Cities 53 (2016) 98109

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Cities

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cities

City prole: Pune, India

Rashmi Krishnamurthy a,, Rajeev Mishra b, Kevin C. Desouza c
a
School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University, Mail Code 3720, Suite # 400, 411 N. Central Ave., Phoenix, AZ 85004-0687, USA
b
Kolkata Government of West Bengal, 18, Lalbazar Street, Kolkata 700001, West Bengal, India
c
School of Public Affairs, College of Public Service & Community Solutions, Arizona State University, 411 N. Central Ave., Mail Code 3520, Suite #750, Phoenix, AZ 85004-0685, USA

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Cities around the globe are urbanizing at a fast rate and are facing the critical challenges of managing economic
Received 2 September 2015 development and inclusive growth. This scenario is particularly troublesome in developing countries where sec-
Received in revised form 16 January 2016 ondary cities are growing at an unprecedented rate but lack the institutional capacity to manage urbanization.
Accepted 28 January 2016
Secondary cities are tier II cities below primary cities in the urban hierarchy. To examine the unique challenges
Available online 21 February 2016
and opportunities facing secondary cities, we trace Pune's urban growth. Pune is the second largest city in the
Keywords:
state of Maharashtra, India and is emerging as an industrial and educational hub. The presence of large industrial
Pune and educational sectors has resulted in massive urban population growth, including a large migrant population
Urban development from rural areas. This massive growth is straining Pune's critical infrastructures. First, we trace Pune's urban his-
Pune Municipal Corporation tory in terms of social, economic, administrative, and environmental planning and development. Second, we ex-
Inclusive growth amine key urban challenges faced by the city. We nd that while the city of Pune is moving towards becoming a
Migration megacity, it still has a chance to change its trajectory to become one that is more sustainable, equitable, and just.
Secondary city However, to evolve into a sustainable and equitable city, Pune's urban planners need to pay careful attention to
several urbanization issues. This prole offers insights regarding the unique challenges faced by secondary cities
in developing countries and discusses policy implications to transform secondary cities into catalysts for econom-
ic growth and development.
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
In 2014, the United Nations (UN) Department of Economic and Social
Affairs reported that more than 54% of the world's population lives in cit-
ies. According to the report, while all regions around the world are urban-
izing at a fast rate, cities in Asia and Africa are expected to grow even
faster. By 2050, countries such as India, China, and Nigeria are projected
to add more than 404 million, 292 million, and 212 million urban
dwellers, respectively (UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
2014). Given the rapidity of this urbanization, by 2030 cities such as
Pune (formerly known as Poona) are expected to grow into megacities
with approximately 10 million urban dwellers (Sankhe et al., 2010).
The massive urbanization of Pune and its suburbs can be attributed
to its proximity to Mumbai.1 With a population of 5.4 million, Pune is
the second largest city in the state of Maharashtra and the eighth largest
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: Rashmi.Krishnamurthy@asu.edu (R. Krishnamurthy),
rajeevmishra96@hotmail.com (R. Mishra), kev.desouza@gmail.com (K.C. Desouza).
URL: http://www.kevindesouza.net (K.C. Desouza).
1
Mumbai is the most populous city in India, with a population of 18.4 million (Census of
India, 2011).
urban agglomeration in India (Census of India, 2011). The city is known
for its educational (e.g., research institutions and world class universi-
ties) and industrial (e.g., automobile and information technology (IT)
companies) sectors that have attracted people from India and other
parts of the world (Jaybhaye, Mundhe, & Dorik, 2014). According to
the Mercer 2015 Quality of Living Ranking (which evaluated living con-
ditions in 440 cities around the world), Pune ranks 145 for quality living,
higher than Mumbai (152) and New Delhi (154) (PTI, 2015a). The
growth of Pune as an education hub has resulted in students from all
over India and the world coming to the city (Bhailume, 2012), and the
growth of industry has contributed to massive migration from rural
areas (Van Kampen & Van Naerssen, 2008).
To meet the growing demands of its urban dwellers and to manage
the strain on the city's physical infrastructures, Pune city administrators
are implementing measures to redesign the urban sphere. In 2012, the
Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) (2012) approved a development
draft plan (DP) for 20 years (20072027). The DP included plans to de-
velop metro lines, expand main roads, and build low-income houses
(TNN, 2013). In addition, the Indian government chose Pune to be
part of the 100 Smart Cities initiative. According to this initiative, the
Indian central government will invest INR 100 cr ($15.3 million) per
year for 5 years to help cities develop smart infrastructures, such as elec-
tricity, housing, parking, sanitation, and transportation (TNN, 2015b).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.01.011
0264-2751/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 R. Krishnamurthy et al. / Cities 53 (2016) 98109
While Pune city administrators are making efforts to develop the
city's urban sphere, it is critical to understand: (1) the key challenges
facing Pune in terms of transforming it into an economic hub that is ef-
cient, livable, healthy, and sustainable and (2) the measures taken by
the city to manage inclusive growth and development. In this prole,
we discuss the efforts undertaken by the city of Pune to leverage IT to
transform itself into a smart city. We highlight various policy and gover-
nance initiatives undertaken by the city administration in collaboration
with businesses, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and citizens
to manage and develop its critical infrastructures. Specically, we em-
phasize the key challenges faced by the city of Pune to manage uneven
development and ensure inclusive growth. The city also faces several
challenges in terms of managing the strain on its critical infrastructures
relating to water, land, and energy.
Discussing the efforts undertaken by Pune to transform itself into an
economic hub is important for several reasons. First, many cities in the
developing world, especially secondary cities,2 are experiencing un-
precedented population growth that includes massive migration from
rural areas. Second, many cities are struggling to manage inclusive
growth, as developing countries like India have clusters of low-income
people living in slums. Third, cities are facing the challenge of managing
transportation, energy, and water infrastructures due to massive
population growth. Secondary cities are urbanizing at a fast rate but
lack the capacity to manage urban growth and development (Bolay &
Rabinovich, 2004; Roberts, 2014a). While secondary cities are gaining
prominence as economic hubs, there has been little systematic research
about the major obstacles they face, especially cities in developing coun-
tries (Bolay & Rabinovich, 2004). Thus, it is critical to understand how
cities like Pune are leveraging technology, building partnerships, and
managing inclusive growth to develop into economic hubs that are ef-
cient, livable, and sustainable.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. The next section
briey discusses the urban history of Pune with respect to its social, eco-
nomic, administrative, and environmental context. We then discuss the
current challenges faced by the city and its habitants. Next, we critically
examine the various efforts undertaken by the city administrators in
terms of management and governance to address these urban chal-
lenges. We conclude with a discussion of a way forward to help urban
planners effectively navigate the challenges of managing and governing
secondary cities.
2. Background: overview of urban growth
Pune has a long history and played a signicant role in India's pre-
independence era. The earliest mention of the city dates back to
937 AD. The name of the city derives from the Sanskrit word punyagara,
which means city of virtue (Education Landscape of Pune, n.d.), and the
city served as the capital of the Maratha Kingdom in the 18th century. In
1817, Pune came under British rule and was used as a summer residence
for the Bombay3 Presidency. During British rule, the city gained promi-
nence as an educational, military, and administrative base. After inde-
pendence, the city focused its attention on economic growth and
development (Van Kampen & Van Naerssen, 2008). Due to its glorious
past, Pune is known as the cultural capital of Maharashtra
(maharashtratourism.gov.in, n.d.). After the adoption of an economic
liberalization policy in the 1990s, Pune started making big investments
in the IT and manufacturing industries and gradually gained its position
2 sector has also attracted a student population from other parts of India
The concept of secondary cities gained prominence in the 1970s when many develop-
ing countries faced the challenge of managing equitable urban growth and widening the
ruralurban divide. Large cities in developing countries in particular experienced massive
inows of migrants from rural and underdeveloped suburbs, which resulted in deteriorat-
ing urban areas. To overcome this challenge, many countries adopted regional develop-
ment policies focusing on stimulating growth in secondary cities to promote economic
development in neighboring rural areas and to slow migration to large cities (Otiso,
2005; Rondinelli, 1983).
3
Mumbai was ofcially known as Bombay until 1995.
99
as an IT and automobile hub (Parasnis, Chourey, Tomar, Mahal, &
Kulkarni, 2010).
2.1. Location
Pune is located at a longitude of 73.856667 east and a latitude of
18.520278 north and is situated on the Deccan plateau (see Fig. 1). It
lies on the side of the Western Ghats and is 560 m above sea level
near the conuence of the Mula and Mutha rivers (Nalawade, n.d.).
Pune has a sub-tropical, semi-arid climate with an average annual tem-
perature of 76.5 F (or 24.7 C) (Pune Climate Pune Temperatures Pune
Weather Averages, n.d.). Table 1 shows the average monthly tempera-
ture (normal, warmest, and coldest) and precipitation for the city of
Pune. Much of the rainfall occurs between March and June (Pune,
India, n.d.). The PMC covers an area of 243.84 km2. The city is located
178 km southeast of Mumbai by road (PMC, n.d.). (See Table 2.)
2.2. Administrative structure
The PMC was established on February 15, 1950 and is headed by an
Indian Administration Service ofcer appointed by the Maharashtra
state government. The mayor, who is the publicly elected head, is re-
sponsible for managing 48 zones and 152 elected public representa-
tives. There are 17,701 employees working for the PMC. The PMC's
budget for the scal year 20142015 was INR 3608.03 cr (approximate-
ly $553.6 million) (PMC, n.d.). Based on its urban capacities and re-
sources, the Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy (2014)
ranked Pune as the 6th best city in India. In April 2015, the Maharashtra
state government announced the establishment of the Pune Metropoli-
tan Region Development Authority (PMRDA) to outline and implement
an integrated development plan for Pune district. The PMRDA will cover
Pune, the Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC), and the
Talegeon Dabhade, Lonavla, Alandi municipal councils. In addition, the
PMRDA will also include 100 fringe villages (TNN, 2015a). The main
goal of PMRDA is to focus on drafting and implementing one develop-
ment plan for the area that includes growth, especially in the fringe
villages.
2.3. Demographics
Pune's population grew from 450,000 in 1950 to 3.1 million in 2011
(Census of India, 2011; PMC, 2012). In 2011, the total population of the
Pune Metropolitan Area was ve million (Census of India, 2011). Several
factors contributed to this growth, including migration due to invest-
ment in multinational companies (MNCs). For example, the migrant
population rose from 370,000 in 2001 to 660,000 in 2011 (PMC,
2012). One of the key reasons for this massive increase was the econom-
ic liberalization policy adopted in 1990 that led to increased investment
in the IT, manufacturing, and service industries. Almost 60% of the IT
workers in Pune have migrated from other cities (Mulay, 2009). Further,
as the city of Mumbai grew and the cost of living increased, Pune be-
came a preferred destination for business. For instance, purchasing
power in Pune is 43.5% higher compared to Mumbai, and the housing
rental cost in Bangalore and Mumbai is 13.5% and 55% higher compared
to that in Pune. In addition, the construction of the MumbaiPune ex-
pressway further reduced the travel time between the two cities, mak-
ing Pune a preferred destination for people looking for houses away
from Mumbai (The Realty Paper, 2015). The growth in the educational
and from foreign countries (Bhailume, 2012).
The city has also attracted people from rural areas who migrated to
the city for employment opportunities and a better quality of life
(Bhailume, 2012). The inux of migrants from rural areas has led to a
growing number of slums. The proportion of the population living in
slums in the city increased from 15% in 1961 to 40% in 2001 (PMC,
2013). There are 564 slums in the city, of which 353 are ofcially
100 R. Krishnamurthy et al. / Cities 53 (2016) 98109

Fig. 1. City of Pune.

recognized by the PMC (PMC, n.d.). People living in these slums lack ac-
cess to basic amenities, such as water, electricity, and waste removal. A
survey in 2008 revealed that only 58% of the people in slums had access
to individual water supplies (B. D. Karve Research and Constancy Cell,
n.d). It is estimated that more than 1.2 million people in the PMC live
in slums (PMC, 2012).
The change in the territorial jurisdiction of the Corporation has also
lead to population growth. The areas within the control of the PMC in-
creased from 129.5 sq. km in 1950 to 145.92 sq. km in 1981. In 1997,
23 fringe villages were merged, which further increased the area
Table 1
Average monthly temperature and precipitation in the city of Pune.
Source: http://www.yr.no/place/India/Maharashtra/Pune/statistics.html.
Months Temperature Precipitation
Normal Warmest Coldest Normal
under PMC control (B. D. Karve Research and Constancy Cell, n.d.). In
2014, the Maharashtra state government issued a notication to include
34 fringe villages within the PMC's jurisdiction. This merger will in-
crease the geographical area under PMC control from 243 sq. km to
500 sq. km (TNN, 2014a).
2.4. Education
Pune is known as the Oxford of the East. The city has always had
quality educational institutions and is currently considered a hub for
higher education in elds such as medicine, engineering, biochemistry,
biotechnology, and astrophysics. Private educational institutions have
existed in Pune since the early 1800s. For example, institutes such as
Deccan Education Society, the ShriShivaji Maratha Society, and the Ma-
harashtra Education Society were established in the late 1800s and early

January 20.5 C 29.9 C 11.0 C 0 Table 2

February 22.0 C 31.9 C 12.1 C 0 Total and slum population growth in city of Pune.
March 25.6 C 35.4 C 15.8 C 0 Source: PMC Draft Development Plan for Old PMC limit (20072027) & Census of India
April 28.8 C 37.7 C 19.9 C 1 (2011).
May 29.7 C 36.9 C 22.4 C 3
Year Total population Slum population Slum population (% Of total)
June 27.4 C 31.7 C 22.9 C 10
July 25.3 C 28.4 C 22.2 C 17 1961 606,777 92,101 15.18
August 24.5 C 27.4 C 21.6 C 16 1971 856,105 239,701 28
September 25.1 C 29.4 C 20.8 C 10 1981 1,203,363 377,000 31.33
October 25.0 C 31.4 C 18.5 C 5 1991 1,691,430 569,000 33.64
November 22.3 C 30.1 C 14.4 C 2 2001 2,538,473 1,025,000 40.38
December 20.2 C 28.9 C 11.5 C 0 2011 3,100,000 na na
 R. Krishnamurthy et al. / Cities 53 (2016) 98109
1900s and provided training to people who participated in social reform
movements. In addition, many engineering, medical, and arts colleges
were built during British rule (B. D. Karve Research and Constancy
Cell, n.d).
Currently, Pune has nine major universities, the important ones
being the University of Pune, Bharati Vidyapeeth, Dyaneshwar
Vidyapeeth, Sinhagad University, and Symbiosis International Universi-
ty. The University of Pune has 811 afliate colleges and is the second
largest university in India (Chhapia, 2013). Approximately 300,000 stu-
dents attend colleges afliated with Pune University and Pune postgrad-
uate departments. Of these students, more than 200,000 come from
other parts of Maharashtra, from other parts of India, and from foreign
countries (Nigavekar, 2009). Some important research institutes are
also located in Pune. For instance, the National Chemical Laboratory
(NCL), established in 1950 by the government of India, specializes in
chemistry and related elds. The NCL deals with many areas, such as
theoretical chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry, polymer engi-
neering, and plant biology (NCL, n.d.). Founded in 1992 by the Universi-
ty Grants Commission, the Inter University Centre for Astronomy and
Astrophysics (IUCAA) promotes the growth of an active astronomy
and astrophysics research community at Indian universities (IUCAA,
n.d.). Founded in 1976, the Centre for Development Studies and Activi-
ties (CDSA) is a postgraduate and research institute pioneering urban
planning, micro nance, poverty alleviation, and sustainable growth
and development (CSDA, n.d.). The Symbiosis Institute of International
Business is one of the top B schools in India (Top 25 Business B-
Schools In India, 2015). Due to the presence of so many higher educa-
tion and research institutes, approximately 30,000 foreign students
from 80 countries come to Pune every year (Chatterjee, 2013).
Pune is also home to various military organizations. Military bases
were established in Pune during British rule. Since independence, Pune
continued as a base for several military organizations. For instance, The
Indian Army Southern Command has its headquarters in Pune (PMC,
2008). The National Defense Academy (NDA) based in Khadakwasla,
Pune provides training to Indian armed forces and of friendly foreign
countries (NDA, n.d.). The NDA is the rst tri-service academy in the
world that provides combined training to army, air force, and navy ca-
dets (Defense, n.d.). The Military Intelligence Training School and
Depot offers diplomas and certicates in security management, intelli-
gence tradecraft, and strategic intelligence (Savitribai Phule Pune
University, n.d.). The Institute for Defense Research and Development
Organization (DRDO) is also housed in Pune. The DRDO produces
world-class weapon systems to meet the demands of three servicesthe
army, the air force, and the navy (Defense, n.d.).
2.5. Economy
Given its proximity to Mumbai and good climatic conditions, Pune has
attracted the manufacturing and IT industries. A number of large
manufacturing rms, such as Tata Motors, Kinetic Motors, Thermax, Hin-
dustan Antibiotics, and Serum, are located in Pune (The boom is over in
Detroit. But now India has its own motor city, 2008). Further, companies
such as Serum plan to invest INR 1000 cr (approximately $151 million) to
establish a new manufacturing unit in Pune. Serum established its insti-
tute in India in 1966 and is the largest supplier of vaccines (e.g., tetanus,
r-hepatitis B, measles) to more than 140 countries (PTI, 2014).
Traditionally, the city of Pune was known as a pensioner's paradise.
However, in 1960, the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corpora-
tion (MIDC) established an industrial complex, covering an area of
4000 acres in the Pimpri-Chinchwad industrial area in Bhosari. The es-
tablishment of the industrial complex led to economic growth and de-
velopment in the district of Pune (Damle, 2011). Further, the adoption
of economic liberalization policy in 1990s spurred the establishment
of software and manufacturing industries in Pune. For instance, the es-
tablishment of Hinjewadi Info-Tech Park in 1999, Pune has attracted
several MNCs and is growing into a prominent IT hub. In the year
101
20122013, Pune exported INR 295890 million (approximately $4552
million) in software, making it the second largest export in the country
(Express News Service, 2014; Kishrsagar, 2012). To further spur the IT
industry in the city, the MIDC is planning to establish Talegaon High-
Tech Park. In addition, the city and its suburbs are home to many auto-
mobile companies, such as Bajaj Auto, Tata Motors, Chrysler, Mahindra,
Volkswagen, General Motors, and Fiat (PCMC, 2013).
The growth of the IT and automobile sectors has led to global con-
nections and is attracting foreign investments in various elds. For in-
stance, Mars International is set to invest over $106 million (BS
Reporter, 2015). General Electric is investing over $200 million to man-
ufacture products such as jet engine parts and locomotive parts (GE's
Brilliant Advanced Manufacturing Plant in Pune, India, 2015). The pres-
ence of the large industrial base led to a 21.5% increase in jobs in the city
(Sawant & Gole, 2011). A recent survey revealed that as of March 2014,
the insurance, business process outsourcing, telecom, auto, and banking
and insurance, and marketing industries employ 24%, 14%, 19%, 6%, 16%,
an 8% more people than previous year, respectively (dna, 2014b).
The growth of the education, IT, and automobile sectors has led to in-
creased demand for services such as banking, restaurants, and hospitals.
Many foreign banks are opening, and the demand for international
brands is growing fast. For instance, global banks such as Citibank,
Barclays, Credit Suisse, BNY Mellon, and Deutsche Bank are opening
global in-house centers (GICs) in Pune. These GICs are expected to create
more than 5000 new jobs in the city and are also moving people from
other branches in Mumbai, Hyderabad, and New Delhi (Bhattacharyya,
2014). Companies such as Amazon are also opening up customer service
centers in Pune. Amazon's India Human Resources Director, Raj
Raghavan, noted that Pune is a vibrant city that has a great talent pool,
good infrastructure, and potential for growth (PTI, 2015c). Due to mas-
sive growth in the educational and industrial sectors, Pune is emerging
as one of the fastest growing cities. With a gross domestic product of
$48 billion, Pune has the 8th largest metropolitan economy in India
(Santosh, 2014). The number of multi-millionaires in Pune increased
from 60 in 2004 to 250 in 2014. The city experienced the fastest growth
in multi-millionaires in the country (PTI, 2015b).
Given the local and international demand, Pune is also becoming a
hub for wine production. Pune is the home of the rst wine institute in
India. In 2008, there was a demand for 10,000 viticulturists, 5000 winery
operators, 1000 wine makers, 2500 wine marketing executives and 500
wine experts over the next 5 years (Pathak & Kaustubh, 2008). To
meet this demand, the University of Adelaide (leading institute for viticul-
ture and oenology) in Australia and Champagne Indage (India's largest
wine maker) signed a memorandum to establish the Indian Institute of
Vine and Wine in Pune (Pathak, 2007). Pune produces nine million liters
of wine and sells 7.2 million liters of wine every year (Dastane, 2008). In
2014, the Pune-based Rhythm Winery announced the production of kiwi
wine in India. The company has already introduced fruit-based wines,
such as strawberry- and pineapple-based wines, in India (Menon,
2014). Given the growing demand for fruit-based wines around the
world, the Indian Grape Processing Board noted that many of the tropical
fruits grown in the country could be made into wine (Athavale, 2012).
Thus, the establishment of a wine industry and wine institutes in Pune of-
fers great potential to further boost the city's economy.
The occupational structure of Pune's population has been changing.
In 1991, 39.01% of the population worked in the secondary sector and
58.96% worked in the tertiary sector. In 2001, 2.5% of the population
worked in the primary sector, 45.3% worked in the secondary sector,
and 55.2% worked in the tertiary sector (PMC, 2013). In 20112012,
49.7% of the population was employed in the manufacturing sector
(Education Landscape of Pune, n.d.).
2.6. Urban infrastructure
The PMC and PCMC are responsible for providing public services
such as housing, water, waste management, and sewage management
102 R. Krishnamurthy et al. / Cities 53 (2016) 98109
in their jurisdictions. Due to the increase in the number of professionals
and students, new townships around Pune are catering to the housing
requirements of the middle and upper segments of the population (B.
D. Karve Research and Constancy Cell, n.d). Due to the increased de-
mand for housing, unauthorized construction is taking place in the
city, and many of agricultural areas and wetlands are being illegally con-
verted to real estate. Additionally, the growth of the migrant population
has led to an increase in the number of slums (PMC, 2013).
The Mula and Mutha rivers are the primary sources of water for the
city. Dams, lakes, and wells are used to supplement these two sources
(B. D. Karve Research and Constancy Cell, n.d). There are nine water
treatment plants under the PMC and their treatment capacity was
1318 MLD of water in 2012. In 2000, the PMC introduced water charges
to increase city administration revenue and to manage water usage. The
PMC installed water meters to collect information about water con-
sumption. By 2012, 30% of the domestic water supply in the PMC area
was metered (PMC, 2012).
Pune has a total sewage generation of 744 MLD (million liters per
day), with nine treatment plants providing sewage network coverage
of 97% of the PMC. The collection efciency of sewage in the city is
73.35% and the treatment capacity is 527 MLD, which leaves 29% of
the city's sewage untreated. The PMC has started treating and recycling
5.38% of the wastewater in the city (PMC, 2011). The PMC has the re-
sponsibility of waste collection, storage, segregation, transportation,
treatment, and disposal. Pune has a daily waste generation of 1300
1400 metric tons, with 69% of the waste coming from households
(TERI, 2014). The PMC gave a deadline of July 2005 for ensuring segre-
gation of waste at the source and thus 50% of the waste is segregated
at the source. The PMC is following a decentralized system of waste pro-
cessing, and 100% of the waste generated is treated at biotech plants or
composting facilities. Sanitation conditions in the city are not good, as
only 730,000 out of 910,000 households have individual toilet facilities.
This is a major concern for the city as much of the untreated sewage is
contaminating the local water bodies (TERI, 2012).
The PMC is also responsible for managing land use in Pune. However,
due to the massive growth in population and industrialization, the PMC
is struggling to meet the growing demand for residential and industrial
space (PMC, 2012). To meet the growing housing demand, more than
230 housing projects were approved in 2014. Mid- and small-sized
housing projects (less than 500 units) made up 90% of all housing pro-
jects. Further, in partnership with Panchashil Realtors, the US-based
Trump Tower Company launched a super luxury housing project cover-
ing an area of 6000 ft2, with each unit priced at INR 14 cr (approximately
$2.1 million). While much of the real estate sector experienced a slow-
down in major Indian cities, the city of Pune experienced a continued
demand for housing in 2014 due to the increasing number of IT profes-
sionals (Joshi, 2014).
Additionally, the inux of migrants from rural areas further strained
the city's land use, resulting in an increase in the number of slums. The
lack of effective land use management has resulted in the unauthorized
construction of buildings. Fig. 2 depicts land use in the city of Pune from
1973 to 2011. To address the problem of growing slums in the city, the
PMC has adopted the vision of creating a slum-free city with inclusive
and affordable housing for all (PMC, 2012, p. 8). The demand for afford-
able housing in seven citiesDelhi-NCR, Mumbai (MMR), Bengaluru,
Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, and Punehas resulted in opportunities
for builders worth $11.8 billion (PTI, 2015d).
2.7. Urban transportation
Transportation and trafc congestion is a major challenge in Pune.
The increase in the number of privately owned vehicles, the unpaved
and narrow roads, the lack of parking spaces, and inefcient and limited
public transportation systems characterize Pune's urban infrastructure
(Wang, Fang, & Shi, 2011). The increased population and urbanization
have substantially increased demand for transport and privately
owned vehicles. There were 0.16 million registered vehicles in Pune in
1985, which increased to 0.59 million in 2000 and almost doubled to
1.15 million in 2009 (Patil, 2013). Due to the poor public transportation
system, two wheelers are the preferred mode of transportation. In 2013,
the city had three million privately owned registered vehicles, two mil-
lion of which were two wheelers. Moreover, 20,000 new vehicles are
registered per month (Bende, 2013). The increase in the number of pri-
vately owned vehicles has resulted in massive trafc congestion and re-
duced driving speeds ranging from 15 km/h to 35 km/h (Kamble,
Mathew, & Sharma, 2009). The public transportation system is unable
to keep pace with the increasing demand, which has resulted in an in-
crease in the number of private vehicles and thus increased trafc
congestion.
In addition, cycling and walking comprise about 3335% of the total
trips in Pune (PMC, 2013.). However, current transportation infrastruc-
ture is not suitable for pedestrians and cyclists. Only 47 km of 1922 km
of roads in the city have cycle tracks (PMC, 2012). The lack of adequate
transportation infrastructure has led to an increase in the number of ac-
cidents involving pedestrians and cyclists (Wang, Fang, & Shi, 2011). To
divert motorized vehicle trafc and reduce congestion, the Maharashtra
State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC) has proposed the con-
struction of a ring road around Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad. The
MSRDC presented a proposal to PMC ofcers that details the construc-
tion of a six-lane ring road covering an area of 161.73 km at a cost of
INR 10,408 cr (approximately $1571.7 million) (Nambiar, 2013). It is
anticipated that the construction of the ring road will result in reducing
the outbound trafc owing through Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad. Fig.
3 depicts the transportation network in Pune.
Over the years, several initiatives have been proposed to improve
public transportation in Pune. For example, the rst bus rapid transit
system (BRTS) in India was started in Pune in 2006 as a pilot project
with the objective of motivating private vehicle users to use public
transportation instead. The BRTS comprises GPS-enabled buses and au-
tomatic and synchronized signalization in the designated bus lanes and
stations, leading to faster, more efcient, safer, and user friendly intelli-
gent automatic bus location systems and passenger information sys-
tems. The rst phase has been completed and consists of dedicated
and non-dedicated lanes (PMC, 2012). A proposal to introduce a mass
transit metro system with high carrying capacity in Pune and the Pune
Metropolitan area was approved by the Maharashtra government in
June 2012 (Fig. 4: Metro Rail First Phase) (Chitransh, 2012).
In addition to roads and railways, air travel provides domestic and
international connectivity for the city of Pune. There are two main rail-
way stations in Pune, Pune Junction and Shivaji Nagar Station. Approx-
imately 100 trains connect Pune to other big cities in India. Further, the
Lohegaon International Airport operates domestic and international
ights (B. D. Karve Research and Constancy Cell, n.d). In 2014, 50 do-
mestic ights connected Pune and other major cities in India. To im-
prove connectivity, the Pune airport authority announced the addition
of 14 domestic ights (dna, 2014a). In 2015, four more new domestic
ights were added (4 new ights to y out of Pune airport, 2015).
To increase global connectivity, the Maharashtra government proposed
building a new international airport in Pune. However, due to land ac-
quisition issues, the government is unable to move forward with this
plan. The delay in construction has resulted in an increase in the cost
of the project from INR 7000 cr (approximately $1059.8 million) in
2012 to INR 9000 cr (approximately $1362.6 million) in 2014
(Nambiar, 2014).
2.8. Environment
Rapid population growth has adversely affected Pune's environment
and increased pollution and noise levels. In 20092010, due to the in-
crease in the number of vehicles, air pollution levelsdetermined by
measuring suspended particulate matter (SPM) and respirable
suspended particulate matter (RSPM)in Pune were higher than
 R. Krishnamurthy et al. / Cities 53 (2016) 98109
Fig. 2. Pune Land use 19732011.
national standards. The increase in the population has led to increased
vehicular trafc, increased usage of diesel generators, increased con-
struction activities, increased road dust, and increased use of rewood
and biomass fuel in the slums, all of which contribute to air pollution
(Parasnis et al., 2010). In 2013, Pune's carbon footprint was approxi-
mately 4.7 million tons (dna, 2013).
The PMC is undertaking a number of initiatives for sustainable devel-
opment of the city, ranging from tracking trees to managing waste. The
PMC has started a mobile platform developed by SAP called the Mobile
Tree Census, which keeps track of the number of trees in the city. The
mobile app collects information about the trees and superimposes it
on the city's GIS map (Express News Service, 2014). In cooperation
with the PMC, an NGO called Shelter Associates has been working on
slum rehabilitation in the Dattawadi area. Shelter Associates created a
database of people living in slums and their skills. Using this data, the
NGO is working with the PMC to renew 29 slum settlements in the
Sangli area and relocate 3800 families (Johnson, 2011). Further, the
PMC has adopted a number of adaptive measures to improve waste
management. Pune aims to become a zero landll city by 2015 by
using biogas plants to decompose organic waste and convert it into bio-
gas. These plants can process 5 tons of waste in a day and generate
375 units of electricity, which is enough for 250 streetlights (Lessons
from two cities, 2014).
3. Critical evalution
The urban transformation in cities in developing countries such as
Pune presents several challenges. Scholars have long argued that as cit-
ies grow, managing resources and infrastructures become complex
(Cohen, 2006; Roy, 2009). Massive urbanization creates stress on the
environment, basic amenities, and social cohesion (Cohen, 2006). Issues
103
such as providing adequate supply of water and managing planned de-
velopment become major concern (Montgomery, 2008). Put simply,
massive inow of migrant population and rapid urbanization has (1) ex-
acerbated urban sprawl, (2) increased social fragmentation, and
(3) hampered institutional capacity, and (4) strained urban infrastruc-
tures (Cohen, 2006; Montgomery, 2008; Roy, 2009).
In this section, we discuss how massive population growth has
caused concerns in terms increase in environmental degradation, social
segregation, and erosion of institutional capacity to manage and govern
urban growth for Pune city. While the city of Pune is investing signi-
cant resources and developing master plans and guidelines for address-
ing key urban challenges, the city faces several challenges in realizing its
efforts. As a rst step, it is important to diagnose the critical challenges
facing the city that require urgent attention on the part of urban plan-
ners: addressing environmental challenges, managing inclusive growth,
and developing institutional and managerial capacity.
3.1. Addressing environmental challenges
Given the strain on critical infrastructures such as water, land, and
energy, cities need to develop strategies to effectively balance economic
growth and sustainable development. For instance, the issue of trafc
congestion is a severe problem in the city of Pune. A study conducted
by Rahane and Saharkar (2014) highlighted that six reasons contribute
to trafc congestion in Talegaon Dabhade, Pune: (1) inadequate number
of trafc police, (2) illegal encroachment of streets leading to narrow
roads, (3) increasing population, (4) higher purchasing power, (5) ille-
gal parking on streets, and (6) improper city planning, development,
and management.
To address the problem of trafc congestion, the city of Pune is
changing routes, including banning the use of certain streets or allowing
104 R. Krishnamurthy et al. / Cities 53 (2016) 98109
Fig. 3. Pune transportation network.
the use of certain roads only at certain times. For example, more than
350,000 vehicles passed through Hinjewadi IT Park in Pune, causing
trafc congestion and an increased number of accidents. To address
these issues, the trafc police banned right turns at the junction from
all four sides. Because of this ban, people traveling to the IT Park have
to spend 20 more minutes to reach their destination. Many people
were inconvenienced by this change (Ismail, 2014). While the police
took steps to curb trafc congestion, commuters felt that the change
not only increased their travel time but wasted fuel.
In addition to trafc congestion, the city of Pune faces challenges in
terms of increase in water, air, and noise pollution levels. For instance,
to control air pollution, buses, and auto rickshaws should use com-
pressed natural gas (CNG). In 2009, only 85 of the 1466 PMPML buses
used CNG and only 2719 vehicles, such as auto rickshaws and light
motor vehicles, used CNG (Parasnis et al., 2010). Emissions from these
vehicles have led to an increase in SPM, which has resulted in the in-
creased incidence of respiratory diseases. The level of RSPM in Pune is
1.5 times higher compared to national standards (TERI, 2011). When
the level of emission of suspended matters exceeds World Health Orga-
nization guidelines and is found to impact learning disability in children
and causes health issues in population (Cohen, 2006).
3.2. Managing inclusive growth and development
One of the critical challenges facing cities around the world, espe-
cially in developing countries, is managing, promoting, and developing
inclusive growth (Roy, 2009). The residents living in poor neighbor-
hoods in the developing countries have insufcient access to basic ame-
nities such as drinking water, sanitation, and electricity. Consequently,
the bad quality of life results in spread of diseases and health challenges
(Cohen, 2006). For instance, the PMC reported that out of 3683 tubercu-
losis (TB) cases in 2014, the slums in the city accounted for 80% of the
cases. However, several health experts noted that these numbers do
not reveal the full picture of the situation in the slums, as hundreds of
cases are not reported and the unhygienic conditions contribute to the
easy spread of TB in the slums (Jadhav, 2014).
The Pune city administrators are facing obstacles in trying to eradi-
cate slums in the city. For instance, the PMC noted that 88,000 people
migrated to Pune in 2006, 45,000 of which settled in slums (Jadhav,
2007). In 2011, a study conducted by Marshall NGOs revealed that
32.5% of the total population lived in slums covering 2.34% of the total
PMC land area. The NGO developed a slum atlas of Pune and presented
it to PMC ofcials. Marshall's director noted that the PMC's Environment
Status Report estimated that 40% of the total population lives in the
slums and that it had no detailed study to back up the number (TNN,
2011). The lack of data is a major challenge when it comes to eradicating
slums and providing basic amenities to slum dwellers. Having access to
extensive data is critical to develop strategies to deal with slums (City-
wide slum sanitation project, Pune (20132016), n.d.).
3.3. Developing institutional and managerial capacity
Rapid phase of urbanization has hampered the capacity of local gov-
ernment authorities to effectively plan, implement, and manage urban
growth (Cohen, 2006; Montgomery, 2008). As cities experience growth,
the process of urban management becomes complex (Cohen, 2006) and
local governments often lack managerial and technical expertise to ef-
fectively govern urban development (Montgomery, 2008). Oftentimes,
the local authorities are unable to effectively predict population growth
and manage resources for governing its diverse population (Roy, 2009).
 R. Krishnamurthy et al. / Cities 53 (2016) 98109
Fig. 4. Metro rail plan.
Local authorities lack knowledge and expertise to take-on new respon-
sibilities and accommodate growing needs of its growing population. To
effectively manage these challenges, local authorities need to develop
quality land management practices to govern the growth of urban
neighborhood (Cohen, 2006). However, many cities do not have region-
al development authorities for managing the urban growth. For in-
stance, in 2015, the Maharashtra State government announced in the
formation of PMRDA for designing and managing integrated develop-
ment for the region of Pune. The formation of PMRDA was announced
in 1997, however due to technical difculties it took more than
18 years to establish PMRDA (TNN, 2015a).
While establishing a regional agency is critical, one report noted that
unreasonable tenure coupled with a lack of power bestowed on the
mayor and the council presents a critical challenge for the city of Pune.
This form of governance and institutional design limits the power given
to the mayor and the council. For example, in the city of Pimpri-
Chinchwad, the mayor is elected for a term of 15 months (TNN, 2014b),
which is not enough time to design and implement signicant plans for
urban development and growth (Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and
Democracy, 2014). The lack of power and authority often hinder local
government from implementing and sustaining urban development
(Otiso, 2005). As the task of governing cities are becoming increasingly
complex, it is critical for urban planners to evaluate the institutional and
managerial capacity of local government for promoting integrated devel-
opment. Without adequate knowledge and expertise, city governments
will be ill equipped to manage their diverse population (Cohen, 2006).
4. A way forward: policy implications for the future
In this paper, we have highlighted the administrative, infrastructure,
environmental, and urban challenges faced by the city of Pune. While
Pune's urban planners have proposed several policy measures to tackle
105
growing urban challenges (e.g., trafc congestion, inclusive growth),
the city still faces obstacles. To effectively navigate pressing urban chal-
lenges, we identify policy areas that require the attention of urban plan-
ners. We argue that while Pune is moving towards becoming a
megacity, it still has a chance to change its trajectory to become a city
that is more sustainable, equitable, and just. However, to evolve into a
sustainable and equitable city, urban planners need to address key ur-
banization issues.
In the last few years, urban planners and international organizations
have shown renewed interest in promoting economic development in
secondary cities (Roberts, 2014a). The concept of secondary cities
emerged in the 1970s, when many developing countries faced the chal-
lenge of managing large cities that were deteriorating due to massive in-
ows of migrants, which strained the infrastructure (Otiso, 2005;
Rondinelli, 1983, 1991). The Brundtland Commission report (1987)
urged countries to develop explicit strategies to promote urban devel-
opment in small and mid-sized cities. According to the report, countries
should pay attention to developing small and mid-sized cities because
they hold tremendous resources and potential for fostering sustainable
urban growth. The rationale for developing secondary cities emanate
from both theoretical and practical perspectives.
Secondary cities have populations between 150,000 and 5 million
and perform vital governance functions within sub-national or sub-
metropolitan regions (Roberts, 2014b). Due to their size, secondary cit-
ies constitute more balanced and sustainable systems that hold promise
for economic growth and development (Ciudades, 1997; Klaufus, 2010).
If leveraged effectively, secondary cities can play critical roles in foster-
ing localized production and supply chain, a network of trade, transpor-
tation, people, and services for diversied economic bases within a
hierarchy of cities (Roberts, 2014a, 2014b). Worldwide, more than
2400 cities can be classied as secondary cities; two-thirds of these
are in Africa and Asia (Roberts, 2014b).
106 R. Krishnamurthy et al. / Cities 53 (2016) 98109
Developing and promoting secondary cities has several benets. First,
secondary cities provide jobs for rural populations and offer better quality
of living (Bolay & Rabinovich, 2004). Second, they help reduce massive
migration to large metropolitan cities (Rondinelli, 1983). Third, they pro-
mote inclusive and regional growth (Otiso, 2005; Rondinelli, 1983). For
instance, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) initiated the Secondary Cit-
ies Development Project II (Green Cities) in Vietnam. The main goal of this
project is to develop and implement integrated urban growth and envi-
ronmental improvement in three secondary cities in Vietnam. This project
will nance several programs to improve disaster response, environment
quality, and urban infrastructure to promote economic development and
inclusive growth in these cities (ADB, 2014).
Previous studies argue that developing integrated system of second-
ary cities facilitate economic growth (Bolay & Rabinovich, 2004; Deng,
2013; Johnson, 1970; Otiso, 2005; Rondinelli & Ruddle, 1978). The inte-
grated system of cities performs different functions and become essen-
tial nodes of diversied trade and commerce in a larger network of
market centers that provide diversied higher order goods and ser-
vices (Rondinelli, 1983, p. 380). Put simply, these cities act as a link be-
tween larger urban centers and rural areas.
The absence of an integrated system of cities hampers balanced eco-
nomic growth. Johnson (1970) found that countries that designed and
implemented integrated system of cities experience balanced pattern of
growth and reduced disparities between rural and urban areas. The de-
velopment of integrated system of secondary cities helps serve people
living rural areas, who can access variety of services for experiencing a
good quality of life (Rondinelli & Ruddle, 1978). Put simply, the integrat-
ed systems of cities facilitate balanced pattern of growth (Johnson, 1970)
and stimulating rural development (Rondinelli & Ruddle, 1978).
However, developing an integrated system of secondary cities is not
easy (Otiso, 2005). To develop an integrated system of cities, urban
planners need to: (1) promote public-private partnerships for providing
services, (2) improve critical infrastructures, (3) develop institutional
and management capacities, and (4) reducing social fragmentation,
and (4) develop cities as growth nodes (Cohen, 2006; Otiso, 2005;
Roberts, 2014a, 2014b). In this following section, we discuss how the
city of Pune is taking steps towards addressing the aforementioned
dimensions.
4.1. Promoting publicprivate partnerships for service delivery
The lack of data about urban infrastructure is a critical challenge for
secondary cities. Many secondary cities have inadequate information
and data about urban structure, land use, and poverty etc., which hinders
their ability to effectively develop urban policies (Roberts, 2014b). For in-
stance, as noted earlier, the PMC did not have adequate data about the
slums in the city. However, an NGO conducted an in-depth survey and
collected accurate data on the number and locations of slums. They
used this data to create a slum atlas for the city of Pune and presented it
to PMC ofcials. Thus, developing partnerships with NGOs and businesses
will become a critical component of service delivery for secondary cities.
Due to the massive growth in population, providing services is be-
yond the scope of one agency or sector. Moreover, city administrators
need to develop partnerships with businesses and NGOs to leverage
limited resources (Otiso, 2005). For instance, the PMC announced a
plan to achieve 100% municipal solid waste segregation by 2017. Ac-
cording to the plan, the PMC will strengthen its partnership with
NGOs working on garbage issues (Jadhav, 2015). By developing partner-
ships with NGOs that are already working on social issues such as pov-
erty, slums, and sanitation, the city administrators can develop insights
about grassroots situations.
4.2. Improving critical infrastructures
Given the strain on critical infrastructures such as water, land, and
energy, cities need to develop strategies to effectively balance economic
growth and sustainable development. Pune city administrators are well
aware of these challenges and are undertaking measures to develop
the city's urban space into a sustainable environment. Kunal Kumar,
the PMC Commissioner, noted that the city administration is keen on de-
veloping green and sustainable buildings. To achieve this goal, the city is
planning to work with the Indian Green Building Council (Shinde, 2015).
In addition to green buildings, the PMC has also taken measures to
address the problem of waste management and trafc congestion. On
average, each day Pune generates 12001300 tons of garbage. To ad-
dress this problem, the PMC introduced the Garbage-Free Katraj Project.
The main purpose is to dispose of garbage locally and reduce the strain
on dumping sites and to reduce transportation costs (Umbrajkar, 2011).
For this project, Mailhem Engineers developed a technology that helps
convert wet waste into biogas. The biogas produced is used to electrify
streetlights in Katraj (Dahitule, 2012).
To address the problem of trafc congestion, Pune city administrators
are undertaking several measures. The PMC conducted several studies to
assess the level of trafc and to develop a sustainable urban transporta-
tion system. These studies evaluated various transportation options,
such as a metro rail, bus rapid transit, trams, and non-motorized trans-
port. The main goal of these studies was to assess trafc mobility and
propose efcient and sustainable trafc systems. In addition, the PMC
also partnered with IIT-Bombay to develop a transportation-planning
model for the Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad areas. The main goal was to
develop a model to forecast passenger demands for the proposed
metro rail project (Rao, Kumar, & Venil, 2012).
4.3. Developing institutional and management capacity
In 2006, the PMC in partnership with Intel Corporation announced
the Unwiring Pune initiative. The goal of this initiative was to provide
Internet access everywhere in Pune (Brajeshwar, 2007). However, the
lack of infrastructure and concerns about data security derailed this ini-
tiative. In 2015, the PMC attempted to revitalize this initiative. It an-
nounced that several IT industries are working on this project. Once
implemented, users will get 50 min of free Internet service (PMC
pilot project: Get free WiFi for 50 minutes at two locations, 2015). In
addition to providing WiFi, the PMC has also announced an e-
governance project. As a part of this initiative, all departments will be
computerized and more local government services will be offered on-
line. For example, the GIS mapping of properties helped the PMC collect
more tax revenue (Umbrajkar, 2015). The use of GIS mapping will help
the PMC determine cases of land encroachment and illegal construction.
Further, the digitalization of land area will help in developing a rich da-
tabase for urban planning and development (TNN, 2015c).
In addition to digitalizing local government records, Pune also
launched a mobile-based app for disseminating trafc information.
The Pune Police Department launched this app that allows people to
get information about trafc jams, take pictures of violators, and le
complaints. The app provides users with tools to communicate with
trafc police and get trafc information in real time (Pune gets its
android based trafc app from the city trafc police department,
2014). While the city of Pune is undertaking several initiatives to im-
prove online service delivery, it needs to consider the issue of access.
Given the number of slum dwellers and the lack of infrastructure, the
city administration needs to implement online services to avoid the
challenges of inclusiveness. Despite good intentions and desires, the
lack of access to technology can widen the gap in society.
4.4. Reducing social fragmentation
One of the critical challenges facing cities around the world, especial-
ly in developing countries, is reducing social fragmentation and promot-
ing inclusive growth. The PMC's vision is to have a slum-free City by
bringing the slums into the formal system and providing them with
basic amenities (PMC, 2013). Integrating this poor population into the
 R. Krishnamurthy et al. / Cities 53 (2016) 98109
rest of the population is the biggest challenge for Pune to evolve into a
global city (Sen, Hobson, & Joshi, 2003). Unaffordable housing owing to
high land values and exorbitant construction costs led to the growth of
slums. The government has to ensure the provision of affordable housing
to this segment of the population in order to maintain the city's quality of
life. A Slum Rehabilitation Authority has been established to work out a
sustainable model to create housing for slum dwellers by giving incen-
tives to private builders in the form of Sale Floor Space Index or Transfer-
able Development Rights (PMC, 2013).
4.5. Developing cities as integrated growth nodes
A critical rst step towards planning and designing secondary cities
as growth nodes is developing a holistic approach to urban growth.
Urban planners must consider developing an integrated urban plan
that strategically connects periphery urban areas to create nodes of cit-
ies (Deng, 2013). Further, urban planners must strategically connect
urban and rural areas to promote endogenous growth (Roberts,
2014b). In other words, the urban areas must be well connected to
build the capacity of local markets. One way to achieve this objective
is to establish a regional development agency that takes a holistic plan-
ning approach to integrate and connect neighboring secondary cities. As
noted in this paper, the Maharashtra state government announced the
establishment of the PMRD to promote and implement an integrated re-
gional development plan for Pune and the neighboring area. The estab-
lishment of a regional agency can help in developing policies to manage
and control the inux of migrants into large cities. By focusing on devel-
oping integrated urban plans for the region, the agency can promote
equal and sustainable growth. Further, the agency can design strategies
and allocate resources to poor areas that lack adequate infrastructure.
5. Conclusion
In this prole, we highlighted several challenges and opportunities
faced by the city of Pune. Over the years, the city of Pune has emerged
as a prominent industrial and educational hub. Several manufacturing
and IT companies and educational institutions are expanding their
bases in Pune. Due to the presence of a diverse industrial and educational
base, the city has attracted a massive migrant population from other
parts of India and from foreign counties. It has also attracted unskilled
migrants from surrounding rural areas who come in search of jobs and
a better quality of living. The massive population growth has led to un-
even growth, increased trafc congestion, and a strain on the city's criti-
cal infrastructures. To effectively manage and mitigate these challenges,
the city administrators have implemented several projects, ranging from
the construction of a ring road to solid waste management.
The efforts undertaken by the city of Pune offers several lessons to
other secondary cities in India and developing countries in general. As
Cohen (2006) rightly notes, while cities throughout the world exhibit
an incredible diversity of characteristics, economic structures, levels of
infrastructure, historic origins, patterns of growth, and degrees of for-
mal planning; yet, many of the problems that they face are strikingly fa-
miliar (p. 75). First, urban planners need to critically evaluate the issue
of inclusive growth and social fragmentation. As a rst step, planners
need to collect and develop databases for accurately understanding
the rich-poor disparities. Second, urban planners need to strengthen
partnerships with businesses and NGOs for service delivery. Further,
these partnerships can help urban planners collect accurate data about
the urban sphere and how people interact with their urban environ-
ment. Third, planners need to develop robust critical infrastructures
for meeting the demands of the growing population. Managing critical
infrastructures is quintessential for the growth and development of
the city. Fourth, urban planners are required to invest in information
and communication technologies for improving the institutional and
managerial capacity. As cities evolve, developing the expertise and
knowledge of the city administrators will become a critical asset for
107
governing and managing urban complexities. Fifth, urban planners
should plan, design, and implement an integrated system of cities as
nodes for promoting economic growth. By leveraging resources
(e.g., physical and human), cities can move towards becoming sustain-
able and equitable while maintaining its competitive edge.
Source: http://www.puneprime.com/City_Guides/Maps.htm
Source: Mundhe & Jaybhaye (http://www.slideshare.net/
mundhenitin8/nitin-mundhe-change-detection-analysis).
Source: http://www.mapsondia.com/maps/maharashtra/districts/
pune.htm
Source: http://constro2014.blogspot.com/2013/11/pune-metro-
railway-dream-project.html.
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