Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Class/ Sem :C
Successful mastery of the second language will be, to a large extent, the result of a
learners own personal investment of time, effort, and attention to the second
language in the form of an individualized battery of strategies for comprehending and
producing the language.
6. LANGUAGE EGO As human beings learn to use a second language, they develop
a new mode of thinking, feeling, andacting
asecondidentity.Thenewlanguageego,intertwinedwiththesecond language, can easily
create within the learner a sense of fragility, defensiveness, and a raising of
inhibitions.
7. SELF-CONFIDENCE
Theeventualsuccessthatlearnersattaininataskispartiallyafactoroftheirbeliefthatthey
indeed are fully cap able of accomplishing the task. Self-esteem, at least global self-
esteem, lies at the roots of eventual attainment.
8. RISK TAKING
Successfullanguagelearners,intheirrealisticappraisalofthemselvesasvulnerablebeings
yet capable of accomplishing tasks, must be willing to become gamblers in the
game of language, to attempt to produce and to interpret language that is a bit beyond
their absolute certainty.
1. Coherence Principle People learn better when extraneous words, pictures, and
sounds are excluded rather than included.
2. Signalling Principle People learn better when cues that highlight the organization of
the essential material are added.
3. Redundancy Principle People learn better from graphics and narration than from
graphics, narration and on- screen on- screen text.
4. Spatial contiguity Principle People learn better when corresponding words and
pictures are presented near rather than far from each other on the page or screen.
5. Temporal Contiguity People learn better when corresponding word and pictures are
presented simultaneously rather than successively.
6. Segmenting Principle People learn better from a multimedia lesson is presented in
user- paced segments rather than as a continuous unit.
7. Pre-training Principle People learn better from a multimedia lesson when they know
the names and characteristics of the main concept.
8. Modality Principle People learn better from graphic and narration than from
animation and on- screen text.
9. Multimedia Principle People learn better from words and pictures than from words
alone.
10. Personalization Principle People learn better from multimedia lesson when words
are in conversational style rather than formal style.
11. Voice Principle people learn better when the narration in multimedia lesson is
spoken in a friendly human voice rather than a machine voice.
12. Image Principle people do not necessary learn better from a multimedia lesson when
the speakers image is added to the screen.