ENG 3 Roy Bergonia Jr.
3A-PH
LESSON 1
The abstract
- Also called a synopsis
- A condensed version of a research report
- Two common forms:
1. descriptive abstract simply tells what
the paper is all about
2. informative abstract gives a summary
of the impt points of a research (research
prob, objs, methods, discussion, etc.)
Research defined
- To look again
- The process of gathering information to establish
facts or to validate theories or principles
through the use of a careful and systematic
method
General research categories
1. Descriptive study
- Gives a detailed account of a phenomenon as
extensively as possible
- Examples: biology, botany, zoology, humanities,
and education
- Studies on:
Different medicinal plants in the
Philippines
Behavior of teachers and students
Literary trends in some short stories
The evolution of architectural designs
2. Correlation study
- Investigates or determines the relationship
between or among different phenomena or
factors
- This study will help one make predictions,
- Example: the relationship between achievement
and social status
3. Intervention study
- Introduces a treatment which is assumed to
bring about certain results of outcomes
- The experimental method is used in this study.
- Example: determining whether the flesh and peel
of Fuji apples can induce hair growth
Types of research
(according to objectives and questions asked)
1. Descriptive research
- Examines a phenomenon and describes it
thoroughly
- Often stable for only a certain period of time
and must be repeated whenever necessary
- Seeks to answer the question what
- Example: the lifestyle of call center
representatives
2. Exploratory research
- Not only describes but also examines the causes
of a phenomenon
- Answers the questions what and why
- Example: What malls are most frequented by
young professionals? Why do these malls
attract them?
3. Action research
- Studies a phenomenon that is being done or
practiced to find out if it can be improved and
how the improvement can be done
- Example: a company wants to improve its sales,
so it introduces innovations like free taste,
giving seminars, etc.
4. Historical research
- Explains past events to make people understand
the reasons for the occurrence of those events
- This can make people aware of the various ways
by which they can make improvements or
present events.
- The focus of researchers is the past.
- Relics and documents are examined.
- Example: A study of the evolution of marriage
customs of a particular group of people and
how these reflect the changes in people
attitude towards marriage
Types of research (according to application)
PURE RESEARCH is done to expand ones knowledge
on a topic
APPLIED RESEARCH is conducted to solve a problem
or to recommend solutions to the perceived problem
ENG 3 Roy Bergonia Jr. 3A-PH

Sample topics for a pure research

- Architectural designs prevalent in the Phils. in
the 50s up to the 90s
- Clinical practice of pharmacists in the Phils.
- Alternative medicine
- The most read books of college students
- Breakthroughs in IT

Sample topics for applied research

- Cramming and its effects on the performance of
students
- Industrial additives and their effects on
consumers health
- Global recession and its significance to
economies of countries
- The causes and effects of global warming

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
- Seeks to discover facts, establish relationships
between and among variables, and explain the
reasons for these relationships
- Data are presented in numerical form.
- Researchers often make generalizations that go
beyond the scope of the study.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- Assumes that several realities exist in this world
and these depend on the perspectives of those
who view them
- The data or information gathered is in word
forms.
- Researchers often immerse themselves in the
research process.
- They often leave the readers the formulation of
generalization.
ENG 3 Roy Bergonia Jr. 3A-PH

LESSON 2 - The answers to the research questions are also

presented here.
Parts of an Empirical Research
7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. ABSTRACT - Presents the outcomes and possible effects of
- A short but comprehensive summary of the the study
report - Suggests how these outcomes can be applied to
- Contains the ff: improve prevailing conditions
- Purpose
- Sample Other parts of the research report (front and back
- Methodology matters)
- Findings 1. Title page
- Conclusions of the study 2. Acknowledgments
3. Table of contents
2. INTRODUCTION 4. References
- Includes the ff: 5. Appendices
- brief background of the problem
- Specific research questions
- Significance
- Scope and limitations
- Definition of terms

3. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

- From books and academic journals
- More on academic journals
- Related topics must be discussed.

4. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
- The researcher here writes about a concept of a
theory that had previously passed some
rigorous validation.
- Must be presented in a diagram

5. METHODOLOGY
- Includes the ff:
- Sample
- Data gathering instruments
- Specific procedure applied on the study
- How the samples were chosen or grouped
- The locale where the research was
conducted
- Validation of instruments
- Statistical tests

6. PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

- The data gathered are presented and
interpreted in this section.
- Illustrations, figures, and tables must
accompany the interpretation.
ENG 3 Roy Bergonia Jr. 3A-PH

LESSON 3 C. In expressing objectives:

TIPS TO WRITERS OF RESEARCH REPORTS
1. BE BRIEF AND CLEAR
- As much as possible, sentences should be short
and simple.
- Avoid unnecessary words and phrases
- For several years now vs. in the past; then
- For this reason vs. because
- As a matter of fact vs. in fact
- During the month of June vs. In June
- This study aims to
- The study seeks to
- The study intends to
6. Avoid acronyms, abbreviations, and contractions
- Should it be necessary to use an acronym or
abbreviation, writers must write this in full the
first time followed by the acronym or
abbreviation in parentheses.
- The shortened form may be used in succeeding
paragraphs.

2. BE IMPERSONAL AND UNEMOTIONAL

- Avoid expressions like:
- I think
- In my opinion
- I believe
- Based on my experience
- Instead, use the ff:
- According to a study conducted in / by
- Results indicate / show / reveal that
- The experiment proved that

3. BE OBJECTIVE
- Writers should not be influenced by biases or
prejudices as they gather and organize
information.

4. BE FACTUAL
- Writers must always adhere to the truth that
their study or research report has uncovered.

5. WRITERS MUST AVOID UNCOMMON TERMS

- Avoid technical terms.
- If there is a need to include technical terms,
make sure you define them.

Some formulaic expressions used in research

A. In introducing a chapter:
- In the chapter
- This chapter presents
- This chapter will focus on
B. In expressing the research question / problem:
- This report aims to
- This study would like to investigate
- The focus of this research is
- This study also / likewise seeks to answer the
following questions:
ENG 3 Roy Bergonia Jr. 3A-PH

LESSON 4 Step 3: Formulating the Thesis Statement/Problem

- What is a thesis statement or problem?
The Research Process - What kind of sentence is a thesis statement?
- Must indicate the design and direction of the
Basic Stages and Steps in the Research Process: paper as a whole.

Stage 1: Planning Step 4: Choosing the Research Design and Method

1.selecting the topic / subject - Quantitative or qualitative?
2.narrowing the topic / subject - Descriptive, historical, or experimental?
3.formulating the thesis statement / problem - How will you gather information? ---conduct
4.choosing the research design and method interviews, observe, send out questionnaire
forms?
Stage 2: Gathering Data
1.using the library STAGE 2: GATHERING DATA
2.taking notes
3.conducting interviews / retrieving Step 1: Using the Library
questionnaires - OPAC Online Public Access Catalog
4.organizing data - In some libraries, the OPAC can tell you
whether the book you need is in the library, on
Stage 3: Interpreting and Analyzing Data order, or with another user.
1.using statistical tools - Libraries offer:
2.making charts or tables - general reference works
3.evaluating contents of tables and / or charts - periodicals
- books
Stage 4: Writing Research Report - journals
1.writing the introduction - For general info, you can consult an
2.writing the body encyclopedia.
3.writing the conclusion - For more specific info, consult a book, journal,
newspaper, or magazine.
Stage 5: Editing - You may use interviews, lectures, films,
1.first editing television programs, and recordings as well.
2.second editing - You need to sort and evaluate the information
3.writing the final paper youve gathered.
- Ask yourself the ff questions:
STAGE 1: PLANNING - Is the information primary or secondary?
- Is the author or sponsor indicated?
Step 1: Choosing the Topic / Subject - Is the information verifiable?
- topic must be practicaland interesting - Is the information directly related to your
topic?
Step 2: Narrowing the Topic / Subject - When in the information primary or
WAYS: secondary?
- make a semantic map - Whether the information is primary or
- make an analysis list write down in no secondary, provided it is verifiable and directly
special order every related idea to your topic. related to your topic, you may use it.
From the list, choose the most specific that
interests you. Step 2: Taking Notes
OTHER WAYS: Purposes in taking down notes:
- ask questions about the topic - to record information you get from reading
- break down the topic to its narrowest form - to help you understand and organize ideas
examples: types, effects, causes, etc derived from reading
ENG 3 Roy Bergonia Jr. 3A-PH

- to help you develop and record your own

ideas stimulated by what you have read
- Equip yourself with note cards or index cards.
These note cards can easily be rearranged
according to their importance or to their logical
sequence.

Step 3: Conducting interviews or retrieving

questionnaire sheets

Step 4: Organizing data