MA 201

Partial Differential Equations

Tutorial Problems - 6

1. Given the Fourier series for the function f (x) = x4 , < x < , as

4 4 X 8(1)n 2 2
x = + ( n 6) cos nx
5 n=1
n4

find the Fourier series for f (x) = x5 , < x < .

Solution:

5 4
X (1)n+1 X (1)n
x = 2 sin nx + 40 (n2 2 6) sin nx.
n=1
n n=1
n5

2. Deduce the Fourier series for the function f (x) = eax , < x < , a a real number.
Hence find the values of the four series:

X (1)n X (1)n
(a) 2 + n2
, (b) 2 + n2
.
n=1
a n=
a

Solution:
Fourier series of given function f (x) is
(
)
sinh(a) 1 X (1)n
+2 [a cos(nx) n sin(nx)] . (1)
a n=1
a2 + n 2

X (1)n a sinh a
(a) 2 2
= .
n=1
a +n 2a2 sinh a

X (1)n 1 2(a sinh a)
(b) 2 + n2
= 2
+ 2 sinh a
.
n=
a a 2a

3. Given the half-range sine series

8 X sin(2n 1)x
x( x) = , 0 x ,
n=1 (2n 1)3

X
use Parsevals theorem to deduce the value of the series 1/(2n 1)6 .
n=1

X 6
Solution: 1/(2n 1)6 = .
n=1
960
Realise that since this is a half-range sine series, we must have the given function as
odd in the interval (, ) so that f (x) has the following representation in (, ):

x( + x), < x < 0,
f (x) =
x( x), 0 < x < .

1
4. . (a) The Fourier transform of f (t):
F{f (t)} = g()
Z
1
= f ( )ei d
2
Z
1
= sin ei d
2
2i sin
= .
(1 2 ) 2
Thus the Fourier integral of f (t) is Z
1
f (t) = g()eit d
2
2 sin t sin
Z
= d.
0 1 2
(b) Use the approach as in case (a) to get
2 (1 cos ) sin t
Z
f (t) = d.
0

5. Express 
1, 0 x ,
f (x) =
0, x > ,
as Fourier sine integral and hence evaluate
Z
1 cos()
sin()d.
0

Solution:
From the convergence of Fourier integral, we obtain
Z r
1 1 2
fo () = (fo ( + ) + fo ( )) = = sin()gs ()d.
2 2 0
Here, gs () is the Fourier sine transform of fo (odd extension of f ). By definition,
gs () is given by
Z r
2
gs () = f0 ( ) sin d
0
Z r r
2 21
= sin d = cos |0

r0
21
= (1 cos )

Finally, we have
Z
r
1 2
= sin()gs ()d
2 0
Z r r
2 21
= sin() (1 cos )d
0
2 1 cos()
Z
= sin()d.
0

2
 Hence,

1 cos()
Z

sin()d = .
0 4

6. (a)
5
F(f (t))() = .
2(6 + 2 i)

(b)

n!
F(f (t))() = .
2(2 + i)n+1

7.
r
2 1 2
Fc (f (t))() = .
(1 + 2 )2

r
2 1
Fs (f (t))() = 2 .
(1 + 2 )2

8. If U (x, t) is the temperature at time t and the thermal diffusivity of a semi-infinite

metal bar, find the temperature distribution in the bar at any point at any subsequent
time by solving the following boundary value problem:

U 2U
= , x > 0, t > 0
t x2
U
(0, t) = 0, U (x, 0) = f (x).
x
Solution:
Taking Fourier cosine transform
d
Uc (, t) + 2 Uc = 0,
dt
which gives us
2t
Uc (, t) = Ae
Using the initial condition,
2
Uc (, t) = fc ()e t ,
where fc () is the Fourier cosine transform of f (x). Taking inverse, we get the solution
r Z
2 2
U (x, t) = fc ()e t cos x d.
0

9. Find the Laplace transforms of

t t
e3t sin 2t
Z Z
3t 3t
(i) te cos 4t, (ii) t e sin 2t dt, (iii) dt.
0 0 t

3
 Solution:
(i)
d
L{te3t cos 4t} = L{e3t cos 4t}
ds
d
= L{cos 4t}s s3
ds  
d s3
=
ds (s 3)2 + 42
(s 3)2 16
=
((s 3)2 + 16)2
(ii)
t
d L{e3t sin 2t}
Z
L{t e3t sin 2t} =
0 ds s
d L{sin 2t}s s+3
=
ds s
d 2
=
ds s((s + 3)2 + 4)
2(3s2 + 12s + 13)
=
(s3 + 6s2 + 13s)2
(iii)
t
e3t sin 2t 1
Z Z
L{ dt} = L{e3t sin 2t}ds
0 t s s
1
Z
2
= ds
s s (s + 3)2 + 4
1  
1 s + 3 
=  tan ( )
s 2 s
 
1 1 1 s+3
= tan tan
s 2
  
1 s+3
= tan1
s 2 2
 
1 s+3
= cot1
s 2
(Using various properties.)

10. Find the Laplace transform of the following unit step functions:
(i) 2H(sin t) 1, (ii) H(t3 6t2 + 11t 6).
Solution: (i) From definition of unit step function

1, sin t > 0,
H(sin t) =
0, sin t < 0.

This will give the given function as +1 between 0 and 1, 2 and 3, and so on whereas
it will be 1 between 1 and 2, 3 and 4, and so on. That is
Z 1 Z 2 Z 3 Z 4
st st st
L{2H(sin t) 1} = e dt e dt + e dt est dt +
0 1 2 3

4
  st 1  st 2  st 3  st 4
e  e  e  e 
=  s   s  +  s   s  +
       
0 1 2 3
1
(1 es ) + (e2s es ) + (e2s e3s ) + (e4s e3s ) +

=
s
1
= [1 2es (1 es + e2s e3s + )]
s 
1 s 1
= 1 2e
s 1 + es
1 1 es
=
s 1 + es
1 s
= tanh
s 2
1
(ii) [es e2s + e3s ].
s
From definition of unit step function

3 2 1, (t 1)(t 2)(t 3) > 0,
H(t 6t + 11t 6) =
0, (t 1)(t 2)(t 3) < 0.

This will give the given function as +1 between 1 and 2, and 3 and .
Z 2 Z
st
3 2
L{H(t 6t + 11t 6)} = e dt + est dt
1 3
 est 2  est 
=   +
   
s 1 s 3

1 s
= [e e2s + e3s ]
s

11. Find the inverse Laplace transforms:

2s + 3 2s2 3s + 5
(i) 2 , (ii) 2 2 .
s + 4s + 6 s (s + 1)
Solution: (i)
2s + 3
f (s) =
s2
+ 4s + 6
2(s + 2) 1
=
(s + 2)2 + ( 2)2

Taking inverse
1
F (t) = e2t (2 cos 2t sin 2t)
2
2s2 3s + 5 A B Cs + D
(ii) Take 2 2
= + 2+ 2 . Find A = 3, B = 5, C = 3, D = 3 so
s (s + 1) s s s +1
that
2s2 3s + 5 3 5 3s 3
= + + .
s2 (s2 + 1) s s2 s2 + 1 s2 + 1
By inverting,
F (t) = 5t 3 3(sin t cos t)

12. Do it yourself.

5
13. Solve the following ODEs:
(i) y + 2y + 5y = et sin t, y(0) = 0, y(0) = 1, (ii) ty + 2y + ty = 0, y(0) = 1.
Solution:
(i) After getting the Laplace transform of y as
1 1 2 1
L{y(t)} = + .
3 (s + 1) + 1 3 (s + 1)2 + 22
2

Inverting
et
y(t) = [sin t + sin 2t]
3
(ii)

Taking Laplace transform on the equation,

d d
L{y} + 2L{y} L{y} = 0
ds ds
d 2 d
[s L{y} sy(0) y(0)] + 2[sL{y} y(0)] L{y} = 0,
ds ds
which gives the ODE
d 1
L{y} = 2 ,
ds s +1
L{y} = tan1 (s) + C.
Inverting
1 d
y(t) = L1 { (tan1 (s) + C)} = sin t/t.
t ds
14. Solve the following IBVP for one dimensional heat conduction equation for a rod of
unit length and with unit diffusivity:

Ut = Uxx , 0 < x < 1, t > 0,

U (x, 0) = 3 sin(2x), 0 < x < 1,
U (0, t) = 0 = U (1, t), t > 0.

Solution:
Using L{U (x, t)} = u(x, s) and taking transform on the equation, we get

d2 u(x, s)
su(x, s) = 3 sin(2x).
dx2
Solving this non-homogeneous ODE:
3 sin(2x)
u(x, s) = A(s)e sx
+ B(s)e sx
+ .
s + 4 2
Converting and using the boundary conditions, A(s) = 0 = B(s) thereby getting

3 sin(2x)
u(x, s) = .
s + 4 2
Inverting,
2
u(x, t) = 3e4 t sin(2x).