US 602

Fundamentals of Urban Science & Engineering

MID SEM REVISION

2017
Types of City

A minimum population of 5,000;

At least 75 per cent of the male main workers engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and
A density of population of at least 400 per sq. Km.
2
 Structure
Central & state Govt
Policies
Urban poor
urban research methods
planning process and need such as demographic
for planning analysis, land use and land
URDPFI guidelines suitability analysis

Different types of cities Current state Future plan

Review development plan Application of informatics
(DP) and ICT

Review Development
Control Regulation (DCR)

Practical assignments

Note: URDPFI Urban and Regional Development Plans Formulation & Implementation
 City Classification

Rank Urban Agglomeration/City Population 2001 Population 2011

in Million in Million
1(1) Greater Mumbai 16.37 18.41
2(3) Delhi 12.79 16.31
3(2) Kolkata 13.22 14.11
4(4) Chennai 6.42 8.70
5(5) Bangalore 5.69 8.50
Source: http://moud.gov.in/urbanmorphology 4
Planning system framework

5
6
Millennium Development Goals
How to use DATA & ANALYTICS to measure
current situation ?

Selecting
Selecting
Frame Goal DATA appropriate Analysing
appropriate Conclusion
& objective Extraction Statistical the results
DATA
techniques
Cases
Housing Condition in India
Source of drinking water in India
Lighting in India
Telecommunication in India
Transport communication in India
Data sources
 CONDITION OF CENSUS HOUSES HHs (in %)
Condition Urban Rural Total
2011
Good 68.4 45.9 53.1
Livable 28.7 47.6 41.5
Dilapidated 2.9 6.5 5.4
2001
Good 64.3 44.8 50.2
Livable 32.3 48.9 44.3
Dilapidated 3.6 6.2 5.5
Source: Census of India 2011 & 2001

Those houses which do not require any repairs and in good condition may be considered as 'Good'
Those houses which require minor repairs may be considered as 'Livable'
Those houses which are showing signs of decay or those breaking down and require major repairs or those
houses decayed or ruined and are far from being in conditions that can be restored or repaired may be
considered as 'Dilapidated'
 CONDITION OF CENSUS
HOUSES

Source: Houses, Household Amenities and Assets Data 2011 - Visualizing Through Maps, Dr. C. Chandramouli,
Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
 Population Pyramid

Source: Population Division, DESA, United Nations; INDIA, World Population Ageing 1950-2050
Proposed Land use Structure of Urban
Centres as per UDPFI guidelines
Land use structure for hill town as per UDPFI
guidelines
Concepts
COMPACT CITY
by mixing uses of land to an optimum level, decreasing trip generation and
high population density making mass rapid transit systems economically
viable. Another important aspect to be encouraged by urban planners is
walk to work by giving pedestrian safety.
GREEN CITY
Green city modules such as street orientation in lines with sun direction and
wind direction not only help reduce the impact, but also slow down the gas
emissions from artificial cooling systems.
 COMPACT CITY DEVELOPMENT
Mobility

What are the different

TOD

Approaches?
Mixed land
use

Compact Intensive use of Multi layered

City land Land use

Multi
Proximity accessibility
functional
land use in
time
How can we measures?
Quantitative Qualitative
Density people, Intensity of use of
job, housing per unit space
land area
TOD
any development, macro or micro that is focused around a transit
node, and facilitates complete ease of access to the transit facility,
thereby inducing people to prefer to walk and use public
transportation over personal modes of transport.
access to high-quality public transportation by enhancing connectivity
and contributing to attractive and walkable distances through
densification.
High density, mixed-use and interconnected street networks reduces
per capita vehicular trips.
balanced mix of job, housing and markets along corridors.
Applicability of TOD
Mixed Land Use:
Mixed-use development is the practice of allowing more than one
type of use in a building or set of buildings which can be a
combination of residential, commercial, industrial, office, institutional
or other land uses.
Mixed land use provides convenience of live-work-play options in a
single location, hence reducing trip generation and traffic congestion.
It is presumed that mixed land uses yield socio-economic benefits and
therefore has a positive effect on housing and commercial values.
Mixed layer development/ Multifunctional
land use:
Mixed layer development is based on the principal of high intensity with vertical
integration.
It is under the category of multifunctional landuse and also termed as Layering
Development.
Vertical integration has many benefits to offer to cities as a whole. Benefits
include energy-saving potential, reduction in unnecessary journeys, improves
overall accessibility and social inclusion possibilities offered by combining
housing, shopping, work, transport, recreation, culture and social functions
within one area.
This combination also helps to utilize the full potential of an urban site, leaving
sufficient open spaces for a greener surrounding.
A mixed use high rise development diversifies the use of space within a single
building structure which in turn saves horizontal travelling and hence the
additional land requirements.
Case study
Multi-functional use in time:
A public space or a building can have different functions at different
moments. This is called multifunctional use in time.
Examples:
school playground, which can be utilized by the students during
school hours and later in evening it can be used for sports training
and practice purposes.
Benefits of compact city
Efficient use of land and urban containment
Increase in the number of ridership for economically viable MRTS
Environment protection by lowering the climatic change emissions
Protection of ecological diversity, countryside and land for agriculture
Efficient delivery of utility services in more densely populated areas. Due
to the economies of scale in supplying energy, water and treating waste, it
is less costly to deliver urban utility service in compact cities than in
suburban areas.
Increased social interaction leading to safety against crime.
Less travelling distances that saves time, money and fuel consumption per
head.
Education Sector
Education
Central Expenditure in
Education during 11th Plan (in
million)
Drop out rates State-wise gap between class VIII
gross completion rate (2007) and class IX Gross
intake rate (2008)
Health Infrastructure
Health Infrastructure
Role of private sector
Type of analysis
Aggregated Analysis Urban Metabolism

Disaggregated Analysis TIME SPACE PRISMs

URBAN METABOLISM
Urban metabolism is a model/conceptual framework that can be used
to understand the impact of urban activity within the citys limits, its
hinterland and the global ecosystem.
Wolman, A. (1965). The metabolism of cities. Scientific American, 179-190.
 Cities are conceptualized as living organisms that consume
energy/materials/ food/etc and produce products/services but also
pollution and waste.
This is done by drawing analogies between production/consumption/
emission patterns within cities with the metabolic processes of
organisms
Employs a life-cycle thinking to the urban system as a whole (or parts
of it)
Urban Sensing
ChoiceMaps: A New Way to Measure
Neighborhoods
Digital Divide
 Could Twitter help urban managers
improve transport networks?
Twitter is primarily used for retrospective tracking of sentiment and
other social data, but could geolocated Tweets be used to plan for the
future?

Data-mapping work by Eric Fischer suggests that it could. If the

volume of geo-tagged Tweets is used a proxy for traffic levels, urban
planners could use this data to fine-tune existing transport networks
and establish where new routes are needed.
 European travel patterns
60,000 trips (of 20 or more miles each) through 750,000 randomly-
chosen geotags, grouped with 10-mile radius, from the Twitter
streaming API, August, 2011.
Mobile applications
Web or Virtual Cities
Example: the digital city of Kyoto (Japan) and the digital city of
Amsterdam
web environments that offer local information, chatting and meeting rooms,
and citys virtual simulation.
Knowledge Based Cities
the Copenhagen Base and the Craigmillar Community Information
Service (Edinburgh, Scotland): they are public databases of common
interest that are updated via crowd-sourcing, and accompanied by
the appropriate software management mechanisms for public access.
Broadband City/Broadband Metropolis
Seoul, Beijing, Antwerp, Geneva, and Amsterdam: they are cities
where fiber optic backbones called Metropolitan Area Networks
(MAN)- are installed, and enable the interconnection of households
and of local enterprises to ultra-high speed networks.

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer

network that usually spans a city or a large campus. A MAN usually
interconnects a number of local area networks (LANs) using a high-
capacity backbone technology, such as fiber-optical links, and
provides up-link services to wide area networks (or WAN) and
the Internet.
http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wi
ki100k/docs/Metropolitan_area_network.html
Mobile or Ambient cities
New York, San Francisco installed wireless broadband networks in the
city, which were accessible (free-of-charge) by the habitants.
Digital Cities
Hull (UK), Cape Town and Trikala (Greece) extension of the previous
resources to mesh metropolitan environments that interconnect
virtual and physical spaces in order to treat local challenges.
Smart or Intelligent Cities
Brisbane and Blacksbourg (Australia), Malta, Dubai, Kochi (India),
Helsinki, Barcelona, Austin and others of smart cities networks they
are particular approaches that encourage participation and
deliberation, while they attract investments from the private sector
with cost-effective ICT platforms.
Smart cities evolve with mesh broadband networks that offer e-
services to the entire urban space.

(http://smart-cities.eu, http://www.smartcities.info)
Multi tier architecture of digital city
Ubiquitous Cities
New Songdo (South Korea), Manhattan Harbour (Kentucky, USA),
Masdar (Abu Dhabi) and Osaka (Japan): they arose as the implication
of broadband cost minimization, of the commercialization of complex
information systems, of the deployment of cloud services, and of the
ubiquitous computing.
offer e-services from everywhere to anyone across the city via pervasive
computing technologies.
Eco-cities
Dongtan and Tianjin (China), Masdar (Abu Dhabi)
Capitalize the ICT for sustainable growth and for environmental
protection.
Some indicative applications concern the contribution of ICT sensors for
environmental measurement and for buildings energy capacitys evaluation;
smart grids deployment for energy production and delivery in the city;
encouragement of smart solutions for renewable energy production.
Measuring SMART city sophistications

The rows of concern the architecture layers, while the

columns refer to the abovementioned smart city
approaches.
The value entries are based on Likert scale (values
from 1 to 5) and they reflect how important each
layer is considered for each particular approach.
Singapore
Efcient Resource Use
Traffic Management
electronically collects fees from drivers through in-vehicle units
installed in cars that enter designated areas of the city center during
certain periods of peak
The system has several price options depending on road types
(arterial and highway) and periods.
Higher prices are applied during the most congested times.
encouraging off -peak driving or park-and-ride schemes
RESULT - Traffic congestion is alleviated, and average traffic speed is
maintained. Unnecessary vehicular emissions are thus avoided.
Water resource management
Singapore is considered a water-scarce city-state despite high annual
precipitation of 2,400 millimetres per year
imports water from neighbouring Malaysia.
Singapore successfully lowered its annual water demand from 454
million tons in 2000 to 440 million tons in 2004, while its population
and GDP grew by 3.4 and 18.3%, respectively
Closed Water loop
Strategies
Water from local catchments (catchment management): Rainwater is collected from
rivers, streams, canals, and drains and stored in 14 reservoirs. Because storm drains are
separated from the sewerage system, rainwater may be sent directly to rivers or
reservoirs for later treatment to produce tap water.
Imported water accounts for about a third of the countrys water needs
Desalinated water: In September 2005, Singapore opened a US$200 million desalination
plant, which was PUBs first public-private partnership project. The plant can produce 30
million gallons (136,000 cubic meters) of water a day; it is one of the largest seawater
reverse osmosis plants in the region. In 2007, the plant provided about 10% of the
countrys water needs
NEWater: Used water (wastewater) is also an important water resource. Wastewater is
collected through an extensive sewerage system and treated at water reclamation plants.
Wastewater is purified using advanced membrane technology to produce high-grade
reclaimed water, known as NEWater, which is safe to drink. Because such water is purer
than tap water, it is ideal for industry uses that require high-quality water, such as the
manufacture of precision equipment and information technologies.
Waste Reduction by Engaging Stakeholders in
the Private Sector and Civil Society
Yokohama, Japan
 The largest city in Japan after Tokyo - Population (2009): 3.65 million
Land area: 435 km2
Population density (2009): 8,409 persons per km2
It reduced waste by 38.7 percent between fiscal years 2001 and 2007,
despite the growth of 165,875 people in the citys population.
This reduction in waste is attributable to the citys success in raising
public awareness about environmental issues and the active
participation of citizens and businesses in Yokohamas 3Rs program
(reduce, reuse, and recycle).
 citizens must separate waste into 15 categories and properly dispose
of each category of waste at designated places and times. Businesses
are requested to provide products and services that produce less
waste and to implement the 3Rs actively.
Curitiba, Brazil
Cost Is No Barrier to Ecological and Economic Urban Planning, Development, and
Management
Profile
The capital of the State of Paran, in the south of Brazil
Land area: 432 km2
Population (2008): 1.83 million
Annual population growth rate: 1.86 %

Policy Integration in Curitiba

 Bus service reaches almost 90%
of the city area, and all users may
access public transportation
services by walking less than 500
meters
Bus routes are serviced nearly
every 5 minutes.
Curitiba initially acquired land
and reserved rights-of way along
the strategic axes, which enabled
the city to build social housing in
these areas.
major economic activities and
urban functions, including
residential neighborhoods and
schools, were reorganized
densely along these axes.
FSI Concepts
Usage for patterns
 Application of Big DATA : URBAN DISASTER MANAGEMENT TOOL
BEST OF LUCK