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L L qk , q k , t
Let us introduce a new function H, known as
Hamiltonian, a function (p, q, t) and defined as
H pk q k L qk , q k , t
k
2
1 mq k2
q k L qk , q k , t
k q k
2T L
T V E (total energy )
dy
such that y'
dx
The dependence of y on x is not specified initially.
We have to choose the path of integration i.e. y(x) such that
J has stationary value.
x2
J f ( y, y ' , x)dx
x1
2 1/ 2
dy
1 dx
dx
The total distance between two points having co-ordinates (x1, y1)
and (x2, y2) is given by
2 1/ 2
x 2, y 2 x 2, y 2 dy
J ds 1 dx
x1, y1 x1, y1
dx
dy
such that y'
dx
We get,
2 1/ 2
dy 2 1/ 2
f ( y , y ' , x ) 1
1 y'
dx
If J is to be minimum, it must be satisfied Euler- Lagrangian
Equation. Therefore,
d 2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2
(1 y ' ) (1 y ' ) 0
dx y ' y
d y'
or 2 1/ 2
0
dx (1 y ' )
y'
or 2 1/ 2
c
(1 y ' )
c c
or y' 2 1/ 2
a ( where a 2 1/ 2
is const )
(1 c ) (1 c )
dy
or a
dx
or y ax b
Where, b is constant of integration.
Which is the equation of a straight line. Hence Eulers equation
predicts that the shortest distance between two fixed points in a
plane is a straight line.
(ii). Equation of a curve which when revolved about y axis
gives minimum surface of revolution.
dy
such that y'
dx
We get,
2 1/ 2
f ( y, y ' , x) x 1 y '
and
If J is to be minimum, it must be satisfied Euler- Lagrangian
Equation. Therefore,
d 2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2
x (1 y ' ) x (1 y ' ) 0
dx y ' y
d xy '
or 2 1/ 2
0
dx (1 y ' )
xy ' 2 2 2 2
or a or y ' ( x a ) a
(1 y '2 )1/ 2
dy a
or y ' 2
dx ( x a 2 )1/ 2
The general solution of this differential equation is
dx x
y a 2 2 1/ 2
b a arccos h b
(x a ) a
y b
or x a cosh
a