PressureVessels

TheASMEApproach
WalterJ.Sperko,P.E
SperkoEngineeringServices,Inc
Greensboro,NCUSA
www.sperkoengineering.com
 Notice
All statements by the speaker represent his
opinion alone and do not necessarily represent
the position of the ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code Committee. All requests for
interpretations or other inquiries relative to
ASME Code and Standards should be
addressed to the Secretary, ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code Committee, ASME
International, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY
10016-5990.
 Why do we have Codes. . .

Industrial Revolution
Steam became a prime mover for
transportation, factories, space
heating
1905, Brockton, MA
R. B. Grover Shoe Factory
 March 20, 1905, 7:30 AM

Monday morning. Cold and damp. Plant

engineer David Rockwell fired up the boilers,
including the old boiler built in 1890, to heat the
steam radiators to warm the building. . .
The plant manager reported peculiar humming
from the radiators at 7:45.
The assistant plant engineer assured him that
everything was OK. Five minutes later. . . .
 March 20, 1905, 7:30 AM

The boiler ripped open and shot through the

building with the force of 300 kilos of dynamite
causing structural damage to the building.
The roof collapsed and floors buckled.
Fire was fed by a broken natural gas line.
Wooden building went burned down and
several buildings adjacent also burned.
100 escaped, 58 died and 117 were injured.
 SS Sultana
April 27, 1865

SS Sultana built in 1863 was powered by 4 boilers

mounted side by side and interconnected with a
common header
April 21 1865 stopped in Vicksburg Miss. for a hasty
repair patch on one boiler
Released from Confederate prison camps, 2,400
Union solders bribed their way on to the ship.
With a legal capacity of 376 the SS Sultana was
severely overcrowded. All berths were full and both
decks were completely packed
 SS Sultana

To overcome the river current the 4 boilers

were pushed to exceed their maximum
working pressures
2:00 A.M. April 27, 3 of her 4 boilers exploded
damaging a good portion of the ship.
Hot coals from the boilers turned the
remaining superstructure into an inferno
 Historical Background

Brockton shoe factory explosion prompted

Massachusetts to establish a Board on Boiler
Rules which published rules in 1908. Ohio
passed similar (but different rules).
And the race was on.
By 1911, 10 states and 19 cities had adopted
some form of boiler rules. All were different.
States were unable to compromise (OURS is
better!), so boilers built for one jurisdiction could
not be installed in others
 Historical Background

ASME was a recognized boiler standards

developer, having published the boiler Performance
Test Code in 1884. Boiler Code Committee was
formed in 1911 to prepare a uniform code that could
be adopted by local jurisdictions for safe design,
manufacture and testing of steam boilers.
The first edition of this safety code was published in
1914 (Boiler Code). 5 X 8 format, 119 pages
The Boiler Code was expanded to include pressure
vessels in 1928 (P&PV Code).
Section IX (Welding) was added in 1941
 BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE

I Rules for Construction of Power Boilers

II Materials
Part A -- Ferrous Material Specifications (SA-XXX specifications)
Part B -- Nonferrous Material Specifications
(SB-XXX specifications)
Part C -- Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals
(SFA 5.XX specifications
Part D -- Properties (Alowable stress tables, physical properties, etc.)
III Subsection NCA -- General Requirements for Division 1 and Division 2
III Division 1 Metallic Components (8 Subsections)
III Appendices
III Division 2 -- Code for Concrete Reactor Vessels and Containments
III Division 3 -- Containment Systems and Transport Packagings for Spent
Nuclear Fuel and High Level Radioactive Waste
III Division 4 Fusion Containment systems (in process)
III Division 5 High-temperature Reactors (Graphite, Sodium, etc) (in process)
BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE

IV Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers

V Nondestructive Examination
VI Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating
Boilers
VII Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers
VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
Division 1
Division 2 -- Alternative Rules
Division 3 -- Alternative Rules for Construction of
High Pressure Vessels
IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications
X Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels
XI Rules for Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant
Components
XII Transport Tanks
ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping

ASME B31.1 Power Piping

ASME B31.2 Fuel Gas Piping (NFPA-54)
ASME B31.3, Process Piping
ASME B31.4, Liquid Transportation Systems for
Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas,
Anhydrous Ammonia and Alcohols
ASME B31.5 Refrigeration Piping
ASME B31.7 Nuclear piping (last published in 1967).
ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution
Piping Systems
ASME B31.9 Building Services Piping
ASME B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems
ASME B31.12 Hydrogen Piping (published in 2008)
 ASME CODES
When is an ASME Code required to be followed?
1) By law. These codes were written to be adopted into law
to protect the public.
Boiler Code is law in 49 States and all of Canada.
Pressure Vessel Code is law in about 43 states and all
of Canada.
Section III is law by CFR and Canadian Regulations.
Piping Codes are generally not adopted by law except
for Boiler External Piping (part of ASME Section I)

National Board (www.nationalboard.org) has a publication

listing adoptions. See:
http://www.nationalboard.org/SiteDocuments/NB-370.pdf
 StateSpecials

Alljurisdictionshaveprovisionstoallowdeviation
frommeetingASMErequirements.
BoilersandPressureVesselsbuilttoBS5500,JIS,EN
13445,etc. canbeevaluatedforequivalencetoASME
andacceptedbyjurisdiction.
NationalBoardhasalreadypreparedcomparisonsof
othermajorboilerandpressurevesselstandardsto
ASME,sogettingapprovalofsuchitemsisnotabig
deal.
 ASME CODES
When is an ASME Code required to be followed?

2) By contract:
When the code is not imposed by law, Owners
and their engineers will elect to follow the Code
and impose it on fabricators and contractors.
Most commonly occurs with piping since piping
codes are not typically adopted by law.
Also occurs with pressure vessels when Pressure
Vessel Code is not adopted by law.

3) Just to establish industry-accepted practices (Most

commonly found with ASME Section IX. -- Due
diligence)
 ASMESectionVIII

RulesforConstructionofPressureVessels
Division1General
Division2AlternativeRules
Division3AlternativeRulesforConstruction
ofHighPressureVessels
 ASMESectionVIII
ConformityAssessment

AllASMEConstruction
mustbedonebya
holderofanASME
Certificateof
Authorizationtobuild
specificcomponents
(i.e.manufacturermust
haveanASMECode
Stamp)
 ASMESectionVIII
ConformityAssessment

TogetaCodeStamp,themanufacturermust
haveaQualityControlProgramthathasbeen
auditedbyASME.Constructionofa
componentisrequiredaspartoftheaudit.
ThirdpartyauditingbyaNationalBoard
CertifiedInspector(CodeInspector)is
ongoingduringanyASMEmanufacturingor
construction.
 ASMESectionVIII

Description Division1 Division2 Division3

Pressure 3000psi Open Over10,000
Max psi
Design 3.5:1 based 3:1based on 3:1 basedon
Margin ontensile tensile tensile,but
strength strengthto mostare
aslowas2:1 laminateor
wirewound
Division1 Division2 Division3

toestablishdesign toprovideUDSforeach toprovideUDSforeach

requirements: vessel: vessel:
needforcorrosion installationsite vesselidentification,
allowances, vesselidentification vesselconfiguration,
definitionoflethal controllingdimensions controllingdimensions,
services, designconditions designcriteria
needforPWHT, operatingconditions operatingconditions,
needforpiping,valves, designfatiguelife containedfluiddata,
instruments, materialsof materialsselection,
andfittingsifsteam construction loadings,
generatedor loadsandloadcases usefuloperatinglife
waterheated overpressureprotection expected,,
degreeofNDE additionalrequirements fatigueanalysis,
(2.2.2.2) overpressure
protection,
additional
requirements,
installationsite.
Division1 Division2 Division3
NoDesign UserDesign UserDesign
Specification Specificationshall Specificationshall
required,noPE becertifiedin becertifiedin
accordancewith accordancewith
required. Appendix2Abya Appendix2Abya
PEorEngineer PEorEngineer
otherthanthePE otherthanthePE
orEwhocertifies orEwhocertifies
the the
Manufacturers Manufacturers
DesignReport DesignReport
Division1 Division2 Division3
designby designbyrule complete
formulae designby detailed
analysis analysis,
includinga
fatigue
andfracture
mechanics
analysis
Division1 Division2 Division3
(a)internalor (P)internalor (a)internalor
externaldesign externalMAWP, externalpressure,
pressure staticheadfrom at
liquidorbulk coincident
materials temperature
Division1 Division2 Division3
Deadweightofthevessel,contents,andappurtenances
atthelocationofinterest,includingthefollowing:
Weightofvesselincludinginternals,supports(e.g.
skirts,lugs,saddles,andlegs),andappurtenances
(e.g.platforms,ladders,etc.)
Weightofvesselcontentsunderoperatingandtest
conditions,
Refractorylinings,insulation
Staticreactionsfromtheweightofattached
equipment,suchasmotors,machinery,othervessels,
andpiping
Cyclicloads,thermalgradients
Wind,Snow,Ice,seismic
Impactloads,deflagration
Division1 Division2 Division3
(UG4)Itis TheManufacturer Thematerials
recommendedthatthe shallensureall manufacturershall
USERorhisdesignated requirementsofthe certifythatall
agentassurehimselfthat materialspecification, requirementsofthe
materialsused andallspecial applicablematerials
fortheconstructionof requirementsofPart3of specificationinSec.II,all
thevesselswillbe thisDivision,thatareto specialrequirementsof
suitablefortheintended befulfilledbythe PartKMwhicharetobe
servicewithrespectto materialsmanufacturer fulfilledbythematerials
retentionof havebeencomplied manufacturerandall
satisfactorymechanical with.TheManufacturer supplementarymaterial
properties,and shallaccomplishthisby requirementsspecified
resistancetocorrosion, obtainingCofC orMTR. bytheUser's
erosion,oxidation,and DesignSpecification
otherdeterioration havebeen
duringtheintended compliedwith.
servicelife.
Division1 Division2 Division3
(UG84(h)(2)) 3.11.2.10a)For (KT220)Impact
Weldingprocedure weldedconstruction, testsshallbe
impacttestsshallbe theWelding requiredonweld
madewhenrequired Procedure andheataffected
byUCS67,UHT82, Qualification zonesforallwelding
orUHA 51. shallincludeimpact procedure
testsofweldsand qualifications.When
heataffectedzones tensilespecimens
whenrequiredby arerequiredby
thefollowing SectionIX,theyield
provisions:b) strengthshallalsobe
throughe) determined,using
themethodrequired
forthebasemetal...
Division1 Division2 Division3
Sec.IXQW304.1 Sec.IXQW304.1 (KF215)(a)
Examination.Welds Examination.Welds Mechanicaltestingis
madeintest madeintest requiredforall
couponsfor couponsfor performance
performance performance qualification
qualificationmaybe qualificationmaybe tests;qualification
examinedbyvisual examinedbyvisual byNDEisnot
andmechanical andmechanical permitted....
examinations...or examinations...or
byvolumetric byvolumetric
examinationforthe examinationforthe
process(es)and process(es)and
modeofarctransfer modeofarctransfer
specifiedin specifiedin
QW304. QW304.
Division1 Division2 Division3
(UG84(i)(2))Vessel (3.11.8.4)Whenthe (KT230)Impacttests
(production) basematerialis ofweldsand
impacttestplates requiredtobe HAZ'sshallbemade
shallbemadeforall impacttested, inaccordancewith
jointsforwhich impacttestsof KT210foreach
impacttestsare weldsandheat qualifiedwelding
required affectedzonesshall procedureusedon
forthewelding bemadefor eachvessel.
procedure... CategoryAandB
jointsinaccordance
withparagraph
3.11.8.2foreach
qualifiedwelding
procedureusedon
eachvessel.
Division1 Division2 Division3
(UG84(i)(3)(a) (UG84(i)(3)(a) Oneproduction
Foreachvessel, Foreachvessel, runtestplate
onetestplate onetestplate fromoneofthe
shallbemadefor shallbemadefor heatsofmaterials
eachwelding eachwelding usedfor
procedureused procedureused CategoryAandB
forjointsof forjointsof weldjoints...
CategoriesAand CategoriesAand
B,unlessthe B,unlessthe
vesselisoneof vesselisoneof
several several
asdefinedin asdefinedin
(b)or(c)below. (b)or(c)below.
ASME Requires Production Run Test Plates
when Impact testing is required

CategoryAjoint

39
Division1 Division2 Division3
(a)FullRadiography Allfinishedwelds Theentirelengthof
(b)Spot shallbe allCategoryA,B,C
Radiography subjectto andDweldjoints
(c)NoRadiography nondestructive shallbe
UTsubstitutionfor examination ultrasonically
RTpermitted dependingon examinedin
ExaminationGroup accordancewithKE
selectedin 300.
paragraph7.4.2and
theJoint
CategoryandWeld
Typeasdefinedin
paragraph4.2.
Division1 Division2 Division3
TheManufacturershalldistributetheManufacturers
DataReportasindicatedbelow.
a)FurnishacopyoftheManufacturersDataReportto
theuserand,uponrequest,totheInspector;
b)SubmitacopyoftheManufacturersDataReportto
theappropriateenforcementauthorityinthejurisdiction
inwhichthevesselistobeinstalledwhererequiredby
law;
c)KeepacopyoftheManufacturersDataReportonfile
inasaferepositoryforatleast3years;
Division1 Division2 Division3
Nameplate
(a)CertificationMarkwithU,U2,U3Designator
(b)Certifiedby:(nameofMfr.)
(c)MAWPatcoincidentmax.design
metaltemperature
(d)MDMTatcoincidentMAWP
(e)MFGSER
(f)Yearbuilt
(g)CodeEdition(andAddenda)
(h)Constructiontype:F,W,WL
(i)HTorPHT
(j)USER(ifinspectedby)
 UsingASMEMeetingPED

ASMESectionVIIIrunsfrompretty
mundanetoprettysophisticated.
CanIbuildtoitandexportto
Europe?
WhatGuidanceisavailable?
HowExpensiveisCompliance?
 ASMEGuides

ASMEhaspublishedseveralthingsonmeeting
PED. DoasearchonASME.ORGonPEDandyou
getthefollowing:
GuideforASMEStampHoldersforSectionVIII
Division1VesselsandthePressureEquipment
Directive
ASMESectionIPowerBoilers PEDGuide:
SupplementtoGuideforASMEStampHoldersUse
ofSectionItoMeetECPressureEquipment
Directive(97/23/EC)
 ASMEAssistance

STPPT007

COMPARISONOFPRESSUREVESSEL
CODESASMESECTIONVIIIANDEN13445
Technical,Commercial,andUsage
ComparisonDesignFatigueLife
Comparison
HazardAnalysis
 ConformityAssessment

CategoryINointerventionbytheNB(Notified
Body)
CategoryIINointerventionbytheNBatDesign
phase,butsurveillancebytheNBduring
productionphaseorsurveillancebytheNBof
QAsystem(D1,E1)
CategoryIIIDesignexaminationbytheNBand
finalassessmentoftheequipment.Surveillance
oftheQAsystem
CategoryIVIncreasedinterventionoftheNoBo
Welding
Welding
EssentialSafetyRequirements

(a) Allpressureequipmentabovethethresholds
mentionedinArticle3ofthePED(i.e.,classifiedin
HazardCategoryI,II,III,orIV)mustcomplywithall
theseESR.Theyconcernthevariousstepsofthe
construction:design,materialselection,fabrication,
inspection,andsafetydevices.
(b) TheseESRaregenerallyformulatedingeneraltermsof
safetyobjectives,suchas,PressureEquipmentmust
beconstructedinsuchawaytoensureitssafetyin
reasonableforeseeableconditions.
EssentialSafetyRequirements

ThePEDdoesnotprovidethemeansto
achievetheserequirements;thisistheroleof
theHarmonizedStandards.Somequantitative
requirementsareprovidedbyPED7of
AnnexI,whichapplyasageneralrule.
Manufacturerscandepartfromthese
quantitativerequirements,buttheymust
convincetheNBthattheyhavetaken
appropriatemeasurestoachievean
equivalentoveralllevelofsafety.
 EssentialSafetyRequirements
(c)ItistheroleofCENHarmonizedStandards(harmonized
tothePED),suchasdraftUnfiredPressureVessel(Pr.EN
13445,),toquantifyeachoftheserequirements.Asa
consequence,thisgivesthemapresumptionofconformity
tothePED).However,useoftheseHarmonizedStandards
isnotcompulsory.TheManufacturermayconstructit
pressurevesselusinganyCodeorStandardbutmustbe
abletodemonstratetotheNBthatthevesselcomplieswith
eachoftheESRofPEDAnnexI.Or,theManufacturermust
showthatithasusedaquantitativerequirementdifferent
fromtheHarmonizedStandards,providedanequivalent
levelofsafetyisachieved.
 EssentialSafetyRequirements

(d)TheManufacturerisfreetouseoneofthefollowingthree
optionstoprovethatthisEquipmentcomplieswiththeESR:
(1)useoftheENHarmonizedStandard,whichwillgive
presumptionofconformitytotheESR
(2)useofarecognizedCodelikeASMEBoilerandPressure
VesselCode,CODAP,etc.(supplementedbyadditional
requirementstoensurecompliancewiththePED).
(3)byapplyingdirectlytheESRandprovidingcalculation
sheets,carryingouttests,etc.
Inoptions2and3,theManufacturerwillhavetoconvincethe
NBofitscompliancewiththeESR.
 EssentialSafetyRequirements

(e)ThestringencyofsomeoftheseESRdependon
theHazardCategoryoftheEquipment,especially:
(1)approvalofweldingoperatingprocedures
(AnnexI3.12ofthePED)
(2)approvalofwelders(AnnexI3.12ofthePED)
(3)approvalofnondestructivetestpersonnel
(AnnexI3.13ofthePED)
(4)typesofmaterialcertificate(AnnexI4.3ofthe
PED)
 Materials
(a)BeforeamaterialcanbeusedinPressure
Equipment,itmustcomplywiththeapplicable
EssentialSafetyRequirements(ESR)specifiedinPED
AnnexI4(alsoseeChapterVI,para.2.1.4ofthis
Guide):
(1)Thematerialmusthaveappropriateproperties
forallforeseeableoperatingandtestconditions.
(2)Itmustbesufficientlyductile:14%minimum
elongationforsteel.
(3)Itmusthavesufficientnotchtoughness:27Jat
20C(or20ftlbs at68F)forsteel.

 Materials
(4)Itmustbesufficientlychemicallyresistantto
thefluidcontainedinthepressureequipment.
(5)Itmustnotbesignificantlyaffectedbyaging.
(6)Itmustbesuitablefortheintendedprocessing
proceduresduringmanufactureofthepressure
equipment.
(7)Itmustbeselectedtoavoidundesirableeffects
whenvariousmaterialsarejoined.
(8)Itmustbesuitableforsuchapplicationduring
thescheduledlifetimeunlessreplacementis
foreseen.
 Materials

(b)ForselectingamaterialforPressureEquipment,the
Manufacturerhasthreeoptions:
(1) UsematerialspecificationtakenfromanENMaterial
HarmonizedStandard.Materialstakenfromthese
StandardsarepresumedtoconformtotheESRand
therewillbenoinspectionfromtheNB.
(2) UsematerialcoveredbyEuropeanApprovalfor
Materials(EAM)asexplainedbelow.Thisprocedureis
onlyapplicableformaterialsintendedforrepeated
use.
(3) UseofmaterialcoveredbyaParticularMaterial
Approval.Thisprocedureisapplicablefornew
material(s)thatarenotforrepeateduse
 NotifiedBodies

(a) ThePEDprovidesfortheinvolvementofanNBto
assesstheconformityoftheEquipmenttothe
specificationsofthePED.
(b) TheseNBsmustcomplywithvariousrequirementsin
termsoftechnicalcompetence,organization,
independence,etc.(SeePED,AnnexIV).Theyare
designatedbytheofficialauthoritiesofeachMember
State,whonotifythereferencesofthesebodiesto
theCommissionoftheEuropeanCommunities.The
CommissionpublishesthelistoftheNBintheOJEC.
 NotifiedBodies

(a) TheManufacturermayselectanyoftheNBfromthis
list.
(b) AccordingtothePED,theapprovalofjoint
procedures,jointoperators(particularlywelders)
andnondestructivetestingoperatorsmay,insome
cases,beperformedbyRecognizedThirdParty
Organizations(PEDArticle13).Theseentitiesmust
complywithcriteriasimilartothoseoftheNB.
 Welding
ForpressureequipmentinCategoriesII,IIIandIV,
qualificationofweldersandweldingoperatorsmust
meettherequirementsofEN287andqualificationof
weldingprocedurestherequirementsofEN288.(EN
287andEN288areEuropeanharmonizedstandards).
Thewelder,weldingoperatorandweldingprocedure
qualificationsmustbeapprovedbyaNotifiedBodyor
anapprovedthirdpartyorganization.Tocarryout
theseapprovals,thethirdpartymustperform(or
haveperformed)examinationsandtestsassetoutin
theapprovedEuropeanharmonizedstandardsor
equivalentexaminationsandtests.
DetailsoftheDocument
DetailsoftheDocument
DetailsoftheDocument
 Summary

ItispossibletodesignandbuildvesselstoASME
SectionsIandVIIIandmeetPEDrequirements
WeldingProceduresandweldershavetobequalified
toENstandardsinthepresenceofanNotifiedBody.