Xpolarity and Neutral Identifying and Testing CEPG2018

Polarity & Neutral:
Identification: Testing
August 2011
18 AUGUST 2011
ISSUE 5
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCONTROLLED COPY IF PRINTED
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE Polarity & Neutral
UNCLASSIFIED CEOP2018
PREPARED BY: MANAGER POLICY DEVELOPMENT & IMPLEMENTATION
A U T HO R IS E D BY : CHIEF ELECTRICAL SAFETY OFFICER
D OC UMENT N UM BE R: C E OP 20 1 8 - I S S U E 5
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except as permitted under the copyright act.
DISCLAIMER
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take effect on the date made by Essential Energy. A print version is always an uncontrolled
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your contract of engagement with Essential Energy. Sub-contractors are bound by the
confidentiality provisions set out in their contract with the contractor engaged by Essential
Energy.
2011 ESSENTIAL ENERGY
18 August 2011 - Issue 5

Approved By: Chief Electrical Safety Officer
Page 2 of 51
UNCLASSIFIED UNCONTROLLED COPY IF PRINTED
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 5
2 WHY THESE INSTRUCTIONS ARE IMPORTANT................................................... 5
3 CHALLENGES ............................................................................................... 5
3.1 Persons Permitted to do this Work................................................................... 5
3.2 Polarity Responsibilities/Non-Negotiables ......................................................... 6
3.3 Disciplinary Action ........................................................................................ 7
4 POLARITY TESTING ...................................................................................... 7
4.1 General ....................................................................................................... 7
4.2 O/H Service Connection/Disconnection Final Connection at Connection Point or
point of Supply ............................................................................................. 8
4.3 Underground Service connection/Disconnection Final Connection at Connection
Point or Point of Supply ................................................................................. 9
4.4 O/H or U/G Service Connection Tests at Switchboard .................................... 10
4.5 O/H & U/G connection - Streetlights .............................................................. 11
4.6 O/H & U/G Mains Connection or Reconnection ................................................. 12
4.7 O/H or Padmount Distribution Transformer Commissioning ............................... 13
5 BASIC POLARITY AND THE M.E.N SYSTEM METHODOLOGY ................................14
5.1 Basic Polarity ............................................................................................. 14
5.1.1 M.E.N System ........................................................................................16
5.1.2 Summary ..............................................................................................19
5.2 Service Polarity .......................................................................................... 19
5.2.1 Correct Polarity ......................................................................................19
5.2.2 Reverse Polarity .....................................................................................24
5.2.3 Summary ..............................................................................................28
5.3 Polarity Testing .......................................................................................... 28
5.3.1 General .................................................................................................28
5.3.2 Consequences of Incorrect Polarity ............................................................29
6 TEST EQUIPMENT ........................................................................................30
6.1 General ..................................................................................................... 30
6.2 Voltmeters/Multimeters ............................................................................... 30
6.3 Insulation Testers ....................................................................................... 31
6.4 Test Lamps ................................................................................................ 31
6.5 Independent Earth ...................................................................................... 32
6.6 Proximity Tester ......................................................................................... 33
6.7 Fault Loop Impedance Tester........................................................................ 34
6.8 Phase Rotation Indicators ............................................................................ 34
6.9 Power Quality Loggers ................................................................................. 35
7 PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE CORRECT POLARITY ..................................................36
7.1 Final Tests after Service Connections ............................................................. 40
7.2 Neutral Integrity ......................................................................................... 40
7.2.1 Tests ....................................................................................................41
7.2.2 Interpretation of Results ..........................................................................41
7.2.3 Substantial Load .....................................................................................43
7.2.4 Testing Neutral Connections .....................................................................44
7.3 Three Phase Rotation .................................................................................. 44
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7.4 Helpful Hints for Service polarity Testing ........................................................ 45

7.5 Fully Insulated Systems ............................................................................... 46
7.6 Interpretation of Test Results ....................................................................... 46
8 EXTRACT FROM THE SERVICE & INSTALLATIONS RULES OF NEW SOUTH WALES48
9 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................50
10 REVISIONS .................................................................................................50

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1 INTRODUCTION
This procedure provides the necessary information for authorised persons performing
polarity, neutral identification and neutral integrity tests, to ensure the safety of persons
and equipment and to ensure the supply to the customer is connected correctly.
This document describes the required tests to be followed by authorised persons:

When connecting, disconnecting or reconnecting a customers supply or street light
through a service line; and
After low voltage mains or service connections have been disturbed in ways that could
result in incorrect phase rotation, a neutral conductor being open-circuited or
connected to an active conductor including the installation or replacement of a
transformer or MEN connections or the connection of a backup or grid support
generator.
This Procedure applies to Essential Energys employees who have authorisation to connect
and disconnect services and electrical equipment to Essential Energys electrical distribution
system. Failure to comply with this procedure may result in loss of authorisation.
Accredited Service Providers or Contractors to Essential Energy may use this procedure or
follow a similar process that meets the requirements of AS 4741-2010.
2 WHY THESE INSTRUCTIONS ARE IMPORTANT

These instructions are important to ensure the safety of persons connected to Essential
Energys distribution system and to ensure a safe and reliable electricity supply to the
customer.
3 CHALLENGES
Responsibility of all employees to understand and perform the procedures included within
this document, to ensure that reverse polarity never occurs and a final test is undertaken on
every occasion required.
3.1 Persons Permitted to do this Work
Essential Energy employees and its contractors with authorisation, Accredited Service
Providers with appropriate trade qualifications, training and authorisation are permitted to
perform the following tasks:
INSTALL or replace overhead and underground service lines and commission
customers installations by connecting them to Essential Energys distribution system
DISCONNECT and reconnect supply to a customers installation
CONNECTION or reconnection of underground or overhead low voltage mains
CONNECTION or reconnection of overhead or padmount distribution transformers
CONNECTION of mobile generators to the distribution system and/or customers
installation
CONNECTION or reconnection of a street light and
CARRY out testing to ensure correct phase rotation, polarity and neutral integrity
including the Final Test.

Page 5 of 51
Note: an apprentice with the appropriate training and supervision can perform the tasks
identified in this procedure, however the authorised supervising tradesperson must take the
responsibility for ensuring polarity and neutral integrity is correct.
3.2 Polarity Responsibilities/Non-Negotiables
It is the responsibility of persons authorised to do this work to complete the following:

FOLLOW this procedure and all other relevant policies and procedures including
Worksite Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Control (HIRAC) contained within
SSHE manual CECM1000.02 Risk Management and CEOP8030 Electrical Safety Rules
Metallic switchboards must be tested for voltage prior to opening and again after
connections have been energised
WARNING: Check installation for alternate sources of supply before proceeding
All installations must be checked to ensure it is safe to energise prior to connection.
Certificate of Compliance required for new or altered installations
Service wires must not have mid-span/mid-run joins or connections (Except for
temporary repairs)
Utilise suitable test equipment when conducting polarity and neutral identification
tests and prove the tester is operating correctly before and after use, especially after
each no volt reading
Phase rotation must be checked and recorded on existing 3 phase installations (where
possible) before de-energising the installation and checked normal after
energising.(check a 3ph motor if needed)
ENSURE that any street light control wires are identified, particularly when they are
part of a 5 wire LV distribution system, and must not be confused with the supplying
mains
ENSURE the electrical tests detailed in this procedure are followed and conductors are
connected correctly
The integrity of an independent earth must be checked prior to being used for testing
purposes
An insulation test must be performed on all new or replacement cables, transformers
or electrical equipment before energising
All service neutral bonds to metallic service raiser brackets and steel builders poles or
street light standards must be disconnected prior to connecting and testing the service
polarity
Neutrals, must be disconnected last and connected first. CEOM7211.01 Plant &
Equipment Operations: Mobile Site Generation must be followed when using
backup/temporary generators for Essential Energy purposes
The service and system neutrals are to be marked accordingly once identified
Recommence testing and neutral identification if interrupted through the process
If test results and checks are not consistent with expectation OR outside the range of
their experience or understanding the service or mains are not to be connected.
BUT must be isolated from supply if already connected and assistance called
Neutral integrity is to be tested wherever installing, adding to or altering services or
mains. It MUST be tested when investigating voltage complaints. Neutral integrity
results are to be analysed based on the situation
NEVER connect services, street lights and/or M.E.N. connections to de-energised
mains unless:

Page 6 of 51
o The connections at the point of supply are disconnected and the service tails
made safe
o All main switch/s are opened, service fuses are removed and the consumer
mains neutral and main earth disconnected at the switchboard. Where a sub-
main neutral is solidly linked to the consumer mains neutral, the sub-main
neutral and associated active main switches are to be isolated at the sub-board
and
o Polarity and final tests are carried out with the supply on.
When connecting to energised conductors, cable markings can be used to assist
identification however they must be electrically tested before connection
Installations cannot be energised with neutrals disconnected
The service must be either connected or insulated at the point of attachment or point
of supply of the consumers installation, before any tests or connections are carried
out at the pole
Once connections have been made, they must be checked for effectiveness either by
resistance testing or tug tests
A Final Test, MUST be carried out on the installation main neutral/earthing system and
any distribution MEN earths after all the LV distribution system, service or installation
connections have been made and energised.
NOTE: When breaking system neutral or MEN connections, consideration must be given to
what effect this break may have on the overall integrity of the system. Refer to Section
5.1.1 for further details.
3.3 Disciplinary Action
A reverse polarity, open circuit neutral or incorrect phase sequence connection to any
installation will initiate a workplace investigation as per CECM1000.03 SSHE Incident
Management.
4 POLARITY TESTING
4.1 General
The transposition of active and neutral conductors will result in an earthing system
becoming energised and consequently energising conductive items connected to the
earthing system, such as water pipes and the exposed conductive parts of earthed
appliances, and may result in incorrect voltages to the electrical installation. (See section
5.2 for further information).
There are many different scenarios that can occur when connecting or reconnecting parts of
the system. The following tables provide information and tests that are to be followed when
performing phase rotation, polarity, neutral identification and integrity tests on specific
sections of the distribution system or customers installation.

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4.2 O/H Service Connection/Disconnection Final Connection at

Connection Point or point of Supply
Step Action
1 Turn off main switch/es & danger tag to de-energise installation
2 Isolate consumer mains active(s) prior to meters e.g. switchboard service fuses.
Isolate and remove existing and/or install new service (ensure exposed tails are
3
insulated)
Connect service neutral bond at point of supply to service, but leave disconnected from
4
bracket or conductive pole
Test new service insulation resistance between all cores and between all cores to earth.
5
New service - >50M Previously used service - >1M
Determine where the final connection and polarity will be conducted. The service can then
be connected at the opposite end using visual markings as a guide, if available.
6
NOTE: Where final connection is to be conducted at the switchboard, Section 4.4
must be followed.
Identify and mark neutral and active(s) at the source of supply. (Independent earth may
7
be required for single phase installations)
Test between a source active and all load conductors to identify the load neutral, then
8
test between load neutral and the source neutral for no voltage and connect
Test between source active and load active for no voltage then connect. Repeat step for
9
each additional phase
Test between service bracket/conductive pole AND bond to independent earth for no
10
voltage
11 Test between bond and bracket or conductive pole for no voltage
Connect bond to service bracket or conductive pole and retest to independent earth for
12
no voltage
Note; Retest metallic switchboard before opening to ensure no hazardous voltages have
13
been introduced
14 Test between neutral link and independent earth for no volts
15 Test between phase to phase and phase to neutral for standard system voltage
16 Replace switchboard service fuse(s) and confirm phase rotation if applicable
17 Turn on main switch/es and conduct a final test with load (0 to 5 volts but assess)
New installation Leave main switch/es off or obtain approval from customer to leave
18
installation energised
19 Existing installation Turn on main switch/es previously turned off

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4.3 Underground Service connection/Disconnection Final Connection

at Connection Point or Point of Supply
Step Action
2 Isolate consumer mains active(s) prior to meters e.g. switchboard service fuses
Isolate and remove existing and/or install new service (ensure exposed tails are
3
insulated)
4
Determine where the final connection and polarity will be conducted. The service can then
be connected at the opposite end using visual markings as a guide, if available
5
NOTE: Where final connection is to be conducted at the switchboard, Section 4.4
must be followed
6
Test between a source active and all load conductors to identify the load neutral, then
7
8
Note; Retest metallic switchboard before opening to ensure no hazardous voltages have
9
been introduced
10 Test between neutral link and independent earth for no voltage
11 Test between phase to phase and phase to neutral for standard system voltage
13 Turn on main switch/es and conduct a final test with load (0 to 5 volts but assess)
14
15 Existing installation - Turn on main switch/es previously turned off

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4.4 O/H or U/G Service Connection Tests at Switchboard
Step Action
Isolate consumer mains active(s) prior to meters e.g. switchboard fuses.
2 NOTE: where there is no service fuses on switchboard disconnect metering neutrals at
the meters and off peak timeclock/relay
Visually trace and disconnect and insulate the consumer mains neutral from the first point
of connection. Danger tag any switchboard neutral bond or isolated submain neutral.
3
Also, trace and disconnect the main earth connection from the neutral bar. Additional
qualification and competency may be required to perform this method
Isolate and remove existing and/or install new service. (ensure exposed tails are
4
insulated)
5
The service will be required to be connected, at either the connection point or point of
6
supply using visual markings as a guide, if available
Overhead Connect service neutral bond at point of supply to service but leave
7
disconnected from bracket or conductive pole
Identify and mark neutral and active(s) at the source of supply. ( Independent earth may
8
Identify load neutral by visual markings as a guide, then test between load neutral and
9
the source neutral for no voltage and connect
10
11 Test between the independent earth and the source neutral for no voltage
12 Test between source active and source neutral for standard voltage
13 Test between source neutral and main earth for no voltage
14 Test between source active and main earth for standard voltage
15 Test between all source actives for standard phase to phase voltage
16 Test between the source neutral to neutral link and reconnect
17 Test between the main earth to neutral link and reconnect
Replace metering neutrals at meters and off-peak timeclock/relay if previously removed.
18 NOTE: The neutral terminal of the meter or the off peak timeclock relay will be
alive due to the potential coil and will remain so until the neutral is reinstated
19 Test service bracket/conductive pole AND bond to independent earth for no voltage
20 Test between bond and bracket/conductive pole for no voltage
Connect bond to service bracket or conductive pole and retest to independent earth for
21
no voltage
23 Turn on main switch/es and conduct a final test with load. (0 to 5 volts but assess)
24
25 Existing installation - Turn on main/es switch previously turned off

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4.5 O/H & U/G connection - Streetlights
Step Action
Existing installations - Isolate from source of supply and inspect installation safe to
1
connect
2 Confirm street light fuse is out or circuit breaker off
Check external and internal wiring of streetlight to the connection point to ensure it is
electrically safe to connect. Visually confirm colour coding of internal wiring at internal
3
terminal block is correct and ensure terminal block is not earthed at the light fitting and
earth bond removed from street light standard if applicable
Remove PE cell, tube/globe prior to carrying out insulation tests and or connection.
4
Measure insulation resistance between internal wiring and standard/bracket (>1 M)
5
Connect source neutral to the street light load neutral first, then the source active to the
6
streetlight load active by using visual markings as a guide
WARNING - Confirm polarity is correct at either the bracket or standard.
7
Independent earth must be utilised for this test
8 Test between streetlight earth bond to independent earth for no voltage (If applicable)
9 Test between streetlight neutral to independent earth for no voltage (If applicable)
10 Test between streetlight earth bond and neutral for no voltage (If applicable)
11 Connect streetlight earth bond to neutral and retest to independent earth for no voltage.
Insert fuse, PE cell, tube/globe, or switch on circuit breaker and ensure streetlight
12
operates correctly including a PE cell test
Conduct final test at streetlight standard or bracket, for any potential/voltage while light
13
is on. (0 to 5 volts but assess)

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4.6 O/H & U/G Mains Connection or Reconnection
Step Action
1 Warning - An insulation test must be performed on all new cables before connection
2 New construction - Visually trace any earth connection to identify the neutral and mark
accordingly
3 Identify and mark neutral and active(s) at the source of supply. (Independent earth may
be required for single phase mains)
4 Test between a source active and all load conductors to identify the load neutral, then
5 Test between source active and load active for no voltage then connect. Repeat step for
6 New construction with back feed and no services connected - Identify neutral and actives
on both circuits and phase in accordingly and connect. (Independent earth may be
required)
7 Visually inspect and perform test if necessary at all switching points involved
with the new construction to confirm neutral is not switched
8 Test all conductors of new circuit at the end of the run and establish system normal, i.e.,
phases and neutral
9 Conduct final test on system neutral or MEN point to independent earth and at one
installation of each affected circuit (0 to 5 volts but assess)
10 Phase out at least one open point on each circuit

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4.7 O/H or Padmount Distribution Transformer Commissioning
Step Action
1 Existing - Test phase rotation preferably at the transformer
Identify and mark neutral and active(s) by testing between ALL mains conductors prior to
2
disconnection, if possible. (Independent earth may be required for single phase mains)
Sketch bridgings/phasings prior to de-energising, if possible, or for new transformers to
3
match neighbouring transformers.
Isolate the high voltage and low voltage supply and make safe as per switching
4
instruction then install new transformer if applicable.
Test transformer windings on all tap settings, for continuity (ohms range) or insulation
resistance (at least 500 volt range). Test between all HV bushings for no resistance and
between HV bushing to transformer tank for high resistance. (no circuit) Test between all
5 LV bushings for no resistance (single phase transformers will need the neutral bushings
bonded) and between LV bushings and tank for high resistance. (no circuit) Test between
a HV Bush and a LV bush for high resistance. (no circuit)
Set transformer tap per tapping plans or if unavailable per adjacent transformers.
Test new paralleled LV cables with cables disconnected at transformer bushings but
6 connected at fuses, to detect crosses. Connect at transformer and mains if tests results
are correct.
Test substation earthing to ensure it meets the construction manual requirements for
7 substation earthing. Then connect low voltage earth to the transformer neutral bushing
and connect high voltage earth to the transformer earthing point.
Ensure transformer neutral is connected at the transformer neutral bushing but
disconnected at this stage from the system neutral.
8 NOTE: Where the system neutral is continuous, it should be left connected at the
neutral bushing. Check again that the transformer actives are isolated from the
system actives.
Visually check hardware and wiring. Check that all connections have been made in
accordance with the sketch or construction standards and again check that the neutral
9
is disconnected from the system neutral. (where applicable). Where possible a second
person on site should also undertake the check independently.
Cancel access permit as per switching instruction, check low voltage fuses are open and
10
transformer neutral is disconnected from the system neutral.
11 Energise transformer.
At open low voltage transformer fuses, test between transformer phases and between
12 transformer phases to transformer neutral to ensure correct polarity and voltage levels.
(Independent earth may be required for single phase mains)
Test between system neutral and transformer neutral for no voltage and
13 connect (Not applicable if the neutral is continuous, as per note in step 8).
WARNING Failure to complete this step will result in a hazardous situation.
14 Check phasing is correct between transformer and system mains.
15 Test phase rotation normal if applicable.
16 Close all transformer LV fuses and test system normal.
Conduct final test with load at one installation on each affected circuit where applicable.
17
(0 to 5 volts but assess)
18 Phase out at least one open point on each circuit.
Page 13 of 51
5 BASIC POLARITY AND THE M.E.N SYSTEM METHODOLOGY

5.1 Basic Polarity
Over the years, a number of schemes have been devised to protect the consumer from an
electric shock through the accidental contact with live conductors, should the insulation fail
in the consumers installation or equipment. The MEN system is the scheme used in
Australia (described more in Section 5.1.1) to protect people and is where the neutral
conductor is earthed at multiple locations including at the distribution transformer and at
every installation connected to the supply mains. All exposed metal parts that may come in
contact with live conductors are also connected to the neutral and the general mass of
earth. If the equipment insulation fails, the resultant earth fault current will cause the
protective device, i.e. fuse, circuit breaker, etc., to operate and thus de-energise the faulty
appliance or part of the installation.
Figure: 1: Isolated Supply System

Alternating current is supplied from a transformer or alternator over two wires in a single
phase system. Consider the transformer in Figure 1. The primary winding is usually supplied
from a high voltage distribution line. The secondary winding has two terminals A and B
across which, in this example, there is 230 volts. This is all that is necessary to provide
electricity.
We could connect a light or a motor as shown or any other device that consumes electricity
and provided the voltage is correct, the appliance will function normally.
In Figure 2, when the primary voltage is 230V and the secondary voltage is also 230V, a
person standing on the ground and touching terminal A will NOT receive an electric shock.
In order to receive a shock, there must be a conductive path connecting points A and B to
allow the current to flow. In Figure 2, there is no such connection from A back to B through
the person.

Page 14 of 51
Figure: 2: Isolated Supply System - No Electric Shock

Similarly, if we touch terminal B no shock will be felt. However, touching terminals A and B
at the same time will produce a severe shock. The conductive path is now available through
the arms and chest. From this description, it can be seen that in this case standing on the
ground plays no part in the shock process. It is most important to realise that, in this case,
when neither terminal of a transformer is connected to earth (ground), no circuit exits
between earth or ground and the transformer terminals.
Not too long ago safety packs (isolating transformers) utilised this principle to protect
people using single insulated electric drills, etc.
Note: It should be realised however, that if the primary voltage is thousands of volts, there
is the likelihood that the secondary winding could have a capacitive charge that would be
discharged through the person to ground. The capacitive current flows from the high
voltage winding, through to the low voltage winding and then on through the person and
back through the ground to the zone substation transformer neutral bushing.
Figure: 3: MEN System - Electric Shock from Active

Figure 3 shows a distribution system where one of the terminals of the transformer is
connected to earth. The situation has now changed considerably. If a person standing on
earth touches A, they will have the full 230 volts connected between hand and foot. There is
one conductive path through the person to earth and to terminal B. The result is a severe
electric shock. However if terminal B is touched, there will be no difference of potential or
shock as there is no voltage to allow a current to flow because they are both at earth
potential.

Page 15 of 51
5.1.1 M.E.N System
In Figure 4, the earth wire, at the transformer, joins the neutral and the general mass of
earth. The voltage at this point (V1) between B and ground will be zero. However, as we get
further away from the transformer, the voltage between the neutral and earth increases.
If the transformer has a load of 50 amps, and the resistance of the neutral conductor from
the transformer to the consumers load is 0.2 ohm, the voltage dropped along the conductor
will be 10 volts.
A voltmeter (V3) connected between ground and the neutral terminal of the load, will
indicate 10 volts and the voltmeter (V2) half way along the neutral conductor, will record 5
volts to earth. Thus, this neutral connection is no longer at ground or earth potential.
Should the load current increase to 100 amps and the resistance of the neutral conductor be
higher than that indicated, e.g., 0.3 ohm, the voltage difference at V3 will increase to 30
volts. Assuming that, the human body has a hand to foot resistance of 1000 ohms, a person
touching the terminal at V3 under the right conditions, i.e., bare hand with bare feet on wet
ground, would have a current flow of approximately 30 milliamps through their body. This
may cause ventricular fibrillation under the right circumstances.
It is for this reason that the neutral to earth voltage should not exceed 10V and to maintain
it at this level the Electricity Distributor ensures that the neutral conductor is the right size
(the larger the conductor size the lower the resistance) its length is minimised and its earth
resistance is maintained below a designated level.
Figure: 4: Single Earthed System - N-E Voltage Increasing with LV Feeder Length
Note: There is only an earth at the transformer. Voltages V1, V2 and V3 are therefore not
exact values for a true MEN system as additional earths assist in maintaining the neutral to
earth voltages at lower levels than indicated.
Figure 5 shows a single phase distribution system, where one of the transformer terminals
is connected to the earth at the transformer or distribution substation. This designates the
terminal as the NEUTRAL. As this wire passes from pole to pole or pillar to pillar and on to
the consumer, earth connections via driven rods or butt earths are provided at locations
along the route.
This is done to ensure a low resistance connection to ground along the length of the circuit
and is called the Multiple Earth Neutral (M.E.N.) system of earthing.

Page 16 of 51
OPER
RATIONAL PRO
OCEDURE Po
olarity & Neutral
Identiffication: Testing
UN
NCLASSI
IFIED CEOP2018
Figure:
F 5: Normal MEN
M System
m
In a single phase syste em, the c urrent flow ws from the transfo ormer alon ng the acttive
condductor, throough the appliance and then back to th he transforrmer along g the neuttral
condductor. Thus, the neuttral is used
d as a returrn path for the curren
nt. In an M.E.N. systeem,
to m
maintain the e Neutral to
t Earth vo oltage at a very low level the neutral is connected in
parallel with earth
e and there are two returrn paths for the currrent, one through the t
condductor and one throug gh the eart h as shownn in Figure 5. As a baackup the neutral
n is also
a
earthhed at the consumers switchbo oard in casse the neuttral is openn circuited between the
t
switcchboard an nd the clos
sest MEN e earth electrode. Therre may be cases whe ere the earth
electtrode at the
e consumerrs switchbo
oard is the only earth reference ppoint.
If the consume ers premise

es, in Figurre 5, norma ally draws 10 amps a and the resistance of the
t
ve and neuttral conduc
activ ctors totals 0.2 ohm, using
u Ohms law, the voltage dro
op due to line
resis
stance will be
b 2 volts and
a this me eans the vo
oltage at th
he point of supply will be 228 voolts
and tthe total re
esistance off the load iss 22.8 ohm
m (228 V divvided by 100 amps).
Howeever, this s
system cann still lead to compliccations sho eutral conductor become
ould the ne
open
n circuited and
a be connected to h high resista
ance earth points.
p
Figure 6: MEN Systtem with Open

O Circu
uit Neutrall

Approved By: CChief Electricall Safety Office
er
Pag
ge 17 of 51
UN
NCLASSI
IFIED UNCONT
U ROLLED COPY IF
F PRINTE
ED
In Figure 6 the neutral is open circuited and current flows along the active, through the
premises, then through a parallel path via the consumers earth spike and the earth
connected to the open circuit neutral, through the ground and returning via all the earths
connected to the neutral and then back to the neutral bushing of the transformer.
Suppose the combined earth resistance of all the earths is 50 ohms. The circuit resistance
has now increased to 50 + 0.2 + 22.8 = 73 Ohms. The current is now 230/73 = 3.15 amps
and the point of supply voltage is now 22.8 x 3.15 = 71.8 volts. 10 amps can no longer flow
due to the increased resistance in the circuit. The neutral to earth voltage at the premise
will be raised to a much higher level than normal. If the earths at the customers end are
equal in resistance at say 80 ohms, half the current will flow through each one. Therefore,
the N-E voltage is 80 ohms x (3.15/2) = 126 volts. This situation is usually recognised by
shocks and tingles received by the customer and malfunctioning appliances, along with dull
lights.
High resistance joints in the neutral conductor will have the same effect and should the
neutral be open circuited or left disconnected at the point of supply or the switchboard
neutral link, the portion of the neutral attached to any appliances, lights, etc. and the
consumers earthing system when the appliances are switched on will rise towards 230 volts,
thus again presenting a shock hazard in that installation. The voltage for the customers
appliances also varies depending on the amount of customer load.
Should the consumers earth have a low resistance, unstable voltages and shock hazards
are greatly reduced, but not eliminated.
However, as indicated earlier, should the resistance at the consumers earth be high,
metallic earthed appliances and metal work such as taps, water heaters, showers, etc.,
connected to the main earth, will be raised in potential above ground. Any person standing
on the ground or in a bath tub and touching the taps etc. could receive an electric shock.
There have been fatalities in Australia caused by this situation.
For these reasons, it is imperative that the neutral conductor is kept as close to earth
potential as is possible and that any joints in it, or connections made to it, have a very low
resistance and are mechanically secure.
The advantage of the M.E.N. system is its low earth resistance. How low this resistance is,
will generally depend on the number and depth of earthing electrodes connected to the
neutral conductor along its length and soil type. The soil resistance will also vary with the
moisture content. During wet periods, the earth stake resistance could decrease and then
increase when the ground dries out again.
As covered earlier there are two major disadvantages of this system. Any rise in potential
that occurs due to a broken neutral will be impressed on the consumers earthing system
and hence the metal frames of earthed equipment and water pipes/taps.
The other disadvantage, which is by far the most hazardous, is the reversal of active and
neutral conductors at the consumer premises. Here the metal components of the premises,
such as appliance metal frames, taps and metal street water pipes and metal framed
buildings could become alive, up towards the full supply voltage.
A three phase distribution system is the same as its single phase counterpart. The neutral is
earthed at the transformer and at many places along its length. Figure 7 shows a 3 phase
schematic drawing of a M.E.N. system.
The neutral performs the same function in this system as for a single phase system, but in
addition, it provides a return path to the transformer for any out of balance current and
provides us with a choice of voltages, e.g. 230 or 400.

Page 18 of 51
5.1.2 Summary
One of the wires leaving the transformer is earthed, that wire is designated as the
neutral and the other is the active. This is called polarity
A person can receive a shock when standing on the ground by touching the active
conductor in an earthed system
The M.E.N. system takes its name from the fact that the neutral conductor is earthed
at many points along its length and at the transformer, to keep it at or near earth or
ground potential
In an M.E.N. system, should the neutral break, the voltage across customer appliances
can become unstable. The consumers earthing system, including water taps and metal
parts of an appliance, can become alive and that part of the neutral wire past the
break, could be raised towards 230 volts.
5.2 Service Polarity
5.2.1 Correct Polarity
When observing a battery, it is obvious that each terminal is marked in the following way.
One terminal is marked positive (+) the other negative (). This designation is called
polarity. No matter what type of battery is used, the terminology is the same.
In a battery, the positive terminal is where the electrons (or current), flowing from an
external circuit, enter the battery. The negative terminal is where the electrons leave the
battery. No matter what type of external circuit, the electrons (or current) always leave the
negative terminal and return via the positive. This is referred to as a DC circuit. We have
adopted this convention of polarity for alternating current (AC) but the designation of
polarity in an AC circuit is not as easily defined as a battery. In an AC system, the terminals
are changing from negative to positive at the supply frequency. In Australia, this happens at
fifty times every second.

Page 19 of 51
OPER
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olarity & Neutral
UN
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Conssider Figuree 8. Here we have the second dary terminals of the e transformmer changing
posittive/negativ
ve fifty tim
mes per seccond and because
b off this chan ging or altternating, the
t
term
minals are designated A and B as their polarrity cannot be stated.
Figure:
F 8: T
Transform
mer Polarit
ty
Oncee one of the t terminals is eartthed, as shown s in the
t M.E.N. system earlier
e in this
t
proceedure and the cables are contin nued to the e consumers premisess, the cable es are said
d to
havee polarity. This
T form of
o "polarity y" is differe
ent to the polarity of the batterry. Commonly
called service or
o mains po olarity, it h
has nothing g to do with
h positive o
or negative terminals. In
this c
case, it refe
ers to activ
ve and neuttral wires or o conductors.
In a single ph
hase supply y, the con ductor connnected to the transfformer terrminal thatt is
hed is desiignated the
earth e neutral cconductor. The other conductorr connected d to the no
on-
earth
hed terminaal is called the active conductor. This is sho
own earlier in Figure 3.
3
vice Polarity is then the des

Serv signation and ident of active and neuttral
tification o
cond
ductors in an AC dis
stribution system.
Where the batttery polaritty was posiitive and negative, th

he AC supp
ply polarity is active and
a
neuttral. In the
e LV distrribution syystem in Figure
F 9, the
t conducctors connected to the t
sformer tra
trans avel along a particula ar route, with
w consumers connnected at various
v points
alongg the way y. The con nsumers sservices leave the pole,
p or pi llar in the
e case of an
undeerground suupply and connect
c to tthe premisees.
In N
New South Wales, a service fusse is usually mounted at the cconsumers switchboa ard.
Howe ever, somee supply distributors and older installation ns may hav ve the fuse
e mounted on
the ffacia board or on the distributorrs pole. In all cases, it must be connectedd in the acttive
cond
ductor.

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Figure: 9: Service Connection

At the consumers premises, there are terminals called "Point of Supply". Here, the service
wires are connected to the consumers mains. Remember, the voltage from active to earth
is nominally 230 volts and the voltage from neutral to earth is as close as possible to zero.
If the consumer requires three phases, there will be four conductors entering the premises.
One is the neutral conductor while the other conductors are actives. Each active has
nominally 230 volts between it and the neutral, although there is nominally 400 volts
between actives. The neutral is still at approximately earth potential.

Page 21 of 51
Figure: 10: Correctly Connected Installation

Figure 10 shows a schematic drawing of a correctly wired consumer's premises - the
metering circuitry has been deleted for clarity. This is a single phase installation with the
service fuse mounted on the consumers switchboard. Terminals C1 and C2 represent the
point of supply.
From the point of supply, the electricity travels through the consumers mains to the main
switchboard. The consumers mains active is connected to the electricity distributors service
fuse and the neutral is connected to the electricity distributors neutral link or the
consumers neutral link. This distributors neutral link is a convenient terminal block where
the consumers neutral link and metering neutrals are connected together (older premises
may not have a distributors neutral link).
After the service fuse, the active conductor connects to the meters, the main switch and
then to the sub-circuit fuses or circuit breakers.
The load current from electrical equipment flows back via the neutral link(s), consumer
mains neutral and the distributor mains neutral to the distribution transformer. The main
earth is generally connected to the consumers neutral link but may be connected to the
distributors neutral link in some installation. Socket outlet earthing pins and any metal
parts of hard-wired appliances are connected to the main earth at the switchboard. The
main earth is connected to ground by an earth rod and water pipe bond or, on older
installations, the main metallic water service.

Page 22 of 51
Note: The metal frame of the load or appliance is connected to the main earth conductor.
As the main earth is connected to the neutral via the consumers neutral link, it follows that
the frame is connected to the neutral conductor.
Under normal conditions with correct wiring, a person standing on the ground can safely
touch the metal frame of any appliance (toaster, refrigerator, etc.) or any conductive
material (water pipes, taps etc.) connected to the neutral conductor. The person will not
receive a shock as there is generally little potential difference between the ground and
neutral.
Another feature of this installation is the position of the service fuse, main switch, and sub-
circuit switch. Once these switches are turned off, or the fuses removed or blown, the
installation is disconnected from the supply as the switches and fuses are connected in the
active conductor.
This installation is said to have CORRECT polarity, or correct electrical connections.
Any metallic earth rod, when driven into the right soil (i.e. low resistivity), has very low
resistance. The majority of resistance comes from the contact between the electrode and
ground. This resistance is made up of many parallel paths.
Usually, the further the rod is driven into the ground the lower the resistance as there are
more parallel paths. The total resistance is determined by many factors. Rod diameter and
length, soil type and moisture content in the ground all play a part in the actual resistance.
It should be noted that the consumers earth rod or main earth electrode is designed as a
backup to the neutral return path. AS/NZS3000 does not require the resistance of the main
electrode to be measured. Typically, it is generally between 30 70 ohms but may be
significantly higher in some soils. It is for this reason that the distributor has to ensure the
value of the LV mains neutral earth resistance is maintained at a low level and that the
neutral conductor is continuous and all neutral connections are electrically and mechanically
sound.

Page 23 of 51
5.2.2 Reverse Polarity
5.2.2.1 Single Phase Reverse Polarity
Figure: 11
Figure 11 shows reversed active and neutral conductor connections at the connection
point, which is the junction of the LV mains and the service line. Notice there is no fuse in
the active conductor but the neutral is now fused. The LV mains active is now directly
connected to earth because of the M.E.N. system at the consumers switchboard. Current
now flows from the LV mains active through the service line to both neutral links. From the
consumers neutral link, current then flows through the main earth in to the ground.

Page 24 of 51
This occurs regardless of the load or switch position in the installation. The amount of
current is determined largely by the resistance between the main earth and ground.
Suppose this resistance is low, e.g. 2 ohms and using Ohms Law, the current flowing in the
circuit will be 115 amps. The usual result of this large current flow is for the main earth to
burn off, generally at the connection between the earth electrode and the main earth. The
melting or burning of the earth could start a fire in the consumers installation, with
obviously dangerous consequences, but will also result in an even higher neutral to earth
voltage.
Two ohms resistance however, is very low and the earth electrode resistance is usually
much higher than this, resulting in a much smaller current to flow to earth. It is unlikely
that this current flow to earth will cause the LV transformer fuse to blow. This also means
that it is possible to have the neutral link up towards 230 volts above earth. A person
standing on the ground and touching the neutral link will receive a severe shock.
The consumers neutral link is connected by the M.E.N. earth to all the other earths on the
premises. This includes the metallic water service. Touching the taps or earthed appliances
while standing on the ground will also result in a severe shock. Safety switches will not
operate to protect the person if a metallic appliance is contacted as they do not protect from
leakages due to reverse polarity.
This installation is said to have REVERSED polarity.
This dangerous condition, a reverse polarity, may not be immediately recognised, as the
operation of single phase electrical appliances may appear normal. In some cases, reverse
polarities have been known to persist for tens of years before being identified and resolved.
This can result in considerable wasted energy because of the current flowing continually to
ground and back to the transformer neutral. The final test is the sure way of ensuring that a
reverse polarity is not left in place.
Reversed polarity can occur at a number of locations other than at the connection point
e.g. at the point of supply, at the consumers switchboard or at a consumers sub-board.
With a high resistance earth and reversed polarity, a single phase installation will work and
appear as normal, until someone touches any conductor or metal work connected to the
neutral link.
The current flowing to ground, from the reverse polarity, will flow back to the transformer
neutral bushing using available return paths. This may include the earthing system of a
correctly connected installation, resulting in elevated neutral to earth voltages and electric
shocks from earthed appliances or metal water taps at this installation.
Testing at socket outlets does not identify a reverse polarity on the incoming supply to the
installation as the voltages obtained are exactly the same as for a normal service
connection. Figure 12 shows this - the voltages obtained in black for a normal connection
and in red for an installation reverse polarity at a socket outlet. The reversing of active and
neutral at a socket outlet will provide different results that are usually readily identifiable.

Page 25 of 51
Figure 12: Voltage tests at a socket outlet for reverse and

normal installation polarity.
5.2.2.2 Multi Phase Reverse Polarity

All of the problems associated with the reversed polarity of a single phase supply are
repeated with a reversed polarity of a two or three phase supply.
Figure 13 shows a reversed polarity of a three phase service. Meters have been removed to
clarify the situation.
Figure 13: 3ph Reverse Polarity

In the situation shown in Figure 13, the three phase motor will not start and, as with the
single phase reversed polarity, the earth wire will heat up and could burn off while all
neutral connections, earthed appliances and motor frames, etc. will become alive and
dangerous. However, in this situation, the 230 volt appliance will have between 230 volts
and 400 volts impressed across it with disastrous results, especially items such as
computers. This voltage level occurs when the appliance switch is closed and A phase and C
phase are now supplying the appliance.

Page 26 of 51
It is also important to note that, while polarity can be correct, it is imperative that phase
rotation is also correct. With incorrect phase rotation, 3 phase motors will run in reverse
with disastrous results in some manufacturing situations and damage to equipment such as
air conditioning units.
This same situation of having 400 volts impressed across the consumers 230 volt
installation can occur if a single phase service is connected across two phases instead of a
phase and neutral.
It can also happen if the polarity is correct but because of poor work habits, a neutral is
disconnected first or the neutral connection at the connection point has a high resistance
connection as shown in Figure 14.
Figure 14: Two Installations Connected Across

Two Phases with Poor or Disconnected Neutral
If the neutral connection, shown in Figure 14 at the connection point, was made in such a
way, that only one clamp was used for both neutral service lines and this clamp was
removed first in a disconnect task with the service fuses in. Then, depending on the amount
of load switched on in both installations and M.E.N. earth resistance of both installations, it
is likely that one installation receives a voltage in excess of 230 volts and the other
installation receives a voltage less than 230 volts. Damage to connected appliances is likely
in both installations due to over and under voltage.

Page 27 of 51
Disconnecting the service neutral first in any situation is dangerous. As shown earlier, this
will cause the consumers M.E.N. to take the return current of the installation and raise the
voltage of the MEN connection at the premises. For these reasons, it is a standard work
practice to always connect the neutral first and disconnect it last during any service
work. In addition, neutrals should be connected independently to the LV neutral main and
every effort is made to make the connection a low resistance one.
The effects of reversed polarity are similar to an open circuited neutral conductor. If the
consumers earth has a high resistance or is open-circuited and as stated earlier there have
been fatalities in Australia as a result of open-circuit neutral service conductors.
5.2.3 Summary
The effects of a reversed polarity for single phase and three phase situations are as follows:
The consumers main earth wire or water pipe bond may burn off if the main earth
resistance is low. Low earth resistance may also cause a flash to occur when making
and breaking the neutral
Single phase appliances may work normally if the earth has a high resistance or is
open circuited, e.g. after it burns off
All earthed appliances and their elements, earth electrodes and water pipes are alive
and dangerous
Switches and fuses may operate in the neutral, i.e. they do not de-energise the
appliance or circuit
Safety switches will not operate to protect a person from electric shock touching a
metallic appliance
Under certain circumstances, installations and appliances can be damaged by over or
under voltage
Transformer LV fuses are unlikely to operate
Additionally:
Neutrals must be disconnected last and connected first
Phase rotation must be checked before and after service connection work is performed
on a three phase installation
Open circuited neutral conductors will cause a substantial increase in the neutral to
earth voltage at an installation.
5.3 Polarity Testing
5.3.1 General
Service polarity and neutral identification tests can be performed at the following three
locations:
The connection point i.e. distributors pole or service pit/pillar. This is the preferred
location particularly when replacing a service and the service fuses are mounted on
the switch-board
The point of supply terminals at the point of attachment i.e. customers pole or
building facia board or consumers pillar/pit
The consumers main switchboard. This is the only acceptable method where there are
no service fuses or service isolating device for the actives on the customers
switchboard.

Page 28 of 51
The selection of which location to perform the tests will depend on a risk assessment based
on the work to be undertaken. The risk assessment will also help identify the most suitable
equipment to use for polarity and neutral identification tests.
The reason for polarity testing is to ensure the polarity is correct at consumer premises.
Service polarity testing verifies which service cable is active, which is neutral and may check
the state of the earth connection.
While service connections are considered a simple task, the test procedures and interpreting
test results can be made very difficult due to the following variables:
Type and age of service (overhead or underground)
Location of service fuses and point of supply (i.e. at the pole or pillar, bargeboard or
switchboard)
Type, size, location and age of the customers main switchboard and installation to be
connected (i.e. commercial, including shopping centres and high rise buildings,
industrial, rural or domestic)
Type, age, conductor size and location of the distributors and/or consumers neutral
link(s)
Load connected before the Main Switch (e.g. meters and relays) or when service
fuse(s) are on the pole or facia board
Type and variety of consumers sub-boards connected to the main switchboard
Neutral bonding e.g. at metal service raiser brackets, metal switchboard surrounds,
steel builders poles and street light standards
Establishing an independent earth in large shopping centres or for multistorey
buildings
The complexity, variations and individual traits in/of test equipment
Not only is the connection of services important but also the correct connection of the
system. This includes connection or reconnection of street lights, mains, transformers and
generators (see CEOM7211.01 for the connection of generators).
5.3.2 Consequences of Incorrect Polarity
Electricity customers rely on appropriately qualified Essential Energy staff and authorised
service providers to protect them against the consequences of an incorrect connection. The
incorrect connection of a customers supply (e.g. reversed polarity or an open circuit
neutral) can result in:
A customer, member of the public or Essential Energy employee, contractor or service
provider receiving a severe or even fatal electric shock
Damage to the customers installation and equipment
Disciplinary action by Essential Energy and the Ministry of Energy and Utilities which
may include loss of Service Provider authorisation and accreditation
Fines imposed by NSW WorkCover, Department of Fair Trading or in Queensland fines
and/or the cancellation or suspension of a certificate of competency by the Electrical
Licensing Committee established under the Electrical Safety Act 2002 (QLD)
Legal action against Essential Energy, authorised contractor and/or an individual which
may be initiated by any aggrieved party.

Page 29 of 51
6 TEST EQUIPMENT
6.1 General
A voltmeter or a multi meter may be used to conduct polarity tests but must be used for the
final test and neutral integrity tests. Meters will also provide positive and accurate voltage
readings which can help enhance customer service e.g. identifying customers that are
receiving over or under voltage supply. Neutral integrity tests can also be performed with a
fault loop impedance meter or the like.
Any voltage indicating device used for polarity tests must be tested before and
after each NO INDICATION test.
Service Polarity Identifier (SPI) is not to be used to test polarity.
The following equipment may be used to test voltage, polarity, neutral integrity and phase
rotation:
6.2 Voltmeters/Multimeters
There are several types and many brands/models of voltmeters and multimeters available
that are suitable for testing purposes, including those with inbuilt tongs for measuring
currents. Modern multimeters are often very accurate and high impedance (typically
between 1-10M).
Multimeters shall be checked before and after use and should be calibrated periodically for
accuracy.
High impedance voltmeters should be used for polarity testing for the following reasons:
It will register voltage more accurately even at very low levels (test lamps wont)
It will register voltage despite a high impedance earth connection (independent or
consumers earth) test lamps wont
It will not impose hazardous voltage on the consumers earthing system or
independent earth during testing, whereas test lamps may.
Figure 15: Typical Multimeter
Stores Item ID: 807171
Note: Digital Voltmeters may indicate voltage with an extremely low energy voltage source
and may show full voltage though high resistance/faulty connections due to their very high
impedance.

Page 30 of 51
6.3 Insulation Testers
Insulation resistance tests are necessary to ensure that the insulation resistance between all
potentially live conductors and earth or, as is the case may be, all potentially live parts and
earth is adequate to ensure the integrity of the insulation. This is to prevent:
a) Electric shock hazards from inadvertent contact;
b) Fire hazards from short circuits; and
c) Equipment damage.
In addition, insulation resistance tests between all conductors are necessary for consumers
mains to minimise potential for insulation breakdown, injury or property damage due to
failure of such conductors.
An insulation test must be performed on all new or replacement cables, transformers or

electrical equipment before energising.
Figure 16: Typical

Insulation tester 1000V
Stock 807177
6.4 Test Lamps
The test lamps are normally rated at nominally 230/400 volt. They consist of two low
wattage (typically 25W) 230 volt bulbs connected in series. The wattage must always be the
same or the tests, which depend on the level of brilliance of the light, will be confusing if a
different wattage bulb is used in each lamp holder. One of the test lamp leads is normally
fitted with an in-line fuse (typically a 2 amp HRC fuse).
The lamps are used to indicate two different voltages. When connected to 230 volts, both
lamps light with a dull glow or half brilliance. On 400 volts, the lamps are illuminated to a
bright glow or full brilliance.

Page 31 of 51
Note: Some test lamps are fitted with a switch that connects the bulbs in parallel. In this
case, both lamps would light with a bright glow or full brilliance across 230 volts and may
cause confusion. However, if applied across 400 volts, the in-line fuse, where fitted, may
operate and/or the bulbs would blow causing the test lamps to fail. For this reason, care
must be taken, when conducting service polarity testing, that these lamps are used in series
mode only.
Figure 17: Typical set of Test Lamps
Stores Item ID: 807690
Major problems associated with test lamps are the fragile construction of the bulbs and
filaments, lack of indication of voltage level and no light for voltages below approximately
90 volts in strong sunlight. However, as with all test equipment, it is essential to test the
equipment before and after conducting any test and this will ensure the lamps are
working. If the need arises for measuring voltage levels below 90 volts, then other voltage
indicators such as a voltmeter should be used.
Test lamps are not to be used with a bare handled independent earth unless it is protected
with an insulated mat as lethal voltages can be placed on the metallic parts of the
independent earth if the soil resistivity is poor.
Test lamps may be useful where a low impedance test device is required and a low
impedance voltmeter is unavailable e.g. to prove a voltage is induced.
6.5 Independent Earth
An independent or remote earth consists of an earth spike with a long insulated flexible lead
attached. The spike is driven into the ground at least 2m away from earth electrodes,
earthed pipes or metallic structures or fences. It should be insulated except for the bare
part that is pushed all the way into the ground.
An independent earth is used to measure voltage between a conductor and the general
mass of ground or to check polarity and neutral integrity at a customers switchboard. It
may also be used to establish which are the active or neutral conductors of low voltage
single phase mains.
When using an independent earth for testing voltages the integrity of the earth
must be checked before performing any test to prove that there is in fact a circuit
between an active and the general mass of earth through the independent earth
stake.
A hazard as a secondary point of contact is made when an independent earth is used,

particularly at the pole top, and as such adequate control measures must be taken. A lead
with a shielded banana plug on the end provides the safest type as no bare parts are
exposed at the poletop.

Page 32 of 51
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Fig
gure 18: In
ndependen
nt Earth Stores Item
m ID: 8074
450
Wate
er can be used
u to reduuce the ressistance between the independen nt earth an
nd the gene
eral
masss of ground
d if using te
est lamps inn poor or very dry soils. A high im
mpedance voltmeter will
w
overcome this high
h resista
ance due too its own veery high intternal impe
edance.
DANNGER: A dangerou us voltag

ge may be b present on the bare handle of the t
inde
ependent earth
e wheen using ttest lamps
s to test mains
m volttage if the
e connectiion
to th
he genera
al mass of ground iss poor. An
n insulated
d mat shaall be usedd to insula
ate
the bare hand
dle of the independeent earth when used with tes st lamps to test maiins
ages.
volta
6..6 Pro
oximity Tester
T
Proximity teste
ers may be used to co onfirm the presence ofo substanttial voltage
es, typically
y in
ess of 50 vo
exce olts but this
s will be de
ependent on n the makee and mode el of tester. Users should
be aw
ware of the
e voltage raange of theeir proximity
y tester before use.
Proximity testeers do not provide the e level of voltage
v meeasured and d will provide a posittive
cation for lo
indic ow energy sources su uch as induuced voltag ges. This inndication may
m be visu
ual,
audibble and/or vibrating indication.. There are many brrands/mode els availab
ble and users
shouuld follow th
he manufac cturers ope
erating insttructions fo
or the particcular proximity indica
ator
to bbe used. Proximity
P te
esters sho uld be tes sted on a known so ource or using self-test
functtions or an external voltage sourrce before and
a after use for a nil readings.
On ssome occasions the prroximity tesster will be susceptible
e to the inffluence of stray
s electriical
fields
s. Howeverr when usedd correctly the tester will always
s indicate foor energised conducto ors.
Figure 19: Two Different

D Brands
B of P
Proximity Testers - Stores Ite 4038075
em ID: 84
oximity voltage indica
A pro ator may bee utilised fo
or polarity purposes
p to
o indicate the lack of the
t
supp
ply voltage e on the neutral
n or earthing system wh hen perforrming the Final Tes st,
particularly where an independent e earth can be extreme ely difficultt to establish e.g. larrge
pping centrres or high rise buildiings. Howe
shop ever, neutral integrity y will need to be testted
with a fault loop
p impedanc
ce meter in
n these situations.

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Proximity testers are veryy useful forr the prelim

minary identtification off the neutra al and activ
ves
wherre all conductors are insulated e e.g. ABC conductors
c and servicce pits whe ere the cabbles
and connection ns are fullyy insulated d. Close proximity
p to
o live cond ductors may give fa alse
readings in this
s situation. Using the proximity tester
t in contact mod ectly onto the
de, i.e. dire t
ductor, will reduce sign
cond nificantly th
he possibility of false readings.
6..7 Fau
ult Loop Impedan
I nce Teste
er
A fauult loop im
mpedance te ester is useed to test the impedance of thee supplying
g circuit. This
T
inclu
udes the impedance of the su upplying trransformerr, the acti ve and neutral supply
condductors righ
ht up to the
e test location.
A fault loop im mpedance meter in conjunction n with a proximity

p ttester may
y be used to
estabblish neutrral integritty; particu larly where an independent e earth can be extremely
diffic
cult to esta
ablish e.g. large shoppping centres or high rise buildi ngs. Appro
oximately half
h
the value of im mpedance measured will be the impedan nce of the active andd half will be
apprroximately the
t impedaance of the neutral to the site.
edance metters do not generally indicate the

Faultt loop impe e level of ne
eutral to ea
arth voltage
e.
F
Figure 20: Kyoritsu 4
4120A Loo op Impeda
ance Teste
er
Resttricted Access
6..8 Pha
ase Rotattion Indicators
Phasse rotation indicators are used to

o ensure th
hat three phhase equip ment receive the supply
in th
he correct phase sequence. Th his is partticularly im
mportant w
when disconnecting and
a
reconnnecting se
ervices or mains.
m
Vario a available with LED

ous types are D or rotating motor dis
splays. Somme also pro
ovide differring
audibble indicatiions depending on th
he rotation direction. Figure 21 shows a phase
p rotation
indic
cator that is
s non-conta
act and with
h insulated clamps whhich provide
es additional safety.

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Figure 21: Phase Rotation Indicator - Stores Item ID: 807760
6.9 Power Quality Loggers
Power Quality Loggers can be used by Power Quality Technicians to assist with electric
shock incidents and/or to determine if the level of Neutral to Earth voltage is acceptable.
Loggers should only be used in circumstances where the risk has been assessed and
determined acceptable, such as the following:
To verify that all faulty neutral problems have been found and where extensive testing
has already been carried out prior to the use of a logger
Where the customer advises there is a fault but it is intermittent and cannot be
identified
To identify the maximum neutral to earth voltage that occurs over time
Note: A Power Quality Logger should never be used to find faulty connections as the risk to
customers through the logging period is likely to be unacceptable.
The logger can be used to check phase voltages, current flow from actives to neutral and
earth, as well as the level of neutral earth voltages. These parameters can all be used to
assess neutral integrity. Some loggers have a specific channel for monitoring the neutral
earth voltage. If not then a suitable logger, must be accurate at very minor levels of
voltages, is connected as per Figure 22.

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Figure 22: Connecting a

Power Quality Logger to
monitor Neutral Integrity
7 PRINCIPLES TO ENSURE CORRECT POLARITY

The basic objective of polarity testing is to ensure the supply distributors active conductor
is connected to the installations active conductor and the distributors neutral is connected
to the consumers neutral.
Table 1 provides a list of principles used to ensure the correct connection of or to the LV
system for correct polarity. An explanation for these principles is also provided.

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TABLE 1 PRINCIPLES FOR POLARITY
Principle
Polarity Principles Explanation
No.
Isolating the neutral prior to the actives will result in the
Neutrals are ALWAYS customer installation receiving hazardous N-E voltages and
1.
first on and last off. uneven voltages for multiphase installations that can cause
severe damage to the equipment and fire.
The basic objective of polarity testing is to ensure the
supply distributors active conductor is connected to the
installations active conductor and the distributors neutral is
connected to the consumers neutral.
Connect neutral to
2. neutral, phase to phase If the connection is crossed anywhere on the system, we
DO NOT CROSS. have a reverse polarity that can cause electric shock from
metallic appliances, taps and anything metallic connected to
the neutral system. Some single phase appliances will
receive phase-to-phase voltages and be destroyed and/or
catch on fire when plugged in and turned on.
ALL main switches must be off and consumer mains actives
disconnected, prior to the meter, when replacing or
installing new services to customer installations. This
ensures the connection is made without load to prevent
arcing at the connections and to minimise the chance of
damage to customer equipment. It also prevents uneven
voltages mentioned in Principle 1 above, particularly if
testing is to occur at the switchboard with the consumer
mains neutral disconnected at the first connection point.
Disconnection of the neutral has its draw backs in that if any
Isolate consumer mains main switch is left on, or bumped on or turned on by the
active(s) prior to meter customer, then the customer and their equipment are
3. e.g. switchboard service placed at risk.
fuses, and turn off ALL
It is preferable to prevent customers being able to turn the
customer switches.
supply back on by placing service fuses at the back of the
switchboard panel, by having the danger tag fitted to
switches preventing operation of the switch unless the tag is
removed and also by locking the switchboard.
Where there is no isolator such as a service fuse or circuit
breaker on the customer switchboard - the consumer mains
actives could be pulled at the meter and insulated using an
insulated connector/terminator. Alternatively, service fuses
could be fitted to the switchboard once the supply/load has
been isolated.

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Principle
No.
Service connections on Service polarity cannot be guaranteed if connecting to de-
de-energised mains: energised mains. It may be practical to connect services at
Isolate at Point of the mains and leave the supply disconnected at either the
Supply and service Point of Supply or at the switchboard (consumer mains
tails made safe; or actives and neutral). Testing at these locations can occur
once the supply has been restored.
ALL main switches
4. opened, service fuses
removed, consumer
mains neutral and
main earth
disconnected;
Polarity tests carried
out with the supply
on.
Isolate neutral bonds to This ensures that the bond has been in fact connected to
5. conductive poles or the neutral and not the active. This could cause an electric
brackets. shock immediately or in the future.
The use of cable markings helps to ensure the correct
connection of cables. Markings cannot be relied on as they
may have inadvertently or intentionally been mixed e.g.
Cable markings MUST
6. using 2 single phase ABC cables as a 3 phase system (whilst
NOT be relied on - TEST.
this practice is no longer acceptable, there may be
situations where this has occurred). Testing must occur to
verify the markings.
Identify mains and
service neutrals - test This testing helps to prevent reverse polarities by the
7. between phases and to correct identification of the neutral. The neutral should be
neutral and/or immediately marked using Principle 9.
independent earth
Marking cables helps prevent a reverse polarity. Both
neutral and active conductors should be marked accordingly
in a way that clearly identifies each cable.
The person should recommence testing if interrupted during
Mark neutrals and the testing, identification and/or marking of a cable. This
8.
actives appropriately. includes maintaining visual contact with the two conductors
during and after testing, until the conductors have been
connected together. Many connections have been made
incorrectly due to the person being distracted after testing
and then simply selecting the wrong cables to be connected.
This test helps to ensure that the supply neutral was
correctly identified. If 230 volts is measured then the
Test between neutrals identification was incorrect and the identification process
9. should start again.
before connecting.
This testing will not work with a generator with no
connection between the neutral and frame of the generator.

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Principle
No.
This test is a double check. It ensures that there are no
short circuits between connecting cores and that the load
neutral was correctly identified. This test will not work if
there is load connected to the actives as 230 volts is likely
to be measured regardless. A power thief connection in an
Test between actives installations consumer mains will disrupt testing as there
10.
before connecting. will be a positive test when testing from an active of the
supply to the connecting circuit or service when there
should be a no voltage result.
This testing will not work with a generator with no
connection between the neutral and frame of the generator.
Polarity SHALL be tested. This involves ensuring there are
no crosses. A proximity tester can be used as it simply
11. Test polarity.
verifies the actives are live and the neutral is not live.
Proximity testers do not ensure neutral integrity.
The final test proves polarity but also proves neutral
integrity when load is added and the test results are
Neutral Integrity - final analysed. N-E voltages can be expected normally between 0
test with load and/or and 5 volts or less than 1 ohm if using a fault loop
12.
fault loop/proximity tests impedance meter BUT the analysis needs to consider the
analyse results. amount of load added and the length and size of the supply
system. Values greater than these figures can be assessed
as acceptable by suitably qualified persons.
Phase rotation is to be Phase rotation is to be checked prior to and after alterations
tested when altering or if not possible (e.g. in a blackout situation), then one
13.
three phase mains or motor at a customer installation is to be checked or phasing
services. checked at open points.
Sketch
bridgings/phasings
This double check can be performed for any situation and
14. Where possible confirm
should be recorded for later reference.
sketch accuracy by
another person.
Phasing out at open points must occur once the supply has
been restored. This ensures that three phase motor rotation
Phase out at open is correct and that anyone closing the open point in the
15.
points. future is not placed at risk. Back feeding to a connection
point or transformer and testing can help to ensure the
correct connection is made.
Installations cannot be
This reinforces Principle 1. It also applies to mains,
16. energised with neutrals
ultimately they supply customer installations anyway.
disconnected.
Action will need to occur if checks or tests are not as
Stop and re-evaluate if
expected e.g. the fully ribbed conductor is live then the
17. checks/tests are not as
conductor will need to be traced back to where the cross
expected.
has occurred and the fault rectified.

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Principle
No.
There are many situations that can occur and some can be
If in doubt DO NOT quite complicated. Please call for assistance at any stage if
connect BUT ISOLATE doubt exists with what is occurring or if test results are not
18. from supply if already as expected or are outside your range of experience or
connected and call understanding. Staff should not be embarrassed about
assistance. asking for help as it is better to ask than to place peoples
lives at unnecessary risk.
7.1 Final Tests after Service Connections
In the information already provided at Section 5.1 and 5.2 of this procedure, it has been
established that a reversed polarity or an open neutral will give the appearance that all is
well with the consumers installation until someone touches the neutral or earthed
appliances at the installation and ground.
With this in mind, after all connections have been made, a final test must be conducted
on the consumers neutral link or earthed water pipes before leaving the installation. This
test is to establish there is no adverse voltage present in the customers neutral and earth
and the service connections have been made correctly. This test is best carried out at the
consumers neutral link, but provided all other previous tests were conclusive, the test could
be performed at the consumers earth electrode or earthed water pipes, e.g. at the water
tap outside. The maximum accepted level of neutral to earth voltage is discussed in Section
7.2 but for the purposes of polarity testing the active or mains voltage must not be on the
customers neutral link.
A high impedance voltmeter in conjunction with an independent earth is preferred as it will

also check neutral integrity at the same time if load is added (see section 7.2). Proximity
testers may also be used to test polarity but neutral integrity must still be checked either
using an independent earth and voltmeter or a fault loop impedance meter. The level of
neutral to earth voltage should also be measured where practicable. Where an independent
earth cannot be established e.g. shopping centre or high rise building, a proximity tester
can be utilised for the polarity test and a fault loop impedance tester for neutral integrity.
The Final Test is simply to ensure that any neutral to earth voltage registered is not
dangerous and that no reversed polarity exists.
7.2 Neutral Integrity
The quality and integrity of Essential Energys neutral system is important to ensure the
safety of persons, livestock and property. It is therefore required to check neutral integrity
and the level of neutral to earth potential when connecting or replacing the service wire to
any premise, when installing or upgrading mains, replacing transformers, connecting
generators, installing conductive street lights poles or when investigating voltage
complaints or electric shock incidents.
An increase in the potential between the neutral and the general mass of earth (neutral to
earth voltage) or equipment connected to the general mass of earth, can be generated in a
number of ways. This includes:
poor or faulty neutral connections
long runs of neutral conductors
unconnected or disconnected neutral connections
reversed service polarities

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overloaded neutrals caused by out of balance circuits and or excessive harmonic

current (usually associated with large industrial and commercial installations).
7.2.1 Tests
When required to test neutral integrity the following are necessary:

1 Establish an independent earth in a favourable position at least 2 metres away from
water pipes, earths or other metallic structures. Measure the voltage between the
main neutral link and the temporary electrode (i.e. the N-E voltage), preferably with
no load
2 Apply a single-phase load of approximately 10 amps (loading the neutral)
3 Measure the voltage between the main neutral link and the temporary electrode (i.e.
the N-E voltage) again
4 Tong tests of the active conductors, neutral and main earth conductors
5 Measure the phase to neutral voltages.
Load must not vary throughout the above testing, so testing may need to be carried out
quickly.
If the minimum load cannot be determined at the installation, an approved device must be
used to apply load to the installation.
A fault loop impedance tester may be used to supplement the above tests.
7.2.2 Interpretation of Results
The tests should show the majority of current flow through the mains neutral with some
minor current typically flowing through the earthing system. This comparison of current
flow, between the main neutral and main earth, should not be less than 10 to 1 (preferably
much better than 10 to 1) except where the customers earthing system provides very good
continuity with the ground e.g. through water and gas service pipes. If all return current is
flowing in the earth, then the neutral conductor is open circuit. The open circuit will need to
be identified, repaired and tests redone to prove the system is safe.
The earthing system may have a large percentage of the neutral current flowing in it
normally if it has very low impedance. Neutral integrity may need to be checked in such
circumstances with earth bonds or earthing system disconnected but the risks of doing so
must be managed e.g. keeping all people away from metallic appliances and water pipes.
Phase to neutral voltages that are significantly out of balance indicate that the neutral may
be floating due to a poor or open circuit neutral connection e.g. A ph 265 volts, B ph
240 volts, C ph 215 volts.
The N-E voltage should not be more than 5 volts but the level of N-E voltage measured
should be assessed based on the distance from the transformer, the size of the mains, the
size of the load added and the resistance of the earthing system. It is to be noted that
minor increases in N-E voltage can be expected to occur as the load is increased.

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Voltages higher than 5 volts can be acceptable if the risk has been analysed by a suitably
qualified person. A suitable situation for greater than 5 volts might be where there is a very
long run of LV voltage mains and the customer is not experiencing problems. This may
occur where the customer has equipotential bonding to the concrete slab or raised timber
floors and plastic water pipes. Figure B4 in AS/NZS3000:2007 can be used to help in the
assessment of an absolute limit for N-E voltages but in general N-E voltages should be
limited to less than 10 volts otherwise they become a significant nuisance. This value should
be reduced where swimming pools are involved.
Minor decreases in N-E voltages can occur when load is added as the load added may help
to balance the load in the neutral and hence the N-E voltage reduces. Single phase should
then be added from another phase and the tests repeated.
A fault loop impedance meter in conjunction with a proximity tester may be also used to
check neutral integrity; particularly where an independent earth can be extremely difficult
to establish e.g. large shopping centres or high rise buildings. Values of impedance
measured should be typically less than one ohm but the value will depend on distance from
the transformer, size of the mains and earthing system impedance. Approximately half the
value measured will be the impedance of the active and the other half is the impedance of
the neutral to the site, unless there is a faulty connection or if earthing impedance is very
low. This test does not establish if the neutral earth voltage is elevated for other reasons
e.g. a faulty mains neutral connection past the location or at another premises.
The following examples will help to show how neutral integrity must be assessed.
EXAMPLE 1: An installation is 20 metres from the transformer as shown in Figure 23. The
neutral earth voltage measured with a 20 amp load or the fault loop impedance would
normally to be very low e.g. a rise from say 0.2 volt to 2.7 volts or a fault loop impedance
of 0.06 ohm. There may however be a faulty neutral connection if the neutral earth voltage
was measured at say 4.8 volts or the fault loop impedance at say 0.8 ohm.
Figure 23: Installation Close to Transformer
EXAMPLE 2: An installation is 400 metres from the transformer as shown in Figure 24. The
neutral earth voltage with a 20 amp load or the fault loop impedance would normally not be
ideal e.g. a rise say from 0.1 volt to 8.1 volts or a fault loop impedance of 0.9 ohm. Neutral
connections are likely to be good and the poor values attributable to the long run of cable.
Questions then remain for this site such as:

Page 42 of 51
1. What is the maximum neutral to earth voltage under load over a period of time?
2. What are the effects on people at the customers installation?
3. Are measures required to mitigate the levels of neutral to earth voltage?
4. Is the supply voltage adequate?
Figure 24: Testing Neutral Integrity with the Installation far from the Transformer
In Summary: Staff should not use 5 volts or 1 ohm as the only criteria to assess neutral
integrity. The assessment of neutral integrity must take into account the:
distance from the transformer
size of the mains
size of the load added (not relevant when using a fault loop impedance tester as the
fault loop impedance meter provides its own load)
resistance of the earthing system.
7.2.3 Substantial Load
A question often asked is how much is substantial load?
It really depends on what is being done as explained below:

It is important to add as much load as is reasonably practical when testing for electric
shocks as connections may be OK at minor loads but fail under more substantial loads
A hot water system load is ideal as it is constant and remains on for some time
A 60 watt light bulb as a load may be sufficient if connecting a service and the neutral
quality is not suspect. The N-E voltage would not be expected to change for such a
small load, so any change in N-E voltage should raise suspicions that a neutral
connection may be faulty
Generally, 5-15 amps of neutral load is adequate, though it does depend upon what is
being done and what load is available. If sufficient load cannot be confirmed then a
load device approved by the Essential Energy Tools Committee must be used
A fault loop impedance meter is its own load bank and can be used in the assessment
of neutral integrity but will not check polarity.

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7.2.4 Testting Neuttral Connections
Neuttral integritty testing will identify

fy if there is a faulty
y connectio
on, this mig
ght be in the
t
custo
omers insttallation or in the distrribution sys
stem.
Many y faulty ne eutral connections are e not readily identifiable as therre are generally paraallel
paths for the cu urrent to flo
ow and so quite oftenn the conneection does not burn up.
u Therefo ore,
testing must oc ccur to deteermine whi ch connecttion is faulty - Figure 224 shows the
t method d to
be used. Any morem than millivolts
m accross a con
nnector indicate that tthe connecction is faulty,
but this will de epend on the t amounnt of currennt flowing. Generally there will be a read dily
identtifiable leve
el of voltage across a faulty connnection e.g.. 12 volts.
Testiing to find a faulty coonnection iis a two sttep testing process. T

The currentt through and
a
the v
voltage acrross a conn nector mustt both be measured
m as shown byy Figure 24
4. Zero amps,
with no voltage e across thee connecto r, could ind
dicate that the powerr supply is off
o or theree is
no lo
oad on the e circuit. Th
his is one rreason that the testinng process has the tw wo tests. The
T
other reason is s that the two tests provide th he resistan
nce/impeda nce of the e connectorr if
Ohmms Law is us sed.
Figu
ure 24: Te
esting Main
ns Connec
ctors
Faultty connections should never be ttightened and

a should always be rreplaced.
7..3 Thrree Phase

e Rotatio
on
The incorrect phase

p seque
ence for th
hree phase motors can n cause se rious injury
y (or death
h in
ain circums
certa stances) or cause dammage to the e load of th
he motor. IIt is therefo
ore importaant
to en
nsure that the
t phase sequence
s iss not altere
ed for any reason.
r
In an installation with three phase supply, th he existing phase seq quence/rota ation must be
checcked at the e main swittchboard w with a phas se rotation meter and d marked where
w teste
ed.
Alterrnatively orr if this is not possiblle, check the direction of the rootation of a three pha ase
moto or that can be run briefly in eith er direction
n without damaging
d th
he motor oro its load and
a
mark k the directtion on the motor with h an arrow before the supply is ddisconnecte ed.
If ph
hase rotatio
on cannot be
b verified tthen, where
e possible, isolate any
y three pha
ase equipme ent
at th
he switch board,
b tag it,
i and notiify the customer or open
o the m
main switch//s, advise the
t
custoomer and call
c for assisstance.
When the rotattion is chec

cked after rreconnectio
on, it is ide
eal that the
e same rotaation meterr is
d and is con
used nnected exaactly the sa
ame way as s for the pre-disconne ection check
k.

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7.4 Helpful Hints for Service polarity Testing
The following information will assist employees and contractors when conducting service
polarity tests:
Recommence testing and neutral identification if interrupted through the process. This
will ensure the neutral and phases are correctly identified;
Visual identification (e.g. fully ribbed conductors for the neutral) and markings
(appropriate to the situation) can be used to assist during the disconnection and re-
connection of supply but cannot be relied on. In most cases, the "fully ribbed"
conductor is used as the neutral, but this is by no means universal and cannot be
relied upon. There have been cases when the fully ribbed conductor has been
deliberately or inadvertently used as an active. Consequently, the connection of the
ribbed service conductor to the main neutral does not ensure that the polarity is
correct. While markings will help, do not rely on them to be correct. Always Test
Customer installations must be safe for connection. At least the following is to be
checked before attempting to connect the service:
o The distributors service fuse bases and neutral link are in place
o The consumers active mains are connected to the service fuses
o The distributers neutral main is connected to the distributers neutral link
o The consumers neutral main is connected to the consumers neutral link.
o The distributors neutral link is connected to the consumers neutral link.
o The consumers main earth is connected to the consumers neutral link; and
o New or altered installations - the electrical contractor has submitted a Certificate
of Compliance ensuring the installation has been inspected and tested.
If two qualified employees are present, the worker not undertaking the connections at
the pole top can undertake the final test at consumers switchboard immediately
following the connection of the neutral at the pole using a proximity tester. This will
eliminate the exposure time that a reverse polarity connection can exist
Some installations may have two incoming neutral conductors in parallel. In these
instances when polarity testing is to be carried out at the switchboard, both the
incoming neutral conductors must be disconnected from the neutral link. As they will
normally be soldered together at both ends, they should not pose any problems
In installations with circuit breakers instead of service fuses, the cover of the service
circuit breaker can be removed to provide the access to the active needed for polarity
tests. Alternatively, the service circuit breaker can be turned on but all main switch/s
will need to be turned off. Testing could then be carried out at the main switch or as a
last resort, the seal to the meter terminal cover could be broken and the active meter
terminal could be used
Some installations, such as certain blocks of flats or some rural holdings with
outbuildings, have the sub-mains neutral conductors soldered to the main incoming
neutral conductor. In such an installation where polarity testing is to be carried out at
the switchboard, it is necessary to isolate the load and remove the sub-main neutral
from the neutral link at the sub-board as well as at the main switchboard

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It is common in the case of rural installations for work to be carried out on aerial sub-
mains to sub-boards at woolsheds, workshops, pumps, etc. It is essential, therefore,
that the polarity test be carried out at all these sub-boards, as well as the main
switchboard, if the aerials supplying these sub-boards have been disconnected and re-
connected. The procedure is identical to that shown previously, but the aerial sub-
mains will have to be energised from the main board before the test can be carried
out at the sub-boards
Testing polarity at the switchboard can involve removing the main neutral from the
neutral link at the consumers switchboard. There are no consequences if a wrong
connection is accidentally made as the neutral is not connected to the installation.
However, all load must be removed as the wrong connection can result in a floating
neutral and customer equipment can be damaged that can result in a house fire
It may be necessary to warn the customers in certain circumstances that the
electricity system to their house is being worked on and to stay clear of electrical
appliances and plumbing.
7.5 Fully Insulated Systems
Aerial bundled conductor (ABC) and underground systems present a particular problem
when testing polarity because the person conducting the tests may not have access to a
bare live conductor at the connection point for test purposes, as it is an all insulated
distribution system.
To overcome this, test points may be provided at strategic positions (probably at the end of
a conductor run or at connection points). If they are not available at the connection point,
use these test points to prove the markings of the distributors LV mains then, visually trace
the ABC back to the point where the service is to be connected. The marking on the ABC
can be assumed to be as determined at the test point but testing will be required to prove
the markings.
Testing can also be carried at the service connection point to identify the conductors by
using an insulation piercing test clamp on one active conductor to provide a live point to
test the service polarity. Use the insulation piercing clamp on the neutral conductor and
double-check this to the service (there should be no voltage) before marking the neutrals
and making the permanent neutral connection.
The permanent clamps are to be fitted over the puncture made by the test clamp so that
the cable is left sealed off by appropriately sealing the tiny puncture mark.
7.6 Interpretation of Test Results
When carrying out any service testing procedures, the person conducting the tests must be
sure that they are completely satisfied with the result obtained.
The person must also be expecting a specific result when carrying out any test. If the test
results are not as expected then the person needs to evaluate the results and determine
why the results differ from those expected. Corrective action may be required to overcome
the problem and retesting will be required to ensure the problem has been correctly
repaired.
Note: If any Essential Energy employee, contractor or service provider encounters an
installation or a set of test results, which is outside the range of their experience or
understanding, they must:
Not connect
Isolate if already connected and
Call for assistance.

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The customers and workers safety is the first consideration at all times. Do not proceed to
connect if there are any doubts. It is better to ask for help than to place lives at risk.
Essential Energy staff should call their supervisor and authorised contractors should contact
Essential Energy for assistance or advice by telephoning 13 23 91.
A final test/neutral integrity test at the consumers main switchboard, after energising the
installation, can provide assurance that the service connections and polarity are correct.

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8 EXT
TRACT FROM THE SERVIC
CE & IN
NSTALL
LATIONS RULE
ES
OF NEW SOUTH
S WALES
W

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9 REFERENCES
CEOP8030 Electrical Safety Rules
CEOP4005 Underground cable Testing; High & Low Voltage
CEOP8026 Customer Service Standards Electricity Supply
AS/NZS 3000:2007 Wiring rules
Australian Standards AS/NZS 3000:2000 (SAA Wiring Rules) and AS/NZS 3017:2001 and
AS 4741 - 2010
NSW Electricity Supply (Safety and Network Management) Regulation 2002
Service and Installation Rules of New South Wales, Department of Water and Energy 2006
QLD Electricity Act 1994 and Safety Regulation 2002
Queensland Department of Minerals and Energy Office of the Energy Regulators
Handbook for Service Polarity Testing.
Some of the information contained in this guide has been copied with the permission of the
Electricity Association of NSW from their Service Providers Course Training Resource
Material.
10 REVISIONS
Issue Number Section Details of Changes in this Revision
Updated to current Country Energy template
2 All sections
and inclusions, warnings etc
Rewrite to simplify Better Policies
An additional sentence added to the final test
definition.
Independent earth, MEN, Point of Supply
and Polarity definitions bought in line with
draft Australian Standard - DR08041
3 All sections Neutral integrity added to definitions.
Section 4.4 - New procedures included with
expected test results old procedures removed.
Appendix A moved to Section 4.1 and altered.
New Section 4.2 and 4.3.
Appendices B, C and D removed and merged
into CEM7016 Service Polarity and MEN Guide.

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Issue Number Section Details of Changes in this Revision

Updated template in-line with Essential Energy
re-branding
Combine CEOM7016 and CEOP2018 into one
procedure
CEOM7016 Service Polarity & M.E.N.
Reference Guide
CEPG 2018 Polarity & Neutral
Identification Testing
Section 4 - Combination of tables from 11 to 6
by combining similar tasks.
Overhead Service
Connection/Disconnection
Underground Service
Connection/Disconnection
O/H or U/G Service Connection Tests
at switchboard
O/H or U/G Connection - Streetlights
O/H & U/G Mains Connection or
Reconnection
O/H or Padmount Distribution
Transformer Commissioning
Remove generic steps from all tables and
include in Section 3.2 Polarity Responsibilities /
4 All sections
Non-Negotiables
Remove location of test and expected result
column from tables (Included in instruction
step)
Standardise steps in Tables 4.2 to 4.7 and align
to actual sequential format
Section 4.7 - Change process for testing
transformers to better align with the Australian
Standard 4741-2010 Section 4.4.2. The main
neutral is left disconnected when the
transformer is energised.
Section 4.7 - Connecting one phase at a time
changed to connect all phases and then test
Section 6 - Update information on equipment
and add insulation tester information
Section 7.2.3 - Provide reference to
Substantial load device
All sections - Remove reference to neutral
identifier (replaced with marked accordingly)
Remove polarity summary as it was a
duplication of existing content
Add extract from AS 4741 to clarify points of
reference

Page 51 of 51

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Polarity & Neutral:

PREPARED BY: MANAGER POLICY DEVELOPMENT & IMPLEMENTATION

A U T HO R IS E D BY : CHIEF ELECTRICAL SAFETY OFFICER

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7.4 Helpful Hints for Service polarity Testing ........................................................ 45

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This document describes the required tests to be followed by authorised persons:

2 WHY THESE INSTRUCTIONS ARE IMPORTANT

3.1 Persons Permitted to do this Work

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3.2 Polarity Responsibilities/Non-Negotiables

It is the responsibility of persons authorised to do this work to complete the following:

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3.3 Disciplinary Action

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4.2 O/H Service Connection/Disconnection Final Connection at

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4.3 Underground Service connection/Disconnection Final Connection

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4.4 O/H or U/G Service Connection Tests at Switchboard

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4.5 O/H & U/G connection - Streetlights

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4.6 O/H & U/G Mains Connection or Reconnection

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4.7 O/H or Padmount Distribution Transformer Commissioning

5 BASIC POLARITY AND THE M.E.N SYSTEM METHODOLOGY

Figure: 1: Isolated Supply System

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Figure: 2: Isolated Supply System - No Electric Shock

Figure: 3: MEN System - Electric Shock from Active

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5.1.1 M.E.N System

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If the consume ers premise

Figure 6: MEN Systtem with Open

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5.2 Service Polarity

5.2.1 Correct Polarity

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vice Polarity is then the des

Where the batttery polaritty was posiitive and negative, th

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Figure: 9: Service Connection

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Figure: 10: Correctly Connected Installation

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This installation is said to have CORRECT polarity, or correct electrical connections.

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5.2.2 Reverse Polarity

5.2.2.1 Single Phase Reverse Polarity

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This installation is said to have REVERSED polarity.

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Figure 12: Voltage tests at a socket outlet for reverse and

5.2.2.2 Multi Phase Reverse Polarity

Figure 13: 3ph Reverse Polarity

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Figure 14: Two Installations Connected Across

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5.3 Polarity Testing

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5.3.2 Consequences of Incorrect Polarity