x e dx =
2
0 2 2
2 = ( x )2 f ( x) dx = ( x )2 0 dx + ( x )2 xe ( x / 9) dx
9 0
3 3 3
=
= =0
2 2 2
c. The probability of being less than 2 is
2
( )
1 ( x / )
dx = 0 + e ( x / )
2 0 2
f ( x ) dx =

0 dx + x
0
e
0
2
= 1 e(2 / ) = 1 e(2 / 3) 0.359
33.

x 2 2
f ( x) = e ( x ) / 2
3
2
2
1 2 2 ( x ) ( x )2 / 2 2
f ( x) = e ( x ) / 2 + e
3
2 5 2
( x )2 1 ( x )2 / 2 2
= e =
5 2 3 2

1 2 2
[( x )2 2 ]e ( x ) / 2
5 2
f ( x) = 0 when ( x )2 = 2 so x = and the distance from to each inflection point is .

CM k 1 k 1 C C
34. a. f ( x)dx =
M x k +1
dx = CM k
kx k
= CM 0 +
M k
kM k
= . Thus, = 1 when C = k.
k

kM k 1 b 1
b. = xf ( x)dx = x
k +1
dx = kM k dx = kM k lim dx
x M M xk
b M x k

This integral converges when k > 1.

b kM
k 1 = kM k 0 + 1
When k > 1, = kM lim =
b (k 1) x k 1 (k 1) M k 1 k 1
M
The mean is finite only when k > 1.

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 c. Since the mean is finite only when k > 1, the variance is only defined when k > 1.
2 2 2kM
kM kM k k k 2M 2 1
2 = ( x ) 2 f ( x)dx = x dx = kM M
x x + dx
M k 1 x k +1 k 1 (k 1)2 x k +1
1 2k 2 M k +1 1 k 3M k +2 1
= kM k dx dx + dx
M x k 1 k 1 M xk (k 1) 2 M x k +1
The first integral converges only when k 1 > 1 or k > 2. The second integral converges only when k > 1,
which is taken care of by requiring k > 2.

1 2k 2 M k +1 1 k 3M k +2 1
2 = kM k + k
(k 2) x k 2 M k 1 (k 1) x k 1
M (k 1)2 kx M
1 2k 2 M k +1 1 k 3M k +2 1
= kM k 0 + 0 + + 0 +
k 2 1 k 1 2
(k 2) M k (k 1) M (k 1) kM k
kM 2 2k 2 M 2 k 2 M 2
= +
k 2 (k 1) 2 (k 1) 2
1 k k 2 2k + 1 k 2 + 2k kM 2
= kM 2 = kM 2 =
k 2 (k 1)2 (k 2)(k 1) 2 (k 2)(k 1)2

35. We use the results from problem 34: dx

36. u = Ar
a. To have a probability density function (34 a.)
a ( r + x 2 )3 / 2
2

we need C = k ; so C = 3. Also,
A x A a
kM = = 1
= (34 b.) and since, in our problem, r r 2 + x 2 a r
r 2 + a2
k 1
= 20, 000 and k =3, we have dx x
Note that = by using
2 2 3/ 2
3 4 104 (r + x ) r 2 r 2 + x2
20000 = M or M = .
2 3 the substitution x = r tan .

0
kM 2 37. a. sin x dx = sin x dx + 0 sin x dx
b. By 34 c., 2 = so that
2
(k 2)(k 1)
= lim [ cos x ]0 + lim [ cos x ]a
a 0
4 2 a a
3 4 10 4 10 8
2 = = Both do not converge since cos x is
4 3 3 oscillating between 1 and 1, so the integral
diverges.
3
4 104 t 3
c. 105 3 t 105 x 4
f ( x) dx = lim dx = b. lim
a
sin x dx = alim [ cos x] a a
a a

4 104
3
t = lim [ cos a + cos(a)]
1 a
lim 3
3 t x 5 = lim [ cos a + cos a] = lim 0 = 0
10
a a
4 10 4 3
1 1 64
= lim = 38. a. The total mass of the wire is
3 t 1015 t 3 27 103
1
0.0024 0 1 + x2 dx = 2 from Example 4.
Thus 6 of one percent earn over 1

25 x 2
$100,000.
b. 0 1 + x2 dx = 2 ln 1 + x 0 which
diverges. Thus, the wire does not have a
center of mass.

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 1 1 1
39. For example, the region under the curve y =
x n, n + 2 and n + 1 2
, n + 1
2n 2(n + 1)
to the right of x = 1.
Rotated about the x-axis the volume is 1 1
will never overlap since and
1 2 2
2n
dx = . Rotated about the y-axis, the
1 x2 1 1
.
2 8
1 2(n + 1)
volume is 2 x dx which diverges.
1 x The graph of f consists of a series of isosceles
triangles, each of height 1, vertices at
40. a. Suppose lim f ( x) = M 0, so the limit 1 1
x n 2 , 0 , (n, 1), and n + 2 , 0 ,
exists but is non-zero. Since lim f ( x) = M , 2n 2n
x based on the x-axis, and centered over each
there is some N > 0 such that when x N, integer n.
M lim f ( x) does not exist, since f(x) will be 1
f ( x) M , or x
2
at each integer, but 0 between the triangles.
M M Each triangle has area
M f ( x) M +
2 2 1 1 1 1
Since f(x) is nonnegative, M > 0, thus bh = n + n (1)
2
M
2 2 2n 2n 2
> 0 and
2 1 1 1
= =
N 2 n 2 2n 2
0 f ( x )dx =
0
f ( x)dx +
N
f ( x)dx

N M N Mx
0 f ( x)dx is the area in all of the triangles,
f ( x)dx + dx = f ( x)dx + = thus
0 N 2 0 2 N

1 1 1
so the integral diverges. Thus, if the limit
0 f ( x)dx = =
exists, it must be 0. 2 2 n =1 n 2
n =1 2n
1 1 1 1 1 1
For example, let f(x) be given by +
2 2 n = 2 n 2 2 2 1 x 2
b. = + dx
2 3 1
2n x 2n + 1 if n 2 x n
2n 1 1 1 1 1
= + = + (0 + 1) = 1

f ( x) = 2n 2 x + 2n3 + 1 if n < x n +
1 2 2 x 1 2 2
2n 2
1
0

otherwise (By viewing n2 as a lower Riemann sum
n=2

for every positive integer n. 1
for )
1 1 x2
f n = 2n 2 n 3
2n + 1
2
2n 2n 2 Thus, 0 f ( x )dx converges, although
3 3
= 2n 1 2n + 1 = 0 lim f ( x) does not exist.
x
f ( n ) = 2 n 2 ( n ) 2 n3 + 1 = 1
lim f (n) = lim (2n 2 x + 2n3 + 1) = 1 = f (n)
xn+ x n+

1 1
f n+ = 2n 2 n + 3
+ 2n + 1
2
2n 2n 2
= 2n3 1 + 2n3 + 1 = 0
Thus, f is continuous at
1 1
n , n, and n + .
2
2n 2n 2
Note that the intervals

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 100 Problem Set 8.4
100 1 1
41. 1 x 2
dx =
x 1
= 0.99
3
3 dx 3( x 1) 2 / 3
1 ( x 1)1/ 3 = blim
100
100 1 1 1.
1 x 1.1
dx =
0.1x 0.1 1
3.69 1+ 2 b
100 33 2 3(b 1) 2 / 3 3 3
100 1 1 = 2 lim = 0=
1 x 1.01
dx =
0.01x 0.01
1
4.50 2 b1+ 2 3
2 3
2

100 1 3
dx = [ln x]100
1 x
1 = ln100 4.61
2.
3 dx
= lim
3

1 ( x 1) 4 / 3 b 1+ 1/ 3
100 ( x 1) b
100 1 x 0.01
1 x 0.99
dx = 4.71
=
3
+ lim
3
=
3
+
0.01 1 3 +
2 b1 ( x 1) 1/ 3 3
2
The integral diverges.
10 1 1 1 10
42. 0 (1 + x ) 2
dx =

tan x
0 10 dx 10
1.4711
3. 3 = lim 2 x 3
x 3 b3+ b
0.468
= 2 7 lim 2 b 3 = 2 7
b 3+
50 1 1 1 50
0 (1 + x2 ) dx = tan x 0
9 dx b

1.5508
0.494
4. 0 = lim 2 9 x
9 x b9 0

= lim 2 9 b + 2 9 = 6
100 1 1 1 100 b 9
0 (1 + x2 ) dx = tan x 0
1 dx b
1.5608 5. 0 = lim sin 1 x
0.497 2 b 1
0
1 x

1 1 = lim sin 1 b sin 1 0 = 0 =
43. 0 exp(0.5 x 2 )dx 0.3413 b 1 2 2
2
2 1 b
0 exp(0.5 x 2 )dx 0.4772 dx = lim 1 + x 2
x
2
6. 100 2 b 100
1+ x
3 1
0 exp(0.5 x 2 )dx 0.4987 = lim 1 + b 2 + 10, 001 =
2 b
4 1 The integral diverges.
0 exp(0.5 x 2 )dx 0.5000
2
3 1 b 1 3 1
7. 1 x3 dx = blim 3 dx + blim
0 1 x
3 dx
0+ b x
b 3
8.4 Concepts Review 1 1
= lim + lim
2 + 2
b 0 2 x 1 b 0 2 x b

1. unbounded

2. 2 1 1 1 1
= lim + + + lim
2 2 18 + 2
b0 2b

b 0 2b
b 1
3. lim
b4 0 4 x
dx 1 1
= + + +

2 8
4. p < 1 The integral diverges.

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 5 1 b 1 5 1 128 5 / 7
8. 5 x 2/3
dx = lim 2 / 3 dx + blim
b 0 + 5 x

0 b x 2/3
dx 9. 1 x dx
b 5 / 7 128 5 / 7
= lim 3x1/ 3 + lim 3 x1/ 3
5 b0 b
b 5 = lim x
b 0 1
dx + lim
b 0 + b
x dx
b 0+
b 128
= lim 3b1/ 3 33 5 + 33 5 lim 3b1/ 3 7 7
= lim x 2 / 7 + lim x 2 / 7
b 0+ b 0 b 0 2 1 b0 2
+ b
= 0 3 5 + 33 5 0 = 33 5 3 5 = 6 3 5
3 3
7 7 7 7
= lim b 2 / 7 (1)2 / 7 + (128) 2 / 7 lim b 2 / 7
2 2 2 + 2
b 0 b0
7 7 21
= 0 + (4) 0 =
2 2 2

1 x b x
10. 0 3 dx = lim
b 1 0 3
dx
1 x2 1 x2
b
3
= lim (1 x 2 )2 / 3
4 0
b 1
3 3 3 3
= lim (1 b 2 ) 2 / 3 + = 0 + =
4 4 4 4
b 1

b 4
4 dx b dx 4 dx 1 1
11. = lim + lim = lim (2 3 x)2 / 3 + lim (2 3x ) 2 / 3
0 (2 3x)1/ 3 b 2
0
(2 3 x)1/ 3 b 2
+ b
(2 3 x)1/ 3 b 2 2
0 b 2 2
+ b
3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
= lim (2 3b) 2 / 3 + (2)2 / 3 (10) 2 / 3 + lim (2 3b)2 / 3
b 2
2 2 2 b 2 2
+
3 3
1 1 1
= 0 + 22 / 3 102 / 3 + 0 = (22 / 3 102 / 3 )
2 2 2

b
8 x 3 3 3 3
12. dx = lim (16 2 x 2 )1/ 3 = lim (16 2b 2 )1/ 3 + 3 6 = 3 6
5 2 2/3 4 4 4 4
(16 2 x ) b 8 5 b 8

4 x b x 4 x
13. 0 16 2 x 2
dx = lim
+ 0
16 2 x 2
dx + lim
b
16 2 x 2
dx
b 8 b 8
b 4
1 1
= lim ln 16 2 x 2 + lim ln 16 2 x 2
+
4 4 b
b 8 0 b 8
1 1 1 1
= lim ln 16 2b 2 + ln16 ln16 + lim ln 16 2b 2
+ 4 4 4 4
b 8 b 8
1 1
= ( ) + ln16 + ln16 + ( )
4 4
The integral diverges.

b
dx = lim 9 x 2 = lim 9 b 2 + 9 = 3
3 x
14. 0 2
b 3
0 b3
9 x

b
1 dx 3 3 3
15. 2 ( x + 1)4 / 3 = lim
1/ 3
= lim
1/ 3
+
(1)1/ 3
= ( ) 3
b 1 ( x + 1) 2 b 1 (b + 1)

The integral diverges.

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 dx dx 1 1
16. Note that x2 + x 2 = ( x 1)( x + 2) = 3( x 1) 3( x + 2) dx by using a partial fraction decomposition.

3 dx b dx 3 dx
0 x2 + x 2 = blim 2 + lim
2
1 0 x + x 2 b1+ b x + x 2
b 3
1 1 1 1
= lim ln x 1 ln x + 2 + lim ln x 1 ln x + 2
3 3 0 b1 3
+ 3 b
b 1
b 3
1 x 1 1 x 1 1 b 1 1 1 1 2 1 b 1
= lim ln + lim+ 3 ln x + 2 = lim 3 ln b + 2 3 ln 2 + 3 ln 5 lim+ 3 ln b + 2
3
b 1 x + 2 0 b1 b b1 b 1
1 1 1 2
= ln + ln +
3 2 3 5
The integral diverges.

1 1 1 1
17. Note that = +
3 2
x x x + 1 2( x 1) 2 4( x 1) 4( x + 1)
3 dx b dx 3 dx
0 x3 x2 x + 1 = blim
1 0 x3 x 2 x + 1
+ lim
b1 + b x3 x 2 x + 1

b 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
= lim ln x 1 + ln x + 1 + lim ln x 1 + ln x + 1
b 1 2( x 1) 4
4 0 b1 2( x 1) 4
+ 4 b
1 1 b +1 1 1 1 1 1 b + 1
lim + ln + + 0 + lim + ln 2 + ln
b 1 2(b 1) 4 b 1 2 b1+ 4 4 2(b 1) 4 b 1
1 1 1
= + + + ln 2 +
2 4 4
The integral diverges.

x1/ 3 1 9
18. Note that = + .
2/3 1/ 3 1/ 3
x 9 x x ( x 2 / 3 9)
x1/ 3
b
27 3 2 / 3 27 2/3 3 2 / 3 27 2/3 27
0 x2 / 3 9 dx = blim27 2 x + 2 ln x 9 0 = blim27 2 b + 2 ln b 9 0 + 2 ln 9
27 27
= ln 9
2 2
The integral diverges.

b /2 /2
1
19.
/4
0 tan 2 xdx = lim ln cos 2 x 20. 0 csc xdx = lim ln csc x cot x
+
b 0
b
b
2 0
4 = ln 1 0 lim ln csc b cot b
1 1 b 0 +
= lim ln cos 2b + ln1 = () + 0
2 2 1 cos b
b = 0 lim ln
4
b 0 + sin b
The integral diverges.
1 cos b 0
lim is of the form .
b 0+ sin b 0
1 cos b sin b 0
lim = lim = =0
+ sin b + cos b 1
b 0 b 0
1 cos b
Thus, lim ln = and the integral
b 0 + sin b
diverges.

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 /2 sin x / 2 1 cos x x
21. 0 dx = lim ln 1 cos x 25. Since = sin 2 ,
1 cos x b 0 + b 2 2
= ln1 lim ln 1 cos b = 0 ( ) 1 1 x
= csc 2 .
b 0+ cos x 1 2 2
The integral diverges.
dx x
/2 0 cos x 1 = blim+
0
cot
2 b
/2 cos x 3 2/3
22. 0 3 sin x dx = blim+
0 2
sin x
b b
= cot lim cot = 0
3 2/3 3 2/3 3 2 b 0 + 2
= (1) (0) = The integral diverges.
2 2 2
1 dx b
/2 1
tan x sec x dx = lim tan 3 x
2 2
b 26. 3 x = lim 2 ln( x)
ln( x) b 1
23. 0 3
b
3 0
2 = lim 2 ln(b) 2 ln 3 = 0 2 ln 3
1 1 b 1
= lim tan 3 b (0)3 =
3 3 = 2 ln 3
b
2
The integral diverges. e x dx ln 3
= lim 2 e x 1
ln 3
27. 0 + b
sec2 x
b e 1 b0
x
/4 1
24. 0 2
dx = lim
tan x 1 0 = 2 3 1 lim 2 eb 1 = 2 2 0 = 2 2
b

(tan x 1)
4 b 0+
1 1
= lim + = ( ) 1
b
tan b 1 0 1
4
The integral diverges.

28. Note that 4 x x 2 = 4 ( x 2 4 x + 4) = 22 ( x 2)2 . (by completing the square)

b
4 dx b dx x 2 1 b 2
2 = lim = lim sin 1 = lim sin sin 1 0 = 0 =
4 x x2 b4 2 4 x x2 b 4 2 2 b4 2 2 2

e dx
1 x ln x = blim [ln(ln x)]b = ln(ln e) lim ln(ln b) = ln 1 ln 0 = 0 +
e
29.
1+ b 1+
The integral diverges.

10
10 dx 1 1 1 1
30. = lim = + lim = +
1 x ln100 x b 1+ 99 ln 99 x 99 + 99
99 ln 10 b1 99 ln b 99 ln 99 10
b
The integral diverges.

4c
4c dx
31. 2c = lim ln x + x 2 4c 2 = ln (4 + 2 3)c lim ln b + b 2 4c 2
+ b
2
x 4c 2 b 2c b 2c +

= ln (4 + 2 3)c ln 2c = ln(2 + 3)

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 2c x dx 2c x dx 2c ( x + 2c ) dx c 2c dx
32. c = =
( x + 2c ) ( x + 2c ) 94 c2 ( x + 2c ) 94 c2
2 0
x 2 + xc 2c 2 2 2 2
c c
94 c 2
2c
c c
= lim x 2 + xc 2c 2 ln x + + x 2 + xc 2c 2
+
b c 2 2 b
c 5c c c
= 4c 2 ln + 4c 2 lim b 2 + bc 2c 2 ln b + + b 2 + bc 2c 2
2 2 +
b c 2 2
c 9c c 3c c 9c c 3c c
= 2c ln 0 ln + 0 = 2c ln + ln = 2c ln 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1
33. For 0 < c < 1, is continuous. Let u = , du = dx .
x (1 + x) 1+ x (1 + x) 2
1
dv = dx, v = 2 x .
x
1
1 1 2 x 1 xdx 2 2 c 1 xdx 2 c 1 xdx
c x (1 + x) dx = 1 + x + 2c (1 + x)2 = 2 1 + c + 2c (1 + x)2 = 1 1 + c + 2c (1 + x)2
c
1 1 2 c 1 xdx 1 xdx
Thus, lim dx = lim 1 + 2 = 1 0 + 20
c 0 c x (1 + x) c 0 1+ c c 2
(1 + x) (1 + x) 2
This last integral is a proper integral.

1 1
34. Let u = , du = dx
1+ x 2(1 + x)3 / 2
1
dv = dx, v = 2 x .
x
1
1 2 x 1
dx x 2 1 2 c 1 x
For 0 < c < 1, = + c dx = + dx
c x(1 + x)
1 + x c (1 + x) 3 / 2 2 1+ c c (1 + x)3 / 2
1 dx 1 dx 2 c 1 x 1 x
Thus, 0 x(1 + x)
= lim
c 0 c
= lim 2
x(1 + x) c0 1+ c
+
c (1 + x) 3 / 2
dx = 2 0 +
0 (1 + x)3 / 2
dx

This is a proper integral.

0 b
dx = lim 9 x 2 + lim 9 x 2
3 x 0 x 3 x
35. 3 dx =
3
dx +
0
b 3+
b b3 0
9 x2 9 x2 9 x 2

= 9 + lim 9 b 2 lim 9 b 2 + 9 = 3 + 0 0 + 3 = 0
+
b 3 b 3

0 b
3 x 0 x 1 3 x 1
36. 3 9 x2 dx = dx = lim ln 9 x 2 + lim ln 9 x 2
dx +
3 9 x 2 0 9 x2 b 3+ 2 b b3 2
0
1 1
= ln 3 + lim ln 9 b 2 lim ln 9 b 2 + ln 3 = ( ln 3 ) + ( + ln 3)
+ 2 2
b 3 b 3
The integral diverges.

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 0 b
4 1 0 1 4 1 1 x + 4 1 x + 4
37. 4 16 x2 dx =
4 16 x 2
dx +
0 16 x 2
dx = lim ln
+ 8
b 4 x 4 + lim 8 ln x 4
b b 4 0

1 1 b+4 1 b+4 1
= ln1 lim ln + lim ln ln1 = (0 + ) + ( 0)
8 b 4 +8 b 4 b4 8 b4 8
The integral diverges.

1 1 1 2 1 0 1 12 1 1 1
38. 1 x ln x
dx =
1 x ln x
dx +
1 2 x ln x
dx +
0 x ln x
dx +
12 x ln x
dx

1 2 b 12 b
= lim 2 ln x + lim 2 ln x + lim 2 ln x + lim 2 ln x
b 1+
b b 0
1 2 b0+ b b1
1 2
= (2 ln 2 + 0) + ( + 2 ln 2) + (2 ln 2 + ) + (0 + 2 ln 2)
The integral diverges.

1 1 1 1 1 2 / 3 1
39. 0 dx = dx + dx 43. a. 0 x dx = lim 3x1/ 3 = 3
xp 0 xp 1 xp b 0 +
b
1
1 1 1 p +1
If p > 1, 0 x p dx = p + 1 x diverges b.
1
V = x 4 / 3 dx = lim 3x 1/ 3
1
0 0 b 0 +
b
since lim x p +1 = . = 3 + 3 lim b 1/ 3
x 0 + b 0

1 1 The limit tends to infinity as b 0, so the
If p < 1 and p 0, dx = x p +1
1 xp
p +1 1 volume is infinite.

diverges since lim x p +1 = . 44. Since ln x < 0 for 0 < x < 1, b > 1
x b 1 b
0 ln x dx = clim ln x dx + 1 ln x dx
If p = 0, 0 dx = . 0 c

= lim [ x ln x x ]c + [ x ln x x ]1
1 b
1 1 1
If p = 1, both 0 x
dx and 1 x
dx diverge. c 0 +

= 1 lim (c ln c c) + b ln b b + 1
c 0+

= b ln b b
40. 0 f ( x)dx
Thus, b ln b b = 0 when b = e.
b c b
= lim
b 1

0
f ( x)dx + lim
b1 + b f ( x)dx + lim
b c
f ( x)dx
1 sin x
where 1 < c < .
45. 0 x
dx is not an improper integral since

sin x
8 2 / 3 b is bounded in the interval 0 x 1.
41. 0 ( x 8) dx = lim 3( x 8)1/ 3 x
b 8
0
= 3(0) 3(2)= 6 1 1 1
46. For x 1, < 1 so < .
4 4
1+ x 4
x (1 + x ) x4
1 1 1
42. 0 x x3 + x dx 1 1 1 1
b

1
1 x 4 dx = blim = blim
3 x3 1 3b3 3
+
1 x 1
dx = lim ln x 2 + 1
b 2
= lim 1 1
2 b
b 0 x +1 b 0 = 0 + =
3 3
1 1 1
= ln 2 lim ln b 2 + 1 = ln 2 1
2 b 0 2 2 Thus, by the Comparison Test dx
1 x 4 (1 + x 4 )

converges.

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 47. For x 1, x 2 x so x 2 x, thus xa
51. a. From Example 2 of Section 8.2, lim =0
2 x e x
e x e x .
for a any positive real number.
x 1
e dx = lim [ e x ]1b = lim + e 1 x n +1
1 b b eb Thus lim = 0 for any positive real
x e x
1 1
= 0 + = number n, hence there is a number M such
e e
x n +1
x2 that 0 < 1 for x M. Divide the
Thus, by the Comparison Test, 1 e dx ex
converges. x n 1 1
inequality by x 2 to get that 0 <
e x
x2
48. Since x + 2 1 x + 2 we know that
for x M.
1 1 1
. Consider dx
x + 2 1 x+2 0 x+2 1 1 1 1
b
1 b 1 b. 1 x2 dx = blim = lim +
x 1 b b 1
2 x + 2 dx = blim

2 x+2
dx
= 0 + 1 = 1
( )
n 1 x
= lim 2 x + 2 = lim 2 b+2 2 = M
x n 1e x dx + x n 1e x dx
b 2 b 1 x e dx =
1 M
M 1
Thus, by the Comparison Test of Problem 46, we x n 1e x dx + dx
1 1 x2
1
conclude that dx diverges. M
0 x+2 = 1+ x n 1e x dx
1
by part a and Problem 46. The remaining
49. Since x 2 ln ( x + 1) x 2 , we know that n 1 x

integral is finite, so 1 x e dx
1 1 1 1 converges.
x ln ( x + 1) x
2

2
x
1
dx = = 1
. Since
x 1 2
1 x 1 1
we can apply the Comparison Test of Problem 46 52. 0 e dx = e x = e 1 + 1 = 1 , so the
1 0 e
to conclude that dx converges. integral converges when n = 1. For 0 x 1,
( )
1 x 2 ln x + 1
0 x n 1 1 for n > 1. Thus,
50. If 0 f(x) g(x) on [a, b] and either x n 1
= x n 1e x e x . By the comparison test
lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) = or e x
xa xa
1 n 1 x
lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) = , then the convergence
x b x b
from Problem 50, 0 x e dx converges.
b
of a g ( x)dx implies the convergence of
53. a.

(1) = x0 e x dx = e x = 1

b b 0 0
a f ( x)dx and the divergence of a f ( x)dx

b b. (n + 1) = x n e x dx
implies the divergence of a g ( x)dx. 0
Let u = x , dv = e x dx,
n

du = nx n 1dx, v = e x .

(n + 1) = [ x n e x ]
0 + nx
n 1 x
e dx
0
n 1 x
= 0 + n x e dx = n(n)
0

c. From parts a and b,

(1) = 1, (2) = 1 (1) = 1,
(3) = 2 (2) = 2 1 = 2! .
Suppose (n) = (n 1)!, then by part b,
(n + 1) = n(n) = n[(n 1)!] = n ! .

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 x
54. n = 1, 0 e dx = 1 = 0! = (1 1)!

n = 2, 0 xe x dx = 1 = 1! = (2 1)!
2 x
n = 3, 0 x e dx = 2 = 2! = (3 1)!
3 x
n = 4, 0 x e dx = 6 = 3! = (4 1)!
4 x
n = 5, 0 x e dx = 24 = 4! = (5 1)!

1 x
55. a. f ( x)dx = 0 Cx e dx
y 1
Let y = x, so x = and dx = dy .

1
y 1 C 1 y
0 Cx
1 x
e dx = C e y dy = y e dy = C ( )
0
0
1
C ( ) = 1 when C = = .
( ) ( )

1 x x
= xf ( x)dx = x
( ) 0
b. x e dx = x e dx
0 ( )
y 1
Let y = x, so x = and dx = dy.


y y 1 1 y 1 1
= e
( )
0
dy =
( ) 0
y e dy =
( )
( + 1) =
( )
( ) =

(Recall that ( + 1) = () for > 0.)

2
2 1 x
2 2 2
2 1 x
( ) 0
c. = ( x ) f ( x)dx = x x e dx = x x + x e dx
0
( ) 2
+1 x 2 1 x 2 2 1 x
( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0
= x e dx x e dx + x e dx

y 1
In all three integrals, let y = x, so x = and dx = dy .

+1 1
y 1 2 1 y y 1 2 2 y 1
2 = e y e y
( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0
dy e dy + dy

1 +1 y 2 y 2 1 y
=
2
( )
0
y e dy
2
( )
0
y e dy +
2
( ) 0
y e dy

1 2 2 1 2 2
= ( + 2) ( + 1) + ( ) = ( + 1)( ) ( ) +
2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2
2 + 2 2 2
= + =
2 2 2
2

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56. a. L{t }( s ) = t e st dt
0
x 1
Let t = , so dt = dx, then
s s

st x 1 1 ( + 1)
t e dt = e x dx = x e x dx = .
0 0 s s 0 s +1 s +1
If s 0 , t e st as t , so the integral does not converge. Thus, the transform is defined only when
s > 0.

1 ( s )t 1
b. L{e t }( s ) = e t e st dt = e( s )t dt = e = lim e( s )b 1
0 0 s 0 s b

if > s
lim e( s )b =
b 0 if s >
1 1
Thus, L{e t }( s ) = = when s > . (When s , the integral does not converge.)
s s

c. L{sin( t )}( s ) = sin( t )e st dt
0

Let I = sin( t )e st dt and use integration by parts with u = sin( t), du = cos( t)dt,
0
st 1
dv = e dt , and v = e st .
s

1
Then I = sin( t )e st + cos( t )e st dt
s 0 s 0
Use integration by parts on this integral with
1
u = cos(t), du = sin(t)dt, dv = e st dt , and v = e st .
s

1 1
I = sin( t )e st + cos( t )e st sin( t )e st dt
s 0 s s 0 s 0


1 2
= e st sin( t ) + cos( t ) I
s s 0 s2
Thus,

2 1 st
I 1 + = e sin( t ) + cos( t )
s 2 s s 0


1 st s
I= e sin( t ) + s cos( t ) = 2 blim e sb sin( b) + cos( b)
(
s 1 + 2
s
2
) 0 2
s + s s

0 if s > 0
lim e sb sin( b) + cos( b) =
b s if s 0

Thus, I = when s > 0.
s + 2
2

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 57. a. The integral is the area between the curve 58. For 0 < x < 1, x p > x q so 2 x p > x p + x q and
1 x
y2 = and the x-axis from x = 0 to x =1. 1
>
1
. For 1 < x, x q > x p so
x
x +x
p q
2x p
1 x
y2 = ; xy 2 = 1 x; x( y 2 + 1) = 1 1 1
x 2 x > x + x q and
q p
> .
x +x
p q
2 xq
1
x= 1 1 1 1
2
y +1 0 x p + xq dx = 0 x p + xq dx + 1 x p + xq dx
1 x Both of these integrals must converge.
As x 0, y = , while
x 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
11
0 x p + xq dx > 0 2 x p dx = 2 0 x p dx which
when x = 1, y = = 0, thus the area is
1 converges if and only if p < 1.
1 1 1 1 1
0 2
dy = lim [tan 1 y ]b0 1 x p + xq dx > 1 2 x q dx = 2 1 xq dx which
y +1 b
converges if and only if q > 1. Thus, 0 < p < 1

= lim tan 1 b tan 1 0 = and 1 < q.
b 2

b. The integral is the area between the curve 8.5 Chapter Review
1+ x
y2 = and the x-axis from x = 1 to
1 x Concepts Test
x = 1.
1. True: See Example 2 of Section 8.2.
1+ x 2
y2 = ; y xy 2 = 1 + x; y 2 1 = x( y 2 + 1);
1 x 2. True: Use l'Hpital's Rule.
2
y 1
x=
y2 + 1 1000 x 4 + 1000 1000
3. False: lim = = 106
4 0.001
x 0.001x + 1
1 + (1) 0
When x = 1, y = = = 0, while
1 (1) 2
4. False: lim xe 1/ x = since e1/ x 1 and
x
1+ x
as x 1, y = . x as x .
1 x
The area in question is the area to the right of 5. False: For example, if f(x) = x and
1+ x g ( x) = e x ,
the curve y = and to the left of the
1 x
x
line x = 1. Thus, the area is lim = 0.
x e x
y2 1 2
0 1 y 2 + 1 dy = 0 y 2 + 1 dy 6. False: See Example 7 of Section 8.2.

= lim 2 tan 1 y
b 7. True: Take the inner limit first.
b 0
8. True: Raising a small number to a large

lim 2 tan 1 b 2 tan 1 0 = 2 = exponent results in an even smaller
b 2 number.

9. True: Since lim f ( x) = 1 0, it serves

xa
only to affect the sign of the limit of
the product.

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 10. False: Consider f ( x) = ( x a )2 and 17. False: Consider f ( x) = 3x 2 + x + 1 and

g ( x) =
1
, then lim f ( x ) = 0 g ( x) = 4 x3 + 2 x + 3; f ( x) = 6 x + 1
2 x a
( x a) g ( x) = 12 x 2 + 2, and so
and lim g ( x) = , while
xa f ( x) 6x + 1 1
lim = lim = while
lim [ f ( x) g ( x)] = 1. x 0 g ( x ) 2
x 0 12 x + 2 2
xa

f ( x) 3x 2 + x + 1 1
11. False: Consider f ( x) = 3x 2 and lim = lim =
x 0 g ( x ) x 0 4 x 3 + 2 x + 3 3
g ( x) = x 2 + 1, then
f ( x) 3x2 18. False: p > 1. See Example 4 of Section 8.4.
lim = lim
x g ( x) x x 2 + 1 1 1 1 1
3
19. True: 0 p
dx =
0 p
dx +
1 xp
dx;
= lim = 3, but x x
x 1 + 1 1 1
0 x p dx
2
x diverges for p 1 and
lim [ f ( x ) 3 g ( x)]
x 1
2
= lim [3x 3( x + 1)]2 1 xp
dx diverges for p 1.
x
= lim [3] = 3
x 1
20. False: Consider 0 x +1
dx .
12. True: As x a, f ( x) 2 while
0
1
. 21. True: f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + 0 f ( x)dx
g ( x)
If f is an even function, then
f(x) = f(x) so
13. True: See Example 7 of Section 8.2. 0

1/ f ( x )
f ( x)dx = 0 f ( x)dx.
14. True: Let y = [1 + f ( x)] , then Thus, both integrals making up
1
ln y =
f ( x)
ln[1 + f ( x)]. f ( x)dx converge so their sum
converges.
1 ln[1 + f ( x)]
lim ln[1 + f ( x)] = lim
xa f ( x) x a f ( x) 22. False: See Problem 37 of Section 8.3.
0
This limit is of the form . b
0 23. True: 0 f ( x)dx = lim
b 0
f ( x )dx

ln[1 + f ( x)]
1
1+ f ( x )
f ( x)
lim = lim = lim [ f ( x)]b0 = lim f (b) f (0)
xa f ( x) x a f ( x) b b
= 0 f(0) = f(0).
1
= lim =1 f(0) must exist and be finite since
x a 1 + f ( x) f ( x) is continuous on [0, ).
lim [1 + f ( x)]1/ f ( x ) = lim eln y = e1 = e
xa x a
24. True: 0 f ( x )dx e x dx = lim [ e x ]b0
0 b
15. True: Use repeated applications of
b
l'Hpital's Rule. = lim e
b
+ 1 = 1, so 0 f ( x)dx

16. True: e0 = 1 and p(0) is the constant term. must converge.

25. False: The integrand is bounded on the

interval 0, .
4

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 Sample Test Problems
8. The limit is of the form .

0
1. The limit is of the form . 2 x3 6 x2
0 lim = lim = lim 6 x3 =
x ln x x 1 x
4x 4 x
lim = lim =4
x 0 tan x x 0 sec 2 x
1
9. As x 0, sin x 0 , and . A number
0 x
2. The limit is of the form . less than 1, raised to a large power, is a very
0
1 32
tan 2 x 2sec2 2 x 2 small number = 2.328 1010 so
lim = lim = 2
x 0 sin 3 x x 0 3cos 3 x 3
lim (sin x)1/ x = 0 .
0 x 0 +
3. The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals
0
Rule twice.) ln x
10. lim x ln x = lim
sin x tan x cos x sec2 x x 0 + x 0+
1
lim = lim x
x 0 1 x2 x 0 2x
3 3
The limit is of the form .
sin x 2sec x(sec x tan x)
= lim =0 1
x 0 2 ln x
3 lim = lim x
= lim x = 0
1 1
x 0 + x x 0 + 2 x 0 +
x
cos x
4. lim = (LHpitals Rule does not apply
x 0 x2 11. The limit is of the form 00.
since cos(0) = 1.)
Let y = x x , then ln y = x ln x.
2 x cos x ln x
5. lim 2 x cot x = lim lim x ln x = lim
x 0 sin x 1
x 0 x 0 + x 0+ x
0
The limit is of the form .
0 The limit is of the form .

2 x cos x 2 cos x 2 x sin x 1
lim = lim ln x
x 0 sin x x 0 cos x lim = lim x
= lim x = 0
1 1
20 x 0 + x x 0 + 2 x 0 +
= =2 x
1 lim x x = lim e ln y
=1
x 0 + x 0 +

6. The limit is of the form .
12. The limit is of the form 1.
ln(1 x) 11x 2
lim = lim Let y = (1 + sin x)2 / x , then ln y = ln(1 + sin x).
x 1 cot x
2
x 1 csc x x
sin 2 x 2 2 ln(1 + sin x )
= lim lim ln(1 + sin x) = lim
x 0 x x 0
x 1 (1 x )
x
0
0 The limit is of the form .
The limit is of the form . 0
0
cos x 2
sin 2 x 2 sin x cos x 2 ln(1 + sin x)
lim = lim =0 lim = lim 1+sin x
x 1 (1 x )
x 1 x 0 x x 0 1
2 cos x 2
= lim = =2
x 0 1 + sin x 1
7. The limit is of the form .
lim (1 + sin x)2 / x = lim eln y = e 2
1 x 0 x 0
ln t 1
lim = lim t
= lim =0
t t 2 t 2t t 2t 2

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 13. lim x ln x = lim
ln x 17. The limit is of the form 1.
1
x 0 + x 0+ Let y = (sin x) tan x , then ln y = tan x ln(sin x).
x
sin x ln(sin x)
The limit is of the form . lim tan x ln(sin x ) = lim
x
2
x
2
cos x
1
ln x
lim = lim x
= lim 2 x = 0 0
1 1
x 0 + x 0 + x 0+ The limit is of the form .
x 2 x3/ 2 0
cos x ln(sin x) + sin x cos x sin x
sin x ln(sin x)
14. The limit is of the form 0 . lim = lim
1 x cos x x sin x
2 2
Let y = t1/ t , then ln y = ln t.
t cos x(1 + ln(sin x)) 0
= lim = =0
1 ln t x sin x 1
lim ln t = lim 2
t t t t
lim (sin x) tan x = lim eln y = 1
x x
The limit is of the form . 2 2

1
ln t 1 x sin x 2
lim = lim t = lim = 0 18. lim x tan x sec x = lim
t t t 1 t t 2
x
2
x 2 cos x
lim t1/ t = lim eln y = 1
t t 0
The limit is of the form .
0
1 1 x sin x x sin x 2
15. lim = lim sin x + x cos x 1
x 0 + sin x x x 0 x sin x
+ lim = lim = =1
x cos x x sin x 1
0 2 2
The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals
0
Rule twice.) dx 1
x sin x 1 cos x
19. 0 ( x + 1)2 = x + 10 = 0 + 1 = 1
lim = lim
+ x sin x + sin x + x cos x
x 0 x 0
dx
0 1 + x2 = tan x = 0 =
sin x 0 1
= lim = =0 20.
+ 2 cos x x sin x
0 2 2
x 0 2
1
1 2x 1 2x 1 2 1 2
16. The limit is of the form . (Apply lHpitals

21. e dx = 2 e = 2 e 0 = 2 e
Rule three times.)
tan 3x 3sec2 3 x 1 dx
11 x = blim[
b
lim = lim 22. ln(1 x)]1
2 1
x tan x x sec x
2 2
= lim ln(1 b) + ln 2 =
2 b1
3cos x cos x sin x
= lim = lim The integral diverges.
2 cos 3 x sin 3 x
x cos 3 x x
2 2

cos 2 x sin 2 x 1 1 dx
= [ln( x + 1)]0 = 0 =
= lim
x
2
3(cos 3 x sin 3 x) 2
= =
3(0 1) 3
23. 0 x +1
2
The integral diverges.

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 b 2
2 dx b dx 2 dx 5 5
12 x(ln x)1/ 5 1 x(ln x)1/ 5 = lim (ln x)4 / 5 + lim (ln x) 4 / 5
+ b
24. = lim + lim
1/ 5 1
b 1 2 b 1 x(ln x) b 1 4
b 1 4
+ b
2
5 5 1
4/5
5 5 5 5 1
4/5
5
= (0) ln + (ln 2)4 / 5 (0) = (ln 2) 4 / 5 ln = [(ln 2)4 / 5 ( ln 2)4 / 5 ]
4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 4

5
= [(ln 2) 4 / 5 (ln 2) 4 / 5 ] = 0
4

dx 1 1 1 1 1
25. 1 x 2 + x4 = 1 x2 1 + x 2 dx = x tan x 1 = 0 2 + 1 + tan 1 = 1 + 4 2 = 1 4
1
1 dx 1 1
26. (2 x)2 = 2 x = 1 0 = 1
b 0
0 dx b dx 0 dx 1 1
27. 2 2 x + 3 = lim3 2 2 x + 3 + lim3 + b 2 x + 3 = lim3 2 ln 2 x + 3 2 + lim3 + 2 ln 2 x + 3 b
b b b b
2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1 1
= lim ln 2b + 3 (0) + ln 3 lim ln 2b + 3 = ( ) + ln 3 +
3 2

2 2 + 2
2
b 3
b 2 2
The integral diverges.

4 dx
28. 1 = lim [2 x 1]b4 = 2 3 lim 2 x 1 = 2 3 0 = 2 3
x 1 b 1+ b 1+

dx 1 1 1
29. 2 x(ln x) 2
=
ln x 2
= 0 + =
ln 2 ln 2

dx 2 2
30. 0 ex / 2
=
e x/2
0
= 0 + = 2
1

5 dx b dx 5 dx b 5
31. 3 (4 x)2 / 3 = blim + lim = lim 3(4 x)1/ 3 + lim 3(4 x)1/ 3
4 3 (4 x )
2/3
b 4+ b (4 x )
2/3
b4
3 b 4+ b

= lim 3(4 b)1/ 3 + 3(1)1/ 3 3(1)1/ 3 + lim 3(4 b)1/ 3 = 0 + 3 + 3 + 0 = 6

b4 b4+

2 1 2 1 1
32. 2 xe x dx = e x = 0 + e 4 = e 4
2 2 2 2

x 0 x x
33. x 2 + 1 dx = x2 + 1 dx + 0 2
x +1
dx

1 0 1
= ln( x 2 + 1) + ln( x 2 + 1) = The integral diverges.
2 2 0
(0 + ) + ( 0)

0
x 0 x 1
x 1
34. 1 + x 4 dx = dx = tan 1 x 2 + tan 1 x 2
dx +
1 + x4 0 1 + x4 2 2 0
1 1 1 1
= tan 1 0 + tan 1 0 = 0 + 0 = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4

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 ex ex
35. =
e2 x + 1 (e x ) 2 + 1
Let u = e x , du = e x dx
ex 1
0 dx = du = tan 1 u = tan 1 1 = =
e 2x
+1 1 2
u +1 1 2 2 4 4

36. Let u = x3 , du = 3 x 2 dx
2 x3 1 u 1 0 u 1 u 1 u 0 1 u 1 1
x e dx = 3 e du = 3 e du + 3 0 e du = 3 e + 3 e 0 = 3 (1 + ) + 3 (0 + 1)
The integral diverges.

3 x
37. 3 dx = 0
9 x2
See Problem 35 in Section 8.4.

1
38. let u = ln(cos x), then du = sin x dx = tan x dx
cos x
1
1 ln
tan x 1 ln 1 1 2 1 1
2

(ln cos x) 2
dx =
ln
1
2
du =

2
2
du =

u
=
1
ln 2
+0 =
ln 2
3 2 u u

1 1 1 1
39. For p 1, p 0, 1 x p dx = ( p 1) x p 1 = blim
(1 p )b p 1
+
p 1
1
1 1
lim = 0 when p 1 > 0 or p > 1, and lim = when p < 1, p 0.
b b p 1 b b p 1
1
When p = 1, 1 dx = [ln x]1 = 0 . The integral diverges.
x

When p = 0, 1 1dx = [ x]1 = 1 . The integral diverges.
1
1 xp
dx converges when p > 1 and diverges when p 1.

1
1 1 1 1 1
40. For p 1, p 0, 0 x p dx = ( p 1) x p 1 = 1 p + blim
0 ( p 1)b p 1
0
1
lim converges when p 1 < 0 or p < 1.
b 0 b p 1

11 1
When p = 1, 0 x dx = [ln x]0 = 0 blim
0+
ln b = . The integral diverges.

1 1
When p = 0, 01dx = [ x]0 = 1 0 = 1
1 1
0 x p dx converges when p < 1 and diverges when 1 p.

1 1 1 1
41. For x 1, x 6 + x > x 6 , so x 6 + x > x 6 = x3 and < . Hence, 1 dx < dx which
3
x6 + x x x6 + x
1 x3
1
converges since 3 > 1 (see Problem 39). Thus 1 dx converges.
x6 + x

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 ln x 4. Original:
42. For x > 1, ln x < e x , so < 1 and f continuous at c f differentiable at c
x
e
ln x ln x 1 Converse:
= < . f differentiable at c f continuous at c (AT)
e 2 x (e x ) 2 e x
Contrapositive:
Hence,
f non-differentiable at c f discontinuous at c
ln x x x 1 1
1 e2 x dx < 1 e dx = [ e ]1 = 0 + e = e . 5. Original:
ln x f right continuous at c f continuous at c
Thus, dx converges.
1 e2 x Converse:
f continuous at c f right continuous at c
ln x 1 (AT)
43. For x > 3, ln x > 1, so > . Hence,
x x Contrapositive:
ln x 1 f discontinuous at c f not right continuous at c
3 dx > dx = [ln x]3 = ln 3.
x 3 x
ln x 6. Original: f ( x) 0 f ( x) = c (AT)
The integral diverges, thus 3 x
dx also Converse: f ( x) = c f ( x) 0 (AT)
diverges. Contrapositive: f ( x) c f ( x) 0 (AT)

ln x ln x 1 7. Original: f ( x) = x 2 f ( x) = 2 x (AT)
44. For x 1, ln x < x, so < 1 and < .
x x3 x2
Hence, Converse: f ( x) = 2 x f ( x) = x 2
ln x 1
1
(Could have f ( x) = x 2 + 3 )
1 x3 dx < 1 x2 dx = x 1 = 0 + 1 = 1. Contrapositive: f ( x ) 2 x f ( x) x 2 (AT)
ln x
Thus, dx converges.
1 x3 8. Original: a < b a 2 < b 2
Converse: a 2 < b 2 a < b
Review and Preview Problems Contrapositive: a 2 b 2 a b

1 1 4 2 1 7
1. Original: If x > 0 , then x 2 > 0 (AT) 9. 1 + + = + + =
2 4 4 4 4 4
Converse: If x 2 > 0 , then x > 0
1 1 1 1 1
10. 1 + + + + + =
2 4 8 16 32
Contrapositive: If x 2 0 , then x 0 (AT)
32 16 8 4 2 1 63
+ + + + + =
32 32 32 32 32 32 32
2. Original: If x 2 > 0 , then x > 0
4
1 1 1 1 1 12 + 6 + 4 + 3 25
Converse: If x > 0 , then x 2 > 0 (AT) 11. i = 1+ 2 + 3+ 4 = 12
=
12
i =1
2
Contrapositive: If x 0 , then x 0
4
(1) k 1 1 1 1
3. Original: 12. 2 k
= + + + =
2 4 8 16
k =1
f differentiable at c f continuous at c (AT)
8 + 4 2 + 1 5
Converse: =
f continuous at c f differentiable at c 16 16
Contrapositive:

f discontinuous at c f non-differentiable at c 13. By LHopitals Rule :

(AT)
x 1 1
lim = lim =
x 2 x + 1 x 2 2

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 x t x
14. By LHopitals Rule twice:

20. 1 2
x +1
dx = lim
t 1 x +12
dx =
u = x 2 +1
n2
2n 2 1 du = 2 x dx
lim = lim = =
2
n 2n + 1 n 4n 4 2
1 t 2 +1 1
lim du =
2 t 2 u

15. By LHopitals Rule twice:
Integral does not converge (see problem 17).
2
x 2x 2
lim = lim = lim =0
x e x x e x x ex 21.

1
x
x2 + 1
dx = lim 1
t x2 + 1
t x
dx =
1
2
( 2
ln x +1 ) 1
=

Integral does not converge.

16. By LHopitals Rule twice:
1 t 1
lim
n2
= lim
2n
= lim
2
=0
22. 2 x (ln x) 2
dx = lim
t 2 x(ln x) 2
dx =
n en n en n en u = ln x
du = 1 x dx
1 t 1
17. 1 dx = lim dx = ln t 1 1
ln t
x t 1 x lim
t ln 2 u 2
du = lim
t u ln 2
=
lim [ ln x ] [ ]=
t
= lim ln t
1 t
t 1 1 1
lim = 1.443
t ln 2 ln t ln 2
Integral does not converge.
Integral converges.
1 t 1
18. 1 x2
dx = lim
t 1 x2
dx =

t
1 1
lim = lim 1 = 1
t x 1 t t

Integral converges.

1 t 1
19. 1 x1.001
dx = lim
t 1 x1.001
dx =

t
1000 1000
lim = lim 1000 = 1000
0.001
t x 1 t t 0.001

Integral converges.

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