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MB No 831
Cflano b H a 6o p 12.12.77. r i O A n H c a H O a n e i aT b 31.05.78. T-06053. <t o p M a r 60X 90' / i - Bynara T H n o r p a c J ) C K a s N s 2.
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npHTOMiHOMy pejKHMy Ha KOH UeHT p Hip OB aHHbl X cpeAax cT ajiH npHMeHHTb
h a-i nojiyqewHH TOBapHbix AposoRefi.
MaTeMaT H'iecKoe onncaiHHe npouecca pocTa MHKpoopramn - mob, b tom micJie
Apo>K>KeH, 6biJio CAe/iaHo a^ nepHOAHêcKoro KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH [14, 15, 36,
45, 49, 50],
<l>a3bi pocTa
OorJiacHo coBpeM eHHbiM npeACT aBjieHHHM pa3MH0ceHHe mhk-

pb0praHH3M0B npoxoiAHT uiecTb ({)a3: Jiar - (})a3y, nepexoAHyio 4>a- 3y, <f)a3y 3 kc
iiOHen uh a ji b h oro, hjih ycKoipeHHoro, pocT a, c})a3y 3a - 'MGAJieiHHoro pocTa,
cTauHonapnyio ijiasy, (iaay oTMHpamin (p'Hc. 1)
6
Bh KpH.BOH pOCTa J,pO>K>KeH MOJKeT MeHHTbCH B 33BHCHjMOCTH OT
ycjioBHH KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH [12], ho n o c ji e ao b a 'r e ji b h o c 11 . (baa
octi
eTCH T OH >Ke.
JTar-(J)a3a, hjih JiaTeHTHbiii nepHOA, b nepeBOAe c JiaTBHCKoro (latens)
0311 a
Hae-T CKpbiTbiH, BHeuiHe He npoHBjiHiomHHCH. 3tot nepHOA Ha3biBasoT
nepiHoaoM
3aj,ep>KMH pocia hjih nepHOAOM npHcnocoojieHHH, Korjia b KJieTKe
HaKanjuiaa-
iotch BemecTBa, Heo6xoAHMbie ajih nocjieAyiom,ero ;pa3MHO>KeiiHsi.
IIpaAOjiJK't-
TejibHocTb Jiar-4>a3w woxex 6wTt pa3JiH'iHOH b 3aBHCHMGCTH ot BejiHMHHbi
3ace-
ta Apo>K>KeH, B03pacTa KyjibTypbi, cbohctb KjieTKH, oycjioBjieHHbix
ycjioBHHMn
npeAinecTByiomero KyjibTHBHpoBanHH, Apyrax ij)aKTopoB. Tax, b ana9po6Ho
CTaflHH inpoAOJiKHTejibHOCTb Jiar -(j)a3bi cocTaBJineT 4 a na
nocjieAOBaTejibHbix
a:-po6Hbix CTaAHsix 2,5 h 1 q [12], B JiaTeHTHbiii nep.HOA 6HOMacca MoweT
He yBeJiHHHBaTbcs BCjieACTBHe pacxo.na Ha /KH3efle5iTejibHOCTb 3anacnbix
Be-
U(eCTB K J i e T K H i[5].
iB KOime Jiar-c[)a3bi APO> K> KH ns'iHHaioT pac, HTO xapaKTapHO AJia nepe-
xoAHOro nepOAa k cjie^yiomefl <}>a3e 4>a3e 3KcnoneHUHajibnoro pocTa. B
npoH3BOA'CTBeHHbix ycJioBHHX nepe-
xo^Hbiii nepHOA 6biBaeT obiqwo o'ieHb
HeCojibuiHM no BpeMetm.
SKcnoHeHiiHajibHasi (J)a3a naabi-
BaeTCH TaiK n0T0My, > ITO nppocT 6 HO -
Maiccbi MAeT no KPHBOH , xoTopyio b
MaTeMaHiKe Ha3biBaiOT SKcnoHeHToii.

3ry 4>a3Y Ha3 biBai0 T eme JiOiraipH^ MH-
MecKOH. (Bojiee noApooHO 06 9toiM PHC. 1. KpusaH pocia Apo/Kêfl Sac-

cm. c. 9). B aHcn&HeHUHaAb-HOH tiaae charomyces Cerevisiae npH nCp0AH,ie-
CKOpOCTb. pOCTa APOJKKCH Ha 60Jlb- CK O M KyjI bTH B H pO B a.H H H B np0H 3B 0AC T - . B 6H HbIX
maa. CyMiMapH aa 6 homscc3 0 3 paCTaeT YCJI OBHHX:
b reoMeTpHHecKOH nporpemw c no - /, I I , I I I , I V , _ . v : 4>a3bi pocTa.

CTOH'HHOH CKOpOCTbK). OAHa-KO B npo-
H3BQACTBeHHbIX yCAOBHHX, KOriAa Ha
CKOpOCTb pOCTa BAHfleT MHOTO cjiaKTO -
pOB, OKOpOCTb IMOJKeT M6HHTbCH H TIO
xqay JiorapH^Mi-FiecK-OH (})a3bi. noxa
KyjibTypa pacTeT JiorapHtjjMHnecKH, cko-
pOCTb pOCTa ne 33BHCHT OT KOHUeHT-
paiiHH cyCcTpaTa ao onpe,n.eJieHHOH iae -
nHqHHbi (4 5 ], OepHOA, b TeneHHe koto -
poro lApOJKiKH He (MeHHIOT CB0HX

CBOHCTB H paCTyT, 'H pa3MH0)Kal0TCH B |AWHaMH l ieCKH lyCTOOTHBOM COCTOH iHHH, K3 K
inpaBH AO, CbiBaer HanpoAOJixHTejieH. 0 KonoHeHUHajibHaa ic>a3a nocTeneHHO jiepe-

xoamt b (j>a3y 3aMeAJieHHa pocia. 3 to CBsraaHO c TeM (JjaKTOM, mto b ycjiOBHnx
iiepHOAii'UHiKoro 'KiyjibTH'BHpoBaHHH npouecc mpoTeicseT a oahom h tom we auna-
paTe inpn n0CTeneH.H0M HCTomeHHH cpo;u>i h. HaKOiuieHiiH npoAyKTOB o6inejia.
IlHTaTeJIbHbie BCliieCTBa yTHJIHSHpyiOTCa, H 'H&AOCTaTOK HX CTaHO.BHTCH jihmhth-
pyiomHM (fiaKTopoM. Poct h paaMiiiomeHne kactok 3aMeiAJiHiOTCH. 'CnopocTb p6'cT : a
n 3tot inep,HOA nocTeneHHO naAaeT, nona HapacTaHHe iCHOMacchi He npeKpamTCfl.
KyjibTypa nepexoiA'HT b CTauHOHspHyK) (j)33y. KpHBas pocT3 hact nspsjuiejibHO
OCH 36CUHCC.
B CTauHOHapHOK (J)a3e cymccTByeT paBHOBecHe MOKAY POCTOM WHBUX H pacnaAOM
oTMepuiHx KneTOK. B 3to BpeMA He H MeHfleTCA coA.epxc.aHHe cyxHS
BeiuecTB H H SHOMaccbi apowaceft B KyjibTypajibHOH xhakocth, CHxaeTCn KOJIH - iecTB<j
noMKyiomHxcfl KJieTOK.
<J>aa OTMHpaHHfl HacTynaeT b tom cjiyMae, ecAH apomokh 0CTaKJTC5t i)
KyjibTypHoft cpeAe (noA 6pa>KK0H) AOJiroe BpeMH . H.AeT pacnaA KJieTOK, h
KpHBaa KOHuenTpauHH CnoMaccu oHHJKaenca. Ha Ka*AOM 3a0Ae Heo<5xoAjno
mptko ycTamoBHTb, KorAa cjieAyeT aaKaimiiBaTb npouecc H3 Toii hjw hhoh era
ahh, MTofibi He AonycTHTb nepexoAa Apo*5eH b CTauHoiiap'Hyio (jiasy, a tcm 6o- fle
tjaay oTMHpaHHH, ecjiH B cJieAyiomefl CTajUHH n-e*ejiaTejibiia Jiar-())a3a.
li
CnopocTb pocra
JXjih KOJiHHecxBeHHOH xapaKTepucTHKH npoueccoB pOCTa M HK- pOOpraHH3MOB

nO.JIb3yiOTCH ^ByMH nOKa3TeJIHMH: 1) aScOJIIOTHOH (BajIOBOH) H 2) OTHOCHTeJIbHOH
(yflejIbHOH) CKOpOCTbK) pocra
[14].
BajioBan (o6maa) CKOpOCTb pocTa v xapaKTepH3yeTcn a6co- viioTHbiM
npnpocTOM 6homaccbi 3a eAHHHuy BpeMeHH, iHanpHMep 3a i q. CpeAHroio
CKOpOCTb 3a KaKoft-To OTpe30i< BpeMeHH ii 0 bh- Mi'ICJlHIOT ino (J)OpMyjIe,
IB KOTOpOH X 0 BeJIHHHHa ^HOMaCCbl B Ha- qajie h X b KOiHne yroro
orpesKa,
V C9 - t to (1)
Ot BiJOBOH cjie.ayeT oTjmwaT b yaejib'Hyio (hjih othochte ji biHy io )

CKOpOCT b pocT a, noA KOTopoft noApa3yMeBaeTC qacoBoft npHpocT, p accnhtah-
h H fi na eAHHHuy pacTymeft 6H0Maccbi [14],
OcTaHOBHMCH na 3TOM ,noKa3aTejie 6ojiee noApoSno, paccMOT - pea
MaTeMaraqecKoe anca'He pocTa hhcjibhhocth Apo>K>KeBbix KJieTOK, hjih
KOJi.H i iec,TBa &HOMaccbi. B Haqajie npouecca, KorAa ApoH/KH (hjih Jiiofibie
Apyrne MHKpoopra'HH3Mbi) nonaAaiOT B CBC - KyiO CpeAV, HHCJleHHOCTb
KJieTOK yBejlHHHBaeTCH CO CKOpOCTbIO, nponopuHOHaJibHoft
KOJinqecTBy pa3MHO>KaioinH'XCH oco6efi X u citopocTH
ecTecTBeHHoro npnpocTa r, KOTopaa paBHa cKopocTH pas- MHOJKeHHji {31,
45]:
dX
(2>
BejimHa r onpeAejiaeTCH KaK pa3H0CTb ,Me>Kfly yAeJibHoii cko - ipOCTbK)

p33M!IIOJKHH'H, HJIH YAejIbiHOH CKOpOCTbK) pOCTa (. 1 , H yAeJIblHOH
CKOpOCTbIO OTMHpa-HHH B.
r = IX e.
Ecjih npeHepe^b OTMHpaHHeM kjictok (b flp 0 >i<>KeB 0 M npons- BOACTBe

OTMHpaHHH, KK lIpaBHJIO, H6 HaOJIICAaeTOl), TO r=\K II (JlOpMVJia (2) IipHMCT bha
d X
------ = IX X .
dt i
3Ta 4>opMyjia BnepBbie 6biJia BbiBOACHa Moho [49] k a chx n -

op UlHpOKO npHMQHHeTCH RJlf l KOJIliqeCTBeHHOnO OnHCaHHfl
AHHa- mh.ku pocTa noMaocbi. IlpoHi3BeAH rape0 ! 6pa!30BaHH h peuiHB y-
paiKiienue othochtg jibHo X c iHaâjibHMMH ycjioBHHiMiH X= X 0 m t
0, 9Ty 4>opMy.jiy mojkho npeACTasHTb b cjieAyJomeM BHAe:
,V X , ^ , . (3)
8.
nie X KojiHqecTBo pa3M!io>KaromnxcH kjictok, hjih 6noMaccu;
X 0 HaâjiLHOe KOJiH'iecTBO KJieTOK, hjih 3aceHHH0H OHOMaccu:
e 0CH0Ba-HHe HaTypajibHHx jiorapinc|)MOB (eZ,718281.):
ii yaejibHaa citopocTb pocTa:
t B.peMH npouecca pa3MHO>Ken>iH, HJIH iiaHonjiemis 6noMaccw
ypaBH6HHe (3) HBJIieTCH Bbipa>KeHHeM SKCnOHeHUHajIbHOM

4)yHKUHH. 3 TO ypaBHeHHe H xa.paKTepn3yeT npnpocT SnoMaccbi BO
BpeMH 3Kcn0HeHu,HajibH0H ()a3bi pocra.
JI or ap H<) MHp oBaH He (Ji opM yji w (3) r i pHBO fl HT K Btr p ace HHi o
In X -- n t -f- In X 0 ,
Koropoe AaeT npHMyio jihhhio b KoopflMHaTax lnX, i. 3to 03HMa-

CT, l ITO B AaHHOH (})a3e JIOTapHljM KOJIHHeCTBa 6H0MaeCbI yBeJIHHM -
BaeTCH C IIOCTOHiHHOH CKOpOCTbK), nOSTOMy 3 KC riOH e'H U H a JI b H a a
<\)H-
3a Ha3biBaeTC5i TaioKe H jiorapHtJjMHHecKOH [31].
SK cn oH eHi i i Haji bHaH c[)a3a xapaK T epH3y eTCH M aRCH Maji bHO H
CK opocTb fo p ocTa , nosTO My B (Jj opM yji e (3) BM CCTO II, M OJKH O nofl -
craBHTb ji max :
X : Ao A1*'.
TaK KaK }.i npaKTHHecKn HHKOrfla He ôcTiiraeT sHaneHHj jXmax,

vUajibHeHiuRx paccyjKfleHHax pe^b HACT O peajibuo y^jejibHoii
TO B
CKOpOCTH pocTa.
Ha fia CM jx, peuiHB ypaoHeHHe (3) nyTeM JI OT ap H (J JM iip o B a H H H :
X
ln-
Xn
(X = (4)
B cbh3h c TeM hto yflejibHyio cKopocTb pocTa HHorfla Heofixo - flHMO 3H3Tb
3a K3K0H-T0 OIipefleJieHHblH IipOMOKyTOK BpeMeHH, B 3iiaMeHaTejie CTaBHT
He npodo t, a t't 0 , rê t KOHeiHoe, a to HaâjibHoe epeMH oTcêTa.
<>opMyjia (4) npHMeT bha
In
Xn
(5)
t- t 0
9r a cj)ODMy.na MOJKer 6biTb HanHcaHa h TaK:
In X In X n
(i= -
flecaTHqHtix Jiorap 4)Max
*
2,3 lg-
2.3(lg*-lg*0)
t --
H JI H \x =
(6)
PasMepHocTb fi H _1 BbiTeKaeT H3 (JiopMyjibi (4).
H 3 npHBefl-eHHbix ypaiBHeHHH cjieAyeT, hto yAejibHaa cKopocTb pocTa 3aBHCHT
ot Maccbi 3aceBaeMbix h nojiynaeMbix Apo>K>KeH, a T3K>Ke ot
np 0fl 0j]>KHTejibH 0CTH npouecca. OHa npHMO nponopu.no- HajiMia KOJiHHecTBy
Bbipocmen finoMaccu H o6pamo nponopuno- HaJibHa KOJiHHecTBy 3aceBHbix Apo:xoKeH > H
BpeMeHH npouecca.
Ecjih npouecc BKJiioqaeT BpeMH CKJiaAKH h AOspeBannH, to, icaK npaBHJio,
BpeMfl CKJiaAKH He yHHTbiBaeTcn b pacêTe ymejiu - Hoft CKOpOCTH pocTa
ApojKxeii. BMecTe c TeM neT eAHHoro MHe- hhh, yHHTbiBaT b jiu b pacneTe aToro
noKa3aTeJia BpeM, otboak- Moe Ha A03peBaHHe. B nocjieAyioiUHX pacqeT ax
yflejibHaa cKopocT b pocTa pacc^HTaHa c yncTOM BpeMeHH A03peBanHH. B
OTAejibHbix npHMepa x npHBen,eHH ABa sHaneHH stoto noxasaTejia c ynetom
BpeMeHH A03peBaiHHH h 6e3 nero.
HTo6bi 6oJiee oiuvthmo npeACTaBHTb 4)H3HqecKHii cmhcji cxo- Pocth pocTa,
nojib3yioTC5i noKa3aTe;ieM nacoBoro npHpocTa aPojk- >Keft. Ecjih H3BecTHa
yAejibHaa cKopocTb, to BejimnHy nacoBoro npnpocTa HaxoAflT no TaSjinue
aHTHJiorapmfiMOB. HanpHMep. VAeJibHon cKopocTH, paBHOH 0,157, no TafijiHue
aHTHJiorapH()MOB cooTBeTOTByeT hmcjio 1,17. BeJiHHHiHa e^ 1,17 h ecTb
ko3(Jh|)huh- eHT qacoBoro npnpocTa Apo>K}KeH. .Hjih haxw KAennH aToro noxa-
3aTeJia no 3HaqeHHHM yAeJibHoft cKopocTH B npeAOJiax OT 0,010 ao
0, 390 cocTaBJieHa Ta6ji. 1 npnjio>KeHHH. AHajrorHHHbie cBeAenna
HMeroTCH n B cnpaBOHHHKe TexHOJiora ApojK)KeBoro np0H3B0ACTBa
[24],
0603'HanHM KOS^nuneHT qacoBoro npnpocTa nepe3 a. 3aMe- hhb b c)>opMyjie (3)

BbipajKeHne e* Ha a, nojiyraM cjieAyioiuyio
3aBHCHMOCTb:
X = X 0 a>.
riOJIb3yHiCb (J)OpMyjIOH (7), MOJKHO HaHTH KOJIHHeCTBO BbipOCHieH

SHOMaccbi, ecjiH H3BeexHbi noKa3aTejin X 0 , an t. ,3,jih odjiemeHHft pacqeTOB
cocTaBJieHa BcnoMoraTejibHaa Tafiji. 2 [22], npHBeAen- naa b npHJio*eHHH.
IpHMep. 3a 7 q npoueoca npn 3aceBe 900 Kr b annapaTe nojiyqeHO 3000 w flpOHOKe.
CpeflHHH y*ejibHaa cKopocTb pocTa no cfcopMyê (4)
3000
" 900 I n 3,333
t 7 . 7
KoscJjcjwuneHT cpeAHenacoBoro npnpocTa no Ta6jmue aHTHJio- rapmjntois

(cm. Ta OJI .1n p h JI o JKe h H h ) paBen 1,1877. Bth3Kh II o BeJiHHHHe pe3yjibTaT
(1,19) mojkho nojiyMHTb, ecjiH nojibaoBaTbcn Ta6ji. 2 npHJio>KeHHH, no KOTOpoH a
HaxoAar AJIH OTHOineHHH
Ta.6JIHu.a1
AScOJllOTHblH H jOTHOCHTeJl bHblH inpiipOCT ftpO>K)Keii npH CTOCTOHHHOH CKOPOCTH -pOCTa
Macbt KO^HMeC TBO K 03( ) C f ) H U , H e H T KOJIHMeCTB A 6cojik)t- JlorapH())M OTH O C HTC J 5 b

npo J ip OM OKe fi B Ha - MacoBoro O ApOJKJKeH Hbin npn- KOJIHMeC TBZt HM npnpocT {paa -
uecca M a jie M a c a , K T n p n p oc Ta B KOH ue P O C T A p O > K - 6HOMaCCbI b nocTb jiora-
Maca, KT >KeH, KT koh u e Maca PH(J)MOB no
nacaM)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CKJia&- 900 900 6,8024
Ka ?00 1,1877 1068,9 168,9 6,9746 0 172

1
2 10i 8,9 1,1877 1269,6 200,7 7,1468 0 172'
3 1269,6 1,1877 1507,9 238,3 7,3186 0 172
4 1507,9 1,1877 1790,9 83,0 7,4906 0 172
0 1790,9 1,1877 2127,0 3'-6,1 7,6625 0,172
6 2127,0 1,1877 2526,0 399,0 7,8344 0,172
7 2526,0 1,1877 3000 474,0 8,0064 0,172
E CJIH pa3 MHO > K eu H e n&eT c IIOCTOJHHOH VAejibHOH cKopocTbio

0, 172, TO npnpocT ApotOKeft 6y/ieT yBeJiHHHBaTbcn e>KeHacHO B
1,1877 pa3a, T . e. B npoueHTHOM Bbipa>KeHHH npupocT cocTaBMT 118,77% OT
nepBOHaqajibHOH BeJiHHHHbi, HJIH na 18,77% b nac.
B Ta6ji. 1 npHiBefleH npHMep pacneTa aficojiioTnoro h on-iocHTejib- r,oro
npHpocTa Aposoneft no 3aAaHHOMV KostjjtJjHUHeHTy nacoBoro npnpocT a (rpaiâ
3), BeJiHHHHa KOTOporo (1,1877) ocTaeTcn noctohhhoh b reneHne npouecca.
Poct HAeT b ycKopnioiueMCH reM- ne no 3aKOHy reoMerpHHecKOH nporpeccmi
co 3HaMeHaTejieM, paB- hhm 1+0,1877=1,1877. Ecjih o6o3HaHHTb BeJIHHHHbl
SHOMaCCb 3a Ka>KAbiH nac nepe3 X 0 , X \ , X 2 h t. a., to noJiynHM
cJieAyromvte cooTHomeHHH:
Xt X2 X3
- ' - = - = 1,1877.
-V,
CjieAosaTejibHo, agcojnoTHbift npupocT (rpaâ 5) 3a Kakflbifi 'iac 6yAeT

yBejiHHHiBaTbCH no xOAy npouecca. OTHOCHTeJibHbiH, npn-
POCT OCT aeTCH HH3MeHHbIM H paBHbIM yAeJIbHOH CKOPOCTH pOCT a
0, 172 (rpaa 7).
CpeAHHH aocoJiioT HbiH npupocT 6HOMaccbi no (iopMyjie (1) co ci aBHT
i> cp = (3000 - 900): 7 = 300 i<r/o.
E CJI H b xoAe TexHOJiorHHecKoro npouecca HeoSxoAUMQ suaib

K03cJ)4)HUHeHT nacoBoro npnpocTa ApoJKjKeft (KHFm,), to ero Ha- xoaht Kax
OTHOiueHHe KOJiHHecTBa HMeioiunxcH b annapaTe ApQJK- >.\efi ,Ha^ A a HHbiH nac k
Maoce ApojKêii npeAbiAymero naca. A6co - IKDTHblH npHpOCT GHOMaCCbl 3a 1
1 X, BbIHH'CJIHIOT IIO pa3HOCTH 3THX KOJIHHeCTB ApOXOKeft. Ero MOJKHO
paCCHHTaT b H IIO KOS^Cj!-
UiieHTy qacoBoro npnpocTa, npHHHB KOJiHHecTBo Apo>K>KeH npeflbi - flymero qaca
3a 1. OopMyjia (7) npHMeT BH A
X, = A'o(-l), (8)
r/i,e X0 KOJTH'iecTBo ,n,po}K}Keft b npeabiflymHH l iac; a KMnfl.
B npHBefleHHOM Bbiiue npnMepe 6H0Macca b KOHue nmoro Maca paBna 2127 Kr, b KOHn.e
me cTor o 2526 KT , a= 1,1877, aScojn ow biH q ac oB oft npupocr na rnecTOM nacy coc Ta Bji ae T
jsfa = 2127 (1,1877 1) = 399 Kr.

3to xe K0JiHqecTB0 nojryiaeTCH no pa3Hoc 2526 2127 = 399 Kr.
C TeneHHek BpeMeHH cKopocT b pocT a MO>KeT ocTasaTbCH no - CTO H H HO H , xaK B
HauieM npnMepe, yBejiHHHBaTbca H JI H y6biBab. n P H noBbimaiomeHCH, KaK H npn

HeMHoro ybiBaromeft cKopocT H, pocT MfleT no HapacT aiomeft KPH BO H , OAHaKO
ôpMyjia reoMeTpu- Mec.KOH nporpeccHH B S TH X cjiynaax HenpHroflHa, T aK KaK
O OO TH O - meHHe KOJiHHecTBa finoMaccu no nacaM ne 6yn,eT HeH3M6HHbiM.
KaK ycTaHOBjieHo paAOM Hcc,neAOBaTejieH [2, 29, 33, 38, 51, 52], xJieSoneKapHbie
apojkjkh pa3MHO<aroTca H HaKanjiHBaioT 6hom3c- cy He c nocTOHHHof i, a c
nepeMeHHoft cKopocT bK), npn stom b nana - Jie npouecca cKopocTb B03pacTaeT , a
3aTeM ySbiBaeT. Taxoe H3- MeHeHHe ckopocth no xoAy npouecca 3aBHCHT ot
KaqecTBa cupba, (j)H3H0Ji0rnqecK0H 3Kthbhocth KyjibTypbi, ycjiobhh
KyjibTHBHpoBa- HHH H ApyrHX 4>aKTO pOB.
npHMep c nepeMeHHOH cKopocT bio pocTa Apo>K>Keft npHBeAen B Tafiji. 2.
T a< 5 JI H u a 2
npnpocT ApoiKweii ripn nepeMeHHoft CKOPOCTH pocTa

M acb i KOJI HHeC TB O Ko9 (} > < j)Hm je HT KOJI HM eC TB O A6 C O J I I O T - J lor ap Hf JhM OTHOC HTe ilbH
n po a poJK^ceu b Ha - MacoBoro f lpO> K> Ke H B Hb if t n p n - KOJI HM eC TB a b lf t npwp oc T
M a jie Ma ca , K T n pnp oc Ta p OC T 6 HOMa ccb i B (p a3- noc Tb
u ecc a KOHue Mac a ,
p O> K- KOHue Ma ca y ior a-
KT
>Ken, i<r p HC f )M OB no
M ac aM )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
C'Kjiaj 900 _ '900 _ 6,8024

s*
Ka 900 1,13 1017 117 6,9247 0,122
1
2 1017 1,15 1170 153 7,0648 0,140
3 1170 1,17 1369 199 7,2219 0,157
4 1369 1,19 1629 260 7,3958 0,174
5 1629 ! ,20 1955 326 7,5781 0,182
6 1955 1,18 2307 352 7,7437 0,166
7 2307 1,16 2675 368 7,8918 0,148
HaJiH3Hpya Aa-HHHe Tafiji. 2, MOJKHO BHAfiTb, HTO K09(J)!<|) HUH - CHT

qacoBoro npnpocTa cnanajia yBejiHHHBaeTca, 3aTeM ybiBaeT, a aScoJnoTHoe
KOJinqecTBO fHOMaccbi (rpac})a 4) Bce BpeMa pac- TeT,. cooTBexcTBeHHo
yBejiH^HBaeTcsi h a6cojuoTHbift npupocT 6n o-
, r
Maecw (rpacjja 5). OTHOcHTejibHbi npHpocT (rpacj)a 7), h3M6hsrt - Cfl B
COOTBeTCTBHH C R09<>()HUHeHT0M HaCOBOTO npHpOCTa CH3- qajra
B03pacTaeT, 3aieM cHHjKaeTcn. He 06 x 0 flHM 0 OTMeHTt, qro BeJiHHHHa
oT'HocHTejiyHoro npHpocTa cooTBeTCTByeT aHTHJiorapHtJ)- My qacoBoro
npnpocTa, t. e. HBJiaeTca yaeJibHOH cKopocTbK) pocra JipOJKJKeH.
CpeiflHeqacoBaH yaejibHaa cKopocTb no c jopMyjie (4) jjin stofo npHMepa
6yueT
2675
ln ln
900 _ ln 2,972
cpeflHeqacoBofi npHpocT a no ra6ji. npHJio>KHHH pasen 1,163.

CpeflHeqaGOBaH BajioBaa cKopocTb pocxa no cf)opMyjie () 6v- Act (2675
900) : 7 = 253,6 Kr.
TaKHM 06pa30M, saâBascb toh hjih hhoh cioopocTbio pocxa jpoJKKeH,
'peajibiHOH ajih koh wper H bi x ycjiOBHfi nponaBOACTBa, npH HajiHqHH
6jiaronpHHTHOH cpeflbi mo>kho paccvHTTb npouecc bh- paiUHsaHHH
Apo>K>KeH TaK, HTO S H nojiyqaTb ejiaeMoe KOJiHqecrso SHOMaCCbl. npH 3TOM
HeO(5XOAHMO HMCTb B BHfly, HT O H3 CKOpOCTb pocTa BJIHHIOT MHOFHe
CjjaKTOpbl, KOTQpblX, COrJiaCHO 3a6pOACKOMy [11], ne MeHee 22. B
TexnojrornqecKHx pacqeTax yqnTbiBaiOT HeKO- TOpbie H3 HHX, Hanp'HMep
BHXOA 6HOMaCCbI Y , aKTHiBHOCTb Kyjlbry- Pbi (3, KOHueHTpauHK) SnoMaccbi (X K p ) h
cy6cTpaTa S 0 , oSecneqen- HOCTb KJieTOK KHCJIOpOiflOM Kr, CKOpOCTb
pa36aBJieHHH cpeAbi D.
BejiHMHHa 3aceea flpo)KjKeH H np0fl0Ji*HTejibH0CTb npouecca
XoA TexHOJiorHqecKoro npouecca 3aBHCHT ne rojibi<o |ot cKopo- CTH pOCT a,

HO H OT BeJIHqHHbl 3aC6Ba ApOSCJKefl Xg H npOflOJI JKH- T ejibiiocTH npouecca t.
BM-ecre c reM 3aceB .npoKJKefi bnpetnejfl eTCH yAeJibHOH CKopocTbK} pocr a, a
BpeMH 33bhcht ot saceea. BsaHMocBH3b 9thx napaMeT pOB BbipajKena b
ypaBHeHHax yaejibhoh ckopocth (4) h (5), h (jopMyjibi ^jia hx onpeaeJieHHH
bhibo- kt H3 9thx ypaBHeHHH. TaK, BejiHqHHy 3aceBa naxo^HT no <>op- Myjie
(9).
in X 0 = ln X jx t.
(9) cjieayeT , hto KOJinqecTBo 3aceBHbix apo>K- 5Ke 33BHCHT

H 3 (J)opMyjibi
ot KOHeqHoro npHpocTa dnoMaccbi X, a raKxce ot yAejibHoft ckopocth pocra
,flpojK*eft jj. h npo&ojijKHTejibHOCTH npouecca t. 4eM HH>Ke CKOpOCTb pOCTa,
TeM 6ojlbUie aOJIJKCH gbITb 3ac6B Apo>KjKe, h qeM npof tOJiKHTeJibHee
npouecc, TeM MeHbiue rpe6yeTCH 3aceBHbix ApoaoKeft. fljia onpeuejieH.HH
KOjinqecTBa 3a- ceBHbix jxpojKJKe Heo&xoAHMo b cJjopMyjiy (9) HO&cTaBHTb
3Haqe- hhh X, fx H t. CaejiaB HeofixoAHMbie BbmHCJieHHH, 3aTeM no Ta6jm - ue
aHTHJiorapH^MOB axoAHT BejiHqimy X 0 . TaKo nyTt pacqera
ijoBOJibiHO CJ 10 K 6 H. OntpeiaeJieHHe X 0 mojkho yinpocTHTb, waHAa
x
no TaSjiHiie 3 ; HTH Jiorap-Hicj MOB HHCJIO , jiorapH'()w KOToporo ln -------------------
*0
paBeH BejiHHKHe \ y t. X 0 H 3 XOA T , p33AeJiHB X na 3 TO HHCJIO .
Kojihh6ctbo 3aceBHbix AposoKe X c mojkho hshth TaK>Ke H3 ypaBHeHHH
(7), ecjiH bmccto p H3BecTeH KOstJxJjHUHeHT cpeA'Heqa- coBoro npHpocTa
Apo>KJKeH a,
SHaqeHHe a 6epyT H3 t36ji. 2 npHJio>KeHHa no BejiHHHHe naco- Boro

npnpocTa a h npOAOJiX'HTejibHOCTH npouecca i .
IIomhmo onpeAejieHHa KOJiHHecTBa 3aceBHbix Apo>KJKeH b a6co - JiiOTHbix
eAHHHU,a.x (Kr, t), b Apo?K>KeBOM np0H30ACTBe onepnpy - iot noKa3aTeêM
BeJiHHWHbi 3aceBa, Bbipa>KaeMbiM b oraocHTeJib - Hbix eAHHHuax npoueHT ax
ot Maccbi Mejiaccbi ashhoh ctsahh. 3thm noK333T ejieM nojib3yioTca npn
cocT 3BJieHHH TexHOJiorH'ie - ckoh cxeMbi BbipamHBaHHa Apo>K>KeH no CT 3AHaM.
rTp0A0Ji>KHTeJibH0CTb npoueccs cjieAVioiunii ochobhoh noKa - 3aTejib
TSXHOJiorHHecKoro n,poueoca 06 ycji 0 BJiHB 3 eTca yAeJibHo cKopocTbio
pocTa, KOJiHHecTBOM 3aceBaeMbix h nojiyqaeMbix apo>k - >Kefi^ BpeMH
npouecca hsxoaht no TeM ce tjjopMyjiaM (4) hjih (5):
X
ln ------
H-
H3 (j)opMyj[bi (11) cjieAyeT, hto npoAOJi>KHTeJib:HOCTb npouecca

onpeAe;ia:eTca KOJiHnecTBOM 6HOMaecbi, Koropyio HeofixoAHMo Ha - KonnTb b
Apo>K>Kepa:CTHJibHOM annapaTe (npaMaa 33BHCHM0CTb). C ApyroH
CTopo.HbT, BpeMa npouecca 33bhcht ot KOJiaqecTBa 3a - ceBHbix Apo*>KeH h
yAejibHo ckopocth pocTa (odpaTHaa 33bhch- MOCTb). ^leM 6ojibme 33ceaH0
ApOHOKeft hjih qeM Bbirne yAeJibHaa CKopocTb pocT3 hx, TeM Kopone MO>KeT
6biTb npouecc.
ripoAOJIJKHTeJIbHOCTb npOUeCC3 MO/KHO OnpeAeJIHTb He TOJIbKO no
tbopMVJie ( H ) , HO H no t36ji. 2 npHJio>KeHHH, 3Haa BejiHiHHy
x
K03(|)Cj)iHUHeHT3 H3C0B0TO npHp0CT3 H BbIHHCJIHB OTHOIIieHHe ------- ---
XQ
13K.HM 06p330M, H3 npHBeAeHHOH X3p3KTepHCTHKH nOI<a3aTe -

Jie X Q h t bhaho, mto, BapbHpya hx 3Ha<ieH'Ha, mojkho noAo6paTb
H3H6oJiee 0nTHM3JIbHbie COOTHOUieHHH 3THX nap3MCTpOB B TeXHO-
.norHHecKOM npouecce.
H H CJI O yABOeHHii H BpeMn yABoeHHH 6MOMaccbi
P 33M-H0>KeHHe ApO>K>KeiBbIX KJieT OK IipOHCXOAHT nyTCM nOHKO -

B3HHH. B pa3MH0>KaK)IUeHCfl KVJlbType oSbWHO npHCyTCTBVIOT KJleTKH
p33H0ro B03paCTa, n03T0My OHH paCTyT C pa3JIHHHOH CKO- 14
pocTbio. BcJieacTBHe 3Toro BpeMH, Heo6xoAHMoe Ha yABoeHHe mic-
;ia KJieTOK (TaK Ha3biBaeMoe BpeMH reHepaunH), He paBHO npo -
AOJIKHTeJIbHOCTH yABOeHHH SHOMaCCbl H HHCJIO reHepaUHH HeJIb -
3H OTOJKABCTBJIHTb C HHCJIOM VAB06HHH 6HOMaCCbI. loCJieAHHH yBe -
jiHqHBaeTCH B Aa pa3a no Macce, a He no nncjiy KJieTOK. OopMy -
Jia AJIH pacneTa nacjia yABoeHHH 6HOMaccbi (13) BbiBeAena nyxeM
Jiorapn(})MHpoBaHH5i ypaBHeHHfl (1 2) [43, 4 5]
X = X 0 -2 n . (12)
x A:
ln ---- In ----------------
A'o X0 X
n = ----------- = 1,443 in --------------------- (13)
ln 2 0,693! X0
TaKHM 06pa30M, hhcjio yABoeHHfi n npaMO nponopuHOHaJibHO

KOJiHHecTBy 6HOMaccH, HaKonHBmeHCH b KOHU,e npouecca, h o6paT -
ho npono p u h oh a ji biio BeJin^nHe 3aceBa.
B p e M H ( n p O O J I > K H T e J I b H O C T b ) y f l B O e H H H t, O i e B H A H Q , p a B H O
BpeMeHH npouecca, AeJieHo.My Ha tocjio yABoeHHH:

t t0
g ... ------------------------ I (1 4 )
n
^TObl Bbpa3HTb BpeMH yABOeHHH Hepe3 SnOMaCCy, npACTaBHM
b (fmpMyjiy (ili4) 3HaqeHHe n hs (})opMyjibi (13):
(t ^ 0 )ln2 0,693 (t 10) :
e-------------- ------- ----------- j --------- 05,
ln
^ "X
TaK KaK B 3 TOH (|)opMyjie BbipaHveiiHe ecTb sejiH-
f n
HHHa opaTHan I 1 TO
0,693
g= ----------- (16)
OTKyAa
0,693
H=- -------- (17)
g
B JiHTepaType [11, 14, 31, 45] 3HaqeHHe jj, b sthx tjjopMyjiax: A a ho KaK
(.imax, TaK KaK npHHHTO, hto b sKcnoneHUHajibHOH tfjase pa3MHO>KeHHe
ApOJKJKeH HAeT C MaKCHMaJIbHOH CKOpOCTbJO.
TaKHM 06pa30M, O CKOpOCTH pOCTa ApO>K>KeH MOJKHO CyAHTb no
npoAOJi>KHTejibHocTH yABoeHHH, nocKOJibKy o6a sth nqKasarejiS HaxoAHTcn Me*Ay
co6ofi b o6parao nponopuHOHajibHOH, saBHCM- mocth [cm. (iopMyjibi (16) h (17)].
IIoxasaTeJib BpeMeHH yAôenua
15
xapaKTepH3yeT, HacK0JibK0 npoAyKTHBHo nêT npouecc HaKonjie - HHH
6HOMaccbi. *ieM Kopoqe BpeMH yABoeHHH, TeM CKopee MOJKHO nojiyqim.
3aoi,aHHoe KOJiHqecTBO SnoMa -ccH. A TaK KaK BpeMH yABoeHHH 06paTH0
npanopUHOHajibHO yAeJiwHofi CKOPOCTH pocTa [ CM . (wpMyjiy (16)], TO c
yBejinqeHHeM CKOPOCTH pocra coKpamaeTCH ripo,AOJi>KHTejibHocTb
yABoeHHH h BCJiejicTBHe aToro yBejiHHHBaeTca
KOJIHieCTBO 6H0M3CCbI.
PacneT KOJiHHecTBa BbipaiueHHoft 6HOMaccbi
Bbirne 6biJin npHBeaeHH Tpn (JjopMyjibi AJIH pacqeTa KOJiHecT- Ba

SnoMaiocH: (3), (7) H (12). flaKaJKeM Ha npHMepax, Ka mojkho Hcn0Jib30BaTb
3TH c[)0pMyjibi AJIH onpeAeJieHHH noJiyqeHHoi 6H0MaCCbI (X ).
HicxiOwiHtie iHaiHiHbie AJIH pacrora:
A-o=900 Kr, t=7 i, ^ = 0,172, a= 1,188, n= 1,737, A = ?
no (jjopMyjie (3) A'=A 0 e v <=900 e 0 17 2 ' 7 =900 e' 20 4 = 900 . 3,333 = 3000 i<r.
fio cpopMyjie (7) X A 0 a f =900 1,188 7 = 900 3,333 = 3000 Kr, rjie a( naxo- Ast no Tafiji. ,2
npHJiOKeHHfl.
no 4>0pMyjie (12) X=X0 2 n =900 - 2 1 7 37 . JJjih pemeHHH no sroii (JioipMyjie, t8k me KaK
h no JjapMyjie (3), Heo6xoAHM 0 jiora'p(j)MHpoBaTb ypaBHeiiHe.
ln A=ln 900 + 1,737 In 2 = ln (9 IO 2 ) +1,737 0,693 = ln9 + 21nl0+1,20.37= = 2,1972 + 2
2,3026+1,2037 = 8,006. BejimHHy X mxoaht no TaSjmue aHTiijio- rapncj)MOB: A=3000 Kr. JIjih
np-OBcpKH nojry i ienHQro peavjibTaia HaiiAeM ln 3000=ln(3 IO 3 ) =ln3+31nl0= 1,0986+3
2,3026 = 8,006.
H 3 npHBeACHHbix pac-ieTOB bkaho, hto 6ojiee npocTbiM hbjihstch pacqeT no
(J)opMyjie (7). OqeBHAHo, eio cJieAyeT n0Jib30BaTbcn ajih onpeAeJieHHH
KOJinqecTBa nojryqeHHofi SHOMaccbi, ecjiH H3Be- cthh pacxOA 3a!CBHbix
Apo>K*eH, K03(})(J)HUHeHT qacoBoro npnpoc Ta h npoAOJDKiHTejibHOCTb npoueccs
BbipaiUHBaHHH APO>K>KeH. BMecTe c TeM no 3THM (})OpMy./iaM MOKHO
paCCqHTaT b npouecc KyjlbTHBH- poBaHHH no 3apaHee 3aAaHHbiM napaMeTpaM.
3th pacqeTbi npHBe- AeHbi b tji. IV h V.
H EI lP E P b l B H O E K yJ I b T HB H P OB A H H E
CyiUHOCTb HenpepbiBHoro npouecca KyjibTHBHpoBa -HHH 3aKJiio- iaeTCH

B TOM, qTO BbipaiUHBaHHe APOJKJKeft BCAyT B npOTO'IHOH cpeAe c
IIOCTOHHHOH KOHueHTpaune HHTaTejibHbix BemecTB H pa- SoTaiomefi
SHOMaccbi ApojKJKefi. ,D,0CTHraeTCH 3 TO nyTeM nenpe- pblBHOro OTTOKa
H3B6CTH0P0 o6l>eMa KVJIbTypaJIbHOH cpeAbi c Apo>KjKaMH H npHTOKa
CBexeH cpeAH, pacTBopo cojieft h BOAH b T3kom sce 0'6TbeMe. HMeeTCH mhofo
pa3HOBHAHOCTeH HenpepbiBHoro npouecca jjll, 14, 45], H HJKC onncaHbi
TOJibKo ABa BHAa: OAHOCTV - neHqaroe roMoreHHo-npoToqiHoe H
MHorocTynenqaToe roMoreiiHo- HenpepblBHOe KyjIbTHlBHpOB3HHe, KOTOpbie
H3UIJIH npHMeH&HHe B OTeqecTBeHHOH ApoJKJKeBoS n p o m bi ni ji ch h oc t
h .
OAHGCTyneH'jaToe r0M0reHH0- np0T 0HH()e KyjibTHBHpoBaHHe Ha - sbiBaeTCH
TaK noTOMy, qra ero BeAyT b oahom annapaTe c xopo-
16
847 17
IUHMnepeMeuiHBaHHeM (MeiuaJiKo, B03Ayx0M) KyjibTypajibHOH JKHAKOCTH,

HTO C03AaeT ee rOMOreHHOCTb (OAH'OpOflHOCTb). rpH 3TOM COCTaB CpeAbi
H COCTOHHH0 KJieTOK B KVJIbTHBaTOpe OCT3KJTOH
Bce BpeMH oAHHaKOiBHMH. JXocTHraexca TaKoe cocTOHHHe nyreM
nocTOH'HHoro npoT OKa jkhakocth. ripn ocymecTBjieHHH AaHHoro npouecca
KOJiHqecTBo OT&upaeMOH SnoMaccbi aojijkho 6bm> pasno- ee npHpocTy.
OrreKaioiuaH H3 annapaTa KyjibTypajibHaa >KHAKOCTb c APOJK>KaMH n ocTynaeT
jih6o cpa3y Ha cenapaTopbi, jih6o b npo - MejlvyTO l IHblH C-dopHHK.
MHorocTyneHHaToe roMoreHHO-HenpepwBnoe KyjibTHBnpoBaHne npoaoAHTCH B
ABe-TpH cTyneHH, T. e. b AByx-Tpex annapaTax, coe- AHiieHHbix nocjieAOBaTejibHO. 3tot
c.hoco6 hsxoaht npHMeaeHHe ^ np nepepaSoTKe MeJiaccH b np0H3B0ACTBe xjiefioneKapHbix
apo>h- "'Ken [8, 32, 33, 39] h cpeA cjiojkhoto cocTaBa (rHAp0JiH3aTbi, we- <SsjiaccHaa
6apAa) b np0H3B0ACTBe K0pM0Bbix AP*>KeH [H]-' Hh- P^TareJibHaa cpeAa nocTynaeT B
nepBbift annapaT, H 33TeM KyjibTy- pajib'Haa. >KHAKOCTb npoTeKaeT bo BTopofi.
JlerKoycBoaeMbie nura- ^WeJibHHe BeiuecTBa HCinojib3yioTCH o6biq.HO b nepBo CTyneHH,
a ÔrpyA'HO hjih MeAJieHo ycBoaeMue bo BxopoH h TpeTbeft. Pas- *^>îbie CTyneHH
npouecca xapaKTepn3yi0TCH HeoAHHaKOBOH CKOPO -
o CTbK) pocxa.
flojiyHenpepbiBHoe KyjibTHBHpOBaHHe HBjiaeTca nepexoAHon
cbopMo OT nepHOAH-iecKoro K HenpepbiBHOMy. O HO xapaKTepHsy- eTCH
peryjiHpHbiM VAaJieHHeM HeojibwoH qacTH cpeAbi qepes on - peAeJieHHbie
npoMe>KyTKH BpeMeHH, Hanpi-mep qepe3 : xajKAbie
15 MHH. OTOfipaHHaH >KHAKOCTb Cpa3y BOCnOJIHHeTCH CB'OKeH Cpe - AOH.
KorAa mhcjio otoopob b Mac yBejinqhBaeTCH 3HaHHTeJ bHO, no-
.lyHenpepbiBHbifi npouecc nepexoAHT b HenpepbiBHbift. B npoH3- BOACTBe
HHorAa omnfioqHo yAJiHHeHHbiH npouecc c nocToaBHbiM ottokom >khakocth
HasbiBaioT noJiyHenpepbiBHbiM. Ha caMOM Aejie p>KHM, HpH KOTOpOM OTTOK
>KHAKOC.TH OCymeCTBJIHeTCH HOCTOHM ho, oxHocHTca k HejipepbiBHbiM.
XIjiHTejibHOCTb xaKoro npouecca Mo>KeT 6biT b ca moh pa3JiHqHoft ot 12 ao
36 q, HHorAa 72 q. B cbhsh c TeM i ito npouecc n poHSiBo act ba xjiefianeKapHbix
Apo- >Kefl HecTepHJibHbift, 6oJiee AJiHTeJibHoe BeAGHHe ero h6bo3mo>kho
H3-3a pa3BHBaK)UI,eHiCH HHfjeKUHH.
B oTcyTcxBHe HH(|)eKUHH npn roMoreHHo-HenpepbiBHOiM KyjibTH-
BHpO'B3HHH ApOJKJKH CnOCOSlHH pa3M0>KaTbCH C nOCTO^HHOH CKO -
pocTbK) A^HTe.abHoe BpeMH, ecjrn npouecc paccqHTaH ripaBHJibHO. Hpn 3TOM
KOHUeHTpaU'HH HHTaTejIbHblX BeiUCCTB B KVJlbTypSJIbHOH >khakocth
SyAeT MHHHiM3Jib:H0H 3a cqeT 6biiCTporo ycBoeHa hx pa3M:H0>Kai0H[HMHCH
KJieTKaMH.
Ochoboh AJis MaTeMaT HqecKoro onucahhh roMoreHHO - Henue- pbiBHoro
npoueocs nocjiyjKHJio H3yqfcHHe KpHBo pocT a h 33Koho - MepHOCTeft p a 3;M H
OiK 0HH H ApOHOKCH npH II ep H O a H q 0CKO M KyjI bTH-
BHp0Ba-HHH [11, 1316, 36, 45, 49, 50],
Te noK333TejiH h 4)apMyjibi, KOT opbie 6j^jih npuBeAeHbi Bbiue, B
p33AeJie nepHOAHMeCKOrO KyjI bT HBHpOBaHHH, npHMeHHMbl H O.J
nenpepbiBHoro npouecca. B AonoJiHeHHe k hhm b HacTOHiueM pas- A<?jie uaa
xapaKTephcthkanoKasareJieft, npHMeHHioiUHXCH b npo- HSBOtUCTBe
KOpMOBblX ApO>K>Keft [11] H npeACTaiBJIHIOlHHX HHTepSC ajih TexHOJioroB
np0H3B0ACTBa xjiefXHieKapHbix ApoKJKeft.
C k o ;p o t b pa36aBjieHHH cpeAbi ochoiBhoh noKa3a- Tejib,
xapaKTepH3yioiuHH HenpepbiBHbift npouecc. 3tot noKa3aTeJib bxoaht b ypaBHeHHe,
onncbiBaromee cKopocTb yBejiHHeHRH 6no - Maccbi Ha ripoTOMHbix cpeiAax [14]:
4-=( V . - D ) X , (18)
at
rae X KOHneHxpan,Ha KJieToraoft finoMaccbi b MaccoBbix eflHHHuax;

(x yfl,ejibiHaH cKopocTb pocra;
D cKopocTb pa36aBJieHHH Ky^bTypbi npHTeKaiomeH cBe*eii cpefloii.
C KO pocTb pa36aBJT6HHH onpeAejineTCH 06ibeM0M cpeAbi,
npoTe- KaraiUHM qepe3 annapaT 3a 1 h,
rjie F K0JimiecTB0 iiHTaTejibHoft cpeAbi, npHTeKaromeft b annapaT 3a 1 m (h oflHOBpeMeHHO TaKoe

>Ke KOjimecTBO oneKaioui.eft KyjibTypajibHOH JKHAKOCTH 3a 9T0T Hac) J
V oS-beM > K . HAKOCTH B annapaTe.
npHMep. Ecjih F= 12 M 3 /q (o6teM orroKa hjih npHTOKa), V=75 m 3 . to -0= 12: 75 = 0,160.
TaKHM oSpaaoM, BejinqHHa D noKa3HBaeT, KaKan aojih nojie3-
noro o6-beMa annapaTa 3aMeHHeTca CBexeft opeAoft b TeneHHe 1 h.
Hcjih 1 m 3 cpeAbi b annapaTe pa36aejisieTCH 1 m 3 nocTynaioiueH b Hero
cpeAbi 3a 1 h, to pa3MepH0CTb D 6yAeT [m -1 , t. e. TaKan >Ke, I<aK
pa3MepHOCTb yAeJibHofi ckopocth pocTa.
OcHOBHbIM 3aK0iH0M HenpepblBHOrO KyjIbTHBHpOBaHHH fl'BJIHST- CH
paBeacTBo CKOPOCTH pa36aB.neHHH cpeAbi H yAeJibHofi CKOPOCTH pocTa
KyjibTypbi [45]:
D= [X. (2 0
)
KorAa \ i = D , to b ypaBHeHHH (18) ---- 0. B stom oiyiae

dt
Me>KAy npHpocTOM KJieTOK h hx yHocoM H3 annapaTa ycTaHaBJiH-
BaeTCH noABHJKHoe paBiHOBecHe h KOHueHTpauHH 6HOMaccbi
Aep- >KHTCH Ha nOCTOHHHOM ypOBHe. Bo3HHKaeT
yCTaHOBHBIHHHCH pe- yKHMy KOTopbiH mohcho noAAep>KHBaTb
onpeAejieHHoe BpeMH.
npHMep raKoro peacHMa npHBeAeH Ha pnc. 2, H3 KOToporo BHA - ho, HTO b
TeweHHe HaKonHTejibHoro nepnoAa, noKa npouecc BejiH 6e3 oTSopa
KyjibTypajibHOH > KHAKOCTH , A P OKJKH pa3MHO>KajiHCb c nepeMeHHoft yAeJibHofi
CKopocTbio. riocjieAHHH b naâjie npouecca B03p0C.ia, 3aTeM nocTeneimo k
Konuy HaKoiniTejibiioio nepnoAa 18 ----------------
CHH3Hjiacb ao 0,148. KorAa Ha-iajicn nepHOA ottokob, t. e. Henpe- pbiiBHbiH
npouecc, to 3a nepBbift nac vêjibua CKopocTb eme >MeHbuiHjiacb, a 3 aTeM
Hepe3 2 M Aocrarjia Toro 3HaHeHHH, kotopoe uep*ajiocb b TeneHHe Bcero
nepHOAa ottokob npiiMcpHo no- CTOHHHblM, KOJie6jIHCb OKOJIO CpeA'HeH
BejIHHHHbl JJL = 0,156 TaKHM oSpaaoM, b nepHOA ottokob cO'6jiK>AaJiCH
3aKOiH HenpepbiBHoro- KyjIbTHBHpOBaHHH - paBeHCTBO yAeJIbHOH
CKOpOCTH pOCT^ H CKO- Pocth pa36aBJieHHH cpeflbi. OêM oTTeKaromeft
jkhakocth co-
9 10 11 1215n151617181920
0 12 5 ^ 5 6 7
Pepuod ommoxoS
I . Haxonume/ibHbi . I.
nepuod nepuo
Ko/iu'tecmlo uoMcccbi 6 annapame, m Kojiu'tecmbo d
8o3pe
omme/tatouieu S UOMBCCII !, KI /^ 6aHU
/t
Puc. 2. FlpHpdcT ys/ibuan
6H O Ma cc bi a poJK wefl n pH H e npepH B H O M npoue c c e B n p ocKopocmttpoema,
i rio;i -
CTBeHHblX yCJIOBHHX.
cTaBjiflji 10,9 M 3 / H , ITO cooTBeTCTByeT pacieTHOMy 3HaHeHHio no (jopMyjie

(19):
F = D V = 0,156-70 = 10,9 M3,
ra.e 70 o6-beM >khakocth B annapaTe, m3.

06 ycTahobhbiucmcm pe>KHMe b nepHOA ottokob CBHAeTe/tbCT - bviot
KpHeaH HaKonjieEHH fiHOMaccbi b annapaTe, KOTopaa npan - thmbckh
npemcTaBJiaeT co6oh npjiMyio, h n0CT0HHH0e KOJiHHecTBo Ol'6Hpa'0MbIX
OKSHaCHO APO>K>KeH.
PaccMOTpHM ABa Apyrnx cjiyqaa cooTHoiueHHH li h D [14, 15,
45].
dX
1. E CJIH |i>(D, TO B ypaBneHHH (18) -->0. 3 TO 3na i iHT,
dt
hto KOHueHTpauHH 6HOMaccbi nocTeneHHO noBbimaeTCH. Hoc.'K'i - Heo B6A6T
k y6buiH nHTaTejibHoro cyScTpaTa h HaKonjieHHio b >khakocth npoAyKTOB
o6MeHa. 3to 06 cT 0 HTeJibCTB 0 He6jiaronpH5iT- ho OTpa>KaeTCH na ckopocth
pocTa, h OHa HaqHHaeT naAarb. BcjieACTBHe 3Toro pasHocTb (n D )
CTpeMHTCH k Hyjiio h b annapaTe ycTaHaBjiHBaeTCH HOBoe noABH>KHoe
paBHOBecue. Tlpn stom
2* 19
r~
KOHueHTpauHH 6HOMaccbi CTa6HJiH3HpyeTCH Ha 6ojiee bhcokom y poeme,
neM paHbine.
2. npH Vi< D BeJIHMH'Ha CT3H0BHTCH OTpHUaTeJIbHOH H
dt
OHueHTpauHa 6HOMaccbi naâeT. npH 6ojibinoH pa3Hnue MejK/y
.jD H |1 K0HU,6HTpaU,HH 6HOMaCCbI MOJKeT CHH3.HTbCa HaCTOJIbKO, l ITO
Ha^HeTCH BbiMbiBaHne KyjibTypbi H3 a n n a p a Ta . 3 TO B OBOIO onepeAb rrpHBeAeT
k yjiyHineHHio nHTaTejibHbix KanecTB cpeAbi H k ycKope- HHK) pocTa, H
HapymeHHoe paBHOBecne cHOBa B0CCTa0BHTCH.
H3M6HHH CKOpOCTb pa36aBJIBHHH HJIH COCTaB noAasaeMoft cpe Abi,
MOKHO nepeBOAHTb cHCTeMy KjieTKH cpeAa 3 oAHoro nou- BH)KHoro
paBHO,BecHoro COCTOHHHH B Apyroe [13], HanpHMep, nepe- XOA OT OAHOii
yAeJIbHOH CKOpOCTH pOCTa K Apyroft, OT 6oJIbIHGH K0UU,6HTpaUHH
APOHOKeft (r/jl) K MeHbmeft HJIH HaoSopOT. OAHaKO eoSxoiAHMo y qecTb, HTO
CHCTeMa ofijiaAaeT SoJibinoft HHepunoH - nocibio H nepexoA ee B H0B0e
paBHOBecHoe cocTOHHHe pacTHrHBa- - CTCH Ha MHoro qacoB. CymecTByeT
(})H3H0Ji0rHH6CKaH H TexHOJiorn- 4eCKaH HHepUHOHHOCTb.
OH3H0JI0rHHeCKaH HHepUHOHHOCTb o6yc - JlOBJieHa BHyrpHKJieTOHHOH
nepeCTpOHKOH B COOTBeTCTBHH C HOBbl- MH yCJIOBHHMH,
TexHOJIOrHHeCKaH HHepUHOHHOCTb CBH33Ha c TeM,
IO ajih Ka>KAoro paBHOBeoHoro COCTOHHHH H O 6 XOAHM CBO KOM - njieKc
napaMeTpoB (pH, oSecneHeHHocTb KJICTOK KHCJIOPOAOM , KOHueHTpauHH
cyidcTparra H AP -)-
n P H HenpepbiBHOM npouecce pa3MHO>KeHHe APOJfOKeft AOJIJKHO HATH B
ycjioBHHx 3KcnoHeHUHajibHoro pocTa npn MaKCHMajibHoft CKOPOCTH . OAHaKo
BbiAepxaTb ycjioBHa onTHMajibHoii cpeAbi AJIH TaKoi >KH3HeAeHTejibHOCTH
ApO}K>KeH GbiBaeT npaKTHêcKH TpyA- HO , H yAejibHan cKopocTb pocTa He
AOCTnraeT MaKCHMajibHOH.
M OHO [49], H OBHK H CunjiapA [50] noKa3ajiH, HTO Me>KAV YAejibHOH
cKopocTbio pocTa H KOHueHTpauHeft nHTaTejibHbix Be - uiecTB cyiuecTByeT
cjieAyiomaH 3aBHCHM0CTb:
5
P'max (21)
Ks + S
xite S KOHueHTpauiHa jiHMHTHpyioiuero POCT niiTaTejibHoro BemecTBa, Haxofla-
meroca B cpeae B MHHHMajibHOM KOJiimecTBe, r/ji;
Ks KOHcraHTa nacbimeHHH, HncjieHHO paBHaa Toii KOHueHTpauHH nwTa - TejibHoro
BemecTBa, npH KOTopoft cKopocTb pocTa aocTraeT nojioBHHbi MaKCHMajIb'HOH.
KoHCTaHTy HacbiiueHHH onpeAejiHHDT no (jopMyjie, BbiBeAeHHoft H3
(popMyjibi (21) npH (i= D ,
K s = s t m
BejiHHHHa K s Majia h ajih mhothx MHKpO0praiiH3M0B cocTaBJin- er^lOO

300 Mr caxapa Ha 1 ji (0,01< 0,03%). FlocKOJibKy Apo6b
% _l_ 5 TO [x BcerAa MeHbuie (Amajo KOTOpaH HBjiHexca hh-
20
KorA He flocTHraeMbiM npeAejioM ckopocth pocTa MHKpoopraHH3 - MOB l 1],
IlpaKTHHeCKH CKOpOCT b pOCTa BCerAa JIHMHTHpyeTCH He - AOCTaTKOM
nHTaTejibHbix BemecTB, KHCJiopofla hjih *e HHrHdnpy- CTCfl MeTadOJI'HTaMH.
H. JX . HepycaJiHMCKHM [14, 15] BbiBeAeHbi ypaBHe HHH hckoh-
KypeHTHoro topmOjkchhh npouecca npOAVKTaMH o6MeHa. TaK, Ha-
KonjieHHe fiHOMaccbi 3HaqHTejibHO GHH>KaeTCH, ecjin b KyjibTypajib HOH
cpeê HaKanjiHBaeTCH cnupT. B nocJieAHee BpeMa npH3HaHO, mo ajih
maTeMTHHecKoro onHcaHHH npouecca KyjibTHBHpoBaHi ia MHKp 00praHH 3 M 0 B
CKHM , y>Ke HeAOCTaTOMHO,
(J)opMyji, BbiBeAeHHbix Moho h HepycajiHM -
nosTOMy H. A. BacHaKban c coipyAHii- Ka.Mii [1] Ha 0CH0Be yKa3aHHbix
cpopMyji cocTaBHji ypaBHeHiie, y>iH- TbiBaioiuee coBMecTHoe AeftcTBHe
cydcTpaia h HHPHfiHpyiomero npoAyKTa MeTa6oJiH3Ma Ha cKopocTb pocTa.
Hmh >Ke a^hh ypaB- IieHHH, onHCblBaiOlUHe COBMeCTHOe BJIHHHHe
KOHUeHTpaUHH cyo- CTpaia h BejiHHHHbi pH, KOHueHTpauHH cy6cTpaTa
h HOMaccw, AByx cydcTpaTOB Ha cKopocTb pocTa. 3 TH tj)opMyjib He
npHBeAeHH R AaflHoft KHHre, TaK iok ohh He onpofioBaHbi npHMeHHTeJibHO k
AP0>K>KeB'0My npOH3BOACTBy, 0AH3K0 npeACTaBJlHIOT HepoMHeHHbiii
HHTepec AJIH AaJibHeftmero H3y i ieHHH npouecca BbipamHBaHHH
Apo>K>KeH.
$ H 3 H O J I O r H l i e C K a H a K T H B H O C T b I< y JI b T y P bl (q c?)
BbipaxoeTCH KOJiHHecTBOM HHTaTejibHbix BemecTB b cpeAe S , no-
rpe6jiHeMbix na CHHie3 6noMaccH 3a eAHHHuy BpeMeHH 1 , h bhhhc- JIHeTCH H3
paBeHCTBa [11, 14]
9 c p '~ ' x j t -t 0 ) (23)
tac Acp cpeanee K0JinqecTB0 SnoMaccM, oSpasoBaBuieiics 3a BpeMS t/ 0 .

fljlfl npOT OqHOH KyjIbTypbl C nOCTOHHHOH CKOpOCTbIO pOCTa C.peAHHH
BeJIHHHHa 6HOMaCCbI BblHHCJIfleTCH H3 CpOpMyjI bl
A'cp ^ Y 2 - (24)
ln ----
*0
i\ne X 0 h X HanajibHaH h KOHC^Han KOHueHTpauHfi noMaccu.

OH3H0JI0rHqeCKaa a-KTHBHOCTb HenOCTOHHHa H 33BHCHT ot YAejIbHOH
CKOpOCTH pOCTa H ApyrHX yCJIOBHH KyjIbTHBHpOBaHHH, a TaKJKe [14] ot
Ha hto paoxoAyioTCH nmraTejibHbie BemecT- Ba Ha o6pa30BaHHe
Toro,
SHOMaCCbl (KOHCTpyKTHBHblH 06 M 6 H), 110- Jiyqenne aHeprHH
(sHeprexHHecKHH O 6M6H) hjih Ha KHHeAeHTejib- HOCTb, He CB5I3aHHyK) C
pa3MH0eHH6M (OCHOBHOfi 06 MeH).
npOAyKTHBHOCTb K y j I b T H B H p O B H H H 33BHCHT Hpe- >KAe
Bcero ot yAeJibHofi CKOPOCTH pocTa /.i, KOTOpaH b cboio oqe- peAb oSycJioBJiHBaercH
uejibiM PHAOM (})aKTopoB.
npoflyKTHBHocTb KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH P b annapaTe BUpajKaeT-
ch npOH3BefleHHeM kohucht p a uh h 6noMaccbi X h yAeJibHofi ckopo-
cth pocra fi
P = X (x. (25)
KaK yKa3biBajiocb Bbime, Me*Ay KOHueHTpauHefi kjictohhoh

Maccbi H yAeJibHofi cKopocTbio pocTa cymecTByeT odparaaH 3aBH -
cHMocTb. MeM 6ojibiue X , TeM MeHbuie ja, h HaodopoT. 9Ta 3aBH-
CHMOCTb H HiBJlHeTCH OCHOBOH CaMOperyjIHpOBaHHH KyjIbTypbl B H>-
npepbiBHOM npouecce [14], rio AatiHbiM H. XI- HepycaJiHMCKoro
[13], HandoJibinan npoAyKTHBHOCTb AOCTHraeTCH npn opeAHHx 3Ha-
! !eHHHX X H fi.
riOKa3aTeJib npOAyKTHBHOCTH KyjIbTHBHpOBaHHH Bbipa>KaeT
yAejibHufi npnpocT dnoMaccbi, t. e. npnpocT, OTHeceHHbiH k eAHHH-
Ue ofiteMa >khakocth 3a 1 H . Ero pa3MepocTb [Kr/M 3 -n], 3tot
noKa3aTejib MosceT ycJlOBHO cjiy>KHTb h ajih xapaKTepncTHKH rie -
pHOA'H'MeciKHx npoueocoB. B pafiOTe [39] ero Ha3biBaioT vozu
ibaKTop.
BpeMH o 6 o p o t a a n n a p a T a 7\ xapaKTepn3yeT npoAOJi-
>xHTejibiHocTb npeSbiBaHHH cpeAbi b ApostJKepacTHJib -HOM annapa-
tc. Ho 3T0My noKa3aTeJiio mo>kho cpaBHHBaTb aiJjcJeKTHBHOCTb
paaHbix cnocoCoB HenpepbiBHoro KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH [11], T x hbjih-
eTCH BejiHHHHOH, odpaTHofi D:
Ti
H D = -------------
n-OCKOJIbKy D = fi, TO D Ti
Tl D jx (26)
Bbipa3HM BpeMH o6opoTa annapaTa nepe3 npoAyKTHBHocTi*

KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH. A JIH SToro B (iopMyjiy (25) BHeceM sHaênHe D H3
paBeHCTBa (26)
TaKHM 06pa30M, oSopoT annapaTa ycKopneTCH (BpeMH npe6bi- BaHHH cpeAbi

b annapaTe coKpamaeTcn) c yBejiHneHHeM ckopocth
pa36aBJieHHH, HJIH , HTO TO xcecaMoe, c yBe.THHeHHeM yAejibHOH CKO - pocTH
pocTa Apo>K>KeH. HanpHMep, no tj)opMyjie (26)
r.pH D = |i=0,139 r,= 1 : 0,139=7,2 i; npn
D=|x=0,185 T,= 1 : 0,185=5,4 H .
Te >Ke pe3yJibTaTbi noJiynaioTCH, ecjin T r BbiHHCJiHTb no cjjopMy- Jie
(27).
OdopoT annapaTa mojkho Bbipa3HTb qepe3 BejiHHHHy OTHOine - ihhh
KOHueHTpauHH 'fiHOMaccbi k ee npupocTy y , aKTHBHocrb Kyjib-
22
'rvpbi, t. e. Ko.nHHecTBo noHKyiomHxcH KJieTOK p h yflejibHyio cko - pocTb pocia [11]:
- + 1
(28)
(S u -S) y
no BejlHHHHe Y MO>KHO CyAHT b, HCKOJIbKO paB,HOMepHO ApOK-

pacnpeA'eJieHbi b annapaTe. Ecjih y=l, to Apo>K>KeBiie kji&tkh He
3aAep>HBaioTCH b annapaTe h npupocT hx cooTBeTCTByei yno- cy h3 annapaTa,
npn a tom BpeMH npeSbiBaHHH cpeAbi b annapaTe paeHo BpeMeHH HaxojKAeHHH
ApoaoKeft b HeM. PaBeHCBO sthx bcjihmkh xapaKTepH3yeT npaBHJibHbifi
pe>KHM roMoreuHO-Henpa- pblBHOTO KVJIbTHBHpOBaHHH.
OopMyjia (28) cnpaBejyraBa hm6hho ajih HenpepbiBHoro npo uecca. Ee Hejib3H
npHMeHHTb ajih nepnoAHqecKoro, npn kotodom KOJIHHeCTBO nOHKyiOIUHXCH KJieT OK
He OCTaeTCH nOCTOHHHblM B Te-
qeHHe npouecca {12, 26].
npoH3BOAHTeJibH0CTb a n n a p a T a U npHMO nponop-
UHOHajibHa oS-beMy jkhakocth b HeM Vp, KOJinqecTBy nepepa6aTH- BaeMoro
cbipbn 5, ckopocth pa36aBjieHHH cpeAH D h BbixoAy 6ho- Maccbi Y.
U ^VpSDY. (29)
Ho 3toh ({JopMyjie onpeAeJiHiOT qacoBVK) npoH3BOAHTejibHocrb

Apo>K>KepacTHjib,Horo annapaTa.
K o H u e - H T p a u H H a p o }K 3K e h b annapaTe 33BHCHT He TOJib- KO
OT HCTOHHHKa nHTaHHH, HO H OT CKOpOCTH paCTBOpeHHH KHCJIO- poAa b
cpeAe. L_
KpHTmecKaH KOHueHTpauHH Apo^KJKefi xapaKTepn3yeT tot npe- Aeji
KOHueHTpauHH 6HOMaccbi, KOTOpbiii MoryT odecneHHTb ycjio- B H H
KyJIbTHBHpOBaHHH '.
BejiHHHHa 3Toro noKa3aTejin odycjioBjiHBaercH KOHCTpyKUHeH

annapaTa H ero B03Ayx0pacnpeAejiHTejibH0H cHCTeMbi, ecjin miTa- TejibHa n
cpeAa ne JiHMHTHpyeT pocT KJieTOK. KpHraqecKyio KOH - ueHTpauHio
SHOMaccbi ycTaHaBJiHBaioT o6bmHo onbiTHHM nyTeM.
Ko3(|)4)HUHeHT a6cop6uHH KHCJiopoAa Kn onpeAejineTCH Kaic
npoH3BeAeHHe noKa3aTejiH scJjtjDeKTHBHOCTH aspHpyiomero ycTpoft-
CTB K LU Ha CKOpCCTb paiCTBQpeHHH KHCJICpOAa Co:
K D K L a Co. (3
1)
23
H3BecrH0, hto b TpySnaTOH B03Ayx0pacnpeAeJiHTejibH0H cHcre- Me KLa
33BHCHT ot ckopocth npoxo:n<AeHHH B03flyxa nepe3 OTBep- cthh h ot
BbicoTbi CTOJi6a jkhakocth b annapaTe. B annapaTax c BpamaiomHMHCH
aapaTopaMH Klo. CBH33H3 c hsctotoh BpaiueHHH MemajiiKH H
ivry&HHOH -ee .norpysceHHH [11, 40].
X K p oSpaTHo nponopu,Ho.HaJibHa yneJibHOH ckopocth pocia |i h
n0Tpe6H0CTH b KHCJiopoAe cp. B cboio onepeAb na BejiH>-iH,Hbi jx h
OK33bIB3K)T BJIHHHHe TaKHe (JjaKTOpbl, KaK aKTH:BHOCTb Ky^bTypbl,
KOHueHTpauHH H COCTaB CbipbH, HaJIHHHe CTHMyjIHTOpOB HJIH HH-
ihShtopob b cpeAe, c[)H3HHecKHe <|)aKTopbi cpeAbi (TeMnepaTypa, pH,
oKHCJiHTeJibHO-iBoccTaHOBHTeJibHbiH noTeminaji), HajiHHHe. HH - cj)eKUHH
H Ap-
r ji a B a II
CXEMbI HOJiyHEHHJI XJIEEOnEKAPHblX APO^ÊIPL
TEXHOJIOrHHECKHE I10KA3AIEJ1H M HX B3AMMOCB5I3b
noKa3a'TeJiH, xapaKTepH3yioiuHe TexHOJion-mecKyio cxeMy BUI - pamHBaHHH

AposoKeft, AeJiflT Ha 0CH0BHbie, np0H3B0AHbie H HTO - roBbie
(perncTpHpyiomHe). xapaKTepncTHKH npouecca noH-
MCHHJOT TaiOKe (|)H3HKO-XiHMHUeCKHe napaMeTpbl. B CBH3H C TCM hto
noHGHeHHH pnAa noKa3aiejieH npnBeAeHbi b tji. I, aAecb onn - caHbi ocTajibHbie
napa.MeTpbi TexHOJiorHHecKoro npouecca h xapaK-~ repH3yioiUHe hx ôpMyjibi, a
T3K*e H3Jio>KeHbi TexH0Ji0riwec.KHe saROHoMepHOCT H, CBOHCTiBeHHbie
npoueccy HaKonjieHHH 6noMaccbi. 3aTeM KpaTKo onncaHbi TexHOJioniHecKHe
cxeMbi noJiyneHHH xjie- SoneKapnbix Apo>i<>KeH.
OCHOBHblE F10KA3ATEJ1M
K OCHO.BHbIM n0Ka3aTeJIHM, 06yCJI 0BJIHBai 0IUHM

3()(j)eKTHBH0CTb npouecca pa3mho>kshhh ApojK^Keft, othochtch:
hhcjio CTaAHH bh- panj,HBa.HHH Apo>K>KeH, KpaTiHOCTb
pa36aBjieHHH Mejiaccbi Ha k3>k- Aoh CTaAHH, yAejibiHaa cKopocTb
pocTa, BejiH L iHHa 3aceBa n ajih- rejibHocTb npouecca
KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH Apo>K>KeH.
Hhcjio CTaAHH onpeAejineTCH o6opyAOBaHHeM, HMeiomHMCH Ha
saBOAe, a TaK*;e TexHOJiorHHecKoft cxeMon, no KOTopoH oh AOJi>KeH
padoTaTb. HanpHiMep, b OTeHecTBeHHOH bocxeMe, pa3pa6oTaHHofi
BHHHXrie [38, 39], npeAycM 0 Tpe 0 BbiBeAeHHe b 4 hhctoh KyjibTypu
JiafiopaTopHbie h 4 np o h 3 b o ac tb eH h bi e ctsahh, 3aTeM cJieAy- iot ABe
CTaAHH ecTecTBeHHO hhctoh KyjibTypbi h ABe CTaAHH no - JiyneHHH
TOBapHbix Apo>K>KeH. Efo cxeMe SpKeH-lIIaxapcKoro 3 a- BOAa,
paSoTaioiuero Ha ko h ue h Tp np o b a hh bi x cpeAax, racTyio KyjibTypy
nojiyiaiOT b 6 JiafiopaTOpHbix h 4 npoH3B0ACTBeHHbie CT3AHH, H 33TeM HAeT
0AH3 TOBapH3H CTaAHH.
24
KpaTHOCTb pa36aBJieHHfl ocnoBHoro cbipbH (Mejiaccbi) nona- 3bIBaeT, BO CKOJIbKO pa3
BO BpeMH Ky JI bT H'B H pOB 3'H H H AP> K >KeH pa3BOAnxc5i wcxoahsh
Mejiacca, t. e. k3kobo cooxHomeHHe Me>KAV K0JIHH6CTB0M MeJiaOCW H
06 'beM 0 M >KHflKOCTH npH B bl p 3IUH B 3 fl H tf Apo>K>Keft na pa3Hbix
CTaAHHx. KpaxHocxb pa36aBjiei-iHH K P onpe- AeJiHioT no 4>opMyjie
B pacnexe aioro noK33aTejia npn BbipamHB3HHH AP 0 > KH<e ft TipeHe6peraiOT

njioxHocxbio KyjibTypajibHOH cpeAbi d b Apo>KX<epa- CTHjibHOM annapaTe,
npHiiiHMan ee paBoft 1, r. e. oepyT oTnome - HHe oSêMa >khakocth k Macce
Mejiaccbi
KP = y~ (33)
M
epeA.
3a (JjopMyjia npHMeHHMa ajih pa36aBjieHHbix KVJibTypaJibHwx
E CJIH >Ke BbipaiUHBSHHe Apo>K>KeH BeAyx B KOHuenTpHpoBaK-
hoh cpeAe, >KejiaTeJib!HO. ym -iTbiBaTb njlOTHOCT b KyjibTypajibHOH
/tCHAKOCTH.
B ApojK>i<eBOM np0H3B0ACXBe onepnpviOT cjieAyioiUHMH noKasa-
xejiHMH pa36aBjieHHH: o6mee, pa36aBJieHHe no ct3ahh, Ha>iajibHoe
pa36aBjieHHe H pa36aBjienne B jiio6oh iac npouecca. IIohchhm
3TH nOHHTHH.
Q 6iuee pa36aBJienHe MeJiaccbi P0o cjiy>KHT ajih xapaKTepucTH - kh
MHOrocTaAHHWoro npouecca, KorAa apo>k>kh H3 CTaAHH b cra- Ahk3 nepeAaioT b
HecenapHp0B3HH0M bhag (c 6pa>KKOH). B stom cjiyqae b pscieTe o 6mero
p336aBjieHHH yHHTbiBaiOT h Mejiaccy npeAiuecTByioiuHX CTaAHH. Oahsko sto
nojioKeHHe c-npjaBeAJiHBO XOJI bKO npH BbipaiUHBaHHH HHCTOH KyjI bTVpbl,
TaK k&k 3 6pa>KKe no CTaAHHM MK ocTaexcH 3H a L iHTeJibHoe KOJiimecTBO
HencnoJibao- B3HH0H MeJ13CCbI. F l03T 0My B paCHCTe pa36a3JI6HHH
y<IHT b[BaK)T
BCK ) . Mejiaccy npeAHAyiUHx cTaAnft. Hto KacaeTca noJiyneHHH ecxe- CTBeHHO
HHCX0H KyjIbXypbl H XOBapHblX APOHOKeft (b pa36aBJieHHbIX cpeAax), to
3KcnepnMenTajibHo ycT3H0BJieH0, mo npn nepeAaMe HecenapnpoBSHHbix
Apo>K>Keii EMK.T b CT aAHio EHK-II cjieAyex y i ! HT biBsxb He bck) Mejiaccy EMK-I, a
TOJibKO 50% - npH 3aceBe
TOBapHOH CTaAHH B HeCenapHpOBaHHblMH APOJKJKaMH
CTaAHH 5 HeoSxoAHMo yHHT MBaTb 25% MeJia-ccbi cxaAHH B. OcTajibHaH Me-
jiacca CTaAHH E^K-I h B yce Hcn0Jib30Baa h He mo>kct cjiv- >KHT b
CyScTpaXOM AJIH ApOJKJKefl CJieAyiOIUHX CTaAHH.
Ecjih nocjie BbipaiUHBaHHH apojkjkh toh hjih hhoh ct3A.hh ce-
napHpyioT H.3aceB3iox b nocjieAyioiuyio ct3ahk) b bhac Apo>K>Ke -
Boro MOJIOK3 (6es 6p3>KKH). to ooiuee pa36aBJieH>ie paBHO pa3 -
6aBjieHHto no ct3ahh P C t h b pacieTe sxoro noK333TejiH ymiTHBa-
hdt Mejiaccy TOJibKO Toii oahoh ct&ahh, b KOTopyio 33ceBaior
APOHOKeBOe MOJIOKO.
25
BMecTe c TeM b HeKOTopbix pacneTax BejiHHHHy pa 36aBJieHHH Me.iaccbi no
cTaflHH HeofixoAHMO 3HaTb h npn 3aceBe Hecenapnpo- B3HHHMH apoJKxaMH. B
TaKOM cjiynae pacneT pa36aBjieHH5i BeayT TOJibKO Ha Mejiaccy uaHHOH CTaAHH
6e3 yneTa Mejiaccbi npeabifly- mHX CTaAHH. no 3T0H BejIHHHHe pa3(5 aBJieHHH
yflO'6HO paCCTHTbl- BaTb pacxoA Mejiaccbi npn MoaeJiHpoBaHHH KaK 0 H-Jin 60
Texojio- rmecKOH cxeMbi.
B pacTOTax JiroSoro pa36aBjieHHH cjieflyeT pasjimaTb BejiHHHHy KparHO - CTii 'pa36aBJieHHH
v. co6cTBeHHO pa36aBJieHHH. HanpnMep, ecjia b annapaTe Mhh oSieM mhakocth paBeH 250 ji,
H3pacx0ft0BaH0 Mejiaccu 50 kt, to KpaTHOCTb pa3.6a,BjieHHH paaHa 250:50=5, a pa36aBjieHHe
Mejiaccu 1 : 4 . 3to o3aMaeT, i ito Ha 1 Kr Mejiaccbi npMXO,n,nTCH 4 J I bouh hjih Mejiacca
pa3oaBjieHa b 5 pas. C.ieAyeT 3aMeTHTb, mto oneHb MacTo b pacqeTax flonycKaeTcsi ouin6Ka, Kor.ua
BejiHHHHy KpanHOCTH pa36aBA6HHH npnHHMaiOT 3a KOjnmecTBo opflbi h hjih ;jaH - Horo cJiyMaH
ofiosHaâioT pa36aBJieHne ne 1 : 4 , a <1 : 5, ito HenpaBHJibHO.
HanajibHoe paadaBJieHHe P n Mejiaccu yiHTbiBaeT KOJiHHecTBO jkhakocth b
annapaTe, npnxoAfliueecH Ha aojiio pacxoayeMOH npn CK.ua/iKe Mejiaccbi h
Bbipa>KaeTCH oTHomeHHeM Maccbi Mejiaccu k Macce BOAbi. HanpnMep,
pa36aBJieHne 1 : 39 03HanaeT, hto na
1 K.r Mejiaccu npHxouHTCH 39 Kr (ji) boam. KpaTHOCTb pa36aB- JieHHfl b
stom cjiynae 6yneT 1 + 39 = 40, t. e. Mejiacca pa3BeAena BOJIOH B 40 pa3. npH
He 06 x 0 AHM 0 CTH mojkho pacciHTaTb pa36a3 - jieHHe. Mejiaccu b Ka>KA,biH
KOHKpeT HbiH Mac npouecca.
OcTa^bHHe noKa3aTeJiH, OTHocHiUHeca k ochobhhm, yflejib- Has cKopocTb
pocTa, b e ji hh hh a 3aceaa h npoAOJi>KHTejibHocTb npo uecca p a3 mhojksh hh
Apo>K>KeH paiocMOTpeHbi b npeAbiAyueH rjia'Be.
nPOH3BOAHbIE nOKA3ATEJ!H
K np o'h 3B o ah bi m noKa3aTejiHM OTHOCHTCH paicxoA Mejiaccbi Ha CTaAnio

H o6-beM KyjibTypajibHOH JKHAKOCTH . 3 TH noKa3aTejiH Tec- HO 0BH33HbI C
OCHOBHbIMH napaMeTpaMH H BbITeK3IOT H3 HHX. BMBCTe C TeM OHH
Hepa3pbIBHO CBH3aHbI Me>KAy CO 6 OH .
PacxoA Mejiaccu Ha cTaAHio h ofibeM >khakocth b annapaTe oycJioBJienbi
ooHOBHbiM noKa 3aTejieM KpaTHOCTbio pa 36aBjie- hhsi Mejiaccbi. OopMyjibi mh
pacqeTa sthx noKa3aTeJieft bhboaht H3 ypaBHeHHH (32 hjih 33). Ta.K, H3
ypaBHeHHH (33)
H - < 34 >
V = MKP. (35)
B np0H3B0ACTBe xJieSoneKapHbix Apo>K>KeH pacxoA Mejiacca BbHHCJlHIOT,

HCXOAH H3 BejIHHHHbl OKHAaeMOrO BblXOAa APO*>KeH no 4>QpMyjie
^100
M --- -j-- (36)
26
ElCJIH B 3Ty cJ)OpiMyJiy BM 0CTO H HOACTaBHT b HHCT bI H npnpocT
Apo)K>KeH X X 0 , a 3aTeM X 33MeHHTb no (JjopMyjie (7) Ha X 0 a' : , to pacxoA
MeJiaccbi Bbipa3HTC ypaBHeHHew [22]
10
(37)
M 0 X 0 (a- 1).
B
nOJlb3yHCb 3T0H c])OpMyJIOH H Ta6jl . 2 npHJIOJKeHHH, JIfl 33- AaHHbix
BejiHHHH Bbixofla Apo>K>KeH B, K0JinqecTB3 3aceBHbix Apo>KKeH X 0 ,
H3C0B0r0 npHpocTa a. h npoAOjnKHTejibHOCTH npouecca t H3XOAHT
paCX'OiO, MejiaCCbl H3 CT3AHK). lo 3T0H >Ke ()Op- Myjie onpeAeJiHfOT
pacxoa Mejiaccu 33 Ka>KAbiH qac npouecca.
MTOrOBHE I10KA3ATHJH
K 3THM nOKa3aTe.!!HM OTHOCHTCH nO.Ka3aTeJIH HaKOnjieHHH (KOH -

ueHTpauHH) 6HOMaccbi, bhxo 1 A3 Apo*>KeH, cpeAHeiacoBoro npn - pocTa, qncJia
yABoeHHH 6hom3cch, npoAOJDKHTejibHocTH yABoe- I-IHH.
H3KonjienHe 6hom3gch hjih KOHueHTpauHio AP 0 >KjKeH H (b kf/m 3 hjih b
r/ji) onpeAejiHioT K3K qacTHoe ot AeJieHHH KOJiimecrBa ApoJKHcefi b annapaTe
Ha ofi'beM >khakocth, b kotopom ohh Haxo- AHtCh,
BblXOA SHOMaCCbl (3KOHOMHH6CKHH KOSCjxjHUHeHT) B JIHTepaT'/- pe

oripeAeJiHioT KaK OTHOiueHHe BbipaiueHHoft 6hom3CCh K no-Tpefi- JiQHHOMy
cyCcTpaTy:
rAe Y bhxoa 6OMaccbi, %;

X K0JIHW6CTB0 6noMaccbi, Kr;
SoHanajibHaH KOHueHTpauHH nHTaTejibHbix BemecTB , Kr/M 3 ;
S Kai-iernan KQHuenTpauHH BemecTB na Bbixoiie H3 annaipaTa (b 6paxv- K ), kf/m3.
3aiB'HiCHMOCTb BblXOAa 6-HOM3QCH Y OT yAeJlbHOH

OKOpOCH pO- CTa [1 H 4)H3HOJIOFHHeCKOH 3KTHBHOCTH KyJIbTypbl q
MOJKHO Bbipa- 3HTb 33BHCHM0CTbIO {1 l]
Y (40)
H 3 cf)OpMVJIbI (40) BHAHO, HTO C yM6HblUeHHeM yAeJlbHOH CKO POCTH

pocTa CHH/K36TCH H 3K0H0M HHCCKHH K03(})(j)HUHeH|r (iTOObl BbipasHT b
eeJiHHHHy Y b npoueHTa.x, pe3yjibTaT >KaK>T a
100)
27
B np0H3B0flCTBe xjieSoneKapHbix Apoxtxefi yneT BbixoAa npo- AyKUHH
Be^yT b pacieTe He a noipejieHHbiH cydcTpaT (S 0 S), a Ha bckd
H3pacxOAOBaHHyio Ha npouecc Mejiaccy He3aBHCHM0 ot Toro, cKOJibKO ee
ocTaJiocb HeHcn0Jib30BaHH0& b nocjieApoxoKeBofi dpaKKe. Bbixoa
ApoxcKefi paccHHTbiBaioT (b % ) no (J)opMyjie
BMecTe c TeM HCO 6 XO , HHMO pa3JiHHaTb BMXOA ApoHOKe no CTaAHH H

BblXOA oSlUHH.
BblXOA no CTaAHH HJIH HHCTbIH BblXOA 3T0 KOJIH'ieCTBO 6hO-
Maccbi, 3 a BbiqeTOM 3aceHHHbix ApoJKxcefi, OTHeceHHoe k Mejiacce TOJibKO
3T0H CTaAHH.
B HXOA O 6 IUHH 3 TO BCH SnoMacca c yneTOM 3aceBHbix ADOJK - >Ken no
OTHOiHeHHro K Macce Bce Mejiaccbi, H3pacxoAOBaHHoft Ha AaHiiyio H Bce
npeuinecTByioiune CTBAHU .
OcTajibHbie HTOroBbie noKa3aTeJin cpeuHeqacoBo npHpocT ApomKeH,
HHCJIO yABoeHHH SnoMaccbi n BpeMH yABoeHHH ocBeme - HH B npetabiAymeH
rJiaBe.
HH3HKO-XHMHHECKHE I10KA3ATEJ1H
3 TH noKa3aTejiH HapnAy c TexHOJiorHHecKHMH xapaKTepH3yiOT npouecc

noJiyieHHH Apo^JKeft. K HHM OTHOCHTCH riJioTHocTb HJIH KOHueHTpauHH
cpeAbi, (J)0pM0JibH0e HHCJIO , pH H TeMnepaTypa KyjibTypajibHOH >KHAK0CTH.
FIjIOTHOCTb H KOHUeHTpaUHH MOryT fibiTb paiC'CHHTaHH no SajiaiHcy cyxnx
Bemecm OopMOJibHoe HHCJIO , TeMnepaTypy H pH 3aKJia,n,biBaioT B pe>KHM,
HCXOAH H3 ycTaHOB- .leHHHX AJIH pa3MHOJKeHHH UPOC}KeH OnTHMaJIbHblX
BejIHHHH.
KpoMe yKa3aHHbix cyiuecTBeHHyro pojib b npouecce pa3MHo>K.e - HHH
Apo>KceH HrpaeT TaKoft noKa3aTejib, KaK pacxoA B03Ayxa Ha aspauHio
KyjibT ypajibHOH cpeAbi, KOTopbifl paccHHTbiBaiOT Ha oc- HOBe npHHHTblX
(HOpM.
3AKOHOMEPHOCTH TEXHOJIOrHHECKOrO nPOUECCA HAKOnjlEHHH

EHOMACCbl
MiHorojieTHHH onbiT KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH Apo>KKeH b npoMbim- JieHHbix

ycjioBHHX BbiHBHJi pha 3aK0H0Mepii0CTeH, KOTOpbie xapan - Tepn3yioT
npouecc c TexHOJiorHHecKoft CTopoHbi. 3th TexHOJiorn- 4ecKHe npaBHJia
ycTaHOBJieHbi jih6o sKcnepHMeHTajibHbiM, jih6o iiMnnpHqecKHM nyTeM h
KacaiOTCH H3MeHeHHH no cTamna M ochob- HblX, npOH3BOAHbIX HJIH
HTOTOBblX nOKa3aTeJieH. TeXHOJIOrHMeCKHe
saKOHOMepHOCTH H 6 O 6 XOAHMO yn-iTbiBaTb npH npoBeAeHHH pacie-
TOB.
1, Mejiacca, npeAHa3HaieHHaH Ha uhkji BbipaiuHBaHHn aPO>k - x<eft b
THn0B0H oTeiecTBeHHOH nnapai'ype, npn nojiyqeHHH mhcto& Ky.ibTypbi,
ecTecTBeHHo hhctoh KyjibTypbi hjih TOBapHbix aPo>k - 28
5Ke, ecjiii nocjieflHHe noJiyiaioT no cxeMe c OTTOKaMH, aojijkh pacnpefleJiHTcfl
b cJieAyioiuHx npHMepHbix KOJinqecTBax (T a6ji.3)_
T a 6 ji h u a 3
PacnpeaejieHHe MeJiaccbi no cTa^HAM BbipamHBaHHH ApojKweii

M HC Ta i Ky jib Typ a Ec Te C TB e HHO- MHC Ta I TOBapHbie Ap O> K> KH
Ky;ibTypa
C Ta A HH % C Ta A HH % CTailHSl 20 - M 12- M
pe>KH peWH
M, M,
'
MHH 2.5 JXOJIH Ha L K 30 fl-ojiH Ha ELIK 3)4 57
BHH 8.5 EMK-I 63 B 10-11 18
MK-I 22,0 EMK-II B 85r87 19-
4K-M 67,0 74-77
H TO I - O 100,0 H TO TO 100 HT-OPO 100 100
2. CooTHomeHHe od'beMOB jkhakocth no cTaAHHM- Hy><no H3Me- HHTb

3aKO.HOMepHO B CTOpOHy yBejIHieHHH 06 'beMa OT CTaAHH K CTaAHH H
yMeHbme'HHH BeJIHTOHbl COOTHOUieHHH Me>KAy ofi'beMaMH no craAHHM.
3. KpaTHocTb pa36aBJieHH Mejiaccbi no cTaAH.M AOJBka bo3- pacTaTb.
Flpn pacneTe ofiiuero pa36aBJieHHH b MH 0 r 0 CTaAH&H 0 M npouecce noJiyqeHHH
mhctoh KyjibTypbi, KorAa aPojkjkh H3 CTazuui b cTaAHro nepeuaioT b
necenapHpoBaHHOM bhag, cjiejxyer vwth- BTb Mejiaccy Bcex
npQAiuecTByioiUHX CTaAHH. Ilpa rojiyMeHim EMK H T OBapHbix APOJKJKefi b
KOHueHTpnpoBaHHOH cpeAe pac i ier o6m,ero pa36aBJieHHH BeAyT TaioKe c
yqeTOM MeJiaccw npeAWAy- luhx CTaAHH. Ecjih ce apojkjkh E l IK h apo>k;kh
ctbahei B nojiy- l iaiOT b pa36aBJieHHOH cpeAe, to b pacneie o 6 mero
pa 36 aBJieHH Ha CTaAHH EHK-II h6o6xoahmo npHSaBJiHTb He bcio Mejiaccy
cxa- Ahh EMK-I, a T0jibiK0 50% ot ee Maocbi. npH onpeAeJieHHH Kpai- HOCTH
pasfia.BJieHHH B CTaAHH B Hy>KHO VHHTblBa -Tb 25% Mejiaccbl,
h 3 pacxoAobahhoh a cTaiAHio B.
4. BejiHMHHa 3aceBa Apo>K>KeH ot CT aAHH k ct3ahh B03pacTaer KaK npH
nojiyneHHH 4K, EMK, TaK h TOBapHbix Apo>i<>KeH. BMecre - c TCM BeJIHIHHa
3aceBa 3a.BHCHT OT npOAOJIJKHTeJIbHOCTH blpaiUH-
Batmn ApoHcxeft. 4eM Kopoie npouecc, TeM Sojibme AOJrafeH 6hirb aaceB
Apo>K>KeH, h, HaodopoT, qeM Af'HTejibHee npouecc, TeM MeHb - III G M0>K6T
SbITb BeJIHIHHa 3aceBa.
5. X[,JIHTeJIbHOCTb CTaAHft B CTauHOHapHOM (6eCnpHfOHHOM) -
npouecce npH nojiyieHHH HHCTOH KyjibTvpbi no Mepe riepeceB AP0>K>KeH H3
CTaAHH B CT3AHIO COKpaiUaeTCH. nPH B03AyiUH0-npH- TOHHOM
KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH npOAOJDKHTejIbHOCTb npOUeCCa 3BHCH OT BejiHHHHbi
3aceBa H o>KHAaeMoro ROJimecTBa dnoMaccH,
6. YAejibHaH cKopocTb pocTa ApoiOKefl no Mepe yBejiHieHHH saceBai no
CTSAHHM , I <3 K npaBHjio, yMeHbiiiseTCH. MestAy TeM TOBapHOH CT3AHH
cKopocTb pocTa MOJKeT dbiTb Bbiiue, i ieM B npe-
29
m a y m e f t , H TO C B H 3 3 H 0 C K a H e C TB O M C b i p b H * H y C J I O B H HM H K y j I b TH - B H p O B a i H H H . n p H M e p O M Ta K O r O
O K J I O H & H H H M O> K e T C J i y H C H Tb
cxeMa T6 HJIH : OCKOPO 3aboaa [17].

E CJIH A P OXOKH KyJibTHBHpyioT B ABe CTaAHH B HAeHTHHHbix yc- JIOBHHX H
npn OAHOH H TOH ace BeîHHHHe 3aceBa, yAejibuas CKO - pocTb pocTa BO BTopoH
CTaAHH B03pacTaeT [12, 27]. CpeAHeiaco- boh npwpoiCT Apo*JKeft c
.yMenbmeiH'H6M yAeJlbHOH CKOPOCTH pocra noHHi>KaeTCH, BpeMH yABoeHHH
6HioM,accbi y B eji H ^ IHB acTC H .
7. BojibniHHCTBo TexHOJiorHMeoKHX noKa3aTejieft B3aHMOOBH3a - Hbl H
B3aHM006yCJI0BJieHbI KaK 3BeHbH OAHOH UenH. ri09T0My H3- MeHBH'He
Jiiooro H3 hhx KaK npH nposeAeHHH pacneTOB, T aK a b xoAe TexHOJiorHHecKoro
npouecca, Bbi3HBaeT uenoHKy H3MeHeHHH ApyriHx naipaMerpoB. B CBH3H c.
stwm pe^KHM npouecca b toh hjih khoh CTaAHH MOJKer 6biT b paocHHTaH, hcxoah
H3 3apa.Hee 3aAaHHbix noKa33TejieH. TaKBMH napaMerpaMH motvt 6biTb
KpaTHOCTb pa3- 6aBjieHH mcjiaocbi, BejiHTOHa 3aiceBa Apo>K>K i eH, yAe^bHan
crapocTb pocTa hjih K03(|^(J)HUHeHT Haco-Boro npnpocTa, npoAOJiKHT ejibHocrb
npouecca hjih, Ha koh eu, K0JiHHecTB0 6H0Maccbi, KOTopoe >Kejia- TejibHo
nojiyiHTb b TeneHHe npouecca.
M3M6HHH OAHH HJIH HecKOJibKO yKa3aiHHbix napaMerpoB, MO>KHO
pacciHTaTb BejiHMHHy HCKOMOFO noKa3aTejiH H 3aTeM nposepHTb H nojiyiHTb B
np0H3B0ACTBeHHbix ycjiOBHHx 3aAaHHbift napaMerp. lae, noKa3aTeJib
KpaTHOCTH pa36aBJieHHH Mejiaccbi Hcnojib3yercH B pacqeTax JI ' H 6 O AJIH
onpeAeJieHHH KOJiHiecTBa MeJiaccbi, JIHOO AJIH Haxo>KAeHHH oS-beMa
XGHAKOCTH .
XU-flee, KorAa B npouecce KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH He yuaeTcn nojiy-
HHTb o>KHAaeMyio BbipadoTKy Apo>K>KeH, AOCTHHb ee, He
H3MeHHH KoatwjjHUHeHTs Maco.Boro npnpocTa H pacxoAa Mejiacca Ha
AaH-
Hyio CT3AHIO, MO*HO JIH -60 B pe3yjI bTaTe VBejIHHeHiHH KOJIHHeCTBa
aaceBHbix ApoxoKeft npn TOH >Ke npoAOJUKHTeJibHOCTH
npouecca, jih 6o BCJieACTBiie yBejiHieHHH BpeMeHH BbipamHBaHHH, He
H3Me- HHH KOJiHMecTBa 3aceB'Hbix Apo)K>KeH. 3 TH pacieTbi BeAyT
no 4>op- MyjiaM (7), (10) H (11).
YBejIHHHTb HJIH yMeHbUIHTb BbipaSOTKV APO>K>KeH, COXpaHHH
HeH3MenHbiMH noKa3aTejin 3aceBa h npoAOJi>KHTejibHOCTH npouecca, MO>KHO
nVTeM H3M6HeHHH yAeJlbHOH CKOpOCTH pOCTa APOXOKeft M no cJ)opMyjiaM
(3) h (4) hjih Koati^HUHeHTa MacoBoro npHpocTa a no (j>opMyjie (7). riocKOJibKy
sth noKa3aTejiH onpeAeJinioTCH vc-
J I O B H HM H K y j ib TH B H p o B a H H H , TO A-flH HX H3 MeH6 HHH Tp e 6 y e TC H JClfiO A 0 6 a . B J I 6 H He B e p e Ay
C TH M y J I H TO p O B p O C Ta H J I H M H K p OS J i e M e H TO B , j i h 6 o y TO M H e H H e pejKHMOB y r j i e B OA H o r o h coJieBoro
nHTaHHH, a TaK>Ke pacxoAa B03Ayxa Ha a a p a u n i o K y j ib Ty p a j i b H OH >khakocth, Ji'Hi6 o
Sojiee To n o e p e i r y j TH p o B a i H H e t 3khix 4)U'3Hko-xhmimecKH x n o K a a a Te j i e H , KaK pH,

(j)0 pM0 Jib:H&e tocjio, TeMinepaTypa.
B pa 6oTe TexHOJiora MoryT BCTpeTHT bCH h ApyrHecoieTaHMH oc - hobhhx hjih
np0H3B0AHbix napaMeTpoB. Bce TexHOJiorHHecKHe pac- ieTbi ,o6H3aTejibHo
CBH3biBaioT c TaKHM HToroBbiM noKa3aTejieM, K'dK flbIXOA APO>K>KeH.
30
8, O O H O BH H M 33 K0H 0M H e n pe pH BH O rO Ky j i b TH BH po B aH H H ( fi n e pHOA ottokob no
yji,JiHH6HH0H cxeMe) HBJineT CH paBeHCTBo yAeJJB - HOH CKOpOCTH pOCTa
ApO>K*eH H CKOpOCTH pa36aBJieHHH cpejlbl. llpn T3K0M nOJKmeHHH
KOHUeHT paUHH 6HOMaCCbI BO 3CC BpeMH O TTO KO B OCTaeTCH nOCTOHHHOH, T.
e. He npOHCXOAHT HH jBblMblBa - HHH, H H y Be j I H ie H H H 6H O M aC CbI CBepX H O pM bI B

3nn3p3T^.
9. KoneHHoe HaKonjieHne (KOHueHTpauHH) flpo>Kcefi h, CJiej.o - BaTeJibHO,
Bbixoji 6 H 0 Maccbi yBeJiHHHBaeTCH no Mepe jiepexoaa ApO>K>K'eH H 3 CTaAHH B CTaAHK). HHCTbIH H 0 6 IUHH BblXOA
AP 0> 1<> K ^ B Ka>KAOH CTaAHH AOJIJKeH HaXOAHTfcCH B CJieAyK)OI,eM
COOTHOUie- hiih: B h >5 06 . HcRJiioiaHne cocraB.:?!eT cTiAHH EMK-I, KQTopyio
b'B'Oiaht Ha 3aBaAa'X H 3- 3a heAocTacroa ApojKJK'eH -'K- B stoh cts- AHH Bh<Bo6.
riepeHHCJie'HHbix Bbirne TexHOJiorHiecKHX npaBHJi npHAepKHBa - kitch K3K npn pacieTax
TexHOJiormecKHX noKa3aT ejieft HOBO H cxe- M H, TaK h npn npofieAeHHH noBepoHHoro
pacneTa H aHaJiH3a npn- HHTOH H3 3aB0Ae cxeMbi.
, KPATKOE OIIHCAHHE TEXHOJJOrHHECKOH CXEMbI flPOXXEBOrO 3ABOflA
Cbipbe h MaTepnajibi
Ochobhhm cbipbeM b np0H3B0ACTBe xJie6oneKapHHx Apo>KWft HBJineTCH

Mejiacca otxoa CBeKJiocaxapHoro n po H 3 boactb a; gc- HOBHblMH MaTepHaJiaMH
CyjIbtj)aT aMMOHHH, AHaMM0HHH4)O'C4)ar (H3peAKa cynepcjjoeâx), aMMHaiHaa
BO A S , cyjibspaT Marun:, xJio - pHCTblH KaJIHH, MHKpOSJieM eHT bl, CepHaH
KHCJIOTa, Kyi<ypy3HHH 3KCTpaKT, a^cthoShothh, boa^. JXonojiBHTejibHbie
MaiepHajbi, npn- MeHHeMbie B npo H 3 BO A CTB e APo>K>KeH, neHoracHTejib,
xJiopuas H3B'T b, cyjib()0!noji, ooAa k a ji MI hih ii p o b a hh a h h
Kayoriji'MecKaH, c})ypa30JiHAOH, 6 H O M H UH H , 6yMara, 6ejibTHHr, Macjio
pacTHTeJibwoe..
floAroTGBKa Mejiaccw
rioAroT OBKa Mejiaccbi k npoueccy BbipamHBaHHH Apo>K>KeH BKJiiouaeT

onepamiH: p3 363BJieHe MeJisccw boaoh (stot npouecc Ha3biBaiOT paocHponKOH),
o6pa6oTKy MeJiacebi aHT HMHKpoi6HHMH npenapaTaMH, noAKHCJieHHe, ocBeTJieHiie,
nacTepH33UHio hjih ctc- pHJiH3aunio. FIojiyqeH'HbiH b pe3yjibTaTe o6paooTKH
Mejiaccbi npo- jyKT Haa biBaioT pacT BopoM Mejiaccbi, hjih MeJiaccHbiM cycjiOM.
Mejiaccy pa36aBJinioT boaoh b cooTHoiueHHH 1: 1. OAHaKo creneHb pasfiaBJieHHH
momct 6biTb h Bbiine ao 1 :3 b 3aHchmoct m ot coAepKaHHH cojiefi KajibUHH
b MeJiacce. 4eM Sojibiue sthx cojick HaxoAHTCH b MeJiac.ce, TeM Bbirne aoji>kho
6biTb pa36aejieHHe.
31
ripHMeHHeMbie ajih aHTHcenTHpoBaHHH Mejiaccw npenapaTbi h x pacxoA Ha 1
t Mejiaccbi ! 9] npHBefleHbi HH5Ke.
X.'iopttaa H3BecTb (a a-KTHBHhiH xjiop) Kr 0,60,9

Oyipaao^BAOH, Kr 0,025
OyipauHJiJiHH, Kr 0,25
<J>oipMajiHH (40% -a bi fi), JI 0 , 02 50 , 25
C'Mecb KWCJIOT 0 , 91 , 25
MOJIOTOOfi ( 4 0% -'H O ft) , JI 2,5
BopHOfi, Kr
5,0
0,25
J3,03npoBKa npenapaTa 3BHCHT ot CTeneHH HH<J)HHHp0BaHH0CTH
Mejiaccbi.
noaKHCJieH-ne MejiaccHoro pacrBopa ao pH 5 BeAyT c noMo- mbio Cep-HOH
KHCJIOTbl. Bm6CT0 CepHOH MO/KHO npHMeHHTb APy e khcjioth:
MOJiOHHyK), opTotjjocijHjpHyK), cojiHHyio. J\Be nocJieAHne peKOMeHxyeTCH
Hcnojib30BaTb npn noBbimeHHOM coAepHxaHHH co - Jieft KajibUHH b Mejiacce.
PacxoA khcjiot Ha 1 t Mejiaccu aaBHCHT ot ee 6y({)epHOCTH H cocTaBjineT (b kt) :
Cepaan (a iMQHormupaT) 38
M o j i o <j i H a s ( 40% - i H aH ) 5 1 0
0;pTo4>oc4)opHaH (70% -Maa) 8 1 3
Cojimaa '(40%-Haa) 1 2
17
PacTBop Mejiaccbi ocBeTJiHK>T MexaiHHnecKHM cnocodoM Ha Kjia-
pHtJ)HKaTopax. J3, JIH nacTepH3au,HH hjih CTepHjiH3auHH MejiaccHoro
pacTiBopa cjiyxaT TenjiooSMeHHHKH, oSecneHHBaiomHe He TOAbKo HarpeB, ho h
oxjia>AeHHe MejiaccHoro cycjia.
npHroTOBjieHHe pacTBopoB cojiefi H
AonojiHHTejibHbix MaTepnajiOB
PaCTBOpbl COJieft He 06x 0AHM 0 rOTOBHTb OTit ejlbHO OT Mejiac- CHblX

paCTBOpOB. Ha HeKOTOpblX 3aBOAax npHMeHHIOT CTapblH cno- co6
cob mecTHoro n p h ro tob jt e h h h 3aT0pa, Koraa b cpeAy HapnAy C MeJiaCCOH,
XJIOpHOH H3B6CTbIO H CepHOH KHCJIOTOH BlBOAHT Cyjlb- (j)a : r aM'MOHHH, ah
a M mo hh H'(J) o ! c t) a t (Ana i M MOH()Oc), cynepiijxoiaT, cyjib({)aT MarHHH,
xJiopHCTbift KajiHH. Tainoe Honojib30BaHHe cojieft He H03B0JIHe'T
npaBHJlbHO AO ! 3HpO'BaT b HX Ha pa3IHbIX C'TaAHHX Bbl- p'mHBfflH h
APOHOKeft, npHBOAH k nepeAOSHpo'BKe Ha iiocvicahhx craA'HHX, nosTOMy
pacTBOpbi cojien cjieAyeT rOTOBHTb h rioAaBaT b OTiieJibHO ot MeJiaocbi h
Apyrnx pacTBopoB.
PacTBopbi cyjib(J>aTa 3mmohhh, AHaMMOHtJioca, xjiopHCToro Ka - jihh,
cyjibcjjaTa MarHHH roTOBHT oChhho 10% -hoh hjih 20% -hoh KOiiu,eHTpau,HH.
Ka>KAyio cojib pacTBopnioT b orAeJibHQM pe3epBya - pe. jjiH BbiCTporo
pacTBopeHHH coJieft mo>kho ncn0Jib30BaTb Ten - Jiyio &OAy. Ha eKOTopbix
3aB0Aax npn npHroTOBjieHHH pacTBopa AHaMM0Ht|)0ca Ao6aBJiHioT cepHyio
KHCJioTy AO pH 6,5.
32
847 ! 3.3
A M M H a i H y i o BO A y n pH M e H HI O T h j i h 6e s pa 3Be A eH H H , H Ji h b p aa - Be fl e H HO M BH A e , n pn sto m
j Ke Ji a Te j i wi o , H To 6 bi k o hu e h t p a u h h a30- ra b aM M H a - i H O H BO A e 6 bi Ji a 3 KBH B aj i e H TH a
co A e p> K aH H i o a 30 Ta s pa c TBo pe oyjib(J)aTa ammohhh.
PaCTBOpb! MHKpOSJieMeHTO'B 2% -HOH KOHUeHTpaUHH rOTOBHT B

jiaSopaTopHH.
K y Ky py sH b i f t S KC Tp aK T p a 36 a aj i H i o T BOAOH B co o Ti H o me i i H H 1:1, o 6 pa 6 a Tbi B aK) T
( >y pa 30 Ji H A O H O M h n a rpe B ai o T ao 8 5 10 0C .
i l e C TH O fi H O TH H p33BOAHT IIO HHCTpyKUHH BHHHXO.

I l e n o r acH Te Ji b 0 Ji e ; H i H 0 y i 0 KH CJi O Ty n pH M e H H I O T j i h 6o 6e3 n o A pa6o TKH , j i h 6o b BH A e
bo ah o h aM y j i b CH H .
CxeMbi BbipamuBaHHfl Apo>K>KeH
npOH3BOACTBo xJie6oneKapHbix ApOiKJKeH HBJineTCH A^niejib - HHM

npoueocoM, npn KOTOPOM SnoMaccy HaKanjiHBaioT B Hecmnb- KO CTaAHH.
KoJHwecTBo pacxoAyeMoro cbipbH, o6'beM KyjibTypajib - HOH JKHAKOCTH H
K0JIH16CTIB0 BblpOCHieH 6HOMa[OCbl yBe.THMHBa - IOTCH OT CTaAHH K
CTaAH'H.
P a 3i M ho e h n e BeAyT B 4 6 Jia6opaTopHbix CTaAHH, 2 j 5 CTaAHH uexa 4K. h
EHK- H A po x o Ke MK hjih EHK TOBapHbie AP0>k>kh nojiyiaioT b o bo i o o i e pe A b b 2 3

c t3 ah h .
CjieAyeT O TM e TH Tb , HTO CT aAHH EM K npHMeHHIOTCH Ha |3aB0AaX b cb3h e

nojiyHeHHeM hhctoh KyjibTypbi b mbjiom KOJiHêcTBe h c He 60 JIbUJHM
BblXOAOM, B TO BpeMH KaK MOJKHQ nOJiy<I3T b TO B a p H bi e APO>K>KH M HHyH 3TH
CTaAHH, IienOCpeACTBeHHO H3 IHCTOH K y j i b Ty pu 6e3 chhjkchhh bhxoas r0T 0B0H
npoAyKUHH.
OTeiecTBeHHbie TexHOJiorHqecKHe cxeMbi cpaBHHBaioT B OCHOB - HOM no
peJKHMy TQBapnoH CTaAHH. E CJIH >i<e HMeioTca cymecTBeii- Hbie pa3JraqHH
b pe>KHMax Apyrnx CTSAHH , TO npn conocTaBJieHHH pasHbix cxeM Heo6xoAHMo
aHajiH3HpoB3Tb He TOJibKO noKa3aTe;i;i TOBJplHOH CT3AHH, HO H
I13p3MeTpbI H pe>KHMbI BblpaiUHBaHHH M3- TORHblX ApOJK>I<eH.
OTeiecTBeHHbie TexHOJiorHqecKHe cxeMbi nojiyqeHHH TOBapHbix
x j i e 6o n e Ka p .H bi x A po x o Ke H a cj i h t n a n en pe pbi BH b i e h n e pn o A n qe - CKHe.
FI po B eA eH H bi H afiTopoM aHajiH3 TexHOJiornqecKHX cxeM 20
ApOHOKSBblX 33B0AOB CTp3HbI, a T3K>Ke paSoTa [39] nOKa3aJI.H, ro B
oTeiecTBeHHofi npoMbiinjieiiHocTH HMeioicn HeTbipe cymecTiBeimo
pa3Jinq3K>iUHecH TexHOJiorHqecKHe cxeMbi np0H3B0ACTB3 xjiedonc -
K3pHbIX APO>K>KeH. 0 A H3 CXeM3 (c 0TT0K3MH) , BKjnoqaioiHaH ne -
npepbiBHbiH npouecc, pa3pa!6oT3H3 BHHP1XI1 [33, 39]. B.TeMeHTbi
HenpepbiBHoro npoueccs coAepwcHT H CXBMS T6HjiciaKoro Apo>i<- >KeBoro 3-
3BoiAa [17], xap3KTepH3yio.iU3HicH nepep3'6oTK0H KO<Hue - TpHpoBaHHbrx
cpeA.
K n e p ho A H m ecK H m Te x H O J i o ri i qe c KH M cx e M 3M o th o ch t c^ cxeMa i'3/ioBCKoro
APO*>i<eBoro 3aB0Aa u i Be A CKa H [ 3 4] h cx e M ^ 3p Ke -
LUaxapoKoro caxapHoro 3aiBOA3 (Ha b hi co KOKOH uen T p np OB a H H M X
cpeflax), 3JieM6HTbI KOTOpOH HpHiM 0HHIOTCH Ha HeKOTOpblX 33BOflaX [23,
7], KaxCAaa hs neperacjieHHbix cxeiM HMeeT npeH'MymecTBa.
CxeMa BHHHXIla BKJiiOHaeT 4 Jia6opaTopHbie CTSAHH , 4 ca- Ahh uexa
HHCTMX Kyjibxyp; Majibifi HHOKyjiHTop (Mhh), Sojibmoii KHoKyjiHTop (Bhh),
cTa^HK) ÎK-I H CTaAHK) MK-II. npH nojiyie-
HHH HHCTOH KyjIbTypbl ApOJKJKH nepeAaiOT H3 CTaAHH B CTaAHK) uc-
jihkom 6e3 cenapauHH. /I POJKJKI H CTSAHH 4K-II cenapnpyioT, npo- MbiBaiOT, crymaioT h
xpaHHT b BHAe oxjia>KAeHHoro MOJiOKa (koh- ueHTpaTa) b copHHKe. Bo3mo>kho
xpaaeHHe hhctoh KyjibTypbi b npeC'C'OBaHHO'M BHAe o XOJIOAHJIbHOH
KaMepC.
H3 MHCTOH KyjIbTypbl BbIpaUI,HBaK)T eCTeCTBOHHO-MHCTyK) Kyjlb- Typy b ABe
ct3ahh: EHK-I EMK-II. flpo^JKH E^K. b KOHue npo uecca BbIAeJIHIOT TaK >Ke,
h
KaK ApO>K)KH HK, H xp3-HHT B BHAe ox- jiaiJWAeHiHoiro mojioks b odopHH'Ke.
flposK'KH EHK cJiy>K3T ajih 3a- C-fcBa aronapaTOB ct3ahh B.
TOBapHbie ApoJKJKH BbipaiUHBaroT B ABe CT 3 AHH : B 3aceBHbie ApO>K>KH, B
TOBapHbie APOJKXH.
3aceBHbie A P O ^ KJKH B nojiyqaioT no B03AymH0-npHT0HHbiM ne- pHOAHieCKHM
pe>KHM3M npOAOJIKHTeJIbHOCTbK) 10 12 3t
APO> K > KH b cenapHp0B3HH0M HJIH HecenapHpoBaHHOM BHAe npHMe- HHIOT A -J IS
3aceBa annapaTOB TOBapHOH CTaAHH.

Bce nepeHHCJieHHbie Bbirne CT 3 AHH nojiynenHH ^K, EHK n Apo>K}KeH B BeAyT
no nep HOAHH eoKH M pe>KHMaM.
B nocjieAHen TOBapiHOH ct3ahh (B) apo>k>kh BbipamHBaioT b AB3 nepHOAa
H3K0HHTeJIbHbIH H OTTOHHbIH. B ,H3KOnHTeJIbHbIH
nepHOA, KOTQpblH AJIHTCH 6 - 7 M, 6H0M30Ca HaK ain JIHB 3eTCH AO 3a-
AaHHOH no nponpaMMe KOHueHTpauHH, nocjie qero HsiHHaeTcn no - ctohhhhh ottok
KyjibTypajibHOH cpeAbi H3 rojiOBHoro ann3p3Ta B. OT dopoMHbiH. 3tot nepHOA
HBjiaeTCH AByxcT yneHHaTbiM roMoren - HO-H-enpepbiBHbiM npoueccoM, KorAa b
rojiaBHOM annapaTe noA- Aep>KHBaeTCH nOCTOHIHiHblH o6- beM >KHAKOCTH H
n0CT0HHH3fl KOH ueHTpauHH GHOMaccbi b pesyjibTaTe 3aMeHbi oTTeKaioiueH
>khako- CTH C Ap0>K>K3MH CBe>KeH nHT3TeJIbH0H CpeAOH, 3 B OTSOPOMHOM
(|)epMeHTepe npoHcxoA'HT AoapeBaHHe KJieTOK 6e3 npHTOKa nna - hhh npn
yMeHbuieHHOH aspauHH KyjibTypsjibHOH cpeAbi. FlocJie
2 4 H oTToiK nepeKJiioHa.ioT na Bropoft OT6ppOHHbiH annapaT, a co- Aepx-
cHMoe nepBOro OTfiopoHHoro (J)epMeHTepa nocTynaeT Ha cena - paTopbi.
npOAOJI>KHTeJIbHO'CTb BblpaiUHBaHHH APO>K>KeH no pe>KHMy c
O'TTQiKa-MH MO>KeT 6bITb paSJIHHHOH; OT 9 12 AO 17'0 HJIH A3>Ke AO
4872 H B 33BHCHM0CTH OT BOHCTpVKUHH H C3HHT3piH0r0 CO CTOHHHH
oSopyAOBaHHH 33BQAa. HaH6ojibiuee npH3HaHHe nojiy- 1 ihji S20-qacoBOH
pe>KHM.
CxeMa Ha K 0 HueHTpHp 0 BaHHbix cpeaax npeAycMaTpHBaeT nojiy - yeHHe
mhctoh KyibTypbi b 6 Jia6op3Topnbix CTaAHH, 4 ctsahh uexs HHCTbix
KyjibTyp: Mhh, MK.-I, HK-II, MK-III. J3,po>K>KH H3 CTaAHH b CT3AHI0
nepeAsiOT 6e3 censpauHH. B KOHue CTaAHH HK-III hx 34
cenapupyioT, npoMbiBaioT h xpaHHT b BHAe oxjia>KAeHHoro mojiok 3 b c 6 opiHHKe,
OTKyAa pacxoAyiOT ajih 3 aceBa TO.BapHoro annapaia.
B tom cJiyise, KorAa BbiBeAeHiie MK eJKeAHeBHO neB 0 3 M 0 >KH 0 , b cxeMe
npeAycMSTpnBaioT AOno-n-inTeJibHbie CTaAHH EHK- Hpo>K- >kh EHK, TaK >K-e KaK
h MK, cenapHpyiOT h HcnoJib3yK)T ajih 3a - cesa b BHAe KOHueHTpaTa b TOBapHbie
annapaT bi.
TOBapHbie A PO > K >KH nojiynaioT B OAHy CTSAHIO . FIpoAOJi>KHTejib- HocTb ee
1317 m. KaK H Bce npeAbiAymHe, TOBapHan CTSAHH Be- AeTcn no
nepHOAHHecKOMy pe>KHmy (6e3 ottokob).
OriHcaHHe pe>KHMOB h TexHOJioruMecKHx noK 3 3 3 Tejieii BbipaiuH- bahhh
APO^êH no o 6 enM cxeMaM iip-HBeAOHbi b cooTBeTCTByromHx pasAeJiax.
> O nP Ef l E J I E H H E H HC J 1A A P O )K > K E P A C T HJ I b Hb lX Af i n AP A T OB

3aBOAbi xjie6oneKapHbix APo>t<>KeH HMCIOT annapaTypy A ^ IH no -
JIVM 0 HHH MHCTOH H eCTeOTBCHIHO HHCTOH KVJIbTV'.pbl. 3TH aqnapaTbl
Ha3biBaroT MaToiHbiH nopHAOK, a annapaTbi AJIH nojiyneHHH to- BapHbix
Apo>K>KeH TOBapHbifi nopnAOK. B Hero BXOAHT anna- paTbi CTaAHH B H B,
a T 3 K>Ke OTopoiHbie annapaTbi npn pa6oTa no HenpepbiBHOMy pe>KHMy.
npouecc BbipamHBaHHH Apo>K>Kefi b annapaTax H33biBaK)T
Apo>K>KepacTHi/ibHbiM npoueocoM, KyjibTHBHpoBaHiieM hjih (jbepMen-
TauHeft.
C 0 B0 KynH 0 CTb npoueccoB nojiyMeHHH mhctoh KyjibTypbi (hjih E 4 K) no
CT 3 AHHM HaSblBaiOT MaTOHHbIM UHKJIOM, COBOKynHOCTb npoueccoB
BbipamHBaHHH TOBapHblX ApO>K>KeH TOBapHbIM U. 1 IK- JIOM.
Xlpo>K>KH, nojiyieiHHbie H3 oAHoro nopHAKa annapaTypbi sa uhkji,
o 6 o 3 Ha 4 arc)T KaK napTHio (paHee naprHio Ha 3 biBajiH 3 a- TOp), I~IapTHH
MaTOHHblX H TOBapHblX ApO>K>KeH yiHTblB 3 IOT 0 3 3 - AejIbHO.
Ochobhhm Te x H O Ji o rH qe cKH M o 6o py A O B aH H e M , o 6y cj i o B Ji H .B a ro - III, HM BbinyCK
AP' 0 >K>KeH :H3 3aBOAe, HBJ1HK3TCH TOBSpHbie ApO>K>Ke>p3- CTHJibHbie
snnspaTbi. IlosTOMy pacieT TexHOJiornqecKHX noi<333 - xejiefi HaMHHaioT c
oupeAeJieH H H 'Heo 6 xoAHMoro KOJiHMecTBa STHX annapaTOB, hcxoah H3
33AaHH0H (njiaHOBOH) Bbipa 6 oTKH Apo>K- >Keft, JIH 60 C BblHHCJieHHH
KOJIHieCTBa UHKJ 10 B KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH HJIH 4 H C J13 H3PTHH, B bi n y C K
K'OTOpblX MOTVT 06 eCne>-IHTb yCTaHOB- JieHHbie Ha 3aB0Ae

Apo>K>KepacTHJibHbie annapaTbi.
Ko.iHMecTBo uhkjiob hjih napTufi 2 3 3 BHCHT ot MHCjia jannapa- tob i h hx
3 3 HHT 0 CTH T b TCMeiuie cvTOK [28]. OopamiBaeMocTb
anna P 3 T 3 b cvtkh cocTaBJiHeT -y--.: ii- 0 5 0 p 0 T 0 B. CneAOsa Te.ibHo, KojiH L iecTBo
uhkjiob hjih napTi-ift z b cyTKH 6 yAeT;
3" 35
rae 24 qacw CYTOK ;
t n p o A O j i i K H T e j i h H o c T b n p o u e c c a B ann a pa Te, q ;
11MeacuHiuiOBiOe BpeMH, t. e. rcpo;wi>KHTejibHocTb noAroTOBHTejibHbix 3aBepmaK)mHx

onepauHH: cKJiaKH, ocBo6oy;eHH, mohkh, ae3HH())eK - UHH, nponapKH h npoaiyBKiH
annapaTa BC3AyxoM (nepea cwiaAKOH); i mhcjio annapaTOB.
H 3 '4>opMyjibi (42) orapeAeJiHioT kojihhsctbo annapaTOB
z (t + tt)
l = (43>
H cyMMa.pHoe BpeMH 3a,HHT0CTH annapaTa

24 i
T=t+t1= (44)
no (JopMyjiaM (42) h (43) mo*ho pacc^HTaTb He TOJibKO ne- . OSxOAHMOe

KOJIHHeCTBO TOBpiHblX annapaTOB, HO H y3HaTb CKOJIb - xo Hy>KHO
annapaTOB ajih nojiyneHHH 3aceBHbix Apo>K>Ken.
T ji a b a III
TEXHOJIOrHHECKHE PACHETbl CbIPbfl H MATEPHAJIOB
TjiaBa BKJiK)HaeT MBTOIAHKH pacieTa pacxoAa Mejiaocbi, nHTa-

TejiMbix cojieft H A'onoji'HHTejibHbix MaiepHajioB. 3Acb >Ke npiiBe-
;teHbi pacieTbi no npHr0T0BJieHHK) MejiaccHoro cyc/ia, pacTBopos
COJieft H CTHMyjIHTOpOB.
PACMET PACXOflA MEJIACCbl H EE PACTBOPOB

B n p OH 3 BOACTBe Apo>K}KeH Mejiaccy yiHTbiBaioT B nepecieTe na
coAep>KaHHe B nefi 46% caxapa. PacxoA Mejiaccbi 33 BHCHT OT TO -
10, C K3KHM BblXOAOM nOJiyiaiOT rOTOByiO npOAyKUHK) Ha
3aB0AC> Ho (JjopMyjie (36)
,#.100
r ae M 46 pacx ofl Meji accbi c coji . epAaH' H eM 46% cax apa, nr ;
R kojihtcctbo nojiyTOHHbix flpoxoKttii, i<r;

B BbixoA roTOBoft npOAyKUHH, %
no 3toh xce (|)opMyjie HaxoAHT yAejibHbift pacxcxA Mejiaccbu t.
e. pacxoA na 1 t ApoxoKeft h KOJiHiecTBO Mejiaccbi Ha OAHy
napTHio.
Ecjh hv>kho CAejiaTb nepepacieT na Mejiaccy M c c ApyrviM'
coAepxoHHeM caxapa, HanpHMep C (b %), to cocTaBJiniOT paBCH-
ctbo no caxapy
A*46-46 McC
( 0)1
100 100
36
h BbiracJifliOT pacxo/i; Mejiaccbi jm6o M c , jih6o M 4S :
M i 6 -46
Mc (46)
C
(47)
J X jih ycKOpeHHH pacieTOB mo>kho n0Jib30BaTbCH Ta6ji. ;68 cnpa-

BoiHHKa [24] jih6o npHJio>KeHHeM 11 b [42],
fljia pacieia o6teMa pacTBopa Mejiacca, m/iHiecTBa ji_ o6as - jiaeMo
BOAbi h KOHueHTpauHH 3Toro pacTBopa cocTaBjiHioT 6a - ;iaHc cyxHx
BemecTB, BbrpaxcaeMbiH cjieAyioruHM ypaBHe,HHeM.: .
MCB = V d c e , (48)
rje M KOJiHHecTBO Hepa3fiaBjieHHOH Mejiaccw, t;
CB coinepjKaHHe cyxx BemecTB b Mejracce, Mac. %;

V o6-beM pacTBopa Mejiaccu, M 3 ;
d njiOTHOCTb pacTBopa Mejiaccbi, T / M 3 ;
ce coAepjKa H He cyxHx BemecTB b pacr B ope M ejia cc w, % (onpeAeJiaerca
caxapoMeTpoM HJIH HaxozuiTca no Ta6ji. 3 npHJiowenHs).
B ypaBHeHHH (48) He yiTeHbi cyxue BemecTBa, BHocHMbie c a h tHcenth kom

h cepHOH khcjiotoh bbhav topo, hto hx Aoa'BJinioT b h e 3haiht eji bh om
KOJiHHecTBe. XUh cocTa,BjieHHH 6ojiee tomhoi'o 6ajiaHca hx Hy>KHo BnncaTb b
JieByio qacTb ypaBHeHHH, Toraa ypaBHeHHe 6yAeT HMeTb bha
MCB E V d ce, (49)
rne E Macca BHOCHMHX npn paccnponKe KOMnoHeHTOB, HanpHMep XJIOPHOH n3- fieCTH H cepHOH
KHCJIOTbl;
Vd Macca pacTBopa Mejiaccw;
dce Maccoo6T>eMHaH Koi-meHTpanHH cyxnx BemecTB B pacTkope Mejiaccu. Kr Ha 100 n
pacTBopa.
CooTHouieHHe Me>KAy nji 0TH 0CTbK) h coAepjKaHneM cyxHx bc-

mecT.B b pacTBopax Mejiaccu npeACTaBJieHbi b Ta6ji. 3 npHJio>Ke- h hh,
TaM >Ke npHBeAeiHbi 3HaHeHHH dce.
floJib3yHCb ypaH6HHeM 6ajiaHca cyxnx BemecTB, mojkho ya -
HaTb- KOJIHHeCTBO HCXOAHOH Hepa36aBJieHHOH Mejiaccbl B
paCCH- ponKx. hjih copHHKa.x c MeJiaccHbiM cycjiOM,
npoBepHTb pacxoA MeJiaocbi na jiio6oh ctsahh. 3thm ypaBHeHHeM
yao6ho nojibao- BaTbCH a 3aB0Aax, rAe Mejiaccy AoanpyioT no
ofibeMy MejiacoHO- ro pacTBopa. PacxoA Mejiaccbi M no ypaBHeHHio
(48) 6yAeT
V dce
(50)
CB
06-beM pacTBopa Mejiaccu V onpeAeJiiOT H3 toto jke-ypaHe- II HH

KojimecTBo BOflbi W no Macce hjih npnroTOBjieHHH stopo pacT - Bopa Mejiaccu
HaxoA-HT no cjopMyjie
W=Vd M. (52)
KpaTHocTb pa36aBJieHHH Mejiaccw KP Bbmncji hiot no (J)op.Myjie '(32) KaK

oTHomeuHe Maccbi pa-CTBopa Mejiaccbi k Macce hcxoahoh Hepa36aBjteHHOH
Mejiaocbi
Benmvma KP noKa3biBaeT , bo tKOJibKo pa3 paaSaBjiena Me- jiacca.

/Ijih onpeAeJieHHH coAepKaMHH caxapa b pacTBope Mejiaccu mo>kho
Hcn0Jib30BaTb H3BecxHyio c{)opMyjiy flo6pOKaqecTBeHHOCT H MeJiaccbi
C 1
Q (53)
rp
CB
rae Q AoSpOKaqecTBeHiiocTb Mejiaccw, %;
C co.nep>KaHHe cyMMbi c6pa>BaeMbix ca xapoB b Mejiacce, %;
C B cofl,ep>Ka.iiHe cyxnx Bemec TB B Mejiacce, %.
3iHan Ao6poKaHecTBeHocT b hcxoahoh MeJiaccbi, H3 kotopoh rotobht
pacTBop, h coAep>KaHHe cyxHx BemecTB b pacTBope Mejiac- Cbi ce, jienKo
ompeAejrHTb KO'HueiHT pa'HHio caxapa C b pacTBope
Q
C = (54)
CB
10
0 PACTBOPOB MEJIACCbl
PACHETbl nPMrOTOBJlEHHfl
3th pacMetbi npeACTaBJienbi na kohicpcthom npHMepe. H cxoa
h bi a a h h bi e
Pa3Mepu paccHponnHKa: AHaMexp 2,6 m, BbicoTa 3,5 m, ofiieM oSmiiii 20 m 3 , noAe3Hbift 16
m 3 (K03t)>c|MmHeHT 3anOAHenHsi paccHponmiKa 0,8). Pacxo.a 46% -oft .Mejiaccw .b cvtkh 40 t, .na
oflHy paccKporiKy 8 t. CoAepjKaHtie b Mejiacce: caxapa 48%, cyxx BemecTB 78%. CoflepiaHHe cyxnx
Bemecru b pacTBope Meîaccbi 41%.
P a c Li e T
1. ycJiOBHyio 46% -Hyio Mejiaccy nepecmiT biBaioT Ha (jsaKTH- MecKoe

comepjKaHHe caxapa (48% ) no (J)opMyjie (46)
= = = 12 340 ji,
12 340
3to KOJimecTBO Mejiaccu OTBemHBaeTCH Ha Becax h nocrynaeT b

paccHpoiiHHK. CyTOHHHH pacxo/i, HaTypajitiHOH MeJiaccH (no 4i-
3HHecKOH Macce c coaep>KaHHeM caxapa 48%) 6yaeT
no Tagji. 3 npnjiojKeiHHHdSTOH
c e 1,1816-41 40 000-0,958 = 38 320 Kr.
BejiHHHH- e dce cooTBeTCTHyer n.noTHocTb
d= dKoJIHHeCTBO
rae 1,1816
1,1816 (cm: TSL6J. 3 ripHjKmeHHH).
paCCHpOHOK
H coaep>KaHHe B CyT'KH 41%
CVXHX BemecTB . TaK KaK
COCTBHT dce ecTb
Maocood'beMHaH KOHueHT
3. Kojihtcctbo BOflbi pauHJi38c320:7664
W jJiH vnpHroTOBJieHHH
x n x ae-
= 5. iHecTB3Toro
Mejiaccbi, t. e.Ha -xojHT
pacTBopa
coaepjKaHHe
no (jjopMyjie (52)hx b 100 ji pacTBopa, to kotih-
2. Oig'beM pacTBopa MeJiaccbi V KOH-neHTpaHHe 41% ce onpc- AejiaioT no
c})opMyjie (51) W=Vd M = (12 340-1,1816) 7664 = 6917 Kr HJIH JI.
4. M C BMejiaccw
KparaocTb pa36aBjieHHH KP 7664-78
bhhhcjihiot no .tjop- Myjie (32)
Vd 12340-1,1816
KP = ------- = ----------- ------ 1,9.
M 7 664
3to 3HaqHT , ito Mejiacca pa3Be,ueHa b 1,9 pa3a, |t. e. na

1 nacTb maccH MeJiaocbi npmixo.HHTCH 0,9 qacTeft boah,hjih paa-
SaBJieHHe MeJiaccbi cocTaBJineT 1 : 0,9.
âcxo b pacqeT ax na saBOAax npeHe6peraioT njionHocibio pa- CTBopa
Mejiaccbi H p a cc HH T MB a IO T KP KaK OTHOUieHHe o6'beMa 3Toro pacTBopa k
Macce Mejiaccu. B jj,aflHOM cjiyiae 12340:7664--= -1,61, hjih pa36aBJieHHe
paBHO 1:0,6, oanaKO TaKOH pacneT hb - JineTca HeTOHHbiM. PacêT
pa36asjieHHH Mejiaccbi Heo6xoiaHMO ee- CTH , KaK 3T0 yKa3biBajiocb Bbirne, no
OTHOiiieHHK) Maccbi pacTBopa Mejiaccbi k Macce hcxoahoh Mejiaccbi.
5. Mnoraa Ha 3aso,n.e B03iHHKaeT i -ieoxoflHMocTb y3naTb, KaKyio
n,;aoTHocT b SyaeT HMeTb MejiaocHbiH pacrBop. XUh stot o, 3Haa pac - xQfl
Mejiaccbi, coaepjKaHHe b ne CB h oSt^m nphtotoib ji h gm o ro pacTBopa
buhhcjihiot npaH3BeaeHHe dc e, 3aTeM no T a.6ji. 3 npHJio- MC6HHH HaXOAHT
OT/eJIHHO BeJI HHHHbl d H CB.
B HTOCJIHM dce B HarneM npHMepe no (fwpMyjie (48)
M C B 7664-78
d ce = --------- = --------------- 48,444.
39
MecTBo cyxHx BemecTB MeJiaccbi b 1 m 3 pacTBopa paBHO 484,44 kt/m 3 .
CoflepjKaiHHe >Ke 46% -hoh Mejiaacbi B 1 m- 3 cycjia cocTaBJineT
7664:1.2,34=1621,1 Kr/M 3 , 48%-ihoh Mejiaccu 8000: 12,34 = 648,3 Kr/M 3 , hjth
to *e caMoe no ypaiBHeHHio (50)
Vdce 1000-1,1816.41 ko1 . , 3
78 ----------- = 621,1
6. rijioTHocTb MejiaccHoro pacxBopa mo>kho TaK>Ke y3HaTfa, hcxoah H3

KpaTiHocTH pa3'6aejieHHH Mejiaccu b paccHponHHKe,
PaccMHTaeM njiomocTb MejiaccHoro pacTBopa AJIH Hamero npwMepa npn
ycJioBHH pa36aBJieHHH Mejiaccbi 1 : 2, Hanpwviep npn nepepaSoTKe Mejiaccbi c
noBbmieHHbiM coAepxoHHeM cojiefi Kajib- UHH.
Macca MejiaccHoro pacTBopa npn pa36aBjieHHH Mejiaccw 1 : 2 6ya,eT
7664-3 = 22 992 KT .
Co,a,ep}KaHHe cyxt-ix BemecTB ce B pacTBope Mejiaccbi onpene- JIHIOT no

(jjopMyjie (48)
M-CB 7664.78 78
C8 Vd 22 992 3 %
njioocTb no Ta6 JI . 2 npHjio>KeHHH paBHa 1,1082 KT / JI .
OnpeaeJieHMe coAp>KaHHH ce b pacTBope Mejiaccbi mo>kho

yn- pocTHTb, pa3AeJinB CB nepa36aBjieHH0H Mejiaccw a
KpaTHOCTb ee pa36aBjreHHa. B HameM npnMepe ajih pas6aBJieHHH
Mejiaccbi
1 : 2
c e = 7 8:3 = 26%.
7. O^beM V nojiyqeHHoro npn pa36aBjieHnn 1 :2 MeAaccHoro pacTBopa

bbii'H'CjihK)t no ôpMyjie (51)
7664-78 = r ; =
20 74/ JI .
1,1082-26
TaKon o6"beM pacTBopa Mejiaccw He BoiiAeT B paccnponHHK no- jie3Hoii BM

ecTH'MoeTbilo 16 , M 3 , nosTOMy, MToSbi He H3MeHHTb cy TOH - HHH pacxoA
Mejiaccw, He0'6x0AHM0 yMeHbWHTb ee A03npoBKy na Ofl -ny paccupon-Ky H
coonBeTCTBSHHO yBejiHMHTb KOJiniecrBO pac - ciiponoK.
8. Ha 3asoAax c o6opyAOBaHHeM nHP paccn poiiHHKH oTcyTCT- ByioT,
h pa36aBJieH-He Mejiaocbi rap0B0AHTCH b T pySe Ha xoaY 130 opeMH paSoTbi
KJiapni({)HKaT opa. PeryjinpoBaHne BeAyT no nji0TH0 - cth roTOBoro pacTBopa
Mejiaccbi. KoJiHqecTBO H3pacx0A0Ba:HH0H Mejiaccbi paccqHTbiBaiOT no
(J)opMyjie (50). B HauieM cjiynae a^ 1 5 1 MeJiaccbi c coAepjKaHneM CB 78% H ce
roTOBoro pacTBopa 41% .40
48
\mi0TH0CTb no Tafiji. 3 npHJiojKeHHH 1,1816), 3aH oCx>eM pacT- aopa

(12340 ji), ha>x o a h t pacxoA Mejiaccu M
V d ce 12 340-1,1816-41
M ------- = ------------------- 7664 i<r.
CB 78
9. K o rA a Te x H O Ji o ry H e 06 x o A H M 0 3H a Tb co fl e p^ a tme c ax ap a b MejiccHOM pacTBope,

noJib3yioTCH 4>opMyjiOK (54), BbiBeAe'Hiiofr H3 ( Jj o pM y j i bi o n pe A e Ji e H HH
A 06 p 0 K a qe c TBe H H 0 C TH M e j i acc bi .
^.oSpoKanecTBeHHocTb Mejiaccbi Q BbiHHCjiHioT no tjjopMyjie, (53)
C-100 48-100
Q
^~ CB ~ =
B na-rneM npnMepe coAep'/KaHHe caxapa C b pacTBope hiejiaccbi no (jjopMyjie

(54) cocTaBJineT . j
0 ce 61,5-41
loo~ = 100 " ' Ma(; ' % . !
3to 3H3MHT, mto b i Kr pacxiBopa Mejiaccy coAepjK'HTCH 252 r caxapa, a b 1

JI axoro pacrBopa KOHueHTpauHH caxapa b 1,1816 pa3a fiojibiue H cocxaBjiieT
252-1,1816 297,8 r/a, HJIH 29,8%.
XeJIaXCJIbHO r O XO BH Xb paCTBOp M e j i a ccbl Ta KH M 06pa30M, L I TO - 6h

K O H u e H Tp au H H caxapa b HeM 6biJia B ce rA a n o c ro H H H o f t .
10. J X ji h ynpoiueHHH TexHOJiorHiecKHX pacieTOiB, AOCTHSieHMH

fiOJIblHeS TO q i H O C TH ;i ( ) 3H pO BKH H KO H TpO JI fl paCXOAa Mejiaccbl ue- jiecoo6pa3HQ
Mejiaccy pa36asjiHTb TaKHM 06pa30M, qxo6bi b cah- HHue ofi-beMa pacTBopa
Macca Mejiaccbl M 4 s 6biJia nocTOHHHa, Ha- npHMep 500 hjih 700 Kr b 1 m3
pacTBopa [42], B pa6oTe [42] iiMe-
IOTCH TafjIHUbI C O O TH O Ui e H l I H KO'HUBHT paUHH CO B paiCTBOpe B 3a- bhchmocth ot

co/iepjKHHH CB h caxapa B HCXOAHOH Mejiacce. npH He 06x 0 AHM 0CTH TeXHOJlOr
MOJKCT COCTaBHTb T aKHe TaSjlHUbl AJIH J 11060H HOpMbi Mejiaecbi, BbiMHCJiHB
no cfvopMyjie (48) npoH3Be- AeHHe dce ( i M ac co O ' 6 'be M H y i o KO H u e H Tp au H K) ) .
npMMep. JXma: M46=500 Kr, C = 48/o, CB = 78%, V'= 1 M3. HaSm ce.
Ho (fcopMyjie (46)
46
M i S = 500- ------ = 500-0,958 = 479 Kr.
no ypaBHenHSO (48)
479-78
dce 37,36.
1000
no Ta6ji. 3 npHJioweHHH 3TOMy npoH3Bea,eni!iio cooTBexcrByeT cs = 32,8%. d 1,1405.

Taoe *e co,ne,p>KaHiHe ce HaxoAHM h b pa6oie [421.
41
Ecjih HeoSxoAHMO 3HaTb pa36aBJieHHe Mejiaccbl hjih 3Toro npH Mep a, to
pacMeT BeAyT ho (JiopiMyjie (32)
1000.1,1405
K P= ------- ---------- =2,38, hjih pa36aBJteHiie Mejiaccw 1:1,38.
11. TexHOJiory HeoSxoAHMo HMeTb aaHHbie o coAep>KaHHH Mejiaccbl B

1 JI MejiaccHoro pacTBopa H oSteMe, B KOTOPOM coaep- > KHTCH 1 KT Mejiaccu. 3:Haa
iuiosmaAb Anuna pacc H poniH H Ka H BM - coTy HajiHBa pacTBopa Mejiaccbl,
BUHUCJIAIOT TaKce coAep>KaHite Mejiaccbl ( B Kr) H MejiaccHoro pacTBopa ( B JI ) B 1
CM no Bbico're paccHponHHKa. TaKne >Ke pacie HeoSxoAHMO CAeJiaTb AJIH
npn- TOHHHX H Apyrnx pe3epByapoB, rae xpaHHTcn Mejia cca HJIH ee pacTBopbi.
PA CH ETbl n PH rO TO B JI EH H JI PA C TBO PO B CO J 1 EH
C OJIH Ha Apo>K>KeBbix 3aBOin,ax Hcnojib3yioT b BHAe BOAHMX pa- CTBopoB

onpeAeJieHHo koh neHTpau,hh. KoHueHT pan,HH pacTBopa MO>KeT 6biT b
MaocofiaH, o6'beMHan h Maocoo'beMHan.
MaccoBaa, hjih b e c o b a H , KOHu,eHTp a u H s sto Maoca
cyxHx BemecT cojih (hjih Mejiaccbl), OTHeceHiHbix k Macce 100 Kr AaiHHoro
pacTBOipa. Ona BbipajKaeTCH B npouenTax, a TaK- Xve b KHJiorpaMMax
BenecTBa Ha 100 kt pacTBopHTejiH (boabi).
B np0H3,B0AiCTBe Apo>K>KeH cjieayeT npHMeHHTb pacTBopbi c MaccoBoft
KOHueHTpau,HeH BemecTBa b 100 Kr pacTBopa. OjHaKO Ha 3aBOAax pacTBopbi
coJieft totobht h pacxoAyioT He no Macce, a no o-6'beMy. 3aBHCHM0CTb Me>KAy
MaccoH m h o'beMOM V pa- CTBopa BbipaJKaeTicH njioraocTbio d.
M a cicoo 6-be m>h aa KOiHneHTipanHH ano Maicica cyxnx Be- mecTB cojih
hjih Mejiaccbl, coAep'JKamHxcH b eAHiHHne o6i>eMa pa - CTBopa. 9ra
KonneiHTpan'HH Bcerâ 6oJibme MaccoBofi KOHueHTpa - Uhh Ha BejiHWHy
hjiothocth h BbipajKaeTCH KaK npoH3BeAeHHe 3THX BeJ THHHH (do&).
Pa'SMepHiOCTb !Kr/M 3 , r/ji.
OfiTjeMHaa KOiHixeHTpauHH sto ofiteM KaKoft-JiHo
>khakocth, HanpHMep cnnpTa, b 100 oS'beMax pacTBopa (ji Ha 100 JI ) .
OopMyjIbl, OnHCbIBaiOmHe 3aBHCHM0CTb MOKAY KOHUeHTpaHHH - MH,
npHB6ASHbI B Ta6ji. 4.
B C BH 3H C O TCy TC TBH e M H JI H HeAOCTaTKOM B Te XH H H e CKO H JIIl- TepaType
AaHHbix, xapaKTepH3yioiUHx pacTBopbi HHTaTejibHbix co - Jieii, onpeAeJieHbi
njlOTHOCTH 10, 15, 20, 25 h 30% -bix pacTBopoB cyjib4>aTa aMMOHHH,
AHaMMOHHHcJjoccJjaTa, xjiopncToro K3JIHH, cyjibtfiaTa MarHHH npn TeMneparype
20C h craHAapTHOH BJia}KHo- cth coJieft. no pe3yjibTaTaM onpeAeJieHHH
nocTpoeHbi rpa<j>HKH, H3 KOTopbix HaHAeHbi npoMe>KyToqHbie 3HaqeHHH
njiomocTefi pacrBo- p o B . n o J i y qe H H bi e pe 3y j i b Ta Tb i n pe A C TaB Ji e H bi B n pH Ji o ê H H H (fa6ji. 4
7), rAe HapHAy c MaccoBofi KOHueHTpauHeft pacTBopa
42
T 3 O ,1 11 !J 5 4
OopMyjTbi nepecMeTa nomiempaUHii pacTBopoB [9]
McKOMafl KOHU.eHTpau.ua '<* * K m . b , r na 100 r K u-c' rU
MaccoBaa K M (r Ha 100 r pacTBopa), % Ku 100 K u . 0 ^M-0
100+ /f u . lOrf
MaoooBan K M . b (r a 100 r 00 ah) KU.B 100A- M . O
O
O
100 K u OOOrf K U . Q
Macooo6T>eMafl K M . O (r Jn pacrBopa) 10 dK 1000 dK M . B K*.0

IOO + K M . H
(b % ) npH.BeA0Hbi cooTBeTCTByromHe hm njiOTHOCTb pCTBopa (fi Kr/iM 3 ) h

coAepJK anh e cojih,
a TaioKe BemecTBa (aaoT, P 2O 5) b pa- CTBope (b Kr/M 3 ). CoAepjKaHH-e
pacciHTaHo KaK npoH3Beae-- nne njioTnocTH h KOHueHTpauHH pacTBopa dce.
cojih
HanpHMep; 12% -HblH p a C TB O p CyjIbtaTa 3MM0HHH C O f l e p J K H T C O JI H
1069-12
iOO = 128,3 i<r/M 3 .
AHajiorH>-iHbie cBeaeHHsi, xapaKTepH3yioiuHe pacTBopbi aMMHa- i<a, h KaycTHHGCKOH

c.oah, npHBeaeHbi b Taji. 8 [9].
XI.JIH H3MepeHHH nJIOT HOCT H COJieBblX pacTBopoB CJieayeT nOJI'D- 30B3TbCH
apeoMerpaMH. OAHaKo Ha 3aBOAax AJIH STOH nejiH npn- MeHHiOT caxapoMeTpbi.
noaroMV b Tafiji. 47 npHJio>KeHHH HapaAy C IIJIOTHOCTbK) npHBeAeHbl
COOTBeTCTByiOmHe HM n0K33aHHH caxa - po.MeT pa. 3Aecb Heo6xoAHMO
OTMeTHTb, mto caxapoMerpbi b pscT- Bopax coJieft Aaiox HenpaBHJibiHbie
(3aBbimeHHbie) noK33aHHH no coAepJKaHHio cyx Hx B-emecrB, T aK KaK ohh
0'rrpainyHpoBaHbi no caxspHbiM pacTBopsM, nosTOMy n0Jib30B3T bca
caxappMerpaMH MOJKHO TOJibKO B6CbM3 yCJIOBHO.
Hn>Ke npeACTaBJieHbi o6o6m,eHiHbie (JjopMyjibi jxjm onpeAeJieHHH Maccbi pacTBOps m h
oS'beMa pacTBopa V, ecjiH H3BecTbi Macca COJIH G, KO.HHeHTp3H.HH K H JlJIOiTHOCTb d
pacTBopa cojih:
G -100
(5.5)
K
G -100
V = (56)
d Kd
M3 4>opMyjibi (56) MO>K'HO Han/rn Macoy cojih Gb pscTBope:
VKd
G=z^-. (57)
100
43
= = 21 JI.
20-1,115
Ha 0CH0Be sthx cj)opMy.n noxasaHa 3aBHcHMocTb MeacAy pa3 - HbIMH
0 n 0 C3.06no
aMH BblpaaieHHH
Macc KOHUeHTpaUHH
006'beMH0H KOHueHTpauHH (Ha 1000 jipaCTBOpOB
pacTBopa). ^toSh COJieH, HanpHMep
npnro- TOBHTb npn-
1000 ji 20%
Horo
npHroTOBJieHHH
ipacTBopa, ae 06 x20% 0 OTBeciiTb
-Horo
0 AHM pacTBopa a dcs-= = 1,115-
ne 2'00,cyjibc)aTa 200=223 PeiueHHe
aMMOHHH. Kr cojih h AOsecTH
as ofi-
ho
beM ao 1000
boaoinyTH
TpeMfl ji. Maccy cojih 011- peflejiaiOT TaKxte no cfropMyjie (57)
mh.
1. no MaccoBofi KaHueHTpauH
V k d (a 1000 Kr 1000-20.1,115
ipacTBopa).223 ZIjih
G= 1^T = ---------------- loo"= Kr /npHroTOBjieHwa
M3 -
20% -,Horo ipacTBopa OTBeuiHBaiOT 200 Kr cojih h A 06 aBjiai 0 T 800 Kr (ji) boah. Macca SToro
pacTBopa ipaBna
flo (jxapMyjie 1000 KOHueHTpauHH
nepecieTa Kr, a ero njiOTHOCTb
(cm. TaSji. 4) rio Tafiji.
nojiyraM 5 np
tot >Ke -njioaceHna
pe- 3yjibTaT: cocTaBjisieT IMS
kt/im 3 (1,115 o Kr/ji).
= 10d/fCjie,noBaTejibHo,
= 10-1,115-20 = o6teM, 3aHMaeMbift
223 r/ji, hjih 223 kt/msthm 3pacTBopoM,
pacxBopa. no
o:pMyjie(56)
Macca SToro pacTBopa G-100 200-100
V = ----- = ------------ = 897 ji, hjih
Kd 20-1,115
m = d V = 1,115-1000 = 1115 Kr,
V m:d = 1000:1,115 = 897 ji.
a pacxoA BOAM AJIH npuroTOBjieH'Ha 1 M 3 pacTBopa cocTaBjiaeT: 1115223=
, :=t892
2. JI.no MaccoBofi KOHn.6HTpau.HH (Ha 1000 Kr boah). PacneT BeAyT no npo-
Ecjih >Ke 1 m3 pacTBopa 6y.neT coAep*aTbC5i ne 223, a 200 Kr cojih, to TaKOH -pacTBop He 6yAeT 20%-
2004000
nopuHH: Ha 1200
hhm, a TOJibKO r COJIH 800200
coflep>KaiUHM JI BOAM 3, 1000
KT /,MHa hjih 20JI (Kr)
r/ji. BOAM
MaccOBaa Q no Ta6ji. =
KOHueHTpauHa sroro pacTBopa 5
npHJioweHf! co- oOO
=250 Kr 18,1%
CT3BHT 3th >Ke pe3yjibTaTbi nojiyqaiOTca
cojih: *. npn pacneTe no <J>o)Myjie nepecMeTa
KonueHTpauHH (Ta6ji. 4):
100- 100.20 ^M' =

o~o-~/<:~ = 100 20 = Kr C0JIH Ha Kr B0Abl HJIH
250 kt na 1 m3 boam.
Macca pacTBopa m=250+1000= 1250 Kr, oSbeM pacTBopa no (J)opMy.ie (56) V = 1250 :
1,115= 1121 JI HJIH
250-100
* Pacner KOHueHTpauHH (18,1%) cflejian nyTeM HHxepnojiauHH.

44
TaKHM oSpaaoM, ajih np hrot o b ji&h hh 20%-Horo ipacTBopa cyjibiâTa 3mmo,hhh
Heo6 xoAHMo: jihSo k 200 Kr cojih ôaBHtb 800 ji boabi, jih 6 o k 250 Kr cojih Ao63BHTb 1000 ji
boah, jihoo 223 Kr cojih aob6 cth boaoh ao 1000 ji.
Ha Tpex BbiuienepeMHCjieHHbix mctoahk npnroTOBJieHHH pacTBO- pa TexHOjior
BbifiHpaeT Hanfiojiee yjio6 Hyio h no stoh MeTOAHKe AejiaeT pscneTbi ajih npHroTOBJieHHH
pacTBopoB jno6 bix co.neH. 3th pacneTbi seAyT 06 biHH 0 nocjie Toro, KaK cocTaBJiena
Texosojio- raqecKaH cxeMa 3aBOA3 h onpeAeJieH pacxoA cojie no ct3ahhm.
B pacneTax pacxoâ coJieft hy>kho ywrbiBaTb coAep>K3HHe toro
nHTaTeJibHoro BeuecTBa, hctohhhkom KOTOporo HBJineTCH aaa- Han cojib. TaK, b
AHaMMaHHH-(})Occj)aTe coAepmaTCH a30T h 4>oc- 4) op, B Cyjlb(})aT-e aMMOHHH
a30T. XjIOpHCTblft K3JIHH HBJH6 TCH HCTOHHHKOM K3JIHH, CepHOKHCJIblH MarHHH
HCI10JIb3yeTCH npH HeflO- CTaTKe b cpeê MarHHH, rjiaBHbiM oSpasoM na Tex
aasoAax, rae >KeCTKOCTb BOAbl HHJKe 5 HeM.
J3,HaMMOiHHHc})oc!4)aT nHineBOH no FOCT 5.222974 co- Aep>KHT 51,5% P2 O5 h 18,9%
a30Ta. Ko3cj)(J)HHHeHT ajih pacneia co aP>ka.Hhh P 2 O5 b AHaMMOHHH(j)oo4 )aTe paBeH 0,515,
ajih pacqe- Ta coAep>KaHHH 330Ta 0,189. fljin oSparaoro nepecneTa na ko-
JiHMecxBo AH3MM0Hc})0ca npHHHM3toT cjieAyromHe Kos^HUHembi:
AJIH P2 O5 100 : 51,5= 1,94;
ajih 330 T3 100 : 18,9 = 5,29.
B npSKTHHeCKHX pSCHeTaX H3 33BOA3X npHHHM3I0T Kp3(|)(j)HII,H- eHT ajih
nepecHeTa AnaMMOHHHKjxjccfjaTS Ha P 2 O5 paBHbiMj 0,5, nepecneTa hs 330 T 0,2. OAaKo
pacneT no sthm KQ3(j}c{)Hii,HeH- tsm 6yAeT HeTOHHbiM. B t36ji. 4 npHjiojKeHHH npHBeACHbi
a3h- Hbie no coAep*3HHio 330Ta h P 2Os b pacTBopax AH3MM0H(|)0ca, paccqHTaiHHbie no ko
3cjx|) h su,h6HTaM: 0,515 ajih P2 O5 h 0,189 ajih 330T3. Ecjih hs 3aBOA nocTynHT cojib c
otkjiohbhhhmh ot FOCTa, Heo6xoAHMo onpeAeJiHTb (JjaKTHHecKoe coAepxcaHHe b ne6 P 2 O5 h
a30Ta h BHecTH cooTBeTCTByroiUHe yto'jhchhh b TaSji. 4 npHJIO>KeHHH.
Cyjib'4>aT aMMOHHH no FOCT 10873-64 coAep>KHT 21% a30T 3.
Ko34)(|)HHHeHT AJIH nepecneT a cyjib<|)3Ta 3MMOHHH Ha a30T paBe.H 0/21.
B Ta6ji. 5 npHJio>KeHHH npnBeAeHbi AaHHbie no coAepjKaHHio H30T3 B paCTB0p3X
CyjIb(J)3Ta aMMOHHH, paCCHHT3HHbie c yneTOM K03(lcf)HHHeHT3 0,21.
X JI O'P H C T bl H K a JI H H H C e p H O K H C J I b l f t M a r H H H pacxo- AyiOT B
3aiBHCHMOCTH OT C0Aep>K3HHH K3JIHH H M3PHHH fi MejiaOCC.
HopMajibiHbiM cq'HTsercH coAcpjKaHHe B Mejiacce He Meaee 3,5% K?0 H 0,15% MgO.
IlpHMep. Ecjih Mejiacca coaep*HT K 2 O 2,8% h MgO 0,04%, to Ha 1t mb -
Jiaccbi ho6xoahmo jio6aBiiTb cjieiAyioinee KOjrmecTBo KsO h MgO:
T_ (3,5-2,8)1000
Ka0 = m ------------------------ = 7 K r >
45
(0.15 0,04) 1000 MgO = =1,1 KT.
5
100
(loaop/Kaniie K 2 O B XJIOPHCTOM KajiHH (pa.BHO 62,4%, MgO b TexHHiecKOM c\.ii,t)an> Mnui

snooMiiTe 13,7%. KosttxjMmneHTbi AJIH nepecêTa:
KC1 : K20 = 100 : 62,4 = 1,6; ancoMHt:
MgO = 100 : 13,7 = 7,3.

PacxoA xJiopiiCToro KaJiHH b HarneM npnMepe CyineT: 7-1,6=11,2 :<r/r,
sncoMHTa 1,1 -7,3 = 8,03 Kr/T Mejiaccbl.
B Ta6ji. 6 h 7 npHJio^ceHHH npHBeaewbi AaniHbie no coaepâ - hhk> KC1 h

MgS 04 - 7 H 2 0 b pacTBopax sthx coJieft pa3Hoft koh- u.eHTpauHH.
nPHrOTOBJlEHHE PACTBOPA AMMHAHHOH BOAbl
AMMHaHHyio Boay pacxoAyioT jih6o 6e3 pa3BeAeHHH, jihuo a pa3BeaeHHOM

BHAe. HnKe npHBeaeHbi ABa sapnaHTa pacneTOB:
1) AJIH 3a,MeHbi. cyxoro cyjibc)aTa aMMOHHH Ha 25% - HHH H 22 % -HbiH
aMMHaK;
2) AJIH 3aM0Hbi 10% -Horo pacTiBopa cyjibcj)aTa aMMOHHH pa3 -
6aBJieHHbiM pacTBopoM aMMHaKa.
1. OnpeflejiHTb ROjrmecTBo aMMHaKa ajih 3aMenbi cyjibciaTa aMMOHHH. 1 Kr cyjiwiaTa aMMOHHH

cQAepKMT 0,21 Kr a30Ta. Fio -ra6ji. 8 npHJio>KeHHH 25%-huA p;iCTBop aMMHaKa co,nep>KMT 186,57 kt/m3 (~0,1-
87 rcr/ji) a30Ta, 22%-mhh 165,92 Kr/M3 (=0,166 arin). CjieAOBaTejibHO, no coaepwai-jnio a30Ta 1 Kr cy.'ib-
4>aia aMMOHHfl 'paBHOueHeH 0,21:0,187=1,13 ji hjih 1,13 0,907=1,02 Kr 25%iHro a*i>MHaKa h 0,21
:0,166=il,27 ji MU 1,27-0,916'= 1,16 Kr 22%-woro aMMHaa.
2, iBblMHCJIHTb, AO KaKOH KOHUeHTp.aUH'H He 06 x 0AM 0 pa36aOHTb paCTBOp aMMHa.Ka,
'ito6h . 3aMeHTb 10% -hhh pa-CTBOp cyjib(J)aTa aMMOiHHH b pa'BHOM no o6T>eMy KOjiH'iecTBe.
no Taji. 5 npnjio>K6HiHs 1 m3 10% -Horo pacTBopa cyjib<t>aTa aMMOHH co- AepjKHT 22,21
Kr a30Ta. no Tafiji. 8 nyieM HHTepnojiHUHH HaxoAHT, n ro TaKoe KOJiw'iecTBO a30Ta ooin,ep}KiHTC5i
b 2,26%-hom pacTBope aMMHaKa. CjieAoaaTejib - ho, 25%-;Hbift pacTBop Heo6x'CwnM0
paaaoiHTb no Macce b 11 pa3 (35:2,26), 22% -hhh b 9,7 p.a3a.
npaBHJIbHOCTb pa3BeA6HHH IlipOBepHIOT B JiaOpaTOpiIH OIipeACJICJIHeM 1IJ10T- hocth
nojiyqeHHoro pacTBopa, KOTOpaH ajih 2,26%-noro pacTBopa aMMHaKa no ta6ji. 8 pa.BHa 0,988 Kr/ji.
nPHTOTOBJlEHHE PACTBOPA KVKyPy3HOrO 3KCTPAKTA

Kyi<ypy3HbIH SKCTpaKT no HlHCTpyKUHH BHHPIXlla paCXOAyiOT b ROJinêcTBe 60
Kr Ha 1 t Mejiaccbl. IlepeA Hcn0Jib30BaHHeM 3 K - CTpaKT pa36aBJIHK)T BOAOH
B COOTHOIIieHHH 1 : 1 .
riycTb coAep)KaHe cyxnx BemecTB b aKcrpaKTe, onpeAeJiaeMoe ne caxapoMerpy,
cocTaBJieT 48%, ITO cooTBeTCTByeT nJlOTHOCTH 1.21-86 Kr/ji (cm. Ta 6ji. 3
n.pHJiojKeHHfl) . 100 i<r sKcrpaKTa 3aHH- M aiOT o6-beM, pa'BHbiH 82 ji ( 1 0 0 : 1,2186).
XUsi pa36aBJie,HHH b co- OT HomeHHH 1:1 Ha 100 Kr hjih 82 ji i<yKvpy3Horo
3KcrpaKTa 30-
46
6aBjiHioT 100 j i boam. Heo6xoAHMo HMeTb b BHwy, mto npn nocjie - aytomeM
HarpeBe octphm napoM oSiuhh o6T>eM cmcch yBejiHHHTcs 3a cneT KOHAeHcaTa
Ha 1020% .
nPHrOTOBJlEHHE PACTBOPOB AE3HH4>EKTAHTOB

IlepeA ae3HH'(J)eKUHeH annapaTOB roTOBHT pafoMHe pacTBopbi
KOHu.eHTpan.HeH 0,050;1 % H3 Ae3 hh (j)eKTaiKTOB, KOTOpue xopomo
pacTBopHMbi b BOAe. Ecjih ,ne3HH(f)eKTaHT pacTiBopsexca b BOe TOJibKO
HaCTHHHO, KaK HanpHMep, XJIOpHaH H3BeCTb, rHnOXJIlOpHT KaJIbUHH, TO flJIH
HHX rOTOBHT HaKaHyHe HCXOUHblH KOH UeH Tp H p O - BaHIHblH pacTBop. fljIH
3TOFO fle3HH:(})eKTaHT 3aJIHB3K)T BOAOH, XO- porno pa3MeuiHBaioT h
noJiyneHHyio BOAHyio B3iBecb oTCTaiBaioT. OcBexJieHHbiH pacTBop cjiHBaiOT h H3
ero nojiyqaioT pa6oe pa- cTBopbi nyxeM pa36aBJieHH5i b 100 hjih 200 pa3.
nPH pacneie KOJiHHecTBa Ae3HH<|)eKTaHTa yuHTbiBaioT ooAep - JKaHHe b
HeM aKTHBnoro semecTBa. H3BecTHbie b npOMbmuieHHQ - cth, a TaKJKe
3(j)4)eKTHRHHe Ae3HH<|)eKTaHTbi, peKOMeHAyeMbie J IO BHHHXIla [20] aji h
Ae3HBcj)eKUHH o6opyAOBaHHH b ApoacsceBOM np0H3B0ACTBe,
npHBeAeHbi b Ta6ji. 5.
T ia 6 ji m ua5
XapaKtepHCTHKa pacTBopoB
Ae3HH(*peKTanTOB CoAep>KaHHe
/le3HH4)ei<TanT KoHuenTpaunsi pa6o -
aKTHBHoro MHX paCTBOpOB,
BemecTBa, % %
KaycTOTecKaa ooaa 100 1-3
A HTH <J) OPMHH 30 0,1

XJIOpHaH H3BSCTb
KaJIbUHHHpOBaHHaH COfla 100 0,25
ayciiHTOCKaH oo,na 100 0,03
ConetaHHe
XJiqpiHOH H3B6CTH 30 0,005
cyjib({>OHOJia (nopouioK) 80 0,04
cyjibtf)iOHOJia *HfliKOro 45 0,04
*KflK 0'CTH Dporpecc 30 0,02
KaTainHH MapoK B -300 h SI I I B -' I O 40 0,01
ConeTamie
araama 40 0,005
TpHaaTpHK(j)oc4iaTa 100 0,1
KaTH-OHaTHlO 70 0,01
CoqeTaHe
KaTHOHa.Ta-10 70 0,005
TpHHaTpiHikjioccjbaTa 100 0,1
npHBOAHM paCieTbl J J . J IH npHrOTOBJIGHHH paCTBOpOB j Ae3HHC|>eK-

TaHTOB.
KayC T M i e c K y i o c o n y b K O J i n q e c T B e 13 k t p a c T B o p a i O T r o p a n e f t b o - floft (70C) ao o f i i e M a 100 j i .
A h tih 4>op mm h roTOBHT no nponHCH {24]. HcxoflHbi pacTBop nojiyqaioT
paCTBOpHH6M 100 Kr XJIOipHOH H3BeCTH B 400 J I XOJIOflHOH BOflbl H 75 Kr KaJIb- HHH,p0 BaHH0H coah b
500 ji boihh (60C). CmeuiKBaiCT o6a pacTBopa a B
47
CMecb flo 6 aBjiHK)T pacTBop KaycTH'iecKOH co.ii.bi H3 pac'ieTa 1 0 i<r Ha 7 5 JI bo AM .
0 6 m a n Macca pacTBopa cocTaBHT: 1 0 0 + 4 0 0 + 7 5 + 5 0 0 + 1 0 + 7 5 = 1 1 6 0 K r . B MC -
xoahom ipacTBape KaHueHTpauHH aKTHBHoro xJiopa no cf>opMy.ne ( 5 5 ) 6 y n e r
100-0, 3-100 75-100 ' ir
----- -------- = 2 , 5 8 % ; K a JI b uh h p ob a hho h coah - 7 : = o,4o% ;

1160 11oO
10 - 1 0 n oe
KaycTH'iecKoft COAM ",, =0,86%.
1 lbu
Pafi or aft pacTBop aH TH ( | ) op MIHH a TOTOB HT , pa36aBA5ta HCXOAHMH pacTBop b
25 pa3, T . e: H 1 Kr pacTBopa AoaBA'siOT 24 j i BOAM .
PaCTBO.p X J I O O H O H H 3 B e C T H (l;% -HbIH nO KTHBHOMy BeiUeCTBy)
M-100X
riGAyqaioT, pacTBopsia 3,3 i<r xjiapnoft H3BecTH ^ J h aoboah
06l.eM AO 100 Jl (BBHAy .HeftOJIbUlOH KO'HUeHTpaHHH njiOTHOCTb :paCTBO'pa 3AeCb ne y^HTbiBaeTCfl).

PagoHHii pacTBop 0,005 %-hoh Konn.enTipau.HH noAVîaioT pa3BeAeflHeM boaoi 5 J I HexoAHoro
(ocBeTA&HHoro) pacTBopa ao 1000 a.
0,04-100
CyjibOHOJi (nopomoK) AoSaBjisiOT B kojihhcctbc -------- =0,05 Kr
o0
Ha 100 ji boam hjiih 0,5 Kr na 1 M3 pacTBopa xJibpnoii H3BecTH.
0,04-100 A
CyjiblhOHOJI JKH-AKHH ----------- ----- = 0,09 KT Ha 100 A BOAM llJlli
45
. 0,9 nr/M 3 pacTBopa xAopuoft H3Becm
0 , 02-100
JKnAKocTb ripor'pecc A 0 6 aBAM0T b KojnmeCTBe =
= 0,07 Kr Ha 100 J I hjih 0,7 i<r Ha 1 m 3 pacTBopa xjiopHofi H3Bec.

0 , 01 100
K a T a n H H (6es AO63BOK) pacTBOpsiiOT boaoh b KOjiHêcTBe ------------------------- =
= 0,025 KT AO 100 ji, hjih 0,25 Kr AO 1 M3.

C oMeTaHHe Kaianuna H TnHHaTpnftc>oc4>aTa
0,005-100
KaTanHH ----------------- = 0,01o ier H
40
0 , 1-100
TpHHaTpHHd) ;ocd)aT rrr = 0,1 Kr pacx-Bop I IOT b BOAe AO o6i>eMa 100 JI; !00 0,01-100 K a T H O H a
T-10 pa3BOAHT BOAOH B KOAHêCTBe ---------------------------------- --- = 0,014 Kr
ao 100 j i .
Coh eTa Hwe K a Th OHaTa - 10 HT p a T p H <J> O C (> a T a. PacTBOpa-
10 T COOTBeTCTBeHHO 0,007 H 0,1 Kr H AOBOAHT AO 100 JI BOAOH.
r ji a b a 5V
PACMETbl no COC TABJ 1EHMK) TEXHOJ IOFM4EC KOH

C XEMbI nO JiyMEHHJl f lPO> K> KEW 3ABOAA,
H cn o jibsyiom Ero PA3 B A B J I E H H bi E cPE^ bi
riepea TexiHOJioroM ApOMJKeBoro 3aBO.ua MoryT cTOATb ABe 3a- Aa^'H:

nepBaa pacneT hoboh TexHOJionmecKOH cxeMbi npHMenu- TejibHo k
o6opyAOBaHHio 3aBOAa, Biopa coBepmeHCTBOBaHHe cymecTByiomeH TexHojior h
*i e ckoh cxeMbi.
riepBaH 3aAaqa BoaHHKaeT np nepeBOAe neHCT Bv iomero 3aBo - Aa Ha
T ex'Ho/iorHqecKyio cxeMy, oT Jiimaiomyioca ot npHHflT oft Ha 48
3 aB 0 i,ne, a TaiOKe npn cTpoHTejibCTBe HOBoro 3 aBOfla.- ee pe- iieH.HH
cJieayeT noAofipaTb ncxoAHbie AaHHbie h 3aAaTbca ochob - HblMH
TeXHOJIOrHHeCKHMH I10Ka3TejISMH, 33T6M H3 6a3e 3THX âK - Hbix
cocTaBHTb TexHOJiorHqecKyio cxeMV h pe>KHMbi no CTaAHH m.
BTopaH 3 aAaqa cobepiuen ctbobahhe cxcmbi BbinojmaeT- ch, KorAa
cjjaKTiweoKHe noKa33TejiH 3aB0Aa, 6 yn,b to oTflejibHbie napaMeTpbi hjih
noKa3aTejiH b uejiOM no 3aB0Ay, OTCTaKiT ot 3 a- JIOKCHHbl'X B 3:BOACKOM
perjiaMeHTC H HX Hy>KHO yCOBeptlieHCTBO - BaTb. ,H,jih pemeHHH 3 toh
3 aAaiH h&o 6 xoahmo cASJiaTb jnosepoq - FHH pacqeT noKa3aTe.n:eH
cymecTByioiueH cxeMbi h pe>K|HMOB no CTaAH5iM, npoBecTH aHajiH 3
nojiyqeHHbix AaHbix h Ha ocuoBe 3io~ ro paapato iaTb yTOMHeHMbie
noKasaTeJiH TexHOJiorn' -iecKop cxeam h pe:HMOB.
OcHOBHbIMH yCJIOBMHMH npH C 0 CTaBJI 6 HHH JIIo 6 oH TeXHOJIOFM'ie-
CKOH cxeMbi HBJIHK3TCH: 3K0H0Mnm -ioe Hcn0Jib30BaHe oSopyAOBaHHn
npn pa 6 oTe na no- croHHHOM (uhkjimhhom) TexHOJiOFHqecKOM rpacj HKe,
co3AaK>mee B03MO>KHOCTb nOJiyqeiHHfl BbICOKOH BbipafiOTKH flipOKMeH;:
3
KOHOMHOC paCXOAOBaHHe CblpbH H M3TepH3JI0B, HTO 03naqaer
nojiyqeHHe npOAyKra c BHCOKHM BHXOAOM HS eAHHHUbi Maccu: cbipba;
nojiyqeHHe aPokjkch BbicoKoro KaqecTBa, OTBeqaiomero jiyu- ui hm
o6pa3uaM no apra-HOJienTHnecKHM ashumm, xjie 6 oneKapHHM :
CB0HCTB3M H CTOHKOCTH.
JX-Jin BbinoJiHeHHH 3THx T P e 6 o.Ba-Hn napaMeTpw, 3aKJiaAbisae- Mwe b
TexHOjiorHqecKVK) cxeMy, aoji>khh 6 irb oniHMajibHbimh c yqeTOM
cOBpeM.eHHbix aocthjkchhh .nayKH h onbiTa nepenoBi -jx npeflinpHHTHH.
BMecTe c tbm nonasTejin aojdkhh 6 biTb peaJibHbi- MH AJIH AHHOPO
33BOAa.
PacqeTb no cocTasjieiHHio JIIO S O H cxeMbi nojiyqemifl x;ie6oie - KapHbix
ApoJK*eH BKJiioqaioT onpeAeJieHHe KOJiHHecTBa l U H KJIOB . KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH,
pacxoAa Mejiaocbi h napaMeTpoB TexH'pjiorHqe- CKOro npouecca Bbip3 I UH B 3 HH &
Apo>K>Ket no CT 3AH IM . KajKAwfi pacqe/r naqHHaioT c no6opa H CXOAHH X A3H ! HH X .
Flpa 3 TO 4 CO 6 JI K > AaeTCH npeeMCTBeiiHOCTb napsMeTpoB c xeM, HTo6bi Ha ocUoee
TO - ro H JIH HHoro pacnera MOJKHO 6 HJIO onpeASJiHTb nocjidayjomHe noKa3aTeJiii.
npH nposeiAeHHH pacqeToe HeoSxoAHMo HMeTb cjieAyroiune oc - KOBHbie
HiCxoAHbie AaHiHbie:
* BbipagoTKy H BH XOA APo>K*efi no 3aBOAV;
KOJiHqecTBo Apo>K;epacTH;ibKbix annapaTOB h hx o 6 i>eM; qHCjio
pa 6 oqnx AHe b roAy;
npHHUHnHajibyio cxeMy npOH3BOACTBa TOBapHbix ApomjKe
(nepHOAHqecKaH HJIH HenpepbiBHaa).
Hcxoah H3 BbipaHiHOH cxeMbi, y>KHo noAodpaTb ochobhh&
TexHOJiorHqecKHe noKa33TejiH:
qHCJIO CT3AHH BblpSiIUHB3HIIH APO>K>KeH;
KpamocTb paafaB.iieHHa Mejiaccu no CTaAHHM;
4 847 4S
AJiHTejibHOCTb npouecca BbipamHBaHHH A P o>K>KeH; BeîHMH'Hy 3aeeBa ApoKJKeft; yAejibHyio cKopocxb
pocxa ApojKJKefi. H 3 HToroBHX noKa3aTejieH HyjKHO 33AaxbCH oJKHiaaeMMM bhxo - Aom Apo^jKeH no ct3ahhm, a
TaK>Ke yKa3aTb, cenapnpyioxcH ,in ApO>K>KH AHHOH CX3AHH. KpoMe nepeMHCJieHHbix Bbime b k3>kaom p33Aejie
MeTOAHKa paicêxa tex'HOJiorHH bckh x
npHBoaaxcH eiue AonojiHHTejibHbie HcxoAHbie AaHHbie.
noKasaTejieft APo*ce3oro 3aBoa,a, Hcnojib3yioiuero pa36a,BJieHHue cpeAbi, cocTaBjieHa Ha
npnMepe 3aBOAa npoH3BOAHTeJibHOCTbio 9000 t ApoMOKe b toa, ocHaiueHHoro
oTeqecTBeHHbiM o6opyAOB3HHeM. B pacêTax, KaK npaBHJio, npHBOAHxcH He oahh, a HecK0JibK0
BapnaHxoB, Koxopbie MoryT BCTpexHTbCH b npaKXH'HecKOH paSoTe TexHOJiora. Hcx
o a h bi e a a h h bi e
roft00H 'BbinyiOK miposcacefi, t 9000

Bhxoih wipoaoKeH no aaiB'cwy, 1%' 75
3aiaafl pa'6orraeT Kpiynniacy>Torao iHa iHenipepua- 300
hoh ipaSoieft ewejie. M'HCJIO paOoWHX KHeft
B poay
yiCTaaBJieiH'0
ToiBapHbJX mpoacacepaciTHJi'biHbix arniaipaTOB 3
aixnaparroB eaceaiHoii cTaaHH 2
Ofimaa iBiMecTtHMocTb, IM 3
TaBapaoro annapaTa B 100
3atC0BHoro B 30
M HC Jlo CTaAHH BblpaiUHBaHHH ApOJKJKefi (BOC 6Mb) npHHHTO B cooTBeTCTBEH co

cxeMOH BHHHXIa: M HH , B HH , HK-I, HK.-H,
E4K-I, EHK-II, 3aceB!HaH B, xosapnaH B.
POKHM noJiyneHHH ApoJKHteH B TOBapHOH CTaAHH HenpepbiBHbiH ( y AJI HH 0HH bl H C
OTTOKa'MH); Ha OCTajIbHblX CT3AHHX iepHOAH- l ieCKHe pe>KHMbI BblpaiUHBaHHH
ApOJKiKeH.
IlipowoJiiKMTejibHOicrrb npioaeoca KyjibTHBHipiO -

BaHHH IHa CTaAHH, q
B 19
iB 10
MeoKiUHKJioiBioe iBpeMJi JIH aenaparra, q
B 5
iB 5
OjK'HaaeiMaH BbiipaifioiTKa mpcK,>KeH ro offiHoro 1 0 0 00
annapaTa B , B (oymK>H 8a HHKJI , fer
, PACHET 4HCJIA UHKJIOB KyJlbTHBHPOBAHHfl H PACXOflA MEJIACCbl HA 1

HHKJ1
1. CyTo^HaH Bbipa6oxKa Apo^Kê Ha 3aBOAe 9000:300 = 30 t

2. AJIH noJiyqeHHH 30 t ApojKê Heo6xoAHMO npoBecTH b cyx- KH 30: 10 = 3 UHKJI3, rAe
10 t Bbipa6oTKa sa 1 UHKJX corjiacHO HCXOAHbIM AaHHbIM.
50
3. IlipoBepHM no cjopMyuie (43), AOCTaTOMHO jiu AP<iK>Kepac -
TnjibHbix annapaTOB t' B T OBapnoft CTaAHH ajih npoBeAejHHH sthx
UH K JI O B
z (t 4- <j) 3(19 + 5)
----------- -------------- = .j arinapara
craam-i 13.
24 24
n P H 3thx ycjioBHHx (TpH UHKJia b cvtkh na Tpex annapaax) MO/KHO

HMeTb nOCTOHHlHblH UHKJMMeCKHH rpac)HK A P 0 >K>KepaCTHJIb- Horo
npouecca, t. e. 3 arpy 3 Ky, npouecc BbipamHBaHHH Apowmet n ocBo6o>KAeHHe
annapaTOB npoBoai-iTb e>Kecy T0 i i H0 b oaho h to >Ke BpeMH.
4. Ilo toh >Ke 4>opMyjie (43) mo>kho paccHMTaTb Hyxmoe kojih- MecTBo
annapaT OB ib CTaAHH B, ajih K0T0p0ft hhcjio uhkjiob aojdk- HO 6bITb TaKHM >Ke,
KaK H AJIH TOBapHOH CT3AHH B:
3 (10 4-5)
L r- = ---------- 1,9, hjih 2 arinapara CTa/inn B.
E 24 I-
5. Ecjih 3aBOfl, P a6oT aiomHH b T OBapHOH CT aAHH no 19-l iaco- BOMy

pe>KHMy h HMeiomuft ABa annapaT a ct 3ahh 5, nepexoAHT Ha 6ojiee KopoTKHH
pe>KHM, HanpHMep 1 2- H ac0 B0H , H e o 6x 0A H M 0 pac- c'iKT aT b, cKOJibKG annapaT OB B
norpeyeT CH ajih stoh cxeMbi. Pac- mct BeAyT no c})opMyjiaM (42) h (43), nphhhb,
HanpHMep, 'iro Me>KUH,K.noBoe BpeMH b T OBapHOH C TaA H H p aBH O 4 H (ue|M Ko po 'ic
uhkji, TeM MeHbiue BpeMeniH ot boaht ch na n0Ar0T 0B1ejibH0 -3a- kjiiohHT ejibHbie
onepauHH).
HhCJIO TOBapiHblX UHKJIOB 2)2 npH 3T HX VCJIOBHHX 6 yAeT paBHO
4,5.
HeoSxoAHMoe i<0JiHHecTB0 annspaT OB :'b CT aAHH B paBHO 2,8.
TaKHM 06pa30M, npH coKpaiueHHH BpeivieHH npouecca b ct sahh B
yBeJBHHBaeTCH n 0 Tpe 6 H 0 CT b b annapaT ax CTaAHH B.
KaKOBa Ao.Ji*Ha 6biT b n'p0A0Ji>KHT eJibH0CT b npouecca t b cT a- AHH B,
ecJiH moht3>k T peT bero annapaT a B HeB03M0>KH?
3tot pacêT BeAyT no cfiopMyjie (44), 3 .Han, hto 2 ^ = 4, 5. T = 10,7 i.
H3 10,7 q Ha n0AroT0BHTeJibH0 -3akjiio'-iHTejibHbie onepauHH hc-
ooxoahmo OTBecTH 4 5 m, cjieAOBaTejibHO, Ha npouecc BbipamH BaHHH b
CTaAHH B ocTaeTCH 7 6 q, mto hbo neAOCTaTOHHO, r. e. npn nepexoAe Ha 12 -
qacoBoi pe>KHM B ycTanoBKa AonoJiHHTejib- H o r o a n na pa Ta B o6n 3 a Te j i b H a.
XlByx annapaTOB B 6yAex AOCT ST oqHO, ecJiH coKpaT HT b npo uecc b CT aAHH
B He ao 12, a ao 16 npn 3T 0-M uhcjio uhkjiob ?16 B CyTKH C0CT 3BHT 3,4.
npH T aKOiM K'OJi'H' 1 !ecTBe U H K JI O B rpa4>HK apo>K>Ke P acT HjibiHoro npouecca
He 6yAeT n O C TO H H H H M , a cT aHOBHTca CKOJib3HiUHM, x. e,
OKecyTOMHO iylCHHIOlUHMCH.
4* | SI
npoAOJiKHTeJibHocTb uHKJia Te Ha CTaAHH B b 3tom BapnanTe
tio 4)opMyjie (44) 6yneT paBHa 14 q, H3 hhx npn ^ = 10 q,.i 1 = 4 q
(1410).
fljIH AaJIbHeHHIHX paCMeTOB npHHMaeM B COOTBeTCTBHH C HC -
jcoahmmm A a i HHbiMH: KOJimecTBo TOBap.Hbix annapaTOB B paB'HO 3,
annapaTOB CT 3A HH B 2, HHCJIO U HKJIOB B CV TKH 3.
6. CyTOTObm pacxoA 46% - HOH Mejiaccbl M cy T H 3 XOAST no cfrop-
Myjie (36)
^100 30-100
M cy
T = -------------------- ------- = ~
75 = 40 T.
7. rio toh *e ()0 P Myjie BbiqncJiaioT yAeJibHbifi pacxoA Mejiac- CH'M yn (aa 1 t
Apo>K>KeH). M y R = 1333,4 ki'/t.
8. PacxoA Mejiaccu Ha 1 napraio ApoKJKeH M n no c|)opMyjie (36) cocTaBHT 13334
Kr hjih APyr,HM cnocoSoM rio cyroqHOMy pacxoAy Mejiaccbl h qncjiy uhkjiob paBeH
40000:3=13334 Kr.
B 3To KOJiHMecT.BO bxoaht Mejiacca Ha Becb uhkji nojiyqeHHH TOBapHbix AP'OJKKefi, a himqhho
na CTaiAHH B, B h aojih Mejiaccu, npHXOAamaacH aa 3aceBaeMbie b annapaT B apohokh E4K.
PACHET TEXHOJIOrHHECKHX nOKA3ATEJIEH no CTAflHflM BbIPAlU,HBAHHfl

TOBAPHblX fl,PO)K>KEH
Pacc^HT aB hhcjio uhkjiob KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH h pacxoA Mejiaccu Ha 1 uhkji,
npHCT ynaioT k pacqery noKasaTejiefi no cTaAHaM Bbi pamHBaHHH ApOJIOKeH. B CBH3H C
TeM HTO TOBapHH CT aAHH onpt- AejineT bcio BbipafioTKy totohoh npoAyKUHH, pacqeT
HaqHHaioT co CTaAHH B.
CorjiacHo HcxoAHbiM A ^ HHUM , TOBapHbie A P OSOKH nojiyqaioT b
nenpepbiBHOM npouecce. ,H,jih stoto HeoSxoAHMO HaKOHHTb b an napaTe
AocTaToqHoe KOJmqecTBo ApojKsce. H 3 npaKTHKH paSoTbi ApOJKJKOBblX 38BOAOB H3B6CTHO,
qTO B THnOBOM ApOHOKepaCTHJIb- kom annapaTe o6iue BMecTHMOCTbio 100 m 3 k
KOHuy 6-qacoBoro HaKonHTejibHoro nepnoAa KOJinqecTBO SnoMaceu cocTasjineT 28003600 Kr.
npHMeM AJIH Harnero pacqeTa 3300 Kr. TorAa 3a nepHOA ottokob aojijk-ho HaKonHTbCH
6700 kt APOJK/Keft (10000 3300).
OcHOBHbie TexHO.TOTHqecKHe AanHbie AJIH pacqeTOB npHBeAeHbi b Ta 6ji. 6.
PasHHua b BbixoAe ApooK*eft b nepHOAU h a Kon h Te ji mi bi h h ottokob (cm.
TaSji. 6) ofi-bHCHHeTCH co3AaHHeM npH HenpepbiB- hom o 6hobji 6hhh KyjibTypajibHOH
cpeAbi b orroqHbr nepHOA cTa-
^HJIbHblX OnTHMajIbHblX yCJIOBHH AJIH pa3MHOH<eHHH ApO>K>KeH H
HaKonjieHHH dnoMaccu, qTo BeaeT k noBumeHHio Bu-xo.ua aPojk- >Keft. TaKoe
cooTHomeHHe Bneva0RaL>BBSLK0imr. coSJUOAaencH Ha xo-
OTTOKa nepnoAa
po-mo pa:6oTaioiu :Hx ApoHCHceBtix aaBOAax [ 8 ].
'52
Ta 6 JI h u a 6
HcxoAHbie TexHOJTOrHNecKHe noKa3ateJiH npn nojiyneHHH TOuapHbix apo^weii
C Ta A HH B b lXOA K 09( }) (t> H- n p OA OA > KH - C e n a p a iiHf i

TGJ I b HOC Tb Ap owoic eH
apo>Kc ef t nO UHeH T
n p ou e cc a
C Ta A HH c p eA He -
t, '1
(M HC Tb I H ) q a c oB or o
CT 0/o
n p n p oc Ta
a
B Ha R on uTeJi bHbi H n epHo/j

74 1, 17
6 Hex
B nepHOin OTTOKOB 77 * *
12 Ha
B b u e j i O M 3a n p o u e c c 75* 19 A a
B 3aceBHaa
72,5 1,175 10 Her
* B uejioM 3 a Jipoueoc ya 3 aH o 6 ihhh Bbixoa flP'OHOKeii.

** K03ct)(t)Hij.HeHT nacoBoro npitpocTa B nepuofl OTTOKOB BMHHCJI HI OT nocjie pac*ierra
noiKaaaTejieft HaKOinHTejibHoro nepMfla.
*** Kos^HRHeHT qaicoBoro np'mpocTa b uejioM 3a npouecc orapeiHenaioT KaK ye.ioBHyio
cpejHioio BejTHqHey 3a HaKonHTejibHbift h nepnaa 0 TT 0 Ka. I
f KojiHHecTBo aaceBHbix flpowweii h pacxoA Mejiaccw no CTaa.HM
Mejiacca b KOJinqecTBe 13 334 Kr, npeAHa 3HaqeHHaa ajih nojiy- hphhh apoKJKefi
oahoh riapTHH, KaK yKa3aH0 Bbime, BKJiioqaeT He TOJibKO pacxoin, na CTaAHio B, iho
h Ha BbipaiHHBaHHe saceBHbix Apo)K>KeH CTaAHH B, a TaK>Ke aojiio Mejiaccbl,
H3pacxoAOBaHHOH na nojiyieHne toh qacTH ApoaoKeft E^K, KOTopyio 3aceBaioT b
annapaT CTaAHH B. ^ToSbi paccHHTaTb pacxoA Mejiaccbl no Ha3B8HHUM
CTaAHHM, HeofixOAHMO OnpeAeJIHTb KOJIHqeCTBO 3aCeBHbIX H Bblpa- meiHHblX
ApOJKHCefi IHa 3THX CT3AHHX.
PacqeT KOJinqecTBa ApoJKxeH BeAyT no <{>opMyJiaM (7) h (10), b KOTopux
nojiyqaeMbie aPO>k>kh o6o3HaqeHbi 6yKB 0H f f (bmccto X) , a 3aceBaeMbie J U, 0 , h
nojib3yK>TCH AaHHbiMH Tafiji. 2 npHJiO}Ke- hhh (b AaJibHefiweM 6yKBoft X 0
o6o3aqeHa BejiHMHHa sacesa ApoHOKei b npoueHTax).
CorjiacHo hcxoahhm AaHHbiM (cm. Taji. 6 ), b HaKoiiHTejibHHH nepHOA
K03<)(|)Hii,HeHT qaooBoro npnpocTa Apo<>KeH (K^flJI,) pa- BCH 1,17, h 3a 6 q
HKanJiHBaeTCH 3300 Kr Apo>K*eH. Ha&A 6M no ctopMyjie (10), KaKoe KOJinqecTBO
ApojKxefi M B CTaAHH B Heo6xo- Ahmo ajih aToro 3aceaTb b TOBapHbiH annapaT:
J[ B = JJ : aJ- = 3300 : 1,17 = 3300:2,56 = 1289 Kr.
OKpyrjiHM ao 1300 Kr. BeJinqHHa 1,17 6 = 2,56 B3HTa H3i Ta 6ji. 2 npHJIOXCHHH.
3Haa (cm. Tafiji. 6), hto a?o>kjkh ct3ahh B pacTyT b TeneHHe 10 q c TOI# =1,175,
HaHAeM no toh >Ke $opMyjre (10) KOJinqe- ctbo Apo>K>KeH E^K, HeoSxoAHMoe ajih
aaceBa anna pa Ta cra- AHH B:
^ Eq K = J I B : a * = 1300: l, 175i o= 1300 : 5, 02 = 259 Kr 260.i cr.
53
c (1300 - 260) 100 \ A o A
Facxoa
XI,ajiee,Mejiaccbl Ha CTaanio
B3HB, corjiacHO d ---------------------------
hcxoahmm = 1434
------ MOro
aaHHbiM, BejiHHHHy o>Kn.a,ae- Kr,
Bbixoaa
72,5
Apo>K>KeH, m o > kh o p ac c 'i H Ta Tb pacxoa MeJiaccbi: b HaKonHTejibiHbiH nepHOii
hjih 10,8% ot o6 [ mero pacxoaa (13 334 Kr).
Ha 3aceBHyio E^K W npnxojiHTCsi
A e ) 100 (3300 _ 1300) 100
Mejiaccu: 500 Kr (1934
Af. = ------------ r --------- = ----------- ^ -------- = 2702 Kr,
1434),hjih 3,8% OT aSmero B pacxofla. HojiyHaHHbie 74 Bejia^HHM pacxo.ua MeJraccbi
10,8% Ha cTa^Hio B H 3,8%Ha APO > K > KH EHK cor.iacyioTCH c npHHHTbiM b
paonpeae- JieHHeM cbipbH no cTaaHHM (OM . Ta6ji. 3).
CKpyrJiHM ao 2700 Kr;
npoMbiiuuieHHocTH
6700-100
o nepHoa ottokob /W n . 0= --------------------- = 8700 Kr;
HToro Ha cTa^Hio B 2700

rioKa3aTejiH + 8700= 11 400
HaKonHTejibHoro kt.
nepwoAa CTH AHM B
OiCTaeTCH Ha CTaamo B H E^K 13 33411 400=1934 KT.
1. 06i>eM jkhakocth V b KOHu,e HaKonHTejibHoro nepHoaa c yieT-O'M

K03cj)(J)HU,HeHTa 3an ojthhhh annapaTa (0,7) cocTaBJiaeT
V = 100-0,7 = 70 M3.
2. 06maa KpaTHocTb pa36aBjieH5i Mejiaccbl no c})opMyjie (33) c yneTOM 25%

Mejiaccbl CTaAHH B
70 000
06 2700 + 1434-0,25 = 2 2 , 9 ,
HJIH pa36aBjieHHe Mejiaccbl 1 : 22*.

3. BejiHHHfla 3aceaa ,apo>K>KeH X 0 b HaKoriHTejibHbiH nepiioa cocTaBJiaeT
1300-100
4. KOHueHTpauHH ApojK>KeH Hb KOHue 3Toro nepnoaa no 4>op- Myjie (38)

6yaeT
H = J l : V 3300 t 70 = 47,2 kt/m3, hjih 47,2 r/ji.
* Fio paHee npHMeHHBiueHCfl MeTOftHKe npn pacneTe pa36aBjienHH yiH.Tt.iBa- JIH Bcio Mejiaccy CTHAHM B,
npn STOM KP 0 6 6HJIO 6bi paBHO 16,9, HJIH pa 36aB- JieHHe Mejiaccu 1 : 16.
54
5. OflUHH BblXOA ApO>K>KeH H BblXOA no CTaAHH -B. HaKOHHTejIb- HHft
nepHOA no 4)OpMyjie (41) cocTaBHT:
(3300 1300). 100
6. Y to mh h m no yp aBH eHH io (4), c KaKOH cpeAHeft jyAeJibHoft C KO pO CTb K ) pO C Ta (X

A O JI JKH bl p a 3M H O JK TbCH A PO >K > KH b| Te H CH H e 3T0ro n e pH o a a :
3300
1300
cooTBexcTByex snane- HHe qacoBoro npHpocxa,

3to h ckopocth n o Ta 6j i . 1 n pH Jl O JKe H HH
paoHoe 1,168, t. e. 6jiH3Koe k npHHHTQMy b hcxoahhx AaHbix 1,17 (.cm. Ta6ji. 6). BMecTe c
tm H e o 6x o - Ahmo OTMeT.HTb, mto ecjiH aPosokh cTa^HH B 3aceBaioT b annapaT B
HeCenapHpOBaHbIMH, B 3K TH BH 0M COCTOHHHH, TO b nepHOA CKJiaAKH HaqHexcH
P a3M i H o >Ke H H e A P o>K>KeH. B 3TOM cJiyqae ynejib- ag cKopocTb pocT.a M-oJKeT
6biTb paccHHTaiHa ne 3a 6 n , a c yqe- t o m BpeMeHH CKJiaAKH, HanpHMep 3a 6,5
hjih 7 q. B HarneM pacie- Te A JI H 3T0r 0 B pe Me H H |X C0CT3BHT C O O TBe TC TBe H H O 0,143 hjih
0,133, b cpeAHeM 0,138. CpeAHeMy 3HaqenHio u cooTBeTCTByeT BejiHMHHa a = 1,147.
7. Mh'CJio yABoeHHH finoMaccH bh^hcjihhdt no (j)o P Myjie (13)
oouu
= 1,443-0,9318 = 1,34,
BpeMH yABoeHHH no 4>opMyjie (14) 6yAeT
g = t : n = 6:1,34 = 4,48 q.
H 3 aajiH3a nojiyqeHHbix AaiHHbix bhaho, 1 ito ohh Sjihskh k no- K33aTeji5iM, c

KOTopbiMH P a6oTaioT 0Te l iecTBeiiKbie 33boah. Heo6x0AHM0 oTMeTHTb, hto pscqeT
napaMer poB HaKOirHTejib- Horo nepnoAa mokho cAeJiaTb h Apyr.HM nyTeM:
pacxoA Mejiaccbl no ctbaham B h B BHHHCJiHTb no hop maM , npHBeAeHHbiM
b Tafiji. 3;
o6-beM jkh&kocxh paocwraTb jih6o no K03<j)4>HUHeHTy sanojiue - hhh annapaTa,
jiw6o hcxoah H3 3aA3HiHOH KpaTHocTH paadaBjieHHH Mejiaccu; KOJIIHHecxBo
o>KHAaeMbix K KOHU,y nepnoAa AposcJKeH BbiqHCjiHTb no saAHHOH KOiHeq'HOH
KOHieHTpanHH Apo>K*ei h odibeMy 5K HA -
KOeTH ;
55
Aojik) Mejiaccbl, rtpHXOAHiuyiocH Henocpe,ncTBeHHo na HaKoiiH -
Tejib'Hbift nepnoA, onpeueJiHTb no KOHeqHOH fiHOMacce h Bejinmine Bbixo'Aa,
npe,nycM 0 TpeHH 0 r 0 b hcxoahmx AaHHbix;
K O JI H H e C TBO 3 ace BH bI X fl pO Ji O K CH p a CC TH Ta Tb , 3 a ,n , aBl U H Cb B 6 .TH- l ihhoh 3aceBa b
npoueHTax k pacxony Mejiaccu Ha cTazuaio.
TaKHM 06pa30M, B STOM BapnaHTe K HCXOAHMM AaHHbiM AJIH paicqeTa f C T , a,
t, npH!BeeHbiM B Ta6ji. 6 , AotaBJiHiOTCH eme noKa3aTejiK KP, X 0 , B o 6 . Ha
ocnoBe nojiyqeHHbix B pameTax no- KasaTejieft onpemejiH'ioT BejiHqniHy

ynejibHoii CKOPOCTH pocra h cpe/tHeqacoBoro npnpoiCTa h op a BIH h B a IOT C h-
cxoA'Huimh AaHHUMH. Ecjih peayjibTaTu pacqexa pe 3KO oTJTHqaiOTCH OT
3aflaHbix sejiH- q H ' H , TO cjieayeT H3MeHTb noKa3aTejiH. Aejiaior STO .nyTSM
BapbH- posa'HHH .napaMeTpoB H no (J)opMyjiaM (4), (7) H (10) TaK, MToSbi
nojryniHTb peaJibHue noa3aTe:jiH p HJIH a, H 3aTe-M Bbil6Hpa- k>t Handojiee
nomxoAHiUHH BapnanT.
06e MeTOAHKH pacqeTa paaH03HaqHbi, H TexHOJior MO>KeT BU - 6 paTb
6 oJiee ynoHyio.
CocTaBjieHHe pe>KHMa BbipaiuHBaHHn ApOMiKeii b H a Ko n H Te j i i i H bi H n e pH O A
P e > KH M Bb l p ai UH B aH H H A pO J K JKe ft B JI K) 6o H C Ta f l H I I CO C TaB JI H I O T Ha o i C 'H O B a .H H H
p ac qe Ta . B pa cqe T pe > KH M a bx o ah t o n pe ue j ie H He q a - co Bo ro n pn po c Ta A po > K >Ke H ( b kt) , pa cx o Aa
M e j i ac cu b K a Â bi i i ^ ac ( b K r h % ) , K 0 3( | ) 4) H U H e H Ta q aco Bo ro p acx o j i a M e j i ac cbl ( KH PM ) . 3 a Te M
p ac cqH Tbi Ba i O T n o qa co Bo f t p acx o a p ac TBo po B co - Ji e fl , H a do p JKH A KO C TH b an n ap a Te . B sth x p ac qe Tax
ynejiniOT o co - 6oe BH H M aH n e n o Ka 3 a Te Ji H M pe >KH M a CK Ji aA KH [ 25 , 4 4] . J3 , aj i e e ye -
Ta n aB Ji i H Bai O T p acx o a B0 3A y x a , n o Kas a Te j i H n po >K >Ke p ac TH Ji bH o ro n po u e cc a co A e p> K aH H e cy x nx
Be me c TB , pH , <p0 pM 0 Ji bH 0e qn cj i o . P acc qH Tbi B ai O T o j KH A ae M y i o B bi p aS o TKy apo > K} KeH
H ap ac Tai o u u i M H To ro M ( b K r) h H aKo n j i e -H n e S H O M a ccbi ( b r/ Ji ) .
Ecjih aPojiokh B TeqeHHe HaKonHTejibHoro nepuoua pacryT CTporo no

3KcnoHHTe, TO eêqacHbiH K034>c)HUHeHT npnpocTa hb - JisiercH
nocTOHH'HOH BeJiHqMHOH. Ta KO H pe>KHM onucai-i Y an TO M [43] pocT
ApojKJKeii uneT c HOCTOHHHUM qacoBbiM npHpocroM 17,5% B qac h c TaKHM }Ke
K03$4>HUHeHTOM (1,175) yBejiHMHBa- ercH n o q ac0 , B0H pacxoA Mejiaccu, 0 A H a K0
S T O T pe>KHM H a 3 a B0 - Aax npaKTHqecKH He ocymecxBjiHeTCH.
CorjiaOHO COBPeMCH'HbllM 3'HaHHHM O 3aiKOHOMepiHOCTHX pocTa H

pa3M!HOJKeHHH ApOJKJKeBblX KJieTOK CKOpOCTb pOCTa B XO ' fl e KyjlbTH-
BHpoiBaiHHH APo^KjKefi, Ko r ,n , a HfleT HaKonjieHHe 6 H 0 Maccbi, He hb- JiaeTCH
nOiCTOHHHOH BeJIHqH'HOH (CM . rJI. I). OHa CTaHOBHTCH IIO- CTOHiHHOH B
HenpepblBHOM npouecce BO BpeMH OTTOKa JKHAKOCTH c ftpoJKHcaMH h
npHTOKa ciBe>KeH opeabi. noaxoMy b haonhtejibhom nepiioAe
3aKjiaAbHBaeTOH nepeMeiHHbm koact)huhht qacoiBoro n pH - po c Ta A po > K :eH
( K^n j l ,) . Be j i n qH H O H KM n XI , 3 aA ai 0 TCH , C O 'S J I I O - Aan cjieayioiuyio 3aKOHOMepHOCTb: b

nepBoft nojioBHHe npouecca
56
3T0T noKasaiejib napacTaeT, bo BTopon cHuscaeTcn. Me>Kja,y TeM b TeqeHHe
OTHOCHTeJibHo KopoTKoro BpeivieHH (-6 q) cKoipocTb pocra Apo>K>Keft
MO>KeT h He GHH>KaxbCH. 3aAaBancb KMIXH, Heo 6 xo;u;- mo HMeTb b bhav,
^To BejmqHa ero He AOJi>KHa 3HaqnTejihHo ot - K.TOHHTbCH ot
cpeAneqacoBoro npnpocTa b uejroM 3a npouecc.
B nepHO A C KJi aA KH a nnapa Ta, Ko rA a b n er o no c Ty nai o T pa c Ttio - pbi Mejiaccbl, cojiefi,
BOAa h nepeAaiOTca 3aceBHbie aPO>kkh b aK- thbhom coctohhhh BMecTe c
6 pa>Kicoft H3 annapaTa B, HaqHHaeToi npnpocT Apo>K>KeH. Ecjih annapaT
3aceBa.ioT APo>K>KaMH b Bime K O H ue H Tpa Ta, Ka K sto A eJiae TC H Ha 3aBOAax c
oGopVAOBaHHeM T1HP, TO H3KOnJI0HHH ApO>K>KeH B nepHOA CKJiaAKH
MO>KeT H ne fiblTb HJIH OHO 6 vaeT HeSoJlbUIHM.
B 0BH 3H c TeM qTO b HauieM npnMepe annapaT B 3 aceBae'rcH Kecenapupo-
BaiHHbiMH Apo>K>KaMH CT aAHH B h b n.e p h o a c k ji a a k h HaqHi -iaercH
npupocT ApoKJKeft, KOscxpHmieHT qacoBoro npnpocTa, Kak paccqHT a -HO Bbiuie,
6yAeT KOJieaTbcn okojio BejiHqHHH a
1,147.
, npnpocT Apo>K>KeH paccqHTbiBaiOT cJieAyioiUHM nyTeM (TaSji.
7, rpatm 25). KojraqecTBo Apo>K>KeH, naxoAfliUiixcn B annapaTe b naqa,jie
qaca, yMtto>KaioT Ha kos^huhoht qacoBoro npHpoiCTa. flojiyqaioT
KO.JiHqecTBO APo>K>Keft B kohuc qaca. Pastmua Me>i<Ay 3THMH
BeJIHqHJiaMH COCTaBJIHCT qHCTbIH n P H P OCT APO>K>K'eH ('B Kf)
3 a 1 q.
T a!'6 JI H'it 3 7
^ npupocT APOKHteii pe>KHM 'fipHTOKa Meji accu b aK on HTej i bHw Ii; n epuoa
Ha c bi n pouec ca Ta c- ie T ri pupocia ji poM OKe H li Pa c xoa Mej ia ccw o

X o ? r a
; < u cL
3c -
o f- 0 'ji O - KT % X u &
ca '
.r V si
O (U f, 3 0 " H O. rx < W 6-g S
V%n " 0 S * O S o s a,
X ^ o c = ; a 2 3 CC tss
C H
* i 2 g tr 3 c - o a o c C- - C r*
ca s : = (
c o." n 9 -0 o. 5 1
co :r
~ Q 2" c r> o 1 2 o
r a a u:? U
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
CKJi a^K a 1300 1 ,10 1430 1301 62,1 243 9,0
1 1430 1,12 1602 172/ 243 9,0 1.0

2 1602 1,14 1826 224 76,7 292 10,8 1,20
3 1826 1,16 2118 292 76,7 381 14,! 1,30
4 2118 1,17 2478 360 76,7 470 17,4 1,23
5 2478 1,16 2874 396 76,7 516 19,1 1,10
6 2874 1,15 3300 426 76,7 555 20,6 1,08
HTOTO 1,147 | 2000 74.1 2700

o
o
O
Hajiee paccqHTbiBaiOT qacoBo pacxoA Mejiaocw (b Kr).

PacxoA Me.naccbi na cKJiaAKy mo>kt 6biTb BbiqHC-jieH no t pop- Myjie (36) KaK
oTHomeHne npnpocTa APO>K/Kefi 3a BpeMH CKJiaAKH k 0 >KAaeM 0 My qHCTOMy BbuxoAy hx.
BMecTe c. TeM BejiHqHHOH pac - xofla Mejiaccbl na CKJiaAKy mo>kho 3aAaT bcn. TaK,
ycTaHOBjieHO 125], qro b HaKoniiTejibHbiH nepuoA npaAOJi>KHTejiboeTbio 6 q omn -
57
M aj i bi H H H pa cx o A M e j i accu a o KJi aA Ky h b n e pBu f t â c co c Ta Bj i n e T m n o 9% , h j i h b cy M M e 1 8% , o t M a ccu
M e j i ac cu , pa cx o A y e Mo b g , h aKo i n H Te j i i >h u h n e pn o A . JI ,j i h n e pn o A a fl Ji H Te j i bH o c Tbi o 7 n 3th b c - %

j i h to i h h H e cKO j i b Ko MeHbiue (7 + 7 = 14% ) . ri o cj i e A y i o mH H q aco - | bo h pa cx o A M e j i a ccu ( b kt ) bu h h cj i h i o t
n o to h ce ( J) o pM y - I j i e ( 36) . I
B H a m >e M n pH M e pe ( Ta S j i . 7) cA e j i aH p ac qe . T l acO i Bo ro n pn po - I c . Ta A po JK JKe H pe > KH M a n pH TO Ka
M e j i ac cu b H S KO H H Te Ji bH bi H n e - 1 PH O A n o o n H c aH H O H Bu u i e M e ro A H Ke .
P acx o A M e j i ac cu H a C KJi aA Ky H B n ep Bbi f t 'i ac n pH H H T B KOJIH- 1 qe c TBe 9 + ' 9 = 1 8% , BU X OA
A PO >K > Ke H n pH TBKOM pa cx o A e M e j i accu | A O J i J Ke H co c Ta Bj i H Tb 62 , 1% , B o cTa j i bH bi e q acu 7 6, 7 , HJ I H B
c pe A - I n e M 3 a Be cb n e pH O A 7 4 ;1% . BM e c Te c Te M B '0 3M 0 > K H 0 , MTO B n po - I u e cce B bi p a mH B aH H H
A p 0J K >Ke H B Ha KOn H T e JI bH OM n e pH O A e BUXOA HX n o n ac aM H e 6y .n e T n o cTO H H i H O H B e j ri ff l H H O H . 1
n o j i y qe H u e B p acn e Te A aH H bi e n o q aco Bo ro pa cx o A a M e j i a ccu J ( B K T) BU H CU B ai o T B Ty > K e Ta 6j i . 7

( rp a <}) a 7) H n e pe cH H TU Bai O T I H a n i po u e H Tbi . P acc 'i H Tal B n pH TO i K M e j i accu , IHCO6XOAHMO n po an aj m- |
3H po B a Tb n o Ji y qe H H bi e pe 3y Ji b Ta Tbi , T. e . o n pe Ae Ji H Tb K03 $c J) H U ,H e H T f q a co Bo ro p acx o A a M e j i ac cu
( KH PM , rpa(j)a 9) . I I O A K4PM n o H H - I
M ai o T o TH o i n e H H e p acx o A a M e j i accu B A 3H H U H q ac K M ac ce M e - I
J i a ccu n pe A H A y i n e ro q ac a . H 3 n pa K TH KH y c TaH O Bj i e H O , * T O STOT I
n o Ka 3 a Te j i b A O Ji JKe H H 3M e H H TbCH B TOH > Ke 3 a K0H 0M e pH 0 C TH , q To ;
H Koa^tJjHnHeHT qacoiBoro npHpocTa APOK>KeH. riocjieAHHH, KaK |

y Ka 3UB aj i o c b , o H a q aj i a n o su i i i ae TCH B A P 0J K Ke pac TH Ji b! H 0M n po - I
n e cce , a 3 a Te M o H H JK ae TCH . Ta Kan 3 aK 0H 0M e pH 0 C Tb H aS j i i o A ae i CH 1
H B H a m .e M n pH M e pe , cj i e A 0tB3 Te j i bH 0 , pe > KH M n pH TO K a M e j i accu co - |
C Ta Bj i e H n p aBH Ji bH o . Cj i e A y e T O TM e TH Tb , q To e cj i H K^ ri Xl p ac c^H - I
Ta Tb n o CO O TH O I Ue H H K) H H C TO rO H pH pO C Ta A PO KJ Ke H B A aH t tU H q ac 1
K H H C TO M y n pH pO C Ty B n pe A UA y i UH H H 3 C , TO 3 TH A aH H bi e CO Bn S A y T I
(KpOMe nepsoro h BTOporo qaca) c noK33aTejiHMH K ^PM , TaK KaK 1

pacxoA Mejiaccu paccHHTH Ha OAHHaKOBUH MacoBoft BUXOA Apo*- >x e H .
Ta d j i . 7 H .Bj i H e TCH Bcn o M o ra Te Ji bH O H a j i h n o cj i e A y i o me ro co - c TaB Ji Q H H H pe KH M a ) H 3Ko mH Te j i b o ro
n e pH O A a . H 3 t sS j i . 7 b pe - i
>khm f i e py x n o K aa a Te j i i H npHTOKa M e j i a ccu . / aj i e e b pe stH M e yKa- 3biBaKrr rpa(j)HK

npHTOKa pacTBopoB c o j i e n a h 3 m mo :h h h ! ( J) o c4) 3 T3 h cyjibitj)3Ta aMMOHHH. Co j i h
noAaiOT p a i BH bi i M H n o p UH H M H b TeqeHHe B ce ro H ai Ko n H Te j i bH O i ro n apn A 3 . n an pe & H i o c Tb b
s th x co j i h x , a T3K>Ke A py r 'n x HHTSTejIb'HbX KQ M H 0H 'S H T X (XJHOpaCTUH K a j I H H , Ce p -
H 'O KH CJI bl H MarHHH, K y i Ky py 3H bIH 3 K C Tpa K T) p aC C 1 ! H T bUB 3 I O T O A 'H O Bi p e M H H 'O C
p 3i C l l i e TO ! M n O K a3 a Te j i e H H3 K S S CA O H CTaAHH. XI j i h yA'O'fcTBa nojibsoBaiHHH s th
pacêru npHBeAeHbi b oTAejib- h o m p a3A e Ji e . H 3 Ta 6j i . 1 6 , 1 8 , 19 3 To r o p a3A e Ji 3 BM n H C bi t Bs -
I O T p3 CXO A KO M'nO ; H' 0 H TO .B H H X p 30 TB0 p0 B H a Be Cb H po u e cc RJ151 A3H- H O H C TaA H H .
3aTeM paO CH H TUB 3I O T A 03H pO B Ky Bce x K0M n 0H 6H T0B n o q3C3M..nojiyqeHHbie AaHHbie

b h o ch t b t3 6j i . 8 , KOTOpaa x a p aK - Te pH 3 y e T 6 - q aCO l BO H pe > KH M BbIp3UI,HBaHHH A p O H O Ke H
B HaKOnK-
58
re.nbiHbiH nepHOA. B Taoji. 8 npHBeAeHbi ne TOJibKO oo-beM, ho h Maoca
pacTBopoB B.cex komutioheu tob . 3th AaHHbie noTpefiyioTCH npn pacêxe
coAep>KaHHH cyxnx BemecTB 3 a Ka>KAbin âc.
T a 6 ji h u a 8
6-qacoBOH ipewwvi (BbipamHBaHHH ..npojKiKeH p HaKoriHTeJibHbiM nepwoa

Ma c bi n pouec ca
KoMn oHe H Tbi H n oKa 3a Teji H CKJi a A- K a * 2 3 4 5 6 H Toro
Mejiacca
% 9 9 10,8 13,2 16,2 19,4 22,4 100

Kr 243 243 292 357 43S 524 603 2700
PacTBop Mejiaccbl
JI 391 391 470 574 704 843 974 4347
ier 462 462 555 678 832 996 1151 5136
^'HaMMOHHH(j ) OC( }) aT 15 15 100
% 25 15 15 15
Kr 9 5,2 5,2 5,2 5,2 5>2
35
PaCTTBOp ,AHaMMOHHH()OC(l)aTa 23 23 156
JI 41 23 23 23
Kr 44 26 26 26 26 26 174
CyJlb(j)aT aMMOHHH
% 25 15 15 15 15 15 100
Kr 28 - 16,6 16,6 16,6 16,6 16,6 UI
PacTBap cyjib(j)aTa a MMOHHH

JI 122 75 75 75 75 75 497
Kr 139 - 84 84 84 84 84 555
Ha6op >kh akocth b ann apaTe, 65,5 66 66,5 67,2 68 68,9 70,0 70
M3
M
Pacxofl B 0 3 A y x a , h m 3
yjiejibHbifi 80 80 100 100 100 100 100
O6 CU H H 5240 5280 6650 6720 6800 6890 7000 44580

Coaep>KaHHe cyxiHX BemecTB, % 1 ,6 1. 1.9 2,' 2,3 2.6 2,8
7
<J>0.pMOJIbHOe HOTCJIO, MJI 1.2 0,9 1.0 1.1 1 ,2 1,0 0,8
pH 4.8 4,6 4.4 4,4 4,5 4,5 4,5
BWXOA flposoKeft (3aceB 1430 1602 1826 2100 2436 2838 3300 3300
1300 Kr), Kr 21,8 24,3 27,5 31,3 35,8' 41,2 47,1 47,1
HaKonjieHHe HOMaccu, r/Ji
n ip w m e H a h h e. Ilpn OKJiaftKe b
a n nap a T n ooas jiHiGT c jie 'Ay iotu He noMno-
HeMT
bi: Ma cc a KOMHO- 06i,e. u pa cr - Ma cc a pa cT -
KoMnoneHTbi nen Ta, i<r B opa, i<r

aopa, A
Bo. ua BOAon poBOAHa H ( TeMn epa Ty pcm 42444 42444
28 C aca n pn ci ui a^ xe)
3ace8Hbie flpo>K}KH B (necen api i poBaH- 1300 22000 1 22218
HMe)
PacTBop X J IOpHCTOr O K aJ IHH 30,2 133 151
Pa cTBop cepHOK HCJi or o Mar HHH 21, 7 99 109

Kynypy3HbiH 3i<cTpaKT (1:1) 162 324 350
n,j>ooep'Ka npa'BHJibiiocTH BbNHCjieHHH (rieMOB: 4347+156 + 497+.133 + 99 +

+324+22000 + 42444 = 70000 ji.
r
>9
npuM.eM, qTo b pe>KHMe HaKonHTejibHoro nepnoAa bcio BOAy,l
npeAHa3HaqeHHyio Ha stot nep,HOA, bhocht npn CKJiaAKe. HaqaJib -i Hbift o 6 -beM
jkhakocth Vh, HaxoAHT no pa3HHue Me>Kjxy oSiuhm I oS - beMOM JKHAKOCTH H
oTjeMOM BHOCHMblX 3a HaK OnHTeJI bHblft ne- 1 pnojl, KOM,nO:H 0 HTOB.
V h = 70 ( 5, 556 1, 11) = 65,55 m3,
tac 70 o 6 ih,hh 06- beu jkhakocth b KOHuy HaKonHTejibHoro nepHoaa, m 3;

5, 556 oS mnft o6bCM pacTBopoB K OMii OHeHTOB ( Meji acca, A aMMOH(t) OC, cy.i b -
(j)aT aMMOHHH, XJIOpHCTblft K3JIHH, CepHOKHCJIblH MarHHH,
KyKypy3Hblft SKCTpaKT), M 3 ;
1 , 1 1 ofi-beM T e x ae K 0 Mn 0 HeHT 0 B, BHeceHHbix npn cKjiaflKe, m 3 .
KpaTHOcTb HaqajibHoro pa36aBJieHHH Mejiaccu KP * (c yqeTOM oSteMa

>khakocth h Mejiaccbl nepBoro qaca) 6 yn,eT
KPh = = 136, hjih pa36aBJieHne 1 : 135.
TaKHM 06pa30M, cKJia/uty BeAyT no onTHMH3HpoBaHHOMy pe - >KHMy [25, 30],

PacxoA boam na CKJiaAKy paseH
65, 55 ( 1, 11 + 22) = 42, 44 M3.
TAe 1,11 oCêM paCTBOipOB KOMrlOHeHTOB, BHOCHMblX npH CKJiaflKe, M 3 ;

22 of i-beM, 3a HHMa eMbi H 3aceB bi MH f l po> Kt a MH CTa AHH B B HecenapH- ipOBH'HOM BHAe, M3.
rip,HTOK BOiflbi b npouecce BbipamHBaHHH apojKKeH He npeAyc -

M'axpHBaeTCH. Bo^y AO6aB.ji5ioT TOJibKO ao oS -beivia, VKa3aHHoro b pe>KHMe,
ajih BOcnojiHeHHH Honapsu oiueiicH npn npOAyBaHHH bos - Ayxa jkhakocth.
rioqacoBOH Ha 6 op KyjibTypajibHOH jkhakocth pac - cMHTaH c yqeT OM npHT OKa
pacTBopoB Mejiaccbl h coJieH.
ZUjiee b Ta 6 ji. 8 yKa3aHa yAeJibHaa HopMa pacxoAa B03Ayxa ajih
TexiHOJiorHHecKHix HyjKA H onpeAejieH oQiuiih pacxoA ero b q.
CoAep^taHHe cyxnx BemecTB ce no qacaM (b % ) HaHAeHO no ypaBiHeHHio (48)
6 ajiaca cyxnx BemeciB. B JieBoi qacxn ypaBHe- hhh nHLueTca cyMMa
npoii3BeAeHHH Maccbi pacTBopoB K 0 Mn 0 HeH- tob na coiAep>KaHH'e ce (mo
caxapoMeTpy) b sthx pacTBopax, b npaBoii qacra npHBOAHT OH n po H3 beA&H he oS -
beMa >khakocth k koh - uy qaca a HCKOMoe coAepHtaiHHe cyxnx Beiuec.TB b
pacTBope. Tlocjie .npOBeAeHHH BbiqHCJieHHH no BejiH L iHne dce (cm. T a 6 ji. 3
npHJIOK'BHHH) HaXOAHT C6, T. e. KOHUeHTpaUHIO CyX'HX BemecTB (e % ) H3-3a Majioft njlOTHOCTH d BejinqHHa
dce 6jiH3Ka k ce. Heoi6xOAHMO OTMeTHTb, qTo C0Aep>KaHHe cyxnx BeiuecTB b npo uecce KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH
33BHCHT OT MHOTHX (JjaKTOpOB, HOSTOMy npHBeAeHHaH MeTOAHKa pacqeTa HBJineTCH ycjioBHo. npn stom
nojiyqaeMbie b npaKTHqecKOH pa6oe AaHHbie MoryT OTjiKqTBCH
60
OT pac'ieTHHX. HH>Ke naH npHMep pacqeTa coAepjKaHHH cyxnx Be mecTB npn
CKJiaAKe.
462-41 + 44. 27, 9 + 139. 27, 5 + 151 -31, 3 + 109-25, 5 + 350-20 +
+ 20 000-1, 0099-3 = 65 550 d c e ,
rac- 462, 44, 139, 151, 109, 350 Macca pacTBopoB, BHOCHMHX npH cKjianKe
(no-
Ta 6 ji. 8 ), Kr;
41; 27, 9; 27, 5; 31, 3; 25, 5; 20 KOHueHTpauHH 3thx pacTBopoB (no Ta6,i. 15),
%
20 000 JI ; 1,0099 Kr/ji; 3% oSieM, njiOTHOCTb h KOHueHTpauHH ce yjib-
Typajibuoft whakocth H3 annapaTaJ B;
65 550 og'beM > KHJIKOC B KOHUe CKJiaAKH B annapaTe B (no TaSji. 8), JI .
PernuB ypaBHeime, HaxoOTM, ito dce = 1, 604. Fio ts6ji. 2 npnjio>KeHHH STOH BejiHMHne dce
cooTBeTCTByeT ooaeipJKaiiHe ce, paBHoe 1, 6 %.
no lpHBeA 0 HIHOH Bblillie MeTOAHKe MO>KHO paQCMHTaTb COAep>Ka -
HHe cb b Akh 6 oh qaic npoueaca, OAHaKo nocjie cKJiaiAKH b pacêTbi
He 06 x 0 AHM 0 BHOCHTb nonpaBKy a yTHJiH3au,Hio nHTaTejibHbix Be mecTB
Apo>K>KaMH. B HauiHx pacqeTax 3Ta nonpaBKa npHHHTa- paBHoft 0,5.
Fio 3toh MeTOAHKe paccqHTaHO coAepxoHHe cb no BceM qacaM
HaKonHTejibHoro nepnoAa. B Ta 6 ji. 8 npHBeaeHbi TaioKe noiosaTe- jih
(popMOjibHoro qncjia h pH, B3HTbie H3 npaKTHqecKH ycTanoB - JieHHbix HopM.
B KOHiie 3toh TafijiHUbi AaHO o>KHAa eMoe naKonjie- HHe SHOMaocbi (b t/ji) no
qacaM.
Pe>KHM, onHcaHHbiH b Tafiji. 8, :He 06 x 0 AHM 0 npoBepHTb sKcne- p K
MeHTaJIb'HO B np O H.3 BOACTB6HH bl X yCJIOBHHX, H eOH Kai<He -JIHf )0
113 noKa3aTejieft 6yAyT pe3K0 OTjinqaTbcH, cJieAyeT BHecTH coot -
BeTCTByiomne H3M6HeiHHH B pe>KHM. Hy>KHO OTMeTHTb, qTO JIK) 6 0 i
paccqHTaHHbift TexHOJioroM pe>KHM noAJie>KHT npoBepKe b npoas - bo
actb0hihbix ycJioBHHX npe>KAe, 'leM oh 6yAeT OKOHqaTejib'HO - npHHHT k
pa6oTe.
rioKa3aTejiH nepnoAa OTTOKOB
Kai< H3BecTHo, 3a HaKonHTejibHbiM aTanoM CJieAyeTI nepHOA. ottokob.

rio;Ka3aTejiH nocjieAHero 33Bhcht ot AJiK'reJibHOiqTH h pe - >KHMa
npeAiuecTByiomero KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH. BMecTe c TeM b ne- pHOA OTTOKOB
npOHCXOAHT nOCTOHHHOe OHOBJieHHe KyjibTypajibHOH cpeAbi, qTo
cnoco 6 cTByeT yjiyquieHHio ee TexHOJiornqecKHX KaqecTB; h, KaK cJieACTBH -e
sTOro, ycKopneTCH yTHJiH3au,HH nHTaTejibHbix Be mecTB cpeAH
pa3M.HO>KaK)mHMH'CH APO>K>KaMH, 6 HOMacca HaKan.iH- BaeTCH c 6 oJiee
bhcokhm BbixoAOM.
npH nepexoAe ot nepHOAHqecKoro KyjibTHBHpoBaHH H, KanuM HB.!iHeTGH :
HKoiiHTejibiHHH nepHOA, k HenpepHBHOMy, t. e. nepnoay OTTOKOB,
HeH36e>KHbI OTKJIOHeHHH OT pe>KHM3 [45]. 3to 6 bIJIO OT- Meqe.no h Ha
i<phboh npnpocTa onoMaccbi (cm. pnc. 2), KorAa b - nepBbiH qac ottokob i-
iaKonjieHHe HOMaccbi CHH3HJioeb h TOJibKO- k KOHuy BToporo qaca
ycTa,HOBHJiocb paBHOBecnoe cocTOHHHe. Oa -
waKo MOJKeT 6 biTb h upyroe nojioweHHe, Koraa B nepBbift Mac O TTOKOB
npnpocT 6HOMaccbi y/xei Bbime, HC -. M B nocjieAHHH qac Ka KonHTeJibHoro
nepHOAa. 3 TO rfaSjiiOAaeTCH B TO M cjiyqae, ecjm qa- COBOH pacxoA Mejiaccbl H
BHXOA Apo>KJKeH npn HeripepbiBHOM npouecce Bbime, mcm B KQHue
HaKonHTejibHoro nepnoAa.
< 1. Ha nepHOA ottokob ct 3 ahh B m o 6 m,ero pacxoAa Mejiaccu (11 400 Kr)
npuxoAHTCH 8700 Kr (11 4002700).
HacoBOH pacxoA Mejiaocbi b nepHOA ottokob cocraBJiHeT 725 Kr. (8700: 12).
Tskoh pacxoA Mejiaccbl jxn?. 33boaob c GTeqe- CTBeHHbiM oopyAOBaHneM
HBjrneTCH oneHb BbicoKHM. KoJinqecTBo MeJI3CCbI HeofixOAHMO yMeHbUIHT b.
MT 06 bI He CHH>K3Tb o 6 lUyiO Bbl- pa 6 oTKy Apo>KKeH 3a 1 uhkji, oqeBHAHO,
CJieAyeT npoAJiHT b nepn - oa ottokob Ha 1 3a cqeT coKpameHHH
Me>KUHKJioBoro nepHOAa, TorAa qacoeoH pacxoA Mejiaccbl coctsbht 669,2 Kr
(8700:13), ok- pyrjiHM ao 670 Kr/q. f TaKan A03HpoBKa HBjiHeTCH peajibHoft zum
3aboaqb. npn 3tom pacxoAe Mejiaccbl qacoB3H BbipaSoTKa ApoJK - :eft AO-rtJKHa
6 biTb 5li 6 Kr/q (670-0,77), hjih 6708 Kr (516- 13) 3a Becb nepHOA ottokob, tac 0,77
bhxoa APOsoKeft b nepHOA ot to kob, corjiaciio hcxoahhm AaHHbiM (cm. T a - 6 ji. 6 ).
ECJIH >Ke Ha 3aBOAe He npeACT3BJineTCH B03M0>KHbiM coKpa- THTb
Me>KUHKJioBoe BpeMH, to BbipafioTKV Apo>K>KeH (10 t) 33 1 UHKJI MOJKIHO noJiyqHTb
npH 6 ojiee BHOOKOM oSiueM BbixoAe .Apo>K>KeH:
10 000
13 334-670 = 7 %'
J1 HI 6 O npHAeTCH yMeHbiiHHTb BbipafioTKy Ha 516 Kr H noJiyqaTb HP 10 T, a

100,516 = 9,484 T Apo:aoKeH 33 1 UHKJI , HJIH 9,484--3- =--28,452 T B CVTKH .
Hp T3KOH Bbipaome qHCJi'O pa6oqHx AH H B roAy 6yAeT He 300, a
9000:28,452 = 317.
HajibHeftmHH pacqeT BCAGM Ha nojiyqeHHe 10 T ApoJKJKeii npn A Ji h t e ji
b'HOCT h nepnoAa ottokob 13 q h o6iuefl npoAOJiJKmrejibHO- cth uHKJia
6+ , 13+l = 20 q\ H3 kotophx 6 q ajihtch HaKonHTej.it - HHH nepnoA, 1 q otboahtch
Ha A03peB3HHe.
2. CorjiaoHo n p hb6\Ae hh hm Bbime pacqeTa.M b iiepuo;i ottokob HMeeM:
3a 1 M 3a Becb nepnoA
Pacxo^ Mejiaocbi, Kr 670 8700

Bbi,pa 6 oma ApoxoKeft, r 516 6700
B cbh3h c Te M q To 3TO T n e pH a a n pe A C TaB Ji H e T co 6o f t q ac Tb H e n pe pbi BH o ro npoueccs, b

AaJibueftiUHx pscqeTsx n p H M e HeH b ; tpop- Myjiw, x3paKTepH3yioinHe iienpepbiBHbiH
npouecc. Bce pacqeTbi no- Ka3aTejieH n e pn o A a ottokob BeAyT 33 BpeMH, p3'BH o e 1
q.
PscqeT p3Cxojt3 MejiaccHoro cycjia, pacTBopo cojieft h CTHMV- .JiHTopoB b 3TOT
nepHOA npHBeAeH b Ta6.n. 16, 18, 19. fi 2
3. B aj i o Ban cKopocTb pocra v, o n pe A e Ji H e M an n o cpo pM y j i e ( ! ) . , n pu M e H H Te j i bi H o K
n e pH O j i y OTTOKOB c o c TS Bj i n e T
A At _ (3300 + 516)3300
v = t - tQ~ 1 = 3816 3300 = 516 Krj/n.
4. O n pe fl e j i H M qa co By i o yAeJibHyio cKopocTb pocTa A po JKw e i l p , n o t fj o pi vi y j i e ( 4) :
3300+516
ln
= ln 1,156 = 0,145.
r i o Ji y qH Ji H , q ro yAejibiHan -cKopocTb pocra 3 HenpepbiBHOM npouecce Bbime

yAeJibHofi oKopocTn b nocjieAHiH qac HaKonnTejibHO - ro nepHOA a (Ta 6 ji. 7, a=
1,15, ju.=0,140) , a TaKxce cpeAiHe yjneJib - hoh cKopocT.H 3a Becb nepHOA
(Ta 6 ji. 7, a= 1,147, [i = 0,138). 3to HBJineTCH npH3H3K0M, qTO paCH.eT peJKHMa
OTTOKOB BeAeTCH npa- BHJI bHO.
5. Hh-cjio yABoeHHH 6HO,Ma,ccbi n ha XOAHT no (pop'Myjie (13)
n = 1, 443 ln ----------------- = 1, 443 -0, 145 = 0, 209.

Ao
3 a 13 q HenpepHBiHoro KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH qncjio yABoeHHH co- cia-BHT

2 , 72 ( 0 ,20 9 -1 3) H po A O Ji J K h Te JI yn O'CTb yABO'eHHH g BbrqHCJiHiOT no
ypaBjHeHHio
( 14)
g =t :n 1 :0,209 = 4,79 q.
6. B nepHOA ottokob AOJUKeH cofjiiOAaTbCH ochobhoh 33Koh HenpepbiBHoro

KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH pafieHCTBO yAeJlbHOH ckopocth pocra ApojKJKefi p, h
ckopocth pa36aBJiHHH cpeAbi D no c|>op- Myjie (20). B HaineM npHMepe
H- = D = 0 , 145.
OSteM 0 TT 0 Ka F HaxoAHT no (popMyjie (19)

F D V = 0 , 145-70 = 10 ,15 m3 /i ,
r n e D cKapocTb pa36aBJie>HHH cpeAbi, q

V oC-beM > k h a k o c t m b annaipaTe, m3.
npHTeKaiomaH cpeAa (10,15 m 3 ) coctoht H3 MejiaccHoro cyc- Jia, pacTBopoB

cojieft h boah. PacqeT 06-beM 0B yKa33HHbix pacT- sopoB npHBeAeH b xa6ji. 16 h
19. HacoBoft pacxoA sthx pacTBopoB paBeiH. 1382,1 ji. PacxoA boah b stot
nepHOA cocTaBjiaeT 8,77- m^/'I (10,45H,38), hjih 114 m 3 (>8,77-13) 3.3 secb
nep'HOA-
Bo BpeMH OTTOKOB HeOlSxOA'HIMO CJieAHTb 33 CO'SjIIOAeH'HeM 3a'KO -
na HenpepbiBoro KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH paBeHCTBOM p, H D . JJeJia-
63-
'ot 3to nyTeM eJKeqacHoro onpeAeJieHHH qacoeoro npnpocTa 6 110 -1 Maccbi no
BeJiHUHHe HaKonJieHHH Ap*>KeH h KOJinqecTBy orreKa- j rouieft opeAH.
PacoqHTbiiBa)T yAejibHyio cKopocTb pocra, KaK yKa - 3aho B n. 4 HacTOHiuero
pasAeJia, qHCjio yABoeHHH 6 H 0 Maccbi no, (|)QpMyj]e (13),
np 0 A 0 Ji>KHTeJibH 0 CTb yABoeHHH no ypaBHeHHio (14). Ecjih npn stom
0 Ka>KeTCH, mto yABoeHHe 6 H 0 Maccbi nponcxo- Aht He 3 a 4,79 q, a 3 a 6 ojiee
KopoTKoe B-peMH, HanpHMep 3 a 4 q, to paccqHTbiBaiOT fx m a x no <J>opMyjie
(17):
jj.raax = ln 2: = 0, 693: 4 = 0, 173.
pa3a, hjih Ha 1 9 , 4% . B stom cjivqae Heo 6 xo&HMO

HMeeM, qTo p, m ax>n b 1,194
cKopocTb pa36aBjieHHH cpeAbi, koto- -pan MO>KeT oKa3aTbc MeHbuie

n po Be pH Tb
yAeJlbHOH ckopocth pocTa. B caMOM Aejie, ecjiH npoTOK HAeT c npejKiHefl

cKopocTbio h cocTaBjiHer 10 ,1 5 M 3 /q, TO 3T0 3Haq-HTeJIbH0 MeHbuie, qeM
HV>KHO A J IH H3MeHHB- uihxch ycJiofiiHH. Ilpn (.1 = 0 ,1 73 cKopocT b
pasfeaBjieHHH D TaK>Ke Aojin<Ha 6 biTb paBHoii 0, 17 3 . A sto bo3mo>kho b tom
cjiyqae, ecjin o 6 "be M n po TO K a n o ô pM y j i e ( 1 9) co c Ta BH T
F = DV = 0, 173-70 = 12, 1 m 3/m.
TaKHM 06pa30M, Heo 6 xOAHMO H3MeHHT b yCJIOBHH KyjibTHBHpo BaHHH,

yBejinqHB npoTOK KyjibTypajibHOH cpeAbi h TeM caMbiM, yBejiHqniB
KOJiHqacTiBo noAaiBaeMoro nHTaHHH, qT Oifibi He AonycTHTb rojioAaiHHH
KJieTOK 3a cqeT 6biCT poro ncqepnaHHH hmh nHTaTejib - hbix BemecTB npn
noBbimeHHoii yAeJibHofi ckopocth pocTa.
O ah aKo mokct 6biTb h HaoSopoT, Koma yABoeHHe 6HOMacc.bi npoHcxoAHT He 3a
q, a 3a 6ojiee AJinTejibHoe BpeMH, Hanpn- Mep 3a 5 q , TOfAa Umax = 0 , 1 31
4 , 79
( 0, 69 3 :5 ,3) . B stom cJivqae
if^max<{-t, t. e. yAejibHan OKopocTb ;pocTa ne SyAeT MaKCHMajibHOH. npn 3 TOM

CKOipOCTb pa36aBJieHHH MO>KeT OKa3aTbCH 60JIbUie ynejibHOft cmpocTH pocTa, q - r o
b KOHeqnoM cqeTe npHBeAeT k >ibi- MHBaHHio KyjibTypbi H3 annapaTa, a
nnTaTejibHbie BemecTBa cpe- Ab SyAyT nOTepHHbl C 6pa>KKOH, BblXOA
ApO>K>i<eH nOHH3HTCH. H B 3TOM BaipnaHTe HeOiSx-OAHMO npiHHTb Mepbl K
BOCCTaiHOBJieHHIO paBHOBeCHH.
Fl pn f .i ='D = 0,131 o'beu npoT OKa F = 9,2 M 3 /q ( 0 ,1 31 -70) , a ne 1 0 , 15 m3.
GootbeTCTB6HHo yMeHbiuaioT noAaqy nHTaTejibbix pacTBopoB.
7. KoHueiiTpauHH APOMOKeft H b oS- beMe onoKa no ^jopMyjre ( 38) 6 yAeT
H = /f: V = 516: 10, 15 = 50, 8 kt /m 3, h ji h 50, 8 r/ji. :
yiBejiHqeHne k o hh, en t p a u, hh Apo>K)KeH b nepiio ottokob no

cpaiBHeHHio c KOHeqHoii KOHn.eHTpau.iieH B HaKonHTejibHbifi nepHOA (47,1
r/ji) 3 aK 0 .H 0 Mep.H 0 h CBH3aHo c 6ojibuiHM pacxoAOM MeJiac - cbt, qeM B KOHne
HaKonHTejibHoro nepnoAa, h c 6ojiee BbicoK'iM 'BblXOAOM ApO>K>KeH B nepHOA
OTTOK.
4
8. KoHu.enTpau.HH Mejiaccbl b hcxoahoh cpeae S 0 =66 Kr./.M 3 ,670:10,15). B 6pa>KKe c
apoKJKaMH, BbiTeKaiomeft H3 ^po>K>K.e - acTHJibHoro annapaTa, coaepjKaTCH
oct 3 tkh nencnojib30BaHHbix aitaTe^b'Hbix BemecTB. Ecjih npHHHTb
coflep>K3HHe ocTaTOMHoro caxapa b 6pa>Ki<e 0,12%, a cnup-Ta cjieflbi,
KOTopbie mokho ne <y i iHTHBaTb, to b oêMe nacoBoro ottok3 co,nep>KHTCH 12,18 i<r
caxapa (10150 - 0,0012), mto b nepecqere na Mejiaccy cocraBJUieT 26,43 Kr (12,18-2,17),
rae 2,17 KoscJ^HuneHT _t,jih nepecneia caxapa Ha 46% -vio Mejiaccy.
B 1 M - 3 6pa>KKH ocTaBineecH KOJraqecTBo Mejiaccbl S = 2,6 Kr/M 3 (r/.i)
(26,43:10,15).
9. OnpeAejiHM no (jjopMyjie (22) KOHCTaTy acHiueHHH Ks. t. e.
KOHueHT pauHH) cyficxpaTa (Mejiaccbl), npa KOT opofi yAejibHaH CKOpOCTb
pOCTa ApOJKJKeH p, = 0,5 [Xmax-
Pac>ieT Ks BeêM . H JIH nepBoro cjiyqan, Koraa jjimax = 0,173:
0,173 0,145
K 2,6 1 -------------------------- = 0,502 r/jt ( K T / M 3 ) .
0,145
Ecjih [i HeH 3BecT Ha, to ee mojkho onpeAeJiHT b no ypBHeHino Moho, HoBHKa

h CuHjiapAa [cm. cjopMyjiy (21)] no nojiyqeHHHM 3HaHeHHHM S h AV
P - U max - Ks + s
2 6
ii = 0,173 ---------- 1 ------ = 0,173-0,838 = 0,145.
1 0, 502 + 2, 6
g
Ta K K a K A p o f i b - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - < ! 1 B e j i H M H H a ( . i B ce r ^ a M e H i > -
Ks + S
U -1E fXmax-
1 0 . 0 6 l u h h 06 'beM j k h a k o c th b nepnofl o t t o ko b aoJiKeH co- C Ta . B H Tb 1 3 2 m - 3 ( 1 0 , 1 5
m3/h-13 M) .
B ecb o 6 i >e M c y n e TO M j kh a k o c t h a n n ap a Ta 6 y.neT p a Be n 2 0 2 ( 7 0 + 1 3 2) . Ha 33 B0Aa x o6bm no

ne no jib3 yK ) TCH (JjopMyjioH ( 1 9 ) ajih o n p ef lej ieH HH of i te -Ma hakocth OTTOK-a h
HaxOiHHT ero no B e - J iH^H He HaK on Jie HHH 6hom3cch k K O H uy H SK on H Tej ib uo ro
nepnoAa. C o r j iac no t 3 komy o n oic o Sy pac ne ra b naiueM npHMepe 0 6 'beM 6 y - ;j.er
paseH 1 0 , 9 6 m 3 /h ( 5 1 6 : 4 7 , 1 ) .
O A H a K o 6o J i e e n p a B H Ji bH o c -i H r a Tb o 6 be M j k h a ko c th , | h c x o j i h H 3 ( ) o p M y j i H e n pe p bi B H o ro
K y j i b TH B H po B aH H H , h n o A A e pj KH Ba Tb 06'be M O TTO K O B , p a B H bI M 10,15 M 3 / > -I . 3 A 6C b
H S O f i x O A H M O | H M e Tb B B H j i .y , l i t o c n o B bi i n e H H e M c ko po c th p a 3 6 a B J i e H H H D, a cJieiflOBa-
P X a y BejIHHHBaeTCH JJO
x e J i b H o , h ,u n p o A y K Ti H BH O C Tb n po u e c c a n o <} ) o pM y j i e ( 2 5)
M a K C H M a JI b H O H Be J l H M H H bl . OAHaKO e C JI H D OK 3 - > K 6 TC H 6o J I b I I i e II, TO H a i C Ty n se T

B b I I M bI B ' 3I H H e K J i e TO K H n p O A y K TH B - HOCTb K y JI b TH B H p O B aH ' H H CH H J K a e TC H .
5847 6r>
KpaTHocTb pa36aBJieHHa Mejiaccu K P ot B nepHOA ottokob
no c|>opMyjie (33) fyaeT paema 15,2 (10150:670), hjih pa36aBjie-

HHe Mejiaccbl 1:14,2.
Pa 36 a'BJi 0 HHe Mejiaccu b nepHOA ottokob MeHbiue, neM b h3ko- nHTe.Jib.HbiH
nepHOA (1:22), oflHaKo npn xopouieM Maccoo 6 Mee b Apo>k>k 6 pacthjibhom
annapaTe h cofijiioAeHHH pe>KHMa npHT OKa cpeAbi n O TTO Ka K yjib Ty pajib HOH
>khakocth np np oiC T Apo>K>KeH aoji- >KeH HATH HOpMajI bHO.
12. OfiopoT Apo>K>KepacTHJibHoro annapaT a Tx BbmicjiHiOT no cpopMyjie
(26)
1 1 l
T . = = = ----------- = 6,9 i.
D fx 0,145
3a 3to BpeMH n0JiH0CT bK3 o 6 hobhtch coAepx<HMoe aunapara. F.cjih BMecTo
D b <f)opMyjiy noACTaBHTb ero 3HaHeiHHe, paBHoe, to o 6 opoT annapaTa mojkho
HairrH Taie
V 70 = T = ^T5 =
g 9 4 '
Hs 3Toro paBeHCTBa CJieAyeT, tto qeM 6 ojibine 06 'beM OT 6 npae- moh
jkhakocth, TeM CKopee oopa^HBaeTCH annapaT.
13. np 0AyKTHBH 0CTb KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH P (ee Ha3biBaioT em,e yAejibHbiM
npnpocTOM 6 noMaccbi) 33bhcht OT npoAOJiJKHTejibHOCTH o 6 opoTa annapaTa.
Fio cpopMyjie (27)
X
Tj = .
P
oTKyAa ___ X_ _
Tx '
FIoACTaBHB BMecTo X BejiHHH-Hy HaKonjieHHH HOMaccbi H, npo-
AVKTHBiHOGTb KyjibTHBHpoBaiHHH P 6y&et pacrna 7,36 r/ji (Kr/M 3 ) B qac
npeccoBa.H'Hbix ApojKxe (50,8:6,9). Pac'ieT mowho BecTH h Ha aficoJiioTHo cyxoe
BemecTBo APO>K>KeH, KaK sto npuHHTo b npo- H3BOACTB.e KOpMOBblX
APO>K}KeH.
CoBpeMeHHbie Apox>KepacTHJibHbie annapaTbi ajih Bbnpaiu,HBa- hhh
Apo>K>Keii HenpepbiBHbiM OAHOCTyneHqaTbiM cnocoSoM, no mho - hkk)
êpKaHOcoBa [10], aojijkhh o6ecneqnBaTb yAeJib-Hbift npHpocT Apo>K>KeH 9,5
kt/m' 3 b Mac. B HaineM npHMepe npn Ta koh HODMe npwpocra aojijkho h aiK am ji
hb aTbc h 665 Kr ApoMOKeft b Mac (9,5 X X70), OAH3KO ajih 3Toro noT,pe6o'BaJiocb
6bi sHa^HTejib-HO (ao 864 Kr/q) yBeJiHMHTb pacxoA Mejiaccu npn coxpaHeHHH
BbixoAa apojKjKeft 77%, a Ta-KJKe H3MeHHTb Apyrne H0Ka3aTejiH HaKonir -
TeJibHoro nepnoAa.
66
14. FIp 0H 3B 0/iH Te jib :H 0C Tb Apo> K>K epa c THJib Ho ro annapaT a U no ( j op Myj ie (29)
Sy Ae T
U = V 9 S 0 A Y = 70-66-0,145-0,77 = 516 Kr/q,

HJIH
U = P V = 7,36-70 = 515,4 516 Kr/q.
3a Becb nepHOA OTTOKOB H 3 annapaTa A 0JI *Hbi jnoJiyqaTb '-6700 Kr Apo>K>Keft

(516-13=6708). 3th AaHHbie, pac-cqHTaHHbie no cf)opMyjiaM HenpepbiBHoro
npouecca, coBnaAaioT c npHBeAeHHbiMH b Hanajie HacTonmero pa3Ae ia (n.
2 ).
15. OH3H0Ji0rH<iecKy[0 a K TH B HO crb KVJibTypbi q cp bhmhcjihiot n o tjop Myj ie (23),
cp e AHio io KOH u enxpa uHio .apo no Ke H b a n napa Te no ypaB HeHH io (24):
MH 670
Q C D -------------------- =0,188 kt MGJiaccbi b cpeflHeM na 1 i<r
^Ccp ô) 3560 1
.pafioTaiomefl" CnoMaccbi B Mac.
X - X 0 3816-3300 516 _
X c n --------- = ---------------------------------- = = 3o60
KT .
- cp X 3816 0,145
ln --- ln ---
X0 3300
4 16. Bbl XO A ApO> K> KeH V Ka K 3ai BH CH MOC Tb Me W Ay y AeJl bHOH C KOpO C TbIO pO C Ta H
(| )H 3HOJI Or Hqe CKO H a K THB HOC Tb IO Ky jIb Typb l OII - pe AeJ iHiO T n o tj jop Myj ie (40)
0,145
IJ.
Y = = ---------- = 0,77, h j i h i 7 .
q 0,188
Bhxoa AP 0 >K>KeH TeM Bbirne, qeM 6 oJibme yAeJibiian cKopoc.'ib pocTa

Apo>K*eH. BMecTe c TeM, yqHTbiBan, mto bmxoa ApoKKeii
BHpa>KaeTCH<irpo 6 bK), B KOTOpOH nOKa3aT6JIb (|)H3HOJIOHMeCKOH
aKTHBHOCTf CTOHT B 3!HaMeHaTejie, BblXOH yBeJIHHHBaeTCH C yM 8 IIb-
uieHHeM uft^poBoro 3HaqeHHH q cv , t. e. qeM MeHbuie pacoAveTcn Mejiaccbl
Ha Ka>KAbift KHJiorpaMM pa3MHo>KaiomHXCH Ap > K> Ke H, reM 6 oJibme hx
febixoA.
B blX OA AP O>K> Ke H no npHH H TOH APO >K> Ke BOH npO Mb lUIJi eHH OC Tb iO cbop Myj ie
pa cqe Ta (41) Bbiq nc jiH iO T Ka K o rao me Hn e noJi yqeH Hoi i HO Ma cCbl ApO> K> KeH K
H 3pa CXO AO BaH HOH M ejia cc e. Ma CO BOH b hxo/i i iposo Ke H b n epHO A o ttoikob n o ( jjop My jie
(41) coc Ta ' BJiH e T tv >K e BeJi HqH ny, KO TOp aH noj iyq e na Bb im e no tjop My jie (40):
516-100
670
BM e c Te c Te M bhxoa Y mojkho p a c cq H Ta Tb H n o cj j o pM y j i e
(39) , npHHHTOH B npOH3BOACTBe KOpMOBblX APoauKefi. riOA XB

5*
AaH'HOM cjiyqae noApa3yMeBaioT BejinmiHy HaKonjieHHH 6HOMaccbi H (b ki'/m3),
a KOJiiwecTBo Mejiaccw S0 Sepyx 3a BbmeTOM ocia- to1ihhx nHTaTe,nbHbix BemecTB b
6pa>i<Ke 5 (pac l ieT S h S 0 cm. B- n . 8):
X 100 50, 8-100

Y = ------------------- = 1 ----------------- = 80, 1% .
S0 S 66-2. 6
3TOT BHXOA Bbime, neM Bbi^HCJieHHbiH no cjxjpMyjiaM (41) H:
(40) , 3a CMex Toro, mto pacxoA Mejiaccbl vMeHbiueH na BejiHHhhv

HeHcn0Jib30BaHHbix nHTaTejibHbix BemecTB, KOTopbie cocTaBJiHoi
no oTHouieHHio K Mejiacce 3,9% (2,6-100:66) H HBJIHIOTCH 4>3KTH- 4CCKHMH nOTepHMH
Mejiaccbl.
17. KpuTi-iHecKaH KOHueHTpanHH Apo>K>Ke X Kp onpeAejineTCH o 6hhho
onbiTHbi.M nyTeM am AaHHoro APoaoKepacTHJibtioro anna paT a H KOHKpeT HblX
yCJIOBHH KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH flpOHOKefi, TaK KaK ona 33BHCHT ot
noK333TeJie, KOTOpbie. oSy cjioBJieHbi cBoficTBaMH Apo>K>KeH h
koHCT pyKUHefi annapaTa.
OnpeAejiHM no 4>opMyjie (30) XKp b HarneM npHMepe. npHMeM,. 't o b 1 ji
cpeAbi pacTBopeHo 5,3 mt KHCJiopoAa (m3Kchma JibHH pacTBopHMOCT b 7 Mr
O 2 ), aapauHH ocymecTBjiHeT ca qepe3 T pyS - l iaTyio CKCTeMy, ajih kot opoh KlopMyjie (31)
K A = K La C a = 0,7-5, 3 = 3, 7! mi '/ji.
riOJIO>KHM, 4T 0 Ha 1 r aScOJIIOTHO cyxo QnOMaCCbl, CHHT 63H - pyeMoft b 1 ji

cpeAbi, rpeoyeTcn 1,8 r KHCJiopoAa. YAejibHaH cko- pocTb pocTa Apo>ioKeH (a =
0,145.
K n 3, 71
X ' - ~ ~ W .,.8 - 1 4 - 2 A C4 *'
, B nepecieTe Ha npeccoBaHHbie apo>k>kh (CB = 25%) X KP = = 56,8 r/n (14,2-4). 3Ta

BeJiHHHHa Bbime nojiyqeHHoft b HarneM npHMepe (50,8 r/n).
H 3 noj iy -i eHHbi x b pa c ne Tax Aa HHbi x b ha ho, h to TaK He no K 333- TCJIH , K aK HHCJ IO
y A BOe HHH 6H OM aC CbI, npO AOJI/K H TeJ IbHO C Tb yA BO - eH HH, c Kopo c Tb p aa SaBJ ieH Ha
cp e AH, KOH n,eH Tpa nH H Mejiac-cbi n H C XO AH OH cpe Ae h O Txo AH me f t 6pa *K e, KOH C Ta Ta
Ha cbi me HHH, ooopoT Apo>K>KepacTHJibHoro a n napa Ta , npoAYKTHBHOCTb
KyjibTH B H poB aHHH, <f )H 3H0J io rHq ec KaH aK TH BH OC Tb K VJib Ty pbi , pa i -ie e b np o -
H 3B 0i AC TB e xJ ie 6o ne Kap: Hbix A.po HOK ef t He o np eA eji Hji n cb h He hc - n0J ib 30B aJiH Cb.
Me>KAy TeM npHMeHeHHe s th x noKa3aT6Jie AaeT B 03M 0>K H0iC Tb Tex HOJio r y
r pa MO THO h 6oJie e o 6o cHO BaHH o per yj i n- poB a Tb npo ne cc Bbipa mH BaHHH AP o>K> Ke H.
* ACJX aficojiiomo cy.XHe apo'xcxh.
68
* Fio panee npHHHTOH B npoMbimjieHHOCTH MeToaHKe . 202000
rioKasaTejiH B uejioM no CTaAHH B
l l T 0 6 bI HMGTb o S my i O X ap aK Te pH C TH Ky TO Ba pH O H C TaA H H , ae - W ai O T p ac qe T n o Ka 3a Te Ji e
b u e j i O M n o C TaA H H B. B bi n H C bi B ato T p acx o A M e j i acc bl ( 11 4 00 K r) , B bi p a fi O TKy A po * :> Ke H ( 1 0 000
k i ') , co ' be M > kh a ko ct h ( 20 2 m 3 ) .
Pa ccqH Tb iBa iO T:
202 000
KPoe, - ----------------- = 17,2,
06 1434-0, 25+ 11 400
hji h pa3i6a ( Bj ieH He 1 : 16 * ,
r.ie 1434 0,25 KOJiH'iecTBO ocTaTorao Mejiaccu b ctajuin B;
1300-100 10 000 ^ e
Xo = ^T^ =U 4% ; ^cp = 15r =49,5 K r / M-
(10 000 1300)-100 8700-100

jDp / >3 .0 /O i
CT 11 400 11 400
___ 10 000-100 ____________ 10 000-100 ;

B 6 = 1934+ 11 400 = 13 334 ~
lloKa3aT ejiH TOBapHOH CT aAHH b HaKonHT eJibHbiH nepHOA, nepHOA OTTOKOB

H B UeJIOM HO CTaAHH BHeCeHbl B CBOAHyiO Ta6jl. 11, KOTopaa cocT aBJifleTCH
nocjie pacqeTa noKa3aTejiefi 3aceBHOH CTaAHH B h xapaKTepH3yeT noKa3aTejiH
TexHOjiornqecKOH cxeMbi npo- H3B0A CTB3 TOBapHblX ApO*>KeH.
OoKasaTejiH h coaraBJieHHe peJKHMa 3 aceBHofi cxaAHH B
H 3 npeAbiAymero pa3Aejia h hcxoahhx AanHbix (cm. TaSji. 6 )

I HSBeCTHO, HTO KOJIHHeCTBO APO>K>KeH CTaAHH B paBHO 1300 Kr, pac. -
[ xoa Mejiaccbl Ha nojiyqeHHe sthx ApcK>KeH 1434 Kr, c yqeTOM ao - | jih
Mejiaccbl na CTaAHH E l IK 1934 Kr. KoJiHqecTBO 3 aceBaeMoii b | annapaT B
ecTecTBeHHO-qHCTOH KyjibTy-pbi cocraBjmeT 260 Kr. ko- 3(>4)HHHeHT
cpeAHeqacoBoro npHpocTa 1,175, npoAOJi>KHTejibHOCTb npouecca
BblpaiUHBaHHH 10 q, qniCTbiH bhxoa upoKJKefi 72,5% .
BbiqHCJiHM ocTajibHbie noKa3aTJiH STOH CTaAHH.
- 1. flpOHOKH CTaAHH B nOJIVMaiOT C 061UHM BblXOflOM B 0 f,
1300-100 Bo T 1934~"b72%
IX/ \ .6= =1 5,7 , H JI H pa 3 6 a BJ i eHH e 1 : 14 ,7 ,

r 1434+11400
rje 1434 Kr pacxoa Mejiaccu Ha CTajmio B.
Eojiee npaBHjibHbiM HBJIHSTCH pa36aBjieHHe Mejiaccu 1 : 16.
69
260-100 = 1434 18>' %
2. KoHeqHbm 06 'beM >khakocth b annapaTe B o 6 meH BMecTHl MOCTbro

30 m o H e qn aH ko hnpaKTHqecKHM
3 . 3 KcorjiacHO >Ke H H K acocTaejiaeT
iisHTp a ii,h h A po >KHopMaM 22 T jm 3 ^ KpaTHocTb
a n n a p a Te co c TaBH
pa36aBJieHHH Mejiaccbl
H K = -^-= 59,1 000 ,3r, ^hjih
22Kr/M = 59,1 r/ji.
li3T= 15 ' 4
' Hhcjio yiflBoeHHii 6 H O M accb i n n o c |) o pM y j i e
4. ( 13) paBHO
HJIH pa36aBJieHHe Mejiaccbl 1:14,4.
BeJiHHHna 3aceBa Apo>K>KeH X 0 ( B %) OT Maccbi Mejiaccbl 5y
n = 1, 443 ln = 1, 443 ln 5 --= 2, 32.
AfiT
Mo
5. npOAOJi>KHTeJibHOCTb yABoeHHH g 6yaeT
g = 10: 2, 32 = 4, 31 >i.
H3 npwBeAeH'Hbix xapaKTepH3yiom,Hx cTa,aio B, cjieay-

t, qTo Bce noKa3axejiH 6jih3Kh k napaMeTpaM oiiT.HMH3HpoBaHHo - 1 0 peJKHMa
3ceBHOH CTaAHH, npeAycMaTpHBaiomero pa36aBjieHiie Mejiaccbl 1 : 15,5, 3aceB
ApojKJKeii 260 Kr (20% k Macce Mejiaccbl), B06=68% H B, T = 75,3%, Hk= 57,3 r/ji.
6. CocTaBHM noMacoBofi pe>KHM CTaAHH B, KOTopbiH 6 bi o 6 ycJio- BHJI
nojiyqeHHe paccHHTaHHbix Bbime noKa3aTejieH. PacqeT BeAyT no MeTOAHKe,
H3Ji0>KeHH0H npn paspa 6 oTKe pe>KHMa HaKonHTejibHoro nepnoAa ct3ahh B,
nosTOMy 3Aecb pa3'bHCHeHHH AaHbi
KpaTKO.
TaK KaK apck>kh CTaAHH E^K 3aceBaioT b ctbahio B b BHAe Apo>K)KeBoro
MOJiOKa, to bo BpeMH CKJiaAKH npnpocTa aPojkjkch MOJKeT He 6htb hjih oh 6yAeT
He6ojibniHM h yqecTb ero b OTJiHqne ot CTaAHH B 3'HaHHTejib'HO TpyAHee, no3TOMy
b Ta6ji. 9 npHipocT Apo>K>KeH b KOJinqecTBe 90 Kr npuHHT o6iuhm 3 a nepHOA
CKJiaAKH h nepBbiii qac.
B OB'HQH C TeiM l I'TO CIKOpOC'Tb pOCTa B XOAe KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH
Apo>K>KeH He HBJineTCH nocTOHHHofi BejiHMHHOH oHa cHanajia
B03pacTaeT, a 3aTeM cHHJKaeTcn, pacqeT KOJiHqecTBa 6 noMaccbi no: qacaM
oAeJiaH c yqeTOM nepeMBHHoro K03(icj)HUHeHTa qacoBoro npn-; pocTa,
cpeAHHH BejiHqHHa KOToporo no Ta 6 ji. 6 pafiHa 1 , 1 7 5 , mto cooTBeTCTByeT
yAeJlbHOH ckopocth pocTa 0 , 1 6 1 .
70 1
| 3a,n,aeMCH pacxoAOM Mejiaccu Ha CKJiaAKy h nepBbift nac b [KOJiH'iecTBe
9+4=13%, hcxoah H3 p bko m eH a a uh h onTHMH3Hpo- BaHHoro pe>KHMa ajih
3aceBHOH CTaAHH [30]. HacoBoft pacxofl Me- ."accbi Ha ocTaJibHbie nacn
bhhhcjihiot KaK OTHOUi&Hne e>Keqac; -io- ro npnpocTa APoxoKeft k 0>KHAaeM0My
mhctomy bhxoay hx no opMyjie (36).
Pe3yjibTa pacneia qacoBoro npnpocTa h pexHMa npHTOKa Mejiaccw b
CTaAHH B npeACTaBJieHbi b Ta6ji. 9. B stoh Tafijinue npnBeAeH h
K03(jx|)HUHeHT nacoBoro pacxoAa Mejiaccn, KOTopbii H3M6HHeTCH B TOH
}Ke 3aKOHOMepHOCTH, MTO H KOSiCjX^HUHeHT n p K - pocTa ApoJKJKefi,
cnaqajra noBbiuiae'icH, 3aTeM CHHJKaeTCH, cJie- aoBaTeJibHo, pe>KHM
npHTOKa Mejiaccn cocTaBJieH npaBHJibno.
T afijiHua 9
i npHpocT flpojKweii h pewHM npHTOKa Mejiaccw a CTaAHH 5
Ma cw n poue cc a PacMeT npnpocTa apo)K>i<efi * No PacxoA M e j i a q c b i W
* ^ a* i=f
ct S > = < c a O
O H O i 0H KT i
X CQ X u
m
H
H O)
U V c; u ( U
s
O)
O O QJ t-
O) X Zf x
S 0 CQ s X - = [ 0 - r -
=* p b. 5 -K -
^ 0 ra H 0di50 0v;s
-( 0 9- c %
e-S S S
y
=! O * 0 O 3
tgs
=: 0 h u O O 4J
O* 03 K c(
Q 7 0- O O. O) ( X a
0 0, 0, 3 -
( J s 0 ra o , <=t CQ 3* C t={
* 3 G
CKJi ai HK a 260 _ 129 9,0
1 -- 350 90 48 57 4,0
2 350 1,13 395 45 76,1 59 4,1 1,04

3 395 1,15 454 59 76,1 77 5,4 l ,30
4 454 1,17 531 77 76,1 101 7,1 1,30
5 531 1,18 627 96 76,1 126 8,8 1,25
6 627 1,175 738 111 76,1 146 10,2 1,16
7 738 1,17 863 125 76,1 164 11,4 1,12
8 863 1,16 1001 138 76,1 181 12,6 1,10
9 1001 1,15 1178 150 76,1 197 13,7 1,09
10 1178 1,13 1300 149 76,1 197 13,7 1, 0
HToro - 1040 72,5 1434 100,0 -
flajiee cocTaBjiHercH Ta 6 ji. 10 pejKHMa BbipamHBaHHH Apo; - ; Jkch CT aAHH

B, BKJiKmiomafl noâcoBOH npHT OK MejiaccHoro cyc - | .ia, pacTBopoB cojie,
I
Ha 6 op jkhakocth b annaipaTe, paoxoA bos- Ayxa, noKa3aT6Ji'H
APOscHcepacTHJibHoro npouecca (coAepwaHHe , c e , (}) 0 pM 0 Jib'H 0 e tocjio, pH) h
o>KAaeMoe HaKomjieHHe 6 HOMaccbi
b Kr h t/ji). AaHHbie o pacxoAe Mejiaccbl, cojieft h hx pacTBopoB
epyT H3 TaSji. 16, 18, 19, cacT aBJieHHbix oahobpeMeHHo b na-
roHuiHM pa3AeJioM. HanajibUbiH 06'beM jkhakocth onpeAejrcaeTCH
aK cyMMa o 6t> 6mob boah, pacTBopoB Mejiaccbl, coreii, cT HMjyjiHTO -
ob pocT a h iKohueHT paTa E 1 1K.
3aceBHbie APOJKJKH E^K (260 Kr) B BHAe Apo>K>KeBoro mojioio
coAepjKaHHeM 500 r /JI 3aHHMaioT 06 'beM 520 JI II HMeioT Maccy
20-1,036 = 539 Kr, rne 1,036 njiOT HOCT b 9,5% -Horo pacTBopa
po>K>Keft, coAep>Kamero 500 T/JI ApoJKweft (Taoji. 9 h 3 npHJio>Ke-
hh), KT/JI.
T
T a 6 n a m a I O
Pem-HM iBbipamHBaHHfl poaiKeft IB CTaflHH B

Hacbi npouecca
Cnjiajuca 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 HToro
KoMnoHeHTbi H noKa3aTeJin
9,0 4,0 4,1 5,4 7,1 8,8 10,2 11,4 12,6 13,7 13,7 100
Mejiacca
%
-Kr 129 57 59 77 101 126 146 164 181 197 197 1434
PacTBop Mejiaccu JI Kr
ZlHaMMiOHHH(J)OC 4 )aT 208 92 95 125 164 203 236 263 291 316 316 2309
%
Kr 245 . 109 112 147 194 240 278 311 344 374 374 2728
PaCTBOp
AHaMMOHHH<j)OC(()aTa 16 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 _ _ __ 100
n
Kr 2,8 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 -- 18,2
CyjibcfiaT aMMOHHa %
Kr 13,4 9,8 9,8 9,8 9,8 9,8 9,8 9,8 _ 82
PacTBop cyjibi|iaTa aMMOHHH ji
14,7 10,9 10,9 10,9 10,9 10,9 10,9 10,9 -- 91
Kr
Ha 6 op khakocth b annapaTe,
M3 16 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 _ __ 100
10,5 7,5 7,4 7,4 7,4 7,4 7,4 7,4 -- 62,4
44,8 33,6 33,6 33,6 33,6 33,6 33,6 33,6 _ 280
50,2 37,4 37,4 37,4 37,4 37,4 37,4 37,4 312

19,6 19,7 19,9 20,0 20,2 20,5 20,8 21,1 21,4 21,7 22,0 22
60 60 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 _
PacxoA B'03/iyxa, hm 3
YAeJlbHblH o 6 maH 1176 1182 1512 1600 1616 1640 1664 1688 1712 1736 1760 17286
1,5 1,6 1,7 1,9 2,1 2,3 2,6 2,9 3,1 3,4 3,6
CoaepjKaHHe cyxnx BemecTB,
npoAOJi>KHHe xa' 6 ji. 1 0
Hacbi npouecca
H TOTO
KoMnoHeHTbi H noKa3aTe.iH CKJiaAKa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 9 1 4 1 4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,2 0,9 0,8 0,7
(fOpMOJIbHOe HHCJIO, MJI

pH 4,8 4,6 4,5 4,4 4,4 4,4 4,4 4,4 4,5 4,6 4,7 1300
Bbixo,n AP 0 ** 6 '' (sacee 60 Kr),

260 350 395 454 53! 627 738 863 1001 1178 1300
Kr. 13,3 17, 19, 22, 26, 30, 35, 40, 46, 54, 59,1
HKonJieHae 6 oiMaccbi, r/.Ji 8 8 7 3 6 5 9 8 3
npHMeiauHe, Op OKJiaaiKe s annaparr Ao 6 a B jraioT cjieAynomHe komiohe l HTbi:
KOMI IOHe HTb l Ma cc a k om - 06 'be M Ma cc a KoMn onen Tb i Ma cc a KOM - 0 6 t e M Ma cc a

n oHe HTa , k t p ac TB op a, JI pacTBopa, n oHe HTa , Kr pacTBopa, ji pacTBopa,
KT KT
BoAa b o AonpoBO AH a H TeMnepa - xypoH 18514. 18514 539

28 C ( BCH BOAa opii PaCTBOp XJTOpHCTOrO XaJIHH 16,1 71 81
cKJiaAKe)
260 520
SaceBHbie APOJKXH E 4 K BM - A.e MOAOKa PacTBop cepnoKHCJioro MarHHH 11,5 52 58
KyKypy3Hbift sKCTpaKT (1:1) 86 172 186,
npoBepKa n,pa.BHJib>HocTH Bbmnojiewnii ooteMoe b noime npouecca: 2309 + 82(+26Q+7.1 +52+'l 72+520+\18 514 - 22 000 ji.
MaKCHMaJIb'HblH 06 'beM, KOTOpblH MOJKHO Ha 6 paTb npH CKJiaa-
Ke annapaTa, cocTaBjiHeT: 22000(2966561) = 19595 JI , rg,e
2966 JI 06 lIIHH 06 'beM paCTBOpOB nHTaTeJIbHblX KOMnOHeHTOB,
561 ji 06 'beM Tex >Ke pacTBopoB npn cKJiaaKe. KojiimecTBo bo-
Abi Ha CKJiaAKy 6 yAeT 19 595 (561+520) = 18 514 ji, rAe 520
06 'beM, 3aHHMaeMbIH ApOJKJKeBbIM MOJIOKOM E^K, JI.
HanajibHoe pa36aBJieHHe c yêTOM Mejiaccbl H o'beMa > KHAKO -
19 700
.-CTH nepBoro naca KP H = - ---------------------------------------------- = 106, jih pa36aBjieHiie mc-
iy -j" 5 7
Jiaccbi 1 : 105, 4 TO cooTBeTCTByeT 0nTHMH3np0BaHH0My pe>KHMy
, CKJiaAKH.
T a 6 ji h u. a 11
CBOAHaa TafijiHia nOKa3aTejieft TexHOJiorHnecKoii cxeMbi npOH3BOflCTBa
TOBapHblX Ap05K5Keft
ToBapnafl cTaaHfl
B
-fl0Ka3aTe^H 3aceBHan nepHOA OTTOKOB HToro no
CTaAHH B
CTaAHH HaKonH- B qac 3a Becb
B TejIbHblft nepHOA
nepuod
06'beM annapaTa, m 3 30 100
o 6 mHtt V
nojie 3 Hbift V p 22 70 10,15 132 20 2
Pacx&a Mejiaccw, kt no 1434 2700 670 8 700 11400
CTaAHH M
Bcero M 1934* 4634* 670 8700 13334*
Ha 6 op cpeAH b annapaTe Ha- MajIbHbM 19,6 65,5 --- 65,5
Vh, m 3
Pa36aBJiee Mejiaccbl o 6 mee P 06 , kt:ji 1 : 14,4 1 : 22 1 : 14 1 : 14 1 : 16
ZljIHTeJIfaHOCTb pa3MHOaceHH'H t, H
10 6 13 20
CoAepscaHHe cyxnx BemecTB na - 1,5 1,6 1,6

qajibHoe ce, %
3acee Apoasei!
ffo, Kr 260 1300 1300
x0, % 18,1 48,1 11,4
HaKonjieHne AposoKeH, rjn
aiqaJibHoe H n 13,3 21,8- - 21,8

K 0 eHH 0 e H K Bhxoa ApoKHceii no 59,1 47,1 50,8 50,8 49,5
ct 3 ahh
fl flo, Kr 1040 2000 516 6700 8700
^CT, % 72,5 74,1 77 77 76,1
Buxoa AposoKen o 6 iuhh
Kr 1300 3300 10000

fio 6 , % 67,2 71,2 75
yAeJibHas cKopocTb pocTa jji, q _1
0,161 0.155** 0,145 0,145
KoscjxiHUHeHT cpeAHeqacoBoro 1,175 1,168 1,156 1,156 '

npnpocTa a
*hcjio yABoeHHH noMaccbi n 2,32 1,34 0,21 2,72 --
HpOAOJIKHTeJIbiHOCTb yABoeHHH g, 4,31 4,48 4,79 4,79
* Mejiacca yqeTOM aojih Ha CTaAHH E4K (500 Kr). ** C yeTOM

opeMeBH oKJiaAKH [x = 0,138; a 1,147.
74
CoAepsca-H-He cyxnx BemecTB no qacaM paccqHTaHO n o [ roi i > K C
MeTOAHKe, KOT OpaH npHBeAeHa AM HaKonHTejibHoro nepnoAa CTa-
HH B.
OopMOJibHoe qncjio h pH ashh corjiacno npaKTqecKHM AaH- HbiM. Bhxoa
Ap-osoKefi (b Kr) B 3HT h3 Tafiji. 9, BejmqHHa HaKon- .leHHH paccHHTaHa no
(f)opMyjie (38).
FlojiyqeHiHbie b pacqeT ax noKa3aTejiH, xapaKTep'HByiomHe cra - Arno B,
BHeceHbi b cBOAHyio Ta6ji. 11, rAe npeACTaBjieHbi TaKce noKa 3aTeJin ctbahm B.
CJieAyeT oTMeTHT b, qTo pacqeT noKasare - .ie CTaAHH B mojkho B ecTH h ApyrnM
nvreM, HanpHMep no Mexo* jHKe, KQTopaa Hcnojib3yeTcn b pacqeTe noKasareJieH
CTajjHH EHK-II hjih bo BTOpOM BapnaHTe pacqeTa napaMeTpoB HaKomi- TejibHoro
nepnoAa CT aAHH B. CocTaBJieHHbm TeM hjih hhhm nyieM peKIIM CTaAHH B
npOBepfllOT B npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX yCJIOBHHX' H npn HeoxoAHMoeTH ero
yToqHHioT.
PACMET bl T EXHOJIOrHHECKHX FIOKA3AT EJ1EP! IO CTAflMjm

KyJlbTHBHPOBAHHH MATOqHblX ftPO>K>KEH V
* K M3T0 qHb IM APOJ KJKa M O THO CH T qHC Ty K ) I I e C Te C TB eHH O -qHC TV K ? K yj ib Typy . , Hji h
pa cqe Ta Te xHOJ io rHq ec KHx n o Ka 3 a Te j l e H n o c Ta . mi - h m noJi yqeH Hi Ma roq Hbix Apo> K>K eH
nc no jib 3ye TC H H e cKO Ji f aKo n u a a M e TO AH Ka no cpa BHe HHio c npH Me HHBi n eHC H j\Jin pacq e Ta
n ap aM e r- Pob TO B apHbix C Ta AH H. BM ec Te c Te M pa cqe Tb no C TaA HH M: HK h B4K
S asH p y i o TCH Ha pe 3y j i b Ta Ta x n pe AH A y me r o pa 3A e Ji a . Hcxoa - Hbie AaHHb ie a^ h pac qe Ta
no Ka3a Tej ief i no C Ta AHH M HK (i EM K a pH se Ae H bi b Ta 6j i. 1 2 . P ac qe T Haq HHa ro T c n o cj i e A He
C Ta A H H n o - ayqeHHH ecTecTBeHHo-qncTOH KyjI bTypbl.
T a 6 JI H u a 12
HcxoflHwe T exHQJiorHHecKHe noKaaTejiH a,JiH pacHeTOB npH -
noJiyneHHH MaTOMHbix ApojKJKeft
C ia ii H I Pa 36 a B . B e - h H e HjiHTe jib- B eJ lHM H- y se . ib Ha i

C K0p0 C Tb
Cpejuie- Ce n apam is
a po>KiiteH
M ejiac - cb i n oc Tb np o - Ha 3a- MaCOBOft
6 p oc Ta P - . M *
111
o u i . e e P , k t : ji u ecc a Bb i - c eB a n pHp OC T o - , %
p amHBa HHH iip ow-
?
t, M > Ke n
EqK-n 18 0, 165 1 7 ,9 65 fla

1 12 10
9 8-9 9 0,175 1 9 ,1 32 HeT
EMK-I 1
4K-H 0,170 18,5 48 Jla
MK-I
10
7
' 10 12
6 0,180 1 9 ,7 30
10 Her
B HH 6 2,5 0,190 20,9 15
MHH 5
10
12 0,8 0,200 22,1 10
rioKa3aTejiH h cocxaBJieHHe pokhmob BbipamHBaHHH EMK
EcTecTBeHHO-qHCTaH KyjibT ypa APOJKJKeii cJiy>KHT a^h 3aceBa

Apo>K>KepacTHJibHbix annapaTOB cTaAHM B. B HarneM npHMepe EHK
nojiyqaioT Ha AByx C TaAnnx: EMK-I h E4K-I1. C stoh ne- Jibio ycTaHOBjieHbi annapara
o6me BMecTHMocTbio 9 H 30 M3.
75
Pacx-OA EMK Ha oahh annapaT B (cm. npeAbiAymiHH pa3AeJi) cocTaBJineT 260
Kr, aojih Mejiaccbl, pacxoAyeMaa na STH Apo>K- >kh, 500 Kr, cJiewoBaTejibHo,
E^K aoji>khh nojiyqaTb c o6ui,hm 260-100 COn /
Bbl XO AO M - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - = 52%.
.500
B CyTKH npOBO'flHTCH Tpn TOBapHblX IHKJia, OTKyAa CyTOqHHii pacxoA
EMK cocTaBJineT: 260-3 = 780 Kr. P3 npaKTHKH H3BecTo, 1 ito annapaT o6-mefi
bmecThmoctbio 30 m 3 , n0Jie3H0H 22 23 m 3 o6ecneqnBaeT nojiyqeHne 9001200 Kr
E L IK- 3aAaAHMca Bwpa- 6otkoh 1100 Kr E^K- Hx h6o6xoahmo nojiyqaTb qepe3
cjieayiomee ihcjio cyTOK: 1100:7.80=1,41 cyT, npnMeM 1,4 cyr, Torâ KOJinqe- ctbo
EHK AOJI>kho 6htb 780-1,4 = 1092 Kr. Hhcjio hhkjiob EîK. ,b M-ecHU 6yj;eT
28:1,4=20, rAe 28 qncjio pa6oqnx AHeii B Mecau.
06ih,hh pacxoA M ejiaocbi H a oa hh u hk ji E^K cocT a -BUT
1092-100 oi nr i * =
2100 K r .
52
B o6x hh h p acx oA Bx oAHT M eji acc a na noji yq eHH e E4K-I1,
E^K- h a oji h a HK, 3 ac eBa eM yi o b annapaT E^K-I. Mejiacca
pac npeA eji HeTc a Me K fl y CT afl HH MH b cJi eAyi omHX K O Ji nqecT Bax (cm. ra6ji. 3):
Mejiacca % kt
#<wi fl iHa MK 7 147

Ha 0 Tafl,Hi 0 EMK-I 30 630
Ha CTaAHK) EÎK-II 63 1323
HTOFO 100 2100
Ctadua. EW K -II
1. ripn pacqeTe pa36aBjieHHH Mejiaccbl Ha cTaAHH EMK-I yqH- TbiBaioT 50%

ot Maocbi Mejiaccbl npesbiflymeft CTa'AHH EMK-I. floJiH Mejiaccbl Ha L IK B pacqeTe
paaaiBjieHHH He yqHTbiBaeTCH, TaK KaK HK 3 aceBaeTCH jih 6 o B npeccoBaHhom
BHAe, ji 6 o B BHAe ApoJKJKeBoro MOJiOKa. KoHeqHbiH 06 'beM jkhakocth b annapaTe
npHHHT 22,5 M 3 . KP 0 q -------------- 22500 ------ _ jg 7 H J I H p a 3g a B J I e H H e j
630-0,5 + 1323 1 !
1:12,7.
Ho paiHee npHHHTOH B npoMbiui jishihoct h MeTOAHKe c yqeTOM Bce
Mejiaccbl E^K-I /C 06=ll,5, hjih pa36aBJieHHe 1:10,5.
Bojiee npaBHJibiHbiM HBjraeTCH pa36aBJieBHe Mejiaccbl 1 : 12,7. j
2. KojmqecTBO Apo>K>KeH EMK-I Ho AJifl 3 aceBa B annapaT 1 E^K-II no
TaSji. 12 hoxoahhx AaHHbix cocTaBJineT 18% ot Mac- Cbi Mejiacca EMK-II:
A 0 = 1323-0,18 = 238 kt, OKpyrjimn ao 240 kt.
yToqHHHan BejinqHHa 3aceBa X 0 =18,l% .
76
n = 1 ,443 ln 1,443-1,5151 2,19.
3. KoHeTOaa kohuen tp a u,hh Apo>KJKen b annapaTe HK 6 yaex
H k = 1092:22,5 = 48.5 kt/m 3 , hjih 48,5 r/a.

4. Bhxoa Apo>KJ<e no ctbahh /? Ct = 64,4% h bhxoa o6w,kh J3 0 6 = 5 2 % .
' 5. YAeAfa'HaM cKopocTb pocTa Apo>K>Kefi EMK-II no c])opMyvie (4) BbiMHCJiei-ia 3a
BSI ^ CTOM naca A03peBaHH ,ug H C yi ieTOM STO - ro Maca jlxio:
, R 1092
ln ------- ln
( 1 x 0i)=
M 0,152.
KostjjciDHUHeHT cpeAHenacosoro
7. ripoAOJi>KHTejibHocTb yABoeHHH g 9 h g w noa$<J)opMy.rce
npnpocTa no TaSjn(14)
1 paBHa:
npiiJio-
>K6 HHH paBeH 1,183; ai 0 = 1,163.
6. Mhcjio y.nBoeHKS SHOMaccu tt EMK-II no cfcopMyji-p (13) 5y-
g'o = / : /2 = 9:2,19 = 4,11 m: g 1 0 = 10:2,19 = 4,57 m.
A6T H 3 pe3yJibTaTOB pacneTa bhaho, mto Bce noKa3aTejiH 6jih3kh P, X0, ji, a S CT hjih
paBHH t hcxoahhm AaHHHM. IIoKa3aTejiH CTaAHH EMK-H BHeceHbi b cBOAHyro
r/
Ta6ji. 14.
8. flaji.ee nep-exon-HT k cocraBjieHHio noMac0B0r0ipe>KH - Ma CTaAHH EMK-II.
Pe>KHM COCT 3 BJIHIOT Ha OC'HOBa-HHH pe 3 VJIbTaT OB pacqeTa no MeTOAHKe,
onH-caHHofi ajih HaKonHTejibHoro nepnoAa CTaAHH B, nosTOMy noHCHenHH 3Aecb
Aann KpaTKo.
B cbh 3 h c TeM mto b annapaT ct 3 ahh EMK-II 3 aceBaK)T apok- >ivH EMK-I,
HSXOAHIliHeCH, K 3 K np 3 BHJ 10 , B 3KTHBHOM COCTOHHHH, npHpocT
6HOMaccbi HaqHHaercH cpa 3y n ocjie BiieceHHH sthx a?o>k- JK6H b cBe:yK) ope Ay,
cjie AOBa Te jibHO, b pe>KHMe mojkho n peA' /c- MOTpe Tb n -pn pocT 6 hom 3 cch bo BpeMH CKJI 3 AKH. B
TeqeHHe nocjie- Ayiomero npouecca pa 3 MHOSceHHH Apo>KJKeft

KOStJxjMmH^HT nacoBO- ro npnpocTa oyAeT M-eHHTbCH, OMeBHAHO, b
npeAejia-x li, 1631,183 {cm. pacneT b n. 5) . F io 3a Aa HHHM Kos cJx^HU He HTa M HaxoAHT
ko- JIHH 6 CTBO SHOMaC-Cbl H3 KOH CU KaÂOrO Maca H BbIHHCJISJfOT
MHCTblH
npnpocT APO*>KeH. Efojiaran, MTO APO> K> KH EMK-II p23MHO>KaioT-
CH C nOCTOHHHbIM BblXOAOM, p 3 CCM HTbl B3 IOT MaCOBOH baCXOA M6-
.iaccbi ( B Kr H %)
HeoSxOAHMO OTMeTHTb, MTO npH COCTaBJieHHH peJKHMa npHTO Ka Mejiaccbl
B CTSAHH EMK-II MOJKHO npHMeHHTb H APyrae BapH-
77
aHT bi pacneTOB, HanpHMep 3aAaTbcn pacxoAOM Mejiaccbl na CKJiaA Ky h
nepBbii Mac, KaK sto AejiajiH npn pacMeTe Ha cT a^HHx B h B H BblHHCJIHTb
BblXOA A'pO>K}KeH 33 3TO BpeMH. 3aTeM pCCMHTaT b, C K3KHM BblXOAOM
AOJISCHbl pa3MH0)KaTbCH ApOSOKH B nOCJieAyiO -
mae qacbi, h no nojiyMeaHbiM pe3yjibTaTaM HaftTH pacxoA Mejisc.- cbi 3a KaxAHH nac
npouecca. JXj ih npoBepKH npaBHjibHOCTH co- C.T3BJieHHH pe>KHMa npHT- 0K3 MeJI 3CCbI
BbIMHCJIHTb K 03(J)'(J)HUHeHT MacoBoro pacxoAa Mejiaccbl (KMPM) i<3K OTHOineHHe
pacxoAa mc- Jiaccbi b AaHflbift Mac k pacxoAy Mejiaccbl npeAbiAymero MSCS . Pe-
3yjibTaTbi 3 THX pacMeTOB npeACTaBJieHbf b Ta6ji. 13, KOTopaH hbjih- ercH
BcnoMoraTejibHOH ajih cocxaBjieHHH pe>KHMa CTSAHH EMK-II. TsGjiHuy pe>KHMa
npeAJiaraeTCH cocTaBfiTb caM 0 CT 0 HTejibH 0 no 00p33Uy T36 J . 10 AJIH CT3AHH B,
npHHHB, MTO pe>KHM npHTOKa pa- CTBOpOB COJieft (b %) AJIH CTaAHH EMK-II H B
HASHTHMeH. Heo6- XOAHMbie AaHHbie AJIH COCTaBJieHHH 3TOH T36 J1HUH paCCMHT 3Hb
B
nn. 912.
T -a 6 ji h u a 13
npHpocT IflpOIOKeH H pe>KHM npHTOKa MeJiaCCbl B CTaflHH EHK-I 1

M acb i P acn e-r n p Hp oc Ta z t p o > K > i < e f ^B blX OJ Mej ia cc a K03C|)tj) HU, H-
l eii T waco- bopo
KOJI HM eC TB O K03C t)4 )HU H- K0J IH4 eC TB 0 M HC Tb
A p oior c e fi Ha e rn - nac o - Ap O> K> Ke H
pO>K- KT
% pa c- > 0i a
lH >Keft, % Mej ia cc bl
n a na jio Mac a , B o r o n p H- n a KOM e u.
npn. -
kt p oc Ta , ! i p o > i < M a c a , K T P OC T
>k e i-i itpO>K -
>Ke H,
C Kjia A Ka 240 1,14 274 34
KT 64,4 53 4,0
1 274 1,15 315 41 64,4 64 4,8 1, 2 0

2 315 1,16 365 50 64,4 78 5,9 1 22
3 365 1.17 427 62 64,4 96 7,3 1/23
4 427 1,18 504 77 64,4 119 9,0 1,24
5 504 1,19 600 96 64,4 149 11,3 1,25
6 600 1,18 708 108 64,4 168 12,7 1,13
7 708 1,17 828 120 64,4 186 14,0 1,11
8 828 1,16 960 132 64,4 205 15,5 1.10
9 960 1,14 1092 132 64,4 205 15,5 1,0
10 ,H,03peBaHHe
H TOTO - - 852 64,4 132 100
3
9. Ajih ps3pa6oTKH pe>KHMa .natqyae o pacxoAe pacTBopoB Me- Jiaccbi

h cojieft 6epvT H3 T afiji. 16, L 8 , 19, cocT aBJineMbix, i< 3 k yi<a3biBajiocb Bbime,
OAHOBpeMea'Ho c pacMeTOM noKa 3 aTeJiefi no CT aAHHM. H TorAa 06 'beM,
3aHHMaeMbift pacTBopa.MH komnoHeHroB, npn cKJi3AKe AOJiKeH cocTaBHTb:
85+11,7 + 36,8 + 65 + 48-1-158 = =-404,5 ji.
Bo Bcex npeAHAymnx pscneTax no ctsahhm B, B h EMK-II 3 a- AaBaJIHCb
KOHeMHbIM O''beMOM jkhakocth h 3aTeM paCCMHTbIBajIB KpaTHOCTb pa3 -
6aB,TeHHH Mejiaccbl K P no ciopMyjie (33). BMecTe c TeM no 3toh cJ)OpMyjie mojk-ho
onpeAejiHTb 0 6 'beM jkhakocth, 3H3H KP. ripHMeHHM- 3Aecb h b pacueTe he-nphtomhhx
CTaAHH MK Me- 78
T&AHKy onpeAeJieHHH o6teMa jkhakocth no BeJiHq-HHe . pa36aie hhh
Mejiaccbl [ CM . (JjopMyjiy (35)]:
V M (KP) = 630-10 = 6300 ji,
rê 10 KpaTHOCTb n-pa pa36aBJieHH Mejiaccw 1 : 9 ( CM . Ta6ji. i.2'1 HCXOA - HHX AaHI-Iblx).
Aajiee b pacneTax no cthahhm B h B npeAycMOTpena noaaqa Bce boah npn

CKJiaAKe. TaKOH mctoa pacnexa mo>kho [icnojibso- BaTb n ajih
onpeAeJieHHH HanajibHoro oêMa schakocth; b annapaTe EMK-II. OAHaKo b
TexHOJiornqecKOM pe>KHMe stoS cisahh MOJKHO 3aAaTbCH KpaTHOCTbIO
HHaJIbHOI'O pa36aBJieHHH : Mejiaccbl H BblHHCJMTb HO (j)OpMyJie (35)
06 'beM BOAH W, KO'TOpblH H 6 06 x 0 - Ahmo BHecTH npw CKJiaAKe. Ilp HMeM
3To pa3oaBjie.HHe B HameM npHMepe 70-KpaTHbiM no OTHomeHHio k
Mejiacce, npeAHa3HaHeHHofl fia CKJiaAKy:
W = 53-70 = 3710 ji.
TaKHM o 6 pasoM, HaqaJibHbifi o6i,eM >khakocth b annapaTe EMK-II

CQCTaBHT
l/ = 404 + 6300 + 3710 = 10 414 JI.
KpaTHOCTb HanaJibiHoro pa36aBJieHHH c yqeTOM 50% Mejiaccn h3

npeAHAymefi ct3ahh (630-0,5 = 315 kt) 6yAeT
1 0 414
KP, i= ---------------- =28, HJIH pasCaBJienue Mejiaccw 1 i 27.

53+315
HanaJibHaH KOHueHT-pauHH APo**eft npn 3aceBe Ha =
240:10,4 = 23,1 kt/m3 (t/ji).
, 10. KojiHêcTBo BOAH , AodaBjineMOH npHTOKOM B npouecce bh- pam,HBa.HHH

APOsoKe, COC T 3 BH T
22 500 [10 414 + (2130 85) + (74- 11,7) + (230 36,8)] = 9785 JI,
r ae b K- pyr ji ux c Ko 6i< ax y Ka 3a nbi oS -b eMbi p ac TBopo B: Mej iacc w, jx wa MMOri qjoc a h cy jibc jja Ta aMMOHHH, noc Ty nar o mHx
npi iTO KOM, 3a Bbme TO M aoji h na c Kj ia axy.
BoAa noAaeTCH paBHHMH nopuHHMi-i b TeneHHe 7 n no 1,4 ms b 'iac, Ha i iHHa n

c nepBoro qaca.
11. CAeJiaeM itpoBepicy npaBHjibHocTH BbiMHCJieHHH 06 'beM 0 B
KOMnoHeHTOB B CTaAHH EMK-II:
2130 + 74 + 230 + 65 -t- 48 + 158 +- 6300 4- 3710 + 9785 = 22 500 j i .
12. HaqajibHoe coAep>KaHHe cyxnx BemecTB HaxoAHT no hx 6aji3Hcy, KaK STO

ACJISJIH B pacqeTe HaKonHTejibHoro nepnoAa.
79
d ce = 3,0/2.
10414
Pe3yjIbTaT bI paCMeT OB M0>KH0 CBepHT b C HH>KenpHBefleHIibIMH
AaHHbtMH dce
Fio T a6ji. 3 npnjio>KeHHH nyTeM HHT epnoJiHUHH HaxoAHT a,
paBiHoe 3,65% Cr adun E HK -1 38242.3
H 3 npeAHAymero pasaejia H3BecTHo, mto apohokh EMK-I 3bi- paiUH'BaioT b

annapaTe oSuen BMecTHMOiCTbK) 9 m 3 , noJie3Hoft 6,3 m 3 . B 3tom ofiteMe
nepepa 6 aT biBaioT 630 Kr Mejiaccbl n BbinycKaior 240 Kr pcK>KeH. flojin
Mejiaccbl, npHxoAHiuaHCH Ha 3aceBaeMyio T 1K, cocT a'BJi.aeT 147 kt. B Ta 6 ji. 12
iicxo&Hbix AaHHbix npeAycMOT - peHa BejinqHHa 3 aceBa b KOJmqecTBe 9% ,
npoAOJi>KHTejibHocTi> npouecca 8,5 h (8 9). Ha 0 CH 0 Be sthx AaHHbix BeAyT
paciex no- Ka3aTejieH ct3ahh EMK-I.
6300 , A
1. A'Pnfi = ---- = 10, MH pa36aB.ieHHe Mejiaccw 1:9,
00 63 0
2. JI 0 630-0,09 = 56,7 kt M K , o n p y rjihm ao 57 KT .
3. B CBH 3 H c TOM mo BbipaiUHB'aHHe Apo*)KeH EMK-I BeayT

b cTauHOHapHbix ycjioBHHx npn CKJiaAKe HaSiipaioT Becb 06 'beM >!. H A KO CTH , TO
B S TO M o'beMe mo>kho onpeAeJiHTb h HaqajibHyio H KOHemiyio
KOHueHTpauHK) Apo>KJKefi.
57 000 240 000
hH = = 9 r/ji; HK = = 3S, I r/ .i.
H 6300 ' 6300
(240 57)100 ro 240.100

= 28,6%; B 0 (, -------------- ------ ==30,9%.
CT ' 630 ' 630 + 147
CJieAyeT OTMeTHTb, qTo 3Aecb S 0 e>S C T . xoth Ha Bcex aPYIhx CTaAHHx,

HaopoT, BC T >B06 h nocjieAHee hbjih 6 tch TexHOJiornqe- ckhm npaBHJiOM. B
CTaAHH EMK-I oTCTynjienne ot 3Toro n 0 Ji 0 /Ke- HHH CBH33HO C T 6 M, L ITO
3aceBaeM3H MK HOJiyHaeTCH C 66 jlbmilM
BblXOAOM, hcm apo>k>kh E L 1K-I, HOSTOMy b pacqeTe o6iuero bwxo- Aa AO.iH
Mejiaccu, npHxoAHiuaHCH Ha HK, A3eT B 0 5 > 5 C T .
5. yAeJibHyio cKopocTb >pocT3 onpeAeJiHM ajih cpeAHero BpeMe HH
npouecca, paBHoro 8,5 q.
n = 0, 109;
a 1,1S 4, h ji h S,4 % b qac;
240
n 1,443 In - = 2,075;
o7
g = 8, 0! 2, 075 = 4, 1 M.
80
Heodxo AHMO opaT HT b BHHMa 'Hne T exH O J i or oB Ha npa BH JibH oe onpeAeJiaHHe npoAO JiJKHT ejibH O CT H npouecca. b
erauHOHpMHX yc- JTOBHHX. KOHeU KyjIbTHIBHpOBaiHHH B enpHTO^HHX CT a AH H X 06bIMH0
ycT a Ha iBJ iH Ba iOT no coAp> Ka HHio cyxnx Be mecT B h SHOMa ecbi b KyjibT ypa ^bHoft jso ha k o'cth, ecJiH a ra -no Ka a aT ejiH ne hsmcoh hiotch
b T eneH H e 2 3 h. FI pH stom H e a npeAeJ iH iOT yAejibyio cKo pocT b po - cxa . B MecT e c tcm cJ iea yeT HMeT b b bha y> hto B ejiH MH 'Ha
c k o p o c t h p o c T a H e A O J i > K H a 6 b i T b o n e H b h h 3 K o h 3 a c n e x 6 o J i b m o f i A J i H T e / i b - h o c t h n p o u e c c a . B s t h x y c J i o B u n x H 3 - 3 a H e m o c T a T Ka
nHTaHHH AP 0 k>kh nepeft^yT b cTauHOHapnyio (f 33 }'- B T0 BpeMH naK hx hvjkho nepeflaTb

b cJieAyiomyio CT a^Hio E H K - I I b aKTKBHOM COCTOHHHiH.
P3 p a c q e n H b i x A a H i H b i x C J i e A y e T , h t o B c e n o i c a s a T e j i a j i h 6 o p a B- H b i , j i h 6 o 6 j i h 3 k h k h o x o a h h m ( T a 6 j i . 1 2 ) . n o K a 3 a x e J i H
EMK -I npe AC T a BjieH bi b cboa hoh T a 6ji. 1 4 .
6. TaK KaK ct 3ahh EMK-I HBJineTCH HenpHT OHHOH, pacêT no - qacosoro

pe>Khma BbrpaimneaHHH APoxJKei ynpomaeTCH. Ochob - Hoe BHHMaHne
yAeJiHioT paeqeTy pe*HMa ckjibakh annapa Ta. B 3tot nep.HOA b annapaT EMK -I AaiOT
cpa 3y Bce KOMnoneHT bi cpeAbi H 3aceB3IOT ApO>K>KH MK- K'OJIH'ieCTBO
KOMnOHeHT OB H COAep- >ka h he cyxnx BeiuecTB b hx pacT Bopax 6epyT H3- ra6n. 15,
16. 18, 19.
..3ac6BHbie apoxokh hhctoh KyjibT ypu (57 i< r ) b BHAe i Apo> K> i< e- Boro MOJiOKa c co Ae p> Ka hheM flpoj Ksce ft 500
r / J i 33 H H M a i p T 0 6 ' b e M
114 j i H H Mei oT Ma ccy I
114-1,036 = 118 KF ,
rê 1,036 njiOTHOCTb 9,5% -Horo pacTBopa apo>K>KeH, coflepacamero 500 r/.a.
KojiHqecT Bo BOAH AO Ha < ia jibH or o ofi'beMa , pa B H or o 6 300 JI, COCTaBJIH-eT
6300 (1014 + 114) = 5172 :i,
rae 1014 06'beM pacTBOipa Mejiaccbl, ji;

!14 06 'beM 3aceBaeM0H MK, ji.
CoAep>KaHHe cyx'Hx BemecTB npn CKJiaAKe cocTSBJineT 8,5% (BblHHCJIHTb
Ca MO CT OHT ejIbMO ) .
Hpouecc BeAyT npn HeSojibnio aapaunu 30 m3 b qac bos- Avxa na 1 m-3
>kRikocth.
PeKHM pa 3M 'H O > KeH H H " ApOJKJKeft EM K. -I BBHAy H eCJIOJKH O CT ti ero cocT aBJieHHH 3Aecb He
npHBeAeH. Pe>KHM BicjiioâeT nacoBbie no Ka 3aTej iH c o A e p > K 3 i H H H cyxnx B e m e c T B , c f>op Mo,J ibHo ro
i H C J i a h p H . 0 > K i H A a e M H H npupoc T 6 H O M a c c b i (b kt ) 110 q a c a M p a c c m - i r a - B 3IO T H a nOC TOHHHHH KO S^H UHeH T l aCO BO TO
np npoc Ta ( B a a H - h o m npnMepe 1,184), h a q hh a h c nepBoro qaca. HsKonjiemie 6ho - m scc h (b t/ji) naxoAHT
no (fiopMyjie (38), npn sto m 06'be M >kha- kocTiH b pacêTax no qacaM ne H 3MeHHeTCH.
IloKa3aTeJiH H cocTaBjieHHe peiKHMOB nojiyMeHHH HK
MHCTaa KyjibTypa Hcnojib3yeTca AJIH nojiyqeHHH Apo>K>KeH EHK.

CorjiacHo HCXOAHHM flaHHbiM, ee pa3MH0>Kai0T Ha neTbipex 'CTaflHflx: M WH ,
B HH , HK-I, MK-II. riepBbie Tpn CTaAHH HBJIHIOTCH
HenpHTO'IHHMH, T. e. HX BeAyT B CTaUHOHapHblX yiCJIOBHHX, CTaAHK) 4K-II
npOBOAHT C npHTOKOM paCTBOpOB Mejiaccbl, COJieH H BOAbl. Zlpo>K*H
MK-I h HK-II BbipamuBaroT b toh >kc annapaType, rê H EMK. Ajih
KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH Apo>K>KeH b uexe qHCTbix KyjibTyp ycTaHoBjieHbi
MajibiH HHOKyjiHTop (Mhh) ooiueft BMecraMocTbio <0,5 M 3 iH 6 o.JIbLUOH
HIHOlKVJIHTOp (B<H) BM 0 CTH 1 MOC'TbK) 2,5 M 3 .
PacneT noKa3aTejieH npn nojiyqeHHH mhctoh KyjIbTypbl BeAyT, .H4HHaH
co CTaAHH MK-11 - IloTpeHocTb b mhctoh KyjibType onpe- AeJiHK)T no
KOJiHqecTBy 3 aceBHbix Apo>KJKe ajih ct3ahh EMK -I h Mncjiy uhkjiob EMK b
MecHu. P3 npeAbiAyiuero pa3AeJia H3BecTHO, qto b MecHu BeAVT 20 uhkjiob
h ajih oAHoro 3acesa TpefiyeTca 57 kt MK - CJieAOBaTejibHO, b MecHu
Heo 6 xoAHMO HMeTb HHcxyio KyjibTypy b ROjimecTBe: 57 20 = 1140 Kr. B
CBH3H c TeM hto qc- Tyio KyjibTypy HeceJiaTejibHO xpaHHTb AJiHTejibuoe
BpeMH [46], npHMeM, hto ee nojiyqaioT 2 pa3a b Mecnu b KOJinqecTBe 800 kt sa
uhkji.
Aojih Mejiaccu Ha 57 kt MK b npeAbiAViueM pa3AeJie 6 biJia npHHHTa
paBHofi 147 kt, CJieAOBaTejibHO, MK CJieAyeT nojiyqaTb c o 6 iuhm
BblXOAOM
PacxoA Mejiaccbl M Ha BbmycK 800 Kr hhctoh KyjIbTypbl no

4)opMyjie (36) cocTaBHT 2062 Kr.
PacnpeAejiHM Mejiaccy no CTaAHHM noJiyqeHHH MK corjiacHO
npaKTHnecKHM HopMaM (cm. Tafiji. 3) npHHHB ooiuhh pacxoA ee,
KaK h ajih E4K, 2100 Kr:
(J Ta A Ha P ac xoA we âc cb i, KT
50 (2,4)
M HH
180 (8,6)
B WH
470 (22,4)
MK-I
1400 (66,6)
4K-II
HTOPO 2100 100 ,0
np;HMeiaaie. B CKoSKax fl,a.Hbi 3Ha>ieHM b %
Ajih pacqeTa noKa3aTejieft no CTaAHHM nojib3yioTCH hcxoahh- mh

AaH'HbiMH (cm. Ta 6 ji. 12). PacneT noKa 3 aTejieft BeAyT no TeM >Ke c})opMyjiaM h
b toh >Ke nocjieAOBaTejibHocTH, KOTopbix npHAep- >>\HBajiHCb npn npoBeAHHH
pacqeTOB no CTaAHHM EMK-
PacneT noKa3aTejie no CT 3 AHHM nojiyqeHHH qncTOH KyjibTy- pbi
TexiHQJioraM npeAJiaraexcn cAeJiaTb caMOCTOHTeJibHO H cpaB-
82
HMTb noJiyqeHHbie pe3yjibTaTbi c npHBeAeHHHMH b cboahoh ts 6ji. 1 4 . n p n
npoBeAeHHH pacqeTOB Heo 6 xonnMo HMeTb b biuv cjieAyioiUHe 0 C 0 6 eHH 0 CTH.
PacneT AeJiaioT b o 6paTHoft nocjieAOBaTejibHocTH CTaAHH: cua - qajia TK-II,
3aTeM MK-I, Bhh h, HaKcmeu, Mhh. PacqeT noKa- saTejieft io>kaoh ct3ahh
ocnoBHBaeTCH Ha AaHHbix npeAHAymero pacqeT a. T 3K napaMeTpbi ctbaiih HK-I
HaxoAHT, hcxoah H3 A3h - Hbix, xap3KTepH3yK)UI l HX HK-II, CT3AHH BHH H3
OCHOBe A3HHHX HK.-I, ctsahh Mhh Ha OCHOBe AaHHbix Bhh.
J\jln COCT3BJieHHH pe>KHMa CTaAHH MK-II MO>KHO npHHHTb CJie-
Ayfouj,He .K03'(j)!(J)HUHeHTbi qaicoBOro npnpocTa:
Hacbi Câiii<a 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ko3cf)4)H- 1,17 1,17 1,17 1,18 1,19 1,18 1,17 1,16 1,15 1,13
UH 0H T
PeJKHM npHTOKa paCTBOpOB COJieft B 3T 0H CT 3AHH MOJK^T 6bITb T 3KHM

>Ke, K3K B CTaAHH B. P3CX0A pSCTBOpOB MeJiaCCbl H COJieft 6 e p y T H3 T a 6 j i . 1 6 , 1 8 , 1 9 .
06'beM BO^bi npH CKJiaAKe b CTS A H H MK-H bmhhcjihiot; 33A3B- HiHCb
H3M3JibHbiM pa363BjieHHeM Mejiaccbl, HsnpHMep, 60 -KpaT- HblM.
CTaAHH HK-I, Bhh, Mhh hbjihiotch HenpHTOHHbiMH, nosTOMy Bce
KOMnoneHTbi cpeAbi bhochtch npn CKJiaAKe. B pacqeTe pe>Kh- M CTaAHH
HK-I 06 'beM jkhakocth, nocTynaomeH Ha 3 aceB H3 ct3Ahh Bhh, onpeAejiaioT no
BejinqHHe o 6 mero pa 3 6 aBJieHHH Me- Jiaccbi (cm. t 3 6 ji. 1 2 ) . B H 3 UieM p a c q e T e ' 1 / b , h = 1 6 0 0
i
ji ( 2 3 0 - 7 ) . Tai< >Ke HsxoAHT 0 6 'beM jkhakocth b ct a ah h Mhh.

CAeJiaB pscqeT no ct3ahhm BblpaiUHBaHHH MK, nojiyqeHHbie pe-
3VJIbT3TbI BHOCHT B CBOAHyiO Ta 6 jl. 1 4 . Ha 3tom 3akanqhb a eTCH pacqeT
napaMeT poB TexH 0Ji 0niqecK 0H cxeMbi. noKa3aTe.fiH cxeMbi npeACTaBJiaHH b
cboahoh Ta 6 ji. 1 1 ajih TOBapHblX CTaAHH (B H B) H T36JI. 1 4 AJIH CTaAHH HK H
EMK.
H 3 anajiH 3a ashhhx cboahoh ra 6ji. 14 bhaho, hto no ct 3ahhm n o j i y q e H H H HK h EMK
TexHOJiorHqecKHe n o K3 3 a T e j i ; i H 3 M eHH iOT CH B COOTBeTCTBHH C
3aKOHOMepHOCTHMH, KOTOpblC OnHCa.Hbl B T JI. II. 3K, OT CTaAHH K
CTaAHH HapaCTaiOT 06'beM zKHAKOCTH H P3CX0A Mejisccbi h, cjieAOBaTejibHo,
yBejinqHBaeTCH CTenenb ee pa36aBjie- I hh h . Bo3pacTseT BejiHHHHa 3aceBa
Apo>K>Keft h KOJinqecTBO; nojiy- qaeMoft 6HOM3CCH, noBbimaeTCH bhxoa
Apo>KceH.
- T CTaAHH K CTaAHH CHHJK3IOTCH VAeJI bHaH CKopocTb P0CT3 H
cpeAHeqacoBoft npnpocT, yMeHbiuaeTCH hhcjio yAB oeHHH 6 H 0 Maccbi I ii
VBeJIHHHBaeTCH npOAOJIJKHT eJIbHOCTb yABoeHHH.
B 33CeBHOH CTaAHH B H TOBapHOH CT aAHH B npOCJIOKHBaiOTCH Te >Ke
33KOHOMepHOCTH, OAH3KO 3AeCb HMeiOTCH CBOH 0C 06eHjH 0CTH,
> OOyCJIOBJIeHHbie He npe pb IB Hb IM p e>K HM OM KyjibT HBHpoBaHHH TOB ap - : hhx
Apo<>Keft. 3to othochtch k noKa 3aTejiro pa 3oaBJieHHH cpe- j Abi b nepHOA
ottokob pa36aBJieHHe Me.fiaccbi MeHbuie, qeM b
I HKonHTejibHbiH nepHOA. KoHeqHan KOHueHT pauHH APO**eH B
1 cl s I.
T a 6 ji 'h, v, a 14
3
CBOAHaa TaSjiHua noKa aTejieii TexHOJionmecKoft cxeMbi
3 0
pa MH HCeHHfl MaTOMHblX jipo>K}Keii
Ci-asHii MHC TOH KyjIbTypbl 1 CTaAHH EHK
IloKa3aTejiH M HH 1 1 4K-1I | EMK-I EMK-II

B HH HK-I
1
06beM annapaTa, m 3
o 6 iu,hh V O 0,5 2,5 9 30 9 30

nOJie3'Hblft Vi, 0,3 1, 6 5,6 22 6,3 22,5
Pacxoifl Mejiaccbl, Kr
50 180 470 1400 630 1323
,no C TSA HH AJ C T
Bcero M 50 230 700 21 0 0 7 7 7 ** 21 0 0 **
Ha 6 op cpeAbi b annapaTe Ha - 0,3 1, 6 5,6 9,7 6 3 10,4
qajibHbifl V B , m 3
Pa36aBJieHHe Mejiaccw o 6 mee 1 : 5 1 : 6 1 : 7 1 : 9,5 1 : 9 1 : 12.7
P06 , KT : JI
.jJjIHTejIbiHOCTb pa3MH'0)KeHHH 12 10 10 10 8 , 'r> 1 0
i, q
-CoA&pJKaHHe cyxnx BemecTB /.? 0 /
io 13,2 9,8 8,3 3,9 8,5 3,65

HaqajibH-oe
KOHeiqiHce 5,5 5 5 4
,3aC6B ApO>KMeH
Xo, % ' 0. 8 2,5 6 12, 1 9 18,1
Mo, Kr 0.4 4,5 28 170 57 2-40
KoHiieHTpaaHH AipoaoKeft, r.n 17,5 9 23,1
aamajibHaH H H ' 1,3 2, 8 5
ROHe'tHaa H K 15 17,5 30,4 36,4 38,1 48,5
B MXOA ApoJKHteft no CTaAHM
M Mo, Kr 4,1 23,5 142 630 183 852
5 CT , % ' 8 2 13,1 30,2 45 28,6 64,4
.B MXOA Apo>K)KeH O .6 IUHH
M, Kr 4,5 28 170 800 24-0 1092
B 06 , % 8 ,1 * 12, 2 24,3 38,1 30,9 52
yfleJibHaa oKopocTb pocxa fi, q 0,183 0,180 0.170 0,160 0,168
0, 2 0 2 0
-0,155***
CpeAHeqacoBOH n-pupocT Apo*- ..*eft a 1,224 1, 2 0 1 1,197 1.185- 1,184 1.183

1,168*** 1,163***
Mhcjio yAoe.HHH BOMaccbi n 3,49 2,64 2, 6 2,23 2,08 2,19

3,8 3,85 4,03- 4,1
ripoAOJiacHTeJibHOCTb . y,ABoeHHH 3,44 > i 1 4.11
_ 4 4 7 ***
4,57***
* C y q e T O M c b p b H H a j i a 6 o ; p a T o p H u e C T a f l H ' H . * * C yTOT.o:M flOJM a
4K (147 Kr).
*** C yqeTOM 'qaca A03ipeiBaHH.
Cra^Hn B Bbime, HeM b CTaAHH B. BMecTe c xeM neo6xoAHMo o t- MeTHTb, HTO

P CCH H T3IH-Hb le nOKa3aTeJ!H H pe JKH Mbl o tho c h tc h k y cjl OBH OM y 3aB OA y h n e Mo r y T
3a MeHH Tb pe rj iaM eH T.
np : HBeASBHbl e MeTC>AKH ipaCHeTOB TeXHOJIO," MOJKeT ,HCIK)JIb 30-
BaTb b OB-oeH 'pa>6ore n o co c Tai Bj re HHio hoboh hjih KoppeKTHipoBaHHio
cvmecTByiomeH Te x ' HOji onHHe cKo n cxeMbi 3aBoaa. P acc HH Ta nHH e JlJltt KOHKp
eTHblX VCJIOBHH 3aBOAa TeXHOJIOrHHeCKHe pe>KHMbI no CTaAHHM
CJieAyeT npoBepnTb b npoH3BOACtbennbi-x ycjiOBHHX. Ecjih
84
KaKHe-JiH' 6 o napaMeTpw He 6 yAyT cooTBencTBOBaTb pacqeTHbiM. Heo 6 xOAHMO
BHeCT H H3MeHeHHH B pe>KHMbI, KaK 06 3T0M CKa3aHO B r Ji. II.
PACHET PACXOAA MEJIACCW, COJIEH, CTHMyJ13T0P0B POCTA H HX PACTBOPOB 110 CTAAHHM
3tot pacqex BemyT 0 AH 0 BpeMeHH 0 c pacneTOM noKa3aTejien Te x- HOjiornqecKOH

c xe Mbi no CTaAHHM BbipamHBaHHH Apo^Keft. Ioj iv - HeHHbie aa Hbie no pacxoAy
cbipbH n MaTepnaJioB H c ijO Jib 3yiO T b p a cn e Te pe>KH mob npnTO Ka M ej iaco i -io ro cy cjia
h pac TB opo B cojie n, a xa io Ke b pacqeTe p ej KH Ma CKJ ia AKH h c o Aep> KaHH j c yx nx 3e- me cTB b
KV^bTypajibHOH jkhakocth Ha k3>kaoh CTa^nn. Xa pa Kie- pK C TH Ka ncnojib3yeMbix
K 0M n0H6H T0 B npe AC Ta Bj ie na b Ta 6ji . 15.
T a .6 JI H u a 15
XapaKTepHCTHKa nHTaiejibHbix pacTBopoB
PaCTBOp KoHueni paun .1 n OKa3a HHH FI JlOTKOC.Tb,
c a xap oMe Tp a ,
cy xnx Bemec TB , r/ji
%
K
Mac. %
Mejiacca 41 41 1,1816
A.HaMMOHH({)OC4)aT 20 27,9 1,117

Cyjlb(})aT aMMOHHH 20 27,5 1,115
XjlOpHCTbIH KajIHH 20 31,3 1,134
CepHOKHCJIblfi MarHHH 20 25,5 1,106
KyKypys-Hbift 3KCTpaKT Pa3fiaBJie- 20 1,0809
HHe 1:1
06'beM V pacTBopa Mejiaccbl no ct3ahhm onpeAeJinioT H 3 ypaB-

nemiH (51). B pacneTe npHHHTo coAep>KaHHe CB b hcxoahoh ms-
Jiacce 78%.
MCB M - 78
V = ^,61.1/.
d CB
Fio 3T 0H (jjopMyê BbmHCJiHioT 06 'beM pacTBopa Mejiaccbl no BceM

CTaAHHM (Ta6ji. 16).
Tj a 6ji h u a 16
06beM H iMacc a ipacT BopO B Me jiac c w n o cr afliia. n ojiyqe HH H ,apo>K >K e ii
CTaAHH Mejiacca, KT PacTBopi Mejiaccbl
JI KT
MHH 50 81 96
B HH 180 290 343

MK-1 470 758 896
HK-II 1400 2254 2663
E4K-I 630 1014 1198
EMK-II 1323 2130 2517
B 1434 2309 2728
B HaKOHHTeJIbHblH nepHOA 2700 4347 5136
BnepHOA OTTOKOB 8700 14007 16551
HTOTO no CTaAHH B 11400 18354 21687
Ajih HaxojKfleHHH Maocbi pacTBopoB Mejiaccbl G 06 'beM pacTBo- pa
yMHO>KaiOT na ero njiOTHOCTb
G = d V,
rae d njiOTHOCTb pacTBopa.
Pe3y;ibTaT bi sthx pacneTOB npHBeAeHbi b T a 6ji. 16.
Aajiee BH H H CJIHI O T pacxoA AHaM'MOHHicjjoccjjaT a H cyjibfjjaT a
aMMOHHH no BCeM CTaAHHM. fljlH 3T0T0 He 0 6 x 0 A'HM 0 3HaTb HHCTblS bhxoa
ApoHOKeft ( B Kr) h pacxoA Mejiaccbl na Ka>KAyio CTaAHK)* 3AaT bCH
coAep>KaHneM P 0O 5 h a30T a b APO>K>Kax, a T aK>i<e conep- >KaHHeM ycBoneMoro
B Mejiacce. Mo>kho yt-iecTb h ycBone- mhh a30T KyKypy3Horo SKCTpaKTa.
a30T a
PacneT BeAyT no H3BecTKO& MeTOAHKe.
C ueJibio o 6jierqeHHH pacneTOB b tji. III npHBeAeHbi KOSC })^ 11 * UHeHTbi ajih
nepecneTa KOJiHHecTBa P 2O 5 h a30T a Ha cooTBeTCTBy- ioiuhh pacxoA
AnaMMOHH&(J)oc(J)aTa h cyjib(J)aTa aMMOHua, a xaK- >Ke Koa(J)(J)HHHeHTbi ajih
nepecneTa pacxoAa cojieft Ha coAepjKaHPie P*0 5 h a30Ta b hhx. yKa 3aHHbie
KoscJxmuHeHTbi (Ta 6ji. 17) tic - noJib30BaHbi b cjieAyiomH'x pacneTax pacxOAa
cojieft no CTaAHHM.
T a 6 ji H u. a 17
CocTaB AHaMM0HHH(()0c(j)aTa H cyjibcJiaTa aMMOHHH

COJI H B e in e c TB O, K03C}34)HUHeHT IJIH
B xoA f lm e e n epec qe Ta
B C OC Ta B B e m ec TB a na COJIH na
COJIH c ojib BeinecTBO
ZlnaMMOHHH4)OC(|)aT I P 2 O5 \ 1, 94 0,515
5,29 0,189
A3 0 T
CyJibcJ)aT aMMOHHH A3 0 T 4,76 0,21
PacêT no'rpeHOCTH xjiopHCT oro iojihh h cepHOKHCJioro Mar HHH Ha 1 t

Mejiaccw npHBeASH HH*e.
riycTb c.OAepKaHHe K 2 O b Mejiacce paBHO 2,8% (HopMa 3,5%), MgO
0,04% (trop m a 0,15%). Heo 6 xoAHMC> Ao 6 aBHTb: K 2 0 0,7% hjih 7 kt/t, hto b
neipecTOTe Ha xJiopwcTbiH KajiHK cocTaBjineT 7-1,6=11,2 Kr; MgO^ 0,11%, hjih
1,1 kt/t, b nepecne- Te Ha cepHOKHCJibift MarHHH (ancoMHT) 6 yAer 1,1 7,3 =
8,03 Kr,. rAe 1,6 h 7,3 Kos^HUHeHTbi a-hh nepecneTa okhcjiob Ha coot -
BeTCTByioinyio cojib (cm. tji. III).
06biHHaH nopMa pacxoAa KyKypy3iioro SKCTpaKTa 60 kf na- 1 t
Mejiaccbl.
Ajih npHMepa HHJKe ripHBeAeH pacneT pacxoAa cojieft b HaKO - nHTejibHbiH
nepHOA CTaAHH B.
2000. 0, 9 _ ie
CoaepwaHHe P 2 0 5 B APOKXOX AOJI > KHO 6biTb --------------------- lo Kr.
86
2700.0,3 ,
B nepecqeTe Ha
<joep>KaHne a30Ta
AnaMMcmtôc
b Mejiacce S----- cocraBjiHeT
TO ------------ 18
= o,l
1.94=34,9
k t. r.
CoflepcaHHe a30Ta b AHaMM0H4)0ce cocTaBJineT 34,9" 0,189 = 6,6 Kr.

2000-1.9
CoaepwaHHe a30Ta B ,npo>K>Kax ------------- ----- ---- = < J 8 Kr.
Heo6xoaMo AoCaBHTb a30Ta 38 (8,1+6,6) =23,3 KT .

B nepecqeTe Ha cyjibcjiaT aMMOHHa S TO cocTaBJiaeT 23,3-4,76=110,9 i<r.
Pacxo/ xjioipucToro KajiHH 11,2 -2,7=30,2 Kr.
PacxoA cepHOKHtyioro MarHHH 8,03 -2,7 = 21,7 Kr.
PacxoA KyKy.py3Horo 3KCTpaKTa 60-2,7=162 Kr.
no T KO H Me TO AH Ke C Ae jia -H pacneT pa cxo Aa coJi e h KyKypys-

H or o 3K C Tpa K Ta no Bc eM c t3a hhm no jiyq eHH H Apoj KJK e. Pe3y jib -
TaTbi pacqeTa npHBeAeHbi b TaSji. 18.
Aajiee HeoSxoAHMo paccqTaTb o'beMbi h M ac cy pacTBopoB
-cojieft h i <y Ky p y 3H o ro SKCTpaKTa. Macca pacTBopoB Tpe 6 yeTCH
ajih pacqeTa coAepjKaHHH cyxnx BemecTB b KyjibTypajibHOH >kha -
KOCTH.
06'beM cojreBoro pacTBopa BbiqHCJiniOT no (J)opMyjie (56)
Kd
xae G Macca cojih, Kr;
K KOHueHTpauHH pacTBopa, % ;
d njiOTHOC Tb pac TBopa xr/ji.
n pn p ac qe Te o ê M O B 20% - H H X p ac TBo po B KO H K pe TH bi x co j i e f t
( j i o pM y j i bi n pH H H M ai o T BHA:
AJIH AHaMMon(J)oca V = -p;;
AJIH cyjibicjiaTa aMMOHHH V = G
1,115
5G
A .JI H XJ IOpH C TO TO KJI HH V ------------
1,134
,, 5 G
AJIH cepH OK HCJi or o Ma rHHH V = 1,106
nPH pa cqe Te Mac cbi s thx pacTBopoB BbiqncJiHiOT npOH3BeASHHe
o G-b e Ma pa c TBop a h e ro njio TH oc TH .
06'beM K y K ypy 3o ro aK C Tpa K Ta np n pa 3Be AeH HH 1 : 1 , nJiOTHO-
cth p a c TBop a 1,08 h yBeJiaqeHHH Maccbi 3a cqe T KOHAencaTa na
8% o npe Ae jiH iO T no (J)op M yji e
20-1,08
= 20 .
1,08
n-pa nojiyqeHHH q-HCTo KyjI bTypbl BMecT o KyKypy3Horo S KC T -

paKTa npHMeHHro T Aec TH 06 H 0 THH no HHC TpyKHHH BHHMXna HJIH
6.HOTHH.
Pe3yjibTaTbi pacqeTOB pacxoAa cojieBbix pacTBopoB II KyKypy3- Horo sKCTpaKTa
npeACTaBjieiibi bTa6ji. 19.
87
^SSllll
oo T a C Ji'H U a 18
oo
Pe3yjibTaTbi pacneTa pacxoaa cojieii H KyKypy3Horo iaKCTpaKTa npn

BbipamHBaHHH ApoJKxeft Ha pa36aBJieHHbix cpeAax
C Ta A HH MHC TOH KyjibTypbi CTaAHH EHK ToB a p Ha a C Ta A HH B
n oKa a r e ^ H MHH BHH HK-I HK-n EHK-I EMK-II 3a ce B H aa Ha n on H- n e p HOA B cer o n o

OTTOKOB C T8 A HH B
C Ta A HH B Te J I b HWH
n e p HOA
4,1 23,5 142 630 183 852 1040 20 0 0 6700 8700

B HXOA Apo5K>KeH no CTa - AHH,-
Kr
1, 4 1,4 1,4 1,3 1, 2 1, 0 0,9 0,9 0,8

CoAepjKaHMe P 2 O 5 b apoaoKax,
%'
Heo 6 xoAHMO AofiasHTb 0,06 0,33 2,0 8,2 2,2 8,5 9,4 18 53,6 71,6
P 2 O 5 , Kr
PacxoA, KT 0,12 0,64 3,9 15,9 4,3 16,5 18,2 34,9 104 138,9
AHaMMOH(j)OCa
(iC= 1,94)
Mejiaccu Ha cTaHio 50 180 470 1400 630 1323 1434 2700 8700 11400
CoAepxaHiHe 0,3 0,3 0,3 0.3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3
yc'B'OHeMoro a30Ta B
Mejiacce % '
Kr 0,15 0,54 1,4 4,2 1,9 4 4,3 8,1 26,1 34,2
a30Ta 1 3 Apoxxax % 2,8 2,8 2,6 2,5 2,4 2,1 2,0 1,9 1,8
Kr 0,11 0,66 3,7 15,8 4,4 17,9 20,8 38 120,6 158,6
ItipoaojDKeHiHe Ta6ji. 18
CTaAHH HHCTOH Ky jI b Typb l CTaAHH EHK ToBapHaa CTaAHH B
noKa3aTe;iH M HH B HH HK-I HK - H EHK-I EHK-n 3aceBHaa Ha Kon H- nepHOA B cer o n o

OTTOKOB C Ta A HH B
CTaAHH B TeJIbHbl
H
n ep HOA
CqAepjKaHHe aaoTa, Kr B 0,02 0,12 0,7 3 0, 8 >3,1 3, 4 6,6 19,7 26,3
AH3M MOH(J)OCe (K
0,189)
B AHaMM'OH(j)OCe H Me - 0,17 0,66 2,1 7,2 2, 7 7,1 7,7 14,7 45,8 60,5
jiacce
HeofixOAHMO A06a-BH-Tb 1,6 8,6 1, 1 10,8 13,1 23,3 74,8 98,1

asora, Kr
PacxoA, KT - 7,6 40,9 8,1 51,4 62,4 110,9 356 466,9

cyjibciaTa aMMOHHH (K = 4,76)
xjiopucTOro Kajina (K = 11,2) 0,6 2,0 5,3 15,7 7,1 14,8 16,1 30,2 97,4 127,6
cepuoKiicjioro MarHHH (K = 8,03) 0,4 1,4 - 11,2 5,1 10,6 11,5 70 91,7
KyxypysMoro SKCTpaK- Ta (K 38 79 86 162 522 684
60)
llpusenuul K KoeijKjmijHeHTbi ajih pacqeTa pacxoaa u aTepna jiob.

pr
om Oi 05 CO N

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eo CQ o CO O) CN CD CO 03 CN co CD 03 io co OO'
CD CD '3' co O CD IO rf CD N
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vo
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CN CO OO 05 03 co N CM
5.2 lO LO CO N LO CN Th
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c io oi co
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r 0
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C CO Tf NO vO
CON lO CO
CN CM
CO 1 1
y CN 05 00 r CD N CD lO
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CD CN 03 CN 0 02
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PACHETbl 00 COBEPlilEHCTBOBAHHiO TEXHOJIOrHMECKOH CXEMbl
BblPALUHBAHMH APO>K>KEH
HapHAy c pacqeaMH noKa3aTejieft hoboh TexHOJiornqecKOH cxeMbi

BbipamHBaHHH APOXQKeft B03HHKeT He 06 x 0 AHM 0 'CTb BeCTB pacqeTbi,
HanpaBjieHHbie Ha cOBepm&HCTBOBaHne npHMeHHeMOH na 3aB0Ae c xeMbi.
3Ty 3aaaqy pemaiOT b Tpn 3Tana:
1) noBepoHHbiH pacqeT noKa3aTejieft cyiuecTByioiueH cxeMbi;
2) aHaJiH3 nojiyqeHHbix b pacqeTax noKa3aTeJien; j
3) pa3pa6oTKa yToqiHeHflbix noKa3aTejieft cxeMbi B ujejioM H OT -
AeJibHbix peKHMOB no CTaAHHM Ha ocnoBe GAejiaHHoro; aHajiH3a.
Kan noAop HCXOAHHX AaHbix, TaK H noBepoqnbm pacqeT no- Ka3aTejie B
OTJiHqne OT npHBeAeHoro B npeAHAyiueM pa3AeJie pacqeTa HOBOH cxeMbi
HaqHHaioT He c nocjieAHeft CTaAHH nojiyqe - RHH TOBapHbix Apo>K>KeH, a
BaayT no xoAy TexuojiorHqecKoro npo uecca, Ha l iHflaH c nepBo CTaAHH
BbiBeAeHHH HHCTOH Ky.JibTypbi ; oSbiqiHO co CTaAHH M HH , H KOHqan
noejieAHeft TOBapHOH CTHAHC A.
Otmcthm oco 6 eHOCTH, Ha KOTopbie CJieAyeT oSipaTHTb bhhms - Hne
npH npoBeAHHH 3 Toro pacqeTa. B pacqeTe pa36aBJieHHH mc- Jiaccbi no
CTaAHH EMK-II CJieAyeT yqHTHBaTb 50% MeJisccbi craahh E^K-I, a npn
onpeAeJieHHH pa 36 aB,JieHHH b CTaAHH B n p n - GaBJiHTb 25% Mejiaccbl
npeAbiAyiUe ctsahh B.
Hpn BH*KcjieHHH o 6 mero bhxoa a APOJK*eft ny>KHo ! yqHTbiBaib bck)
Mejiaccy npeAHAyiUHX CTaAHH, b tom qncjie aojiio Mejiaccu,
npHXOAHiuyiocH Ha nojiyqenne ApojKjKeft HK, 3 aceBaeMbix b cTa- AHio E4K-I
h APO>K>KeH E L IK-II, 3 aceBaeMbix b ct 3 ahk) B,
B p 3cq e Te yA eJlbH OH ck opoc th po c Ta APO> K>K eH Ha npHTOHHbix Ci aA HHX
H eofi xO AH MO yqH TbI B 3Tb Bpe MH A 03pe BaHH 5I.
B nepHOA OTTOKOB OCHOBHOH pacqeT CJieAyeT BecTH sa BpeMH, paBHoe 1
q.
JX-jih npoBeAeHHH noBepoHHoro pacqeTa HyjKHO noAO>6paTb hc- xoAHue
AaHbie, KOTOpbie enHCHBSJOT b cneuHajibHyro T afijinuy. HcXOAHbIMH A -
aHiHHMH AJIH paCqeTOB HBJIHIOTCH <j)aKTHtteCKKe 110 - Ka3aiejiH no
ct3ahhm BHpaiiUHB 3'Hhh Apo>K>Kefi Ha 3asqAe. K hhm othochtch 06 'beM
annapaTOB o 6 iuHfi h noJie3HbiH (b i^ 3 ), pacxoA Mejiaccn c coAepjKaHneM
caxapa 46% , 3 aceB ApoJKJKeft no CTaAH HM (b kt), Bbipa6oTKa ApoxoKe no
ctsahh (b Kr), ppoAOJi>KH- TejibHocT b npouecca BbipamHBaHHH (b q),
HaqajibHoe cpAep>Kai-me cyxnx BemecTB b KyjibTypajibHOH jkhakocth (b % ).
Ha OCHOB3HHH 3THX AaHHblX nO (|)0pMyjI3M, npH 8 eA 6 HHblM B
npe AbiAy iU HX pa3AeJi3x, pa ccqHTbiBa iOT 00 H 0 BHbie h HToroBbie aji* K3>kaoh CTaAHH
noKa3aTejin.
HoBepoqHHH pacqeT HaqHHaioT c onpeAeJieHHH c oo t h o m sh h fi
o 6 uihx h noJiesHbix 06 'beM 0 B no CTaAHHM BbipamHBaHHH aP 0>k " >K 6 H, a
HM 6 HH 0 06 "beM 0 B nOCJieAyfOIUeH CTaAHH K npeAblAymeH. PccHHTHiBaioT
cooTHomeHHe ooteMOB Bhh h Mhh, HK -I h Bhh, MK-II h HK-I, EMK-II h E4K-I,
B h B. npH npaBHJiwo noao- 6 paH'HOH annapaType sth cooTHomeHHH 6 yAyT
nocTeneHHo chh-
91
JKaT bCH. TaK, H3 pacqeTOB npeAHAymero pa3AeJia HMeeM jianHwe (ia.6ji. 20).
T a 6 ji h L i a 20
CooTHOiueHHe o6i>eMOB no CTaftHsiM

CTailHH OSêMbi
o6mHe noiie3Hbie
B H H M H 2,5: 0,5 = 5:1 1,6: 0,3 = 5,3: 1
MK-IH BHH 9 : 2,5 = 3,6: 1 5,6: 1,6 = 3,5: 1

^K-H h qK- 30 : 9 = 3,3: 1 22 : 5,6 = 3,9:1
EqK-II H E4K-I
30 : 9 = 3,3: 1 22,5: 6,3 --= 3,6: 1
BH B 100 : 30 = 3,3: 1 70 : 22 = 3,2: 1
3aTeM p a c ch HTbiB a iot no BceM CTaAHHM cJieAyioiUHe noKa3aTe - th:

KpaTHOCTb pa36aBJieHH5i Mejiaccn no ()opMyjie(33), BejmqHiiy 3aceBa ApojoKeii
b npoueHTax ot Maccu Mejiaccbl Ha cTaAHio, Ha - -iajibHoe h KOHeqHoe HaKonjieHHe
(KOHueHTpauHK>) SnoMaccH ( T/JI) no (})OipMyjie (38), bhxoa ApoJKKeii (b % ) KaK
no CTaAHH (MHCTbiH), TaK h oSiuhh no (})opMyjie (41). OnpeAeJiaioT yAeJib- hvk)
cKopocTb pocTa ApOK>KeH, Koa^HUHeHT cpeAHeqacoBoro npHpocTa, qacjio
yABoeHHH noMaccbi h BpeMH yABoeHHH no cjpop- Myji.aM (4), (13) h (14). 3th
noKa3aTejiH nepeqHCJieHbi b tom no- Phakc, b KaKOM CJieAyeT BecTH
noBepoqHHH pacqeT no i<a>KAOH CTaAHH.
>I<ejiaTejibHo TaiQKe cAeJiaTb noBepoqnbiH pacqeT noqacoBbix pejKHMOB
BbipamHBaHHH aP 0 **^. /Ijih aToro BeAyT ejKeqacHbifi KoiiTpojib co6jiioAe.HHH
TexiHOJiorHqecKoro peJKHMa no pacxoAV pacTBopoB Mejiaccbl h cojieft, HaSopy
>khakocth b annapaTe, co- 6jiioAeHHio Ta-KHX noKa3aTeJie.H, KaK pH, (})0pM0JibH0e
qncjio, tcm- nepaTypa KyjibTypajibHOH jkhakocth h pacxoA B03Ayxa. B exe- qacHo
0T6HpaeM0H npo<6e jkhakocth H3 annapaTa onpeAeJiHioT KOHiieHTpaiiHK)
(HaKonjieHne) ApoJKJKeft (b t / j i ) h nepecqHTbiBaioT Ha Bcio SnoMaccy b annapaTe.
Fio xoAy npouecca ejKeqacno paccqHTbiBaiOT K034)|(J).HUHeHT npHpocTa
Apo.}K}KeH, a b KOHue npouec ca cpeAHioio yAeJibHyio cKopocTb pocTa no
4>opMyjie (4) h naxoaht cpeAiHeqaicoBofi npnpocT no Ta6ji. 1 npHJio>KeHHH.
FIojiyqeHHbie B pacqeTax AaHHbie BH O CH T B cBOAHyio TaojiHuy pe3yjibT aTo.B
noBqpoqiHoro pacqeTa.
CjieAyioiuHM sT anoM Tex 0Ji 0rHqecKHx pacneTOB HBJineTCH ana - jih 3
nojiyqeHHbix b noBepO'q'HOM pacqeTe noKasaTejie. AajiH3HpyH noKa3aTejiH,
cjietnyeT HCXOAHT b H3 ochobhhx 3aKO- HOMepHOCT efi p33MHO>KeHHH H pOCTa
ApOJKJKeBblX KJieTOK, OnHCaHiHBIX B TJI. I, a
TaioKe TexHOJiorq'eoKHx 3aKOHOMepiHOCTeH, npHBeAeHbix b IVI . II.
Uh npoBeABHHH aHajiH3a HeofixoAHMo TaKJKe HMeTb aTajion,. c
KOTOpbiM cp ahiiba so t nojiy-qeHHbie b noBepoqiiOM pacqeT e noKa -
92
Ao n , of\ A-^ n j
p- ---------------- 0,180 = -------------------------- ; 2,16 n ........ ;

iaTejIH. TaKHM tSTajIOHOM MO)KeT SbITb 12 yTBep>KfleHHbIH Ah j \ THIIOBO
perJiaMeHT APOJKJKeBoro np o h 3 boactb a.
no TaSjiuue anTHJi0rapHc|5M0B BejiH'ui.He 2,16 cooTBeTCTByeT hhcjio 8,711.
npH a:HajIH3e paCCM3TpHB3IOT He TOJibKO nOK33aTeJIH| A3.HH0H
CTaAHH, HO H aaJIH3pyOT,30 I<3K OT CT3AHH K CTaAHH H3MieHHiOTC*
= 8,6711; Hn = 30:8,6711 - 3,4 Kr.
noKa3aTejiH pa36asJieHHH An Mejiaccbl, 3aceBa ApOKJKefi, HaKonjieHKH H
BblXOAa SHOMaCCbl, yAeJIblHOH CKOPOCTH pocTa AP 0 JK>Keft I- CBH-
2. OcTaBHB
33HHbie 6e3 h3m&hbhhh
c Hefi noK33aTejiH /(o npHpocTa.
qacoBoro = 5,7 Kr, ^=12 hhcjiov,yABoem'ft & ajih! p. =
naiiAeM f)HOMaCCbI
0,180:
H BpeMH yABoeHHH.
na 3aB OAa x Ha ine B cero Ha SJiiOAae TCH ne co - OTBeTCTBHe
B aa JiH3e cxeM In- Me)KAy
nOKa33TeJlHMH yAeJlbHOH CKOPOCTH POCT3, n po- AOJi>KHTeJibHocTbio
0,180 = ; 2,16= In ; M = 8,6711 -5,7 =. 49 4 kt.
npouecca h 3aceBOM 12 ApoxoKeft. HoKa>KeM 5,7 sto
i- ia npHMepax.
3. npn Coxpanee.HH 3aceBa JJo:5,7 Kr ajih nojiyqeHHH ^7=30 Kr c vAe-ib- lioii cKopocTbio 0,180
npoAOAKHTeAbHOCTb npouecca
npHMep 1. Ha CTaAHH Bhh AOji*Ha
apo>k>kh6biTb:
pacTyT c oênb hhskoh ajih 3T0ii crrs- hh yflejiwioft cKopocTbio
pocxa, HanpHMep, 0,139. B annapaT 3aceBaiOT 5,7 Kr,
30
a riojiyiaiOT B TeMeune 12 i 30 i<r apo>K>KeH.
ln
OrniHMajibfioft bcTaHH Bhh mojkho c 4 HT 3 Tb p = 0.180, cpeOTe>-iac 0 B 0 fi
npn- pocT a = 19,7% 5,7 b qac. YAejihnafl cKopocTb pocra 0 .nMCbiBaeTCH
0,180 = : ; 0,180* = ln 5,27; f = 1,6429:0,180 = 9,1.i.
ctmpMyjioH (4). Hto 6 m HafiT onTHMajibHbift Bapna -HT cooTuouieHHH
noKa3aTejiefi ajih 3toh ct3 - ahh. peuiHM no stoh (JiopMyjie tph bo3mo>khmx
BapnaiiTa vpaBneiiHH.
1. OcT aBiHB 6es H3MeH6BHH M = 30 Kr, = 12 iiaflAeMaZ 0 ajih ia = 0,180 -
, & , 30
ln-- ln
npw'BeAeHHbre Tpn BapHaTa pemeHHH ypaBHeHHH mojki-io ynpo-

CTHTb, ecjiH BecTH pacneTbi no 4}o,pMy./ie (7) JX=JXQa, nojib3yHCb iagji. 2
npHJio>KeHHH. CAeJiaeM sth pacne a -^h npHBeAeHHbix bm - in e Tpex
BapnaiHTo-B.
1. H3Bec.T bi Jl30 Kr, a= 1,1 97 , r=12 q, nimi
Aa =- A: 30:8,62 = 3,48 Kr.
93
2. H3B6CTHU /fo=5,7 xr, a= 1,197, /= 12 q, naft /?.
,# = = 5,7-8,62 = 49,1 Kr.
3. H3BecTHbi Mo =^ , 7 xr, M 30 Kr, a= 1,197, HaftTH t .
. H' o = 30: 5,7 = 5,26. no rafiji. 2 npHJioaceHHH jiii a = 1,197 h a* = 5,26
( = 9i.
TaKHM 06pa30M, nojiyqeHH Te xe pe3yjibTaTbi.

CjieflOBaiejibHO, ajih ynopHAoqeHHH npouecca b CTaAHH Buh
ne06x0AKM0 jih 6 o yMeHbuiHTb 3 aceB ApoKJKeft H 3 CTaAHH Mhh a 3,46 Kr,
jih 6 o coKpaTHTb BpeMH npouecca ao 9 jih 6 o yBeJiHmn'b KOJiHMeCTBO
nojiyqaeMbix Apo*JKeft ao 49,4 Kr. Bojiee npneMJie- mhm ajih CTaAHH Bhh
HBJiHexcH coKpameHHe speM&HH npouecca. FIpHMeM 3to BpeMH paBHHM He
9, a 10 q, 0 AH 0 BpeMeHH 0 co3Aa- Ahm ycJioBHH ajih noBbimeHHH ckopocth
pocTa APo>K>KeH, Hanpn- Mep, b pe3yjibTaTe He 6 ojibinoro ycHJieHHH
aspaunu cpeAbi, noAa i ni MHKp03JieMeHT0B, yBeJTH L ieHHH 4>0c4>0pH0r0
nHTaHHH HJIH ApyrHX TeXHOJIOTHHeCKHX npHeMOB.
n.pn (x = 0,180, /= 10 h, Z(o=5,7 Kr BbipafioTKa APO>K>KeH H3 iCojibuioro hh o
Ky ji h to p a AOJiJKiHa B03pacTH a 34,5 Kr.
In A
0,180= ---------- ; 1,8 = ln ; Jl = 6,0496-5,7 = 34,5 Kr.
10 5.7
yBeJiHMeHHe Bbnpa 6 oTKH Apo>K>Keft Ha 4,5 Kr b stoh ctsahh no -
Cpa'B'He-HHK) C HlOXOAHbIMH A'3'HHbIMH (30 Kr) HnOJIlHe peaJIbHO. np.H
H3MeH6HHH KOJiH*jecTBa nojiyqaeMbix b CTaAHH Bhh APO>K}KeH H3 -
MeHHfOTCH h Apyrae noKa3aTeJiH stoh CTaAHH, TaKHe, KaK BejiH'iii- -ria
HaKonjieHHH AP'OKsceS, bhxoa no CTaAHH h oSiuhh bhxoa, hhc -
JIO H BpeMH yABoeHHH gHOMaOCbl. 3tH H3MeHeHHH Heo 6 xOAHMO yqecTb
npn cocTaBjieHHH BpH'HTa ycoBepmchctbobaiHhoh Texwo- jiornqecKOH
cxeMbi. Bo3mo>kho, hto Ha Apyroft CTaAHH npn Bapi>n - poBaHHH 3 thx
noKa 3 aTejieH cêAyeT H 3 M 6 HHTb He Jl h t, a kojihh 6 - ctbo 3 aceBbix
APOJK>KeH. B jik) 6 om cjiyqae hoo 6 xoahmo y^Hra- saTb KOHKpeT'Hbie
ycJioBHH paoTbi 3aBOAa.
ripHMep 2. Ha CTaflHH B npH 3aceBe 250 Kr EHK apojkjkh BbipamHBaiOT u TeqewHe 11 q c
noHMxeHHOH yAejibHoft cKopocTbio pocTa 0,125 h nojiyqaiOT npn 3tom 990 Kr. ripHMeM, m o Ha stoh
CTaAHH wejiaTejiMto HMeTb 3a to >Ke BpeMH He 990, a 1150 Kr flpoxoKeft. OnpeaejiHTb, c KaKoft
yaejibaOH cKopocTbio h ica- KHM qaCOBbIM nppOCTOM AOJIX'HH p3MHO>KaTbCH APOHCXH?
PacqeT BeAyT no (ftopMyjie (4):
A 1150
l n A n 250 1,5261
u. = ------------= ------------ * = --------------------- = 0,i39,
F t 11 11
K03(])(|>HUHeHT cpeaHeqacoBoro npnpocTa no Taji. 1 npHJKOKenHsi paBen 1,149, hjih npapocT
6noMaccbi ojuKeii cocTaBjiHTb 14,9 % b qac.
94
Taxan cKopocTb pocTa Ha cxa^HH B He TOJibKO peajibHa, ho AaKe HH3K3. flOST OMy
He 06x 0flHM 0 npOBepHT b, AOCTaTOT OO JIH 110- CTynaeT b annapaT
yrjieBOAHoro h cojieBoro n HTaHHH, a TaioKe B03Ayxa Ha aspauHo
KyjibTypajibHOH cpeflbi, npoaHajiH3npoBaTi>,. KaK H3MeH3eTCH npnpocT
APOKKeft no l iacaM h cooTBeiCTByeT jih rpac{)HK noflaHH nHTaTeJibHbix
pacTBopoB npnpocTy 6H 0Maccbi. Ecjih rpa<j)HK npHTOKa cocTaBJieH n paB HJibHO
h nepeGoes b noâ'-'c niiTaHH HeT , to sto VKa3biBaeT Ha JiHMHTHpoBaiHHe
cocT asa cpe/ibi no K3K0My-T0 APyrOMy KOMnOHeHTy. JlHMHT HpyiOIUHM M 0>KeT
6bITb CTHMyjiHTop pocT a, BHeceHHe ero b cpeay Ha stoh ct 3ahh yte- j.'hmht
cKopocTb pocTa Apo>K}KeH, b pe3yjibT aTe qero 6y.neT no.ny- mcho Heo 6xoAHMoe
HaKonJieHHe 6H 0Maccw.
ECJIH Ha CTaAHH B >KejiaTejibH 0 noJiy L iaTb apo>k>kh c Sojiee BbicoKoft
cKopocTbio, HanpHMep 0,148 (ce=l,16) npn Tex >Ke Be - JiHHHHax /(o=250 Kr, /? =
1150 i<r, onpeaejiHM no (J)opMyJie (11) npoflojiKHTejibHOCTb npouecca t npn stiix
ycjtoBHHx:
, n A . ,1129 |
/- ___ 2 LM = ,0.3 M.
(X 0,148 0,148
Tanoe Apo 6 Hoe BpeMH HeyAoHo b pa 6 oTe, n03T0My i npHMeM / 10 'i.

3a 3to BpeMH npH Tex *e noKa 3 a.Te. 1 iHX h jj jipo>K>KH AOJIJKHbl paCTH CO
Cpe/tHeft CKOpOCTbK)
1150
n 250 1,5261
0,153: a= 16,5% b qac.
10 10
3ra cKopocTb BnojiHe peajibHa npH pa3Mo>KeHHH flpoKwe CTaAHH B, h ajih

ee aocthjkckhh He noTpefiyeTCH KopeHHbix H3 Me - HeHHH B TexHOJIOTHH. F IpHHHB
HOBOe 3Ha>ieHHe fj, H flJIHTeJIbHOCTH npouecca, CJieAyeT cocTaBim> pejkhm
ct 3 ahh B h onpoooBab ero B npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX yCJIOBHHX. ECJIH BCe
3aJIO>KeHHbie nOKa3aTe;iH fiVAyT AOCTHTHyTbl, 3H3HHT, peJKHM COCTaBJIPH
npaBHJlb'HO H el'O MOJKHO BHeCTH B 33BOACKOH perjiaM6HT. ECJIH K3K0H-T0
H3 nOK3- saTeJieft He noATBepAHJica b xoAe HecKOJibKHX noBTopHbix Hcnbrra- HHH ,
TO CJieAyeT npHMeHHTb Apyr o BpHaHT COB epm eH C TB OBa HHH pe>KHMa.
HanpHMep, ecjiH 3a 1 0 m ApoaoKH HaK3njiHB3K)T ne 1 1 5 0 Kr, a TOJibKO 1 0 5 0 Kr,
cJieAOBaTejibHO, ohh. pa3MHO>KaK)TCH co- cjieayioiiuefi cKopocTbio:
1050
11 250 ln 4,2 1,4351 ,
= 0,144; a = 15,5 %. !
10 10 10
3t8 CKOpOCTb pocTa MS Jia Ha CTaAHH B. n03T0My, ^ TO G H co- X paH H Tb 60 Jiee

BbICOKHH ypOBeHb (X, MO>KHO COKpaT HTb BeJIH^HHy
3aceBa, HanpHMep, AO 220 Kr, npHMeHHH cthmvjih top pocia. Hpn 3tom BpeMH npouecca
CJieAyeT ocxaBHTb paBHHM 11 q. B stom Ba- pnanTe cKopocTb .po-CTa AOJi>KHa 6biTb
paBHa
1150
l n 220 . ln 5,227 1,6538
----------------------------- u = ----------- = -------- = = 0,loO; a = 1,162 hj ih 16,2% B qac.
11 11 11
TaKHM 06pa30M, H3 npHBeAeHHbix npHMep- OB BapbnpoBaHHH no-

Ka3a r reJieH ji, t, BHAHa 6ojibiii3H pojib, KOT opyio HrpaeT yneJib - Han cKO'pocTb
pocra bo B33HM0CBH3H Bcex rexHOJiorHqecKHX no - Ka3aTejien. noaTOMy
Heo 6xoAHMO Mame aH 3JiH 3HpoB 3Tb STOT no- Ka3axej]b a Bcex CT aAHHx H
npHHHMaTb Mepbi K TOMy, MTO6M BbIAep>KaTb 33KOHOMepHOCTb B H3MeHeHHH
VAeJIbHOH CKOpOCTH pocTa ApojKJKeft no CT aAHHM.
nPH aHajiH3e noKa3aTejieft h ycoBe;pmeHCTBOBaHHH cxeMbi CJieAyeT
Hcn0Jib30BaTb h tskoh noKa33Tejib, ksk cTeneHb pa36aBJie- HHH MeJiaCCbl. T3K K3K
3T0T n3p3MeTp CBH33.H C 06TbeM0M jkhako- CTH H p3CX0A0M MeJI3CCH, TO,
B3pbHpVH JIIOSOH H3 HHX, MOJKHO MeHHTb b Jiyqmyio CTopoHy Apyrne noKa 3aTejin.
HsnpHMep, ajih yBejinqeHHH kojih'ioctbs nojiyqaeMbix APO^sceS MK-I He06x0AHM0
noBbiCHTb pacxoA Mejiaccbl Ha CTaflHio c 450 ao 600 Kr npH coxpa- H6HHH
p336aBJieHHH MeJiaCCbl 1 : 9. ripeJKHHH 06'beM 5KHAKOCTH 6mji 450-10 = 4500 ji,
hoibhh o6t>6m 600-10 = 6000 ji. Ecjih >Ke He
H3MeHHTb 06 'beM >KHA'KOCTH, TO KpaTHOCTb p3363BJieHHH igbIJIS 6 bl
450:600 = 7,5, HJIH p3363BJieHHe Mejmccbi 1:6,5. Bo3mo>kmo, hto b ycJiOBHHx
3aBOAa npn Takqm pa36aBjieHHH He AOCTHqb neo6xo - Ahmoh Bbipa6oTKH
Apo:>KeH, cjieAOBSTejibHO, H3MHeHHe 06'beM a >KHAKOCTH 6bIJIO
Heo6xOAHMO.
np0B0AH 3H3JIH3 noK33aTejieH, CJieAyeT He ynycK3Tb H3 BH/U H TaKOH
napsMeTp, KaK O6IUHH BHXOA Apo>K>KeH no CTaAHHM. M:V BecxHo, qTO B pacneTe
o6iuero BHXOAS yqHTbiBaeTcn Mejiacca ne TOJibKO AaHHOH CTaAHH, HO H
H3p3CXOAOB3HHaH H3 npeAblAyiUlIC CTaAHH. FIosTOMy qeM Bbime BHXOA A-poscxceft
Ha npeAmecTByio- UIHX CT3AHHX, TeM 6oJIbUie o6lUHH BHXOA no 33BOAy.
OpMMep. BHXOA EMK 35%, 3aceB ee B CTBAHIO B1250 Kr, pacxoA Mejiac- -cbi na CTaAHio B1200 Kr, Ha
CTEAHIOB10100 Kr, BbipaSoTKa TOBapiiux ApojKxeii 8500 KT. OnpeaejiHTb KaK H3MeHHTC5i Bejiainua Bbixoaa
na TOBapHOH cTaaniH, ecjiH EMK 6yAyT nojiyqaTb c O6UIHM BHXOAOM 55%.
250-100
flojiH Mejiaccbl na EMK npn BbixoAe 35% cocTaBHT = 715 i<r;
35
250-100
TO >Ke, npn Bwxofle EMK 55% 6yAeT ' = 454 Kr.
8500-100
Bbixofl TOBapHbix jxpoaoKeft B nepBOM BapnanTe 6yeT 1 . ------------
/ 1 0 + 1200+10 100
8500-100
-= 70,7% , bhxoa Apoxxeft bo btopom BapnaHTe cocTaBHT ~ri~. r r r r
454 4-120010 100
= 72,3%, 4to Bbime, qeM b nepBOM BapnaHTe, Ha 1,6%. Bbixoa 1 1 0 3BOAY eiue aospacTeT, ec/in nojiyqaTb
apo>k>kh c Cojiee bhcokhm buxoaom b ct3ahh B,
*N3
, ZI ,aji ee b aaj iH 3e noK 33 aTejieii TOB apHOH cxa^HH CJ ie Ay e T 06- paTHTb BHHiMiHHe a
cooTiHouieHHe iH'CToro 'Bbixoma ApojKJKe 'B ne- P hoa h HaKonHTe</ibHbiH h o TTQ HHb if t.
noKa 3 aTeJiH anaJIH 3 HpyK)T 3 a 06 a nepn o Aa b o B 3 aH MO CBH 3 H. B H S Ko nH Te JibHbi H nepH oa b u -
X O A H e A 0 JIJ K 6 H 6 bI Tb C.JIH UIK OM H H 3KH M HJI H BbI CO KH M no C p aB 'H e - HHIO C Bb lX OA OM
B nepHO A O TTO K OB . Hop MaJIbHb lM M O>KH O C l I H Ta Tb TaK oe noj ioiK eH He, Ko rAa iB hxo a
A po> K>K eH e nepHO A o ttokob pa- BeH hj ih H a 3 5% Bb i me B bi x o A a b H a K 0n H Te j i bH 0M s Ta ne.
B03- moj kho, q To aji h y n o i p fl A O H eH H H n po u e o ca He 06 x 0 A HM 0 n apepa c- n pe Ae j i H Tb M e Ji ao cy

M e n cA y s thm h n e pH O A aM H .
B nepHOA OTTOKOB TaK>Ke o 6 a 3 aTejibHo co 6 jiK)AeHHe IsaKona HenpepbiBHoro

KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH paBeHCTBO yAeJlbHOH ckopo- CTH pOCTa APO>K>KeH
H CKOPOCTH pa36aBJieHHH cpeAbi.
r lp n a> HaJIH 3e pe>KHMOB no CT 3AHHM MOryT 6 bI Tb BblHBJieHbl
OTKJIOHeHHH B pe>KHMe CKJiaAKH HJIH He 3KOHOMepHOe
H 3M 6HeHHe K 03' 4)(|)HUHeHTa qacoBoro npnpocT 3, hjih HapyuieHHH
r p a p n K a no- Aaqn nHTaHH. Ooo 6eHHocTH pe>KHMa CKJiaAKH
(cooTHoiueHHe MejKAy KOJiHqecTBOM Mejiaccu b stot nepnoA h
HaqajibHHM 06'bemom jkhakocth), a T 3 K>Ke nocjieAOBaTejibHOCTb
H 3 Me,HeHHH qaco- Boro npnpocTa Apo>K>Keft no CTaAHHM,
cocT 3BJieHHe pe>KHMa npii- T 0K 3 nHT 3HHH no qscaM noApoSHo
pa3o6paHbi b npeAbiAymeM pa 3AeJie pacqeTOB no,i<a 3aTejieH h
pokhmob hoboh TexHOJiorHqe- ckoh cxeMbi BbipamHBaHHH Apo>K>KeH,
nosTOMy 3Aecb He npHBeAe- hh npHMepbi n o coBepuieHCTBOBaHHio
pe>KHMOB. B AonojiHeHHe c/ieAyeT cKa 3aTb, qTo b penamax Ha
npHToqtibix ctsahhx MK-II hjih EMK-II, ocofieHHO npH 6ojibmoM pacxoAe
Mejiaccbl, qacTb ee c nocjieAHHx AByx -Tpex qacoB npouecca mo>kho
nepenocHTb Ha CKJiaAKy h HaqajibHbie qacw, coKpaTHB, ecjiH sto
noTpe 6yeTCH, BpeMH A 03peBaiHHH.
OpoBOAH aHajiH3 nojiyqeHHbix B noBepoqnoM pacqeT e noKaaa- Tejiefi,
TexHOJior o aho B p e m eHH o HaMeqaeT nyTH ycoBepmeHCTBo- BaHH H
TexHOJiornqecKHX noxasaiejien h pokbmob no ct3ahhm, a T aioKe
TexHojiorHqecKOH cxeMbi B uejioM h paocqHTHBseT i oiith- MajibHbie noKa3aTejiH
npouecca, yqHTbiBan npi-i stom, qTq i< co- cT3BJieHHio ycoBepmeHCTBOBaHHH
cxeMbi npeA'bHBJiHioTCH Te >Ke Tpe6oB3HHH, UTO H K C0CT3BJieHHK) HOBOH
CXeMbI (CM. H3H3JI0 rji, IV). SAecb Hy>KiHO TaKJKe noMHHT b, qT o npn
npOBeAeHHH pac- qeroB TexHOJiory Heo6xoAHMo co3Aarb ctpohhvio CHCTeM y
BkHMO- CBH33HHbix noKa33Tejieft, T 3K KSK H3MeHeHHe OAHoro H3 hhx' Hapy -
luaeT 9T y CHCTeMy h mojkho He AOCTHrHyrb OKHAaeMbix p'e3yjib- T aroB.
O A n o ape Me H i# c co Be pme H C TBO B aH H eM no Ka 3 a Te j ie h po kh MOB cx e M bi BeAyT pacqe T
pacxoAa M e j i s ccH , cojief t, C TH M yji H Topo B P 0C T3 H HX paCTBOpOB.

no pa cc qH TaH H bl M n O K 3 3 3 Te j I H M C 0 C T3B JI H K 3 T Ta 6 j IHU V y TO q- H e HH O TO 'B 3PH 3H T3
Te XH O JI O rH qe CKO H C Xe M bI , KO TO py i O n pO Be pH I O T B n p O H3 BO A C T B 6H H bl X yCJIOBHHX H
IIpH H e 06 x 0 A H M 0 C TH KOppeKT H- p y ro T.
7->847 9?
r JI a B a V
METOAHKA PACHETA T EX H OJ I OI H H EC K HX n OKA3ATEJl EH nPH BblPAIUMBAHMH flPO>K>KEe B
KOHUEH TPHPOBAHHblX CPEAAX
B 70-e roAbi B npo H3B O actbe xJie6oneKapi-ibix AposoKeft Ha.we-

THjiocb Hofioe HanpaBJieHHe nepepafioxKa b nepHOAHqecKOM nponecee KO
H ii, 6Hxp H p OB a H H bi x cpeA npn pa36aBjieHiHH Mejiaccbl 1:9 H HHJKe [18,
35, 39]. Fio cxeMe Ha KO ixeHTpp OB abix cpeAax paCoxaiox SpKeH-
IlIaxap'OKHH caxapHbiH H M OOKOBIGKHH flpoacKe- Bofi 3aiBOAbi [7, 39].
SjieMeHTH STOH cxeMa noJiyqHJiH pac-npocxpa- HeHHe Ha pnAfi 3aiBOA0B [23].
npn nepeBOAe A l po>K>K6Boro 3aBOAa HanepepafioTKy KOHH,eHT-
pwpOBaHHblX CpeA He 06 x0AHM0 HMeTb B BHAy PHAOCOfieHHOCTeS.
P a c TB o p M e j i a cc b l TO TO BH T R O H i re H Tp H p O B S H H b l M C CO A e pj K a H H - c m cy x n x Be me c x B 4 1
hjih 4 5% . EIo x a 6 j i . 3 n p H J i o > Ke :H H H hsxoahx njioxHOicxb sxhx p a c x B o po B ( 1 , 1 8 1 6 h

1,2025), n p ou3B e Aenhh des p a B H b i e c o o x Be x c TBe i H H o 4 8 , 4 4 5 h 5 4 , 1 1 2 . C o A e p > K a H H e M e j i a c cw
b 1 m - 3 p a c x B o po B o n pe A e Ji H i o x n o ( Jy o p M y j i e ( 5 0 )
VdcB 1000-48,445
M = -------- = ----------------- = 621 kt Im3 a-iii 41% -Horo H
CB 78
693,7 kt/m 3 AJIH 45% -oro pacxBopa Mejiaccbl.

SpKeH-maxapcKaa cxeMa npeAycMaxpHBaex nojiyqeHHe hhctoh Kyjibxypbi Apo*>KeH b 5
JiadopaxopHbix cxaAHH, 3axeM cjieAyior JlBe cxaAHH b uexe TOcrax KyjibTyp (Mhh h
MK-I) h Ae npoH3- BOACTB0HHbie CTaAHH ( L IKTI H MK-HI). H3 APO>K*eH
HHCTOH KyjIbTypbl BbipaiUHBaiOT TOBapHbie ApOJKJKH. B 3T0I1 cxeMe OTCyTCTBy- IOT
CTaAHH EMK H B.
Pe*HMbi BOJiyneHHH APOJKJKeft, npeAHa 3 Haqe.HHbix ajih cyuiKH h Ajih
<(})acoBKH, BMeiOT OTjitMHf l b cotAepsoHHH cn'Hpxa b cpeAe, AO - 3HpoBaHH'H
asoT H'cxoro h (])Oie(j)opHoro nHxaHHH h, cjieAOBax - eJibHO, OTjiHqaioTCfl no
BejraraHie pH, (|)OpMOJibHOMy qncjiy, KOJinqecTBy nojiyqaeMbix A p o J KJ K e fi . To B a p n a n
ct3ahh KpOMe yK333HHbix H M e e T em,e oT JinqHH b pacxoAe B03Ayxa.
TIaKa3aTejiH TexiHo JI OT Hq QOKOH cxeMbi nojiyqeHHH APOKJKefi, npeA'HaaHaqeHHbix AJ I H
cyjiKH, a KOiHueHTpHpoBaHHbix cpeAax np'H - BeAeiHbi b Tafiji. 21.
J3,jih cpaBHeHHH npeACTaBjieHbi noKa3aTejiH T OBapHOH CT aAHH,
APOJKJKH KOTopoH BAyT Ha (jjaicoBiKy. PacxoA M -eJiaccH yKasaH c
coAep*;aiHHeM b Heft 46% caxapa. KoJiHqecTBo ApoKMeH no CTaAHHM MK
npHBeAeflo b nepecqexeHa 28,5% CB, xoBapHbie Apo>K- >kh,
npeAHa3HaqeHiHbie ajih cJiacoBKH, AaHbi c coAepjKHHeM 30% CB,
Apo>K>iiH ajih cyuiKH 33% CB. 3xo CBH 3aHO c xeM, qxo b
KOHueHxpHpoBaHHOH cpeAe HBJieHHH ocMQca 6ojiee Bbipa>KeHH f
98
T a 6jiu a 2!
rio KasaTe j TM Te xHOJion mecKoii cxeMbi H a Bbi co KO Ko meH TpH poBaHH bix cpeâx
CTaAHH pa3MHO>KeHH5I ZipOMOKeiji
TOBapHaa
noKa3aTe;iw
M HH zz
X & :r AJIfl RJW
CyiHKH
T rr CjaCOBKM
06'beM annapaTa, m 3 j
1
061 UHH 1 12 52 110 ! 110 110
noê3Hbifi 8 31,2 75
0,22 75 75
K03(J>(|)UHeHT 3aCT0JIHeHM 0,22 0,67 0,6 0,68 [0,68 0,68
PacxoA, 46%-Hoii Mejiaccw, i<r
no CTaAifM
39 1048 326 100 9915 9071)
Bcero 1087 1
434 1434 13502 11946
39 8 00
8
0,3 7,3 22,7 69.7 26,5*** - 24***+76
PaonpeAeJieuHe Mejiaccbl, % Ha6op
f +73,5 .
S 2G 58.7 57,8
cpeAbi b annapaTe, Ha- 0,22 59
3
qajibHbin, m
Pa36aBJieHHe M&naccu, xr : ji
HaqaJiwioe 1 : 4,6 1:6,6 1:21 1 :51 1 : 37 1 ^15
no CTaAHH 1 : 4,6 6
1:6,6 1:8. 1:6.5 1 : 6,6 1 : 7,3 1 :
o6mee 1 : 4,6 6 1:4,2
1:6,4 1:6,2 1 : 6,6 7,3
KpaTHOCTb o6mero pa36aB,'ieiinsi 5,6 7.4 7,2 5,2 7,6 8,3
JI,AHTejibHOCTb npouecca pa3MH0 - 12- 13 12 13 12,5 17 14
xeHHH, q
3 ace ApoxjKefi
i<r 0,16 5,5 175 2000 2100* 2000**
% 0,4 0,53 5,4 20 21,2* 22 **
HaiKonJieHiHe 6HOMaccu, r/ji
Haqajibuoe 0,7 0,7 5,7 34,1 35,6* 33**

KOHeqiHOe 25 21,9 64,1 128 128* 128**
BblXOA ApOJKJKeH
na craAHii (fl28 :5 )
Kr 5,34 169,5 1825 7600 7500* 7600**
% 13,7 16,2 56 0 76,0 75,6* 83,7**
061 HIHH (Mlfr.s)
Kr 5,5 175 2000 9600 9600* 9600**
0/
% 14,1 16,2 46.1 66,9 71,1 80,4**
yAe^bHan cKopocTb poc.Ta A P O JK - 0,302 0,288 0,187 0,12 0,089 0,112
xeii, q _ 1 0,273 5
KoaijMjiHUHeHT cpeA'HeîaooBoro 1.350- 1,333 1,206 1,13 1,095 1,119
3
n-ppocTa -1,300
L I H CJ10 VAB06HIHH 6HOMacCbI 5,09 4,98 3,5 2,26 2,19 2,26
ripOAOAJKHTejIbHOCTb yABOeHHH, q 2,56 2,41 3,71 5,56 7,7 6,2
yAejIbHblft pacxoA !303Ayxa, 0,91,2 1.5 96- 51 50-50 41-57
-2,5 112 -67
CoAepataHHe cyxnx BemecrB, %
HaqajibHoe 13 10,5 1,3 2.7 4,0 1,2

K0HeH0e 4,5 3,9 5,4 8,5 8.5 7.2
7*
99
ITipoaojDKeiHHe rafin. 21
CTaAHH pa3MHO>KeHHH
jpO>K>Keft
lloKa3aTejiH TOBapnaji
MHH \T tk ii AJISl AJIfl
3" s- CyiUKH ipaCOBKH
Coêp>KaiHHe cnupTa, % 0,95 1.1 0,5 0,2 0,06
Ha>-ia^bHoe
KOHe^Hoe 3,6 3,6 0,9 0,2 0,0 0,02
TeMnepaTypa, C 28 29 28 24
HanajibHaH 31 28
:KQHGM'HaH 28 28 28 30 30 30
pH 4,1 4,7 4,2 4,2 4,2 4,5

HaHa^bHoe
KOHCTH'Oe 3,7 4,0 4,2 4,5 5,5 5.2
OopMOJIbHOe HHCJl'O, MJl 1,0 0.9
HaqajibHoe 6,5 6,5 2,0 1,2
KOHeHHOe 2,8 3,5 0,6 1,0 0,1 0,4
CenapauHH ApoxoKefi Hei Hei Het fla
* Ha 33% CB.
** Ha 30% CB.
*** Jlojia MeJiaocbi Ha 3aceBHbie Apo>K)KH.
qe M b paafi aBj i e HH OH . C n o Bbi meHHeM KO H U ,e H Tpai ] ,H H cy xH x Be me c TB B cpe ê y Bej i H qH Baex cH
co Ae pJKaHHe cy xn x Be me cTB b KJi e TKa x .
H 3 T afiji. 21 BH AHO pacnpeAejreHHe Mejiaccbl no CTaAHHM IIO - JiyqeHHH

qncTOH KyjIbT ypbl (% ot o6mero pacxoaa): Mhh0,3;
M K -I 7 , 3 ; M K - H 2 2 , 7 ; M K -I I I 6 9 , 7 . B OTJinqHe OT cxeMbi na pa36aBjieHHbix cpeAax
(cm. Ta6ji. 3) Ha cT a^Hio Mhh pacxoayercH oqe Hb Majiaa AOJIH M e j i a c c w .
ot 1 : 4 , 6 H a C Ta f l H H M h h a o 1 : 8 , 6 H a c t 3 a h h M K -I I , t . e .
P a 3 6 a B J i e H H e . M e j i a c c bl c o c Ta B J i a e T
n p o u e c c B b i p a mH B a H H H A p o n o Ke ft BeAyT B KOiHUeHTpHp 0 B3 HHOH CpeAe :Ha Bcex

CT3AHHX.
llpouecc pa 3 MH 0 >KeHHH APO>K>KeH Ha CTAHix Mhh h MK-I sb-
JiaeTca cTauHOHapnbiM, KorAa Bce komiio'Hshth cpeAbi bhocht npw
CKJiaAKe. BbipaiuHBaHHe APOÔKefi Ha CTaAHHx MK-II, MK-IH h TOBapHOH
BeAyT no nepHOAHqecKOMy onoco 6 y c npHTOKOM pacTBo- poB Mejiaccbl h cojieft.
B npHToqHbix ctsahhx bcio BOAy, npeAHa - 3HaqeHHyio Ua npouecc, asiot
npn CKJiaAKe, noaTOMy HaqajibHoe pa36aBjieHHe Mejiaccbl BbicoKoe, b
0 C 06 eHH 0 CTH Ha ctsahh MK-II (1:216). BojibiuoMy HaqaJibHOMy
pa36aBJieHHio cooTBeTCTByeT Majiaa BeJinqHHa HaqajibHoro coAepkahh h
cyxnx BemecTB b an napaTe.
Bce CTaAHH h bj i h i o t ch a s p o H b i M H , H3 hhx C Ta A H H Mhh h M K -I c j i a 6 o a a po 6H b i e .
H a H S o Ji b m a n aapauns n pe A V C M a TpH B ae T - c.fi Ha nepBoft n p H To q o f t ct3ahh MK -II ,
c J i e A y i o mH e c ts a h h H K -I I I h TO B a p H y i o n po B O A H T n p n c pe A H e M v p o B H e a a p a u H .
108
CpaBiHHTejibHo ie 6 ojibiui.oH ipacxoA B03Ayxa na T 0 BapH 0 ft ctsahh
oycjioBJieH, oqeBHAHo, TeM, hto >aposoke p 3 cth ji b h h e anna - paTH HMeioT
!Bbi.cory 10 m. 3to cnoco 6 cTByeT 6 oJibuio.My H a c H m e H H io c pe Ab i KHCJIOpOAOM,
CJieAOBaTejI bHO, 3K0H0MH0My paCXOA'O Ba'HHIO B 0 3A y Xa .
3 aceBa ApoxoKeft Ha HenpHTOMHbix cxaAHHx Mhh, 4K-I H Ha

BejiH^HHa
nepBOH npHTOHHoS CT aAHH HK-II neBejiHKa h coct 3 b- JIHCT cooTBeTCTBeHno
0,4; 0,5 H 5,4% OT Maccbi Mejisccbi 3THx CTa AHH. B CJieAyiOmHX
npHTOTOblX CT3AHHX 33CeB ApOHOKeft pe3K0
B03p3CTaeT AO 20% Ha CTaAHH MK-II! h ao 21% Ha T 0 Ba.pH 0 fi CTaAHH ( B
pacqeTe a 33% CB).
B COOTBeTCTBHH C BejIMTOHOH 3aC6Ba H paCXOAOM MeJiaC -Cbl Ha-
xoahtc-h h BeJiHqiHHa BbixoAa Apo>K>Kefi: hh3khh bhxoa 13,7 H 16,2% Ha
HenpHToqiHHX ct 3 ahhx Mhh Hbhxoa 56% Ha inepBOH
MK-I, cpeAHHH
inpHToqHo ctsahh MK-II 76% a craAHH MK-IH. B TOBapHOH
H bhcokhh
CTaAHH bhxoa ApO/iOKeft, npeAHasHa - mchhhx Ha cyuiKy (c coAep^KaHHeM 33%
CB), cocTaBjiaeT 71,1% , bhxoa ApoiK/KeH AJIH 4)acoBKH (c c OAep>k a HheM 30%
CB1 80,4% .
Beji.HHHHe 3 aceBa h BbipaooTKe Apo>K>KeH cooTBeTCTByeT yAeJib - H3H
CKOpOCTb pOCTa AP 0 >K>Keft. 3T0T H0Ka3aTejlb BbICOK Ha nenpn- TO c IHbIX
CT3AHHX 0,302 H 0,288 COOTBeTCTBeHHO AJIH CTaAHH MHH H MK -1,
AOCTaTOH-HO BbICOK Ha nepBOH npHTOHHOH CTaAHH H K" 11 (0,187) h
cHH>KaeTCH Ha nocJieAytoiUHx ct3ahhx a9 0,125 b MK -HI H AO 0,089 B
TOBapi-IOH CT3AHH (AJIH CyiUKH) . HH3KaH CKOpOCTb pa3MHOJKeHHH Ha
nOCJieAHHX CTaAHHX HBJineTCH B3>KHbIM (JjaKTO- poM ajih CMHTe3a
yrjieBOAOB b KJieTKax h, cjieAOBaTejibHO, a jih no- BblUieHHH CTOHKOCTH
APO>K>Keft.
TaKHM o6pa3QM, b cxeMe hs K 0 Hii,eHTpHp 0 BaH.Hbix cpeAax bm- Aep>KaHa
3aKOHOMepHOCT b n 0 CTeneHH 0 i 0 yBejiimenHH ot ctbahm k CT aAHH KOJiHqecTBa
3aceBHbix APOWJKeft, BbixoAa fotoboh SnoMac - Cbl H CHHJKeHI -IH yAeJlbHOH
CKOpOCT H pocTa ApojKJKeS. TaK KaK 1 IO- cjieAHHH noKa3aTejib iuixoahtch b
npHMOH 33bhchmocth ot kojih - lecTBa nojiyqaeMbix ApojKscefi h b o Sparaofl ot
Maccn 3aceBae- mhx Apo>K>KeH h np 0 AOJi>KHTejibH 0 CTH npouecca, to
H3Meenne yAeJlb -HOH CKOpOCTH pocTa APO>K>KeH O T CTaiA'HH K CTaAHH CBHAe
TejibCTByeT o npaBHJibiHOM noAfiope ochobhhx TexHOJiornqecKHx n o K a3 a Te j i e ft
a p Ke H - i u ax apc KO H cx e M bi .
npeAyc MO TpeiHo aBTOMaTHqecKoe peryjiHpoBaHHe npou,ecc,a c T eM,
HTOfibI npeAOTBpaT HTb OU 1 h 6 kH npH A03HpOBKe nHT|aTeJlbHhx
KOMIIOHeHTOB. ,ZI,JIH peryjIHpOB3HHH pH B npOUeCCe BbipamHBaHHH ApojKJKeii
B annapaT bi aojijkhh SbiT b noABeAeHbi aMMHaqHan boa a h cepHan KHCJioTa.
riepepsfioTKa KoimeHTpHpoBaHHbix cpeA conpn>KeHa BbiAeJie- H i i eM
Sojibinoro KOJinqecTBa Tenjia, nosTCMv HeoSxoAHMO o 6 ecne- q ' H Tb
A OC Ta r oM Hoe oxj ia^ AeH He Ky jib Typaj ibHOH >k hakoc th b a n na - parax.
101
10 000 -103 V/l n..
pe3yjibxaTe
H 3 Ta f i j i .6ojiee
2 1 B HBbicoKoro
i H H O , h t o bBbixoAa M a n n a p a Te n
TO B a p H OApo>K>KeH o a p K----------------------------
e tH -n i a- x a p o Ko f t c x e M e= 374,5%,
a 1 7 - q a ce e o
13 502
u h kj i a o j i j kh u n o j i y n a Tb 9 , 6 t A po so Ke ft (33% CB). C j i e A O B a Te j i b Wo , a j i h B b i p a S o TK H co rj i ao Ho
a , H e 71,1%, K a K i n pe A y cM O Tp a H o cx e M O H , j i h 6 o B C J i e A C TB j i e n o j i y - 6 h h h 10 000 kt TO B a p H bi x
n pe A , t > i . A y me M y r a p H M e py 3 0 t a p o j K j K e H b c y TK H Tp e 6y e Tc a n p o - Be c TH 3 , 1 3 u H K J i a ( 30 : 9 , 6 ) . Ec j i h
, A p o > K > Ke H - c co A e p > K aH H e M 31,5% CB, h to p a BH 0 3 a i i i H O 9600 r A po * > Ke f t c 33% CB.
> K e Ji a Te j i b o n o j i y q a Tb 3 0 t A po > K > Ke H 3 a Tp n U H Kj i a , t o * B b i p a 6 o Ti < a c a n n a p a Ta A O J i > K a 6 m t i >
H e 9 , 6 , a 1 0 t A p o > K *e H . Ta K o i i B bi p a l fi o Ti K H m o j k h o a o i c th 1 ^ j i h 6o b
nPEABAPHTEJIbHblE PACHETbl nPH IlEPEBOflE 3ABOJIA HA HOBYK) TEXH OJIOrHMECKyK)
CXEMY
HTOBBI n e pe Be c TH pafioT y Apo}K>KeBoro 3aBOAa Ha Ty hjih HHyio HOByro

TexHOJiorHqeoKyio cxeMy, HeoSxoiAHMO npHMeHHT b npHHUHn
MOAeJinpoiBaHHH. IIoa MOA&JinpoBaHHeM b o6meM BHAe
I O H H M 3 I O T H M H TH p O B a H H e ( TI O B TO p 6 H H e ) C y i I I ,e C TB y i O I H e H CH CTe M bl n y TB M co a A aH HH
c n e u n aj i bH bi x MOAe jie ft, b k o t o ph x B 0 c n p 0H 3 B0 - A H TC H n p H I H i U ' H i n b l O p r a H 'H S ' a U H H H
4 > y H M U 'H O H H pO B a H H a 9 TO H i CH i C Ty M b I
[ 3 ] , C y Tb M o A e ji Hp o B a m h a n p H M e H H Te j i bH o K ApoxoKesoMy n p o H 3- BOiACTiBy
3 a i K J i i o H ae < TC H B ycTa H O ' b j i e h h h o o o TH o me H H H Mewy BM C - CTHMOCTbio annapaTOB no
cTaAHaM, n p e A y cM O Tpe H i H bi x B h o bo h cxeMe, h BMecTHMOCTbio oQopyAOBaHHa,

HMeiomeroca Ha 3aBOAe. P e 3 y j i b Ta Tb i cpaiBHeHHfl A P o > K > Ke p ae TH Ji bH o ro
o6opyAOBaHna no jpKeH-iuaxapcKOH cxeMe h THnoBoft OTeqecTBeHHOH

annapaT ypbi npHB eAeHbi B Ta6ji. 22.
T a 6 ui h u a 22
CoOTHOiueHHe o6i>eMOB ApoxoKepacTHJiwibix annapaTOB
BMecTHMOCTb annapaTOB, M 3
C'raAHi 9pKeH-maxapcKHX HMeiOUiH na 3aB0iie

XCH
o6maa nojie3Han o6maa no.ie3Han O 6 LU . HX no;re3Hbi
x
M HH 0,22 0.5 0,25 2 : 1 l : 1,14
B HH 2,5 1,5
MK-I 12 8 7.5 5,6 1,6:1 1,43 : 1
IK-H 52 31,2 30 h 50 23 h 33 1,73:1 h 1,36:1 H
1:1 1:1
qK-m 110 75 . ..
B 22 H 66
O
C
o
o
o
ToBapHaa 110 75 100 68 1,1:1 1,1:1

OTfiopoqHbiH 100 68
amiapar
C p ai BH e H ne oQ-beMOB (om. Tatji. 22) noKa 3 biBaeT, h to H 3 OTeê- CTBeHHoro

oopyAOBaHHfl hjih o 6opyAOBaHHH nHP ajih apiten - lt>2
maxapCKOH cxeMbi iioaxoaht Majibift HHOKyjiHTop, annapaT MK. -II
BMecTHMOvCTbio 50 B. 3-HaqHTejibHbie pacxo>ka6H'H5
M3 h annapaT CTaAHH
b oS'beMax HMeioT annapaTbi HK-I h MK-I bmbcthmo- CT blO 30 m 3 .
Bce AaJibHeftuiHe TexHOJiorHqecKHe pacqeT bi BeAyT no JI H M H TH - pyioiUHM
annapaT aM, nepBbiM H3 KOTopbix HBJineTCH annapaT MK -I . CuejiaeM pacqeT
noKa3aTejieH pacx oaa Mejiaccbl H cT aAHio, oS -beMa JKH A KO CTH B annapaTe H
BbipadoTKH ApoxjKeft no sp.Ken - maxapcKOH cxeMe npHMeHHTejibHo K
OTeqecTBenHOMy oopyaoaa-
HHK).
noJie 3 Ha 5 BMecTHMOCTb annapaTa HK-I b 1,43 pa 3 a| MeHbuie, L ieM Tpe6yeTCH
no sp.KeH-maxapcKOH cxeMe. CjieAOBaTejibHO, qTo- >bi paSoTaTb no stoh cxeMe,
Heo6xoAHMO VMeHbmHTb Ha bcex cts- AHax nojiyqeHHH MK VKasaHHbie Bbime noKa3aTejin
b l,43 pa.3a. Pe3yjibTaTbi stofo pacqeTa npHBeAenbi b Ta6ji. 23.
IUL' - Ta6 J I ln u. a 23
flOKaaaTejiH lapKeH-uiaxapcKOH cxeMbi (npHMeHHTejibHo K TitnoBOMy o6opyAOBaHHK>
ApowweBoro 3asoAa
CTaAHH rio Ka3aTejiH no ap Ke ii- rio Ka3aTejiH , yMeHbmeHnwe B 1,43 pa 3 a

uiixapcKOH cxeMe
MeA acca no 06'beM ApOMOK M e jia c c a no 06 'beM ilpOJ OKH,

Kr
C Ta A HH, Kr WHHK OCTH, H C Ta A HH, K T v KHAKOCTH,
M3 (28 ,5 % M3
C B) , Kr
MHH 39 0,22 5,5 27 0,15 3,8
MK-I 1048 8 175 733 5,6 122

HK-II 3261 31,2 2000 2280 21,8 1400
qK-in 10000 75 9600 7000 52,5 6714
M p a c q e TH b i x A a H H b i x bhaho, hto npn cox'paHe HHH cooraome- hhh no CTaAHHM b

pacxoAe Mejiaccu h 06'beMe xhakocth, npeAyc- M O Tp e H ' H b i x a p K e H - m a x a p , C K O H cxmoh, na
O Te q e c n B e H H o j M o 6 o p y - . A 0 B 3 H H H M O v K H O n O J i y q H Tb 6714 K r q H C TO H K y j I b Ty p b l |3a UHKJI

- B M e c To 9600 Kr no a p K e H - m a x a p c K o f t c x e M e . 3toto K O J i n q e c TB a MK XB 3 TH T Ha 2,8
TO B a p i H b i x UHKjia (6714:2400), r A e 2400 K r K G J i H q e i C TB o M K (28, 5% CB) a ^ h
3ace Ba OAHoro TO i B a p H o r o annapaTa no a p K e H - m a x a p i O K O H c x e M e . Ta K KaK no
nipeabiAymeMy npHMepy B c y T K H aojukho npoxoAHT b 3 TOBapubix u n K J i a , to K y j i b -
Typbi H a A O C Ta To q i H o A a J K e H a oahh c>'tkh p a S o i b i . 3toh M K S y A e T AocTaToqHiO ajih 3asoAa

npoH3BOAHTejibHocTbio 6000 t apojkjkch b r o A , r A e b cyTKH n p o x a A H T A B a U H K J i a .
K y j i b y i p b i b KOJiHqeciBe
6714 Kr XiBaTHT Ha 1,4 cyT [6714: (2400-2)]. BMecTe c TeM, htoRm nojiHocTbio
coSjhocth apKeH-maxapcKyio cxeMy Ha 3aBOAe jhoooh npOH3BOAHTejIbHOCTH,
HeoSxOAHMO CMOHTH.pOBaTb AJIH CT aAHH MK-I annapaT oSiueft BMecTHMOCTbK)
1012 m 3 , a ajih ct 3 ahh MK-II annapaT BMecTHMOCTbio 5052 m- 3 , ecjiH
TanoBoro na 3aB0Ae HeT . BipeMeHHO (b BHAe HCKJiroqeHU) MO > KHO bccth stm
103
cxaAHH b AByx annapaTax CTaAHH B BMecTHMOCTbro 30 m 3 i<a>K-
AblH.
Heo 6 xoAHMo TaK>Ke noAHepKHyTb, mo 3aBOA AOJiceH 6 biT b xopomo
n 0 fl,r 0 T 0 BJieiH ajih pa 6 oTbi Ha KOHixeHTpHpoiBaHHbix cpeAax, a HweHiHO:
ocBoeHo e>KAHCBHoe BbiBeAeHHe MK b JiaSopaT opHbix craAHHX,
ocymecTBjieHa CT epHJiH3auHH nHT aTeJibHbix pacTBopoB h B03Ayxa,
y.cT aHOBJieHbi npHfSopbi ajih A03Hp0BaiHHH nuT aTejibHbix KOMnoHeHTOB h
B03Ayxa, k Apo>K>Kepa'CT HJibHbiM annapaT aM noA - BeAebi aMMHaqnaH boa a h
cepHan KHCJioTa, 06 ecneqeH 0 Heo 6 xo- AHMoe HacbimeHHe cpeAbi khcjiopoaom
B03Ayxa h oxjia>KAeHHe annapaTOB b npouecce BbipamHBaHHH APO>K^<eft.
P A C H E T TEX H O J I O r HH EC K H X I 10 K A3 A TEJ 1 EP I O PH n OJ i y M EH M H H H C TO H K yJ lb Ty P b l H
TO B A P H b l X f lP O) K ) K EH B K OH U EH TP H PO B A H Hb l X C P EA A X
r i p H B e A eH npH M e p a ji h 3a B0 A a np oH 3 B O AH Te j i b H o c Tb i o 6000 t A po >K > i < eH b r o A . A o

M O Ta > K a H e A OC Ta i o i u e r o o 6op yA O B a H HH , hto- obi H M e Tb pH TM H TO b i f t r p a tp H K
no j i y q eH H H MK, np H M e M , H TO HH C - TVIO K y j ib Ty p y Bb l B O A HT e > K Q A H BH O , H3
K O TO p O f i 3 3 Te M B bl pa i U HB a - io t TO B a p H b i e apo>k>kh, n p e A H a 3H aH 6 HH b ie ajih c y u i K H .
HH*e npn- B C A e na M e TO A H K a p a cq e Ta n o K a 3 a Te j i e H ap K e H -u i a x a pc K o f t c x e Mb t
np H M e H H Te j i b Ho k H M e i o m e M y c H Ha 3a B 0 A e O Te q e c TB e n H O M y 060- p y A O B a H Hi o .
H px o A H b i e A aH H bi e a ^h co c Tao j i e H H H cx e M bi n a KO H u e H Tpu po - B a H bi x c peA ax n pn Be A e H bi b
Ta S j i . 24. 06 'be M >khakocth b a n n ap a Tax MK n o cp aBH e H H i o c a pKe H -u i ax ap cKo ft cx e M o ft
y M e H bu i e H b 1,43 p a3 a , b TO B a pHO H c t3 ah h b 1,1 pa3a. O c Taj i bH bi e n o i < a - 3a T-e Ji H
p a 36 aBj i e H n e M e j i a ccw , n po A O Ji >KH Te j i bH o c Tb n po u e cca , B bl XO A A pO >K J Ke H no C TaA H H
CO O TBe TC TBy i O T 9 TO H cx e M e . Pac qeT n o Ka 3a Te j i e n j i a S o p a To pH bi x c aA H f t 3A e cb H e n pH BO A H TCH .
T a 6 ji H u a 24
HcxoAHbie flaHHbie ajia pacweTa i noKaaaTeJieH rexHOJiorHqecKoii cxeMbi MOJiyMeHHa mhctoh
KyjibTypbi m TOBapHbix Apo)K>KeH na KomieHTpHpoBaHHbix:
cpeâx
C Ta iHS B M e c THM OC Tb a n n a p a TOB , Pa36aBJie- J 2 2 * -3 - < B b lXOA CenapauH

M3 HHC M e jia c c b l f f i w 0 ApOKMeft J ip OKiKe f l
no ro v o c; O O n o C Ta A HH,
C Ta A HH
O O g
^ O.
o6 iu a fi n ojie 3 n a a s.* |
~ OJ ci.
U H C
M HH 0,5 0,15 1 : 4,6 5,6 12 13,7 HCT
MK-I 7,5 5 6 1 : 6.6 7,6 12 16,2
MK-II 30 21,8 1 : 8.6 9,6 13 56 Hex

MK-III 100 52 5 1 : 6.5 7,5 12.5 76 /la
ToBapHaa 100 68 1 : 6,6 7,6 17 75.6* t
* Ha 33% CB.
104
nP H MoaejiHpoBaHHH TexHOjiorHHecKofi cxeMbi yAOodee nojib- 30BaTbc-H
noKa3axeJieM pa36aBJieHHH Mejiaccbl no CTa^njn (xaoji.
24) , t. e. 6paxb cooxHomeHHe Mejiaccn h boam 6e3 yqejra cbipba na npeAHAymne cxaAHH,
qeM o6ui,hm pa36aBjieHHeM Meâccbi.
IIo AaHHHM Tafiji. 24 HeofxOAHMO onpeAejiHT b cjieAyiomne no - Ka3aTeji.H
no CTaAHHM: pacxoA Mejiaccn M , pa 36 aBjieHHe Mejiaccu o 6 iuee, BeJiHT OHy
3aceBa Apo>K*eH Xo, KOJiH'-tecTBO aPOJKkch no cxaAHH JJCT, o 6 mee kojihh 6 Cxbo
Apoameft JJ h o 6 ihhh bhxoa B0s, KGHeHHoe HaKonjieHHe ApoaoKeft Hk, ynejibHyio
cKopocxb pocxa A'pOMUKefi ( 1 , HCJIO yABOeHHH ti, npOAOJlJKHT eJI bHOCTb,
yABoeHHH SHOMaccbi g h cp a bhh xb nojiyqeHHbie pe3yjibxaxbi c MOAejiupye -
MOH CX 6 M 0 H (iCM. T ai 6 ji. 21).
B CBH3H C XeM HTO ApO>K>KH Ha CT 3AHHX MHCXOH KyjbXy PH 3 a- ceBaiox
BMecxe c KyjibTypajibHOH >KHAKOcxbio 6e3 cenapiHpoBaHHH (KpoMe nocjieAHeH
cxaAHH MK-III), o 6 mee paaSaBJieHne paccqn- xbiBarox c ynexoM Mejiaccn Bcex
nipeAHAyiHHX cxaAHH. PacqeT' se- AyT TaK *e, KaK axo 6 hjio npHHHTo npn nojiyqeHHH
MK h EMK na pasSaBjieHHbix cpeAax. OcxajibHbie noKa 3 axeJiH onpeAeJiHiox no-
c{)opMyjiaM, np hbeachhhm b xex *e pa3AeJiax.
PacqeT noKa3axejieft MK HaqHHaioT co CTatAHH Mhh, nocKOJibKy H3B6CT H0
KOJIHqeCTBO 3aCeBaeMHX B Hero ApOJKJKefi H 3 koji6 160 r.
CraduR MUH
PacxoA Mejiaccbl M hsxoahx no cjjopMVJie (34), ;3 Han hs xa6 ji. 24

cxeneHb ee pa36aBjieHHH h 06 'beM >khakocxh B;annapaxe. FJioxHocxb
KyjibxypajibHoft cpeAbi B pa-cqexe ne yqnxijiBaiox.
V 150
M = ----- = = 26,8 ier, oicpvrjiHM ao 30 kt,
K P 5,6
i'Ae 150 o6 teM jKHAKOCTtH b annapaTe'Mhh, n ;

5/6paTHocTb pa3-6aBeHHH Mejiaocw ( O M . TS C JI . 24).
Qomee pa36aBjieHHe Mejiaccn paBHO pa36a-BJieHHio no cxa- Ahh:
K P o6 = K P C t = 1:4,6.
BejiHqHHa 3aceBa A-pojKHcefi X0 cocxaBHx Ar 100
0,16-100
X a = - - ............. -= -- ------- = 0,26% ,
M 30
rAe 0,16 KOJiimecTBO ApoHOKe H S KO JI S, Kr.
KojiHqecxBo APo>KH<eH no cxaAHH Mct no (jjopMyjie (36) 6yAex
/fCT - - M B C T 30-0,137 = 4,11 ier.
305
06mee KOJiHHecTBo Apo>K>KeH b annapaTe Jl cocxaBHT ,# = A + At
= 0,16 + 4,11 =4,27 Kr.
06iuhh BbixoA ApojKKen B05 no (JiopMyjie ( 4 1 )

A100 ;4,27 -100 ,
B6 = 77~ = ------------------------- =14,2% .
M 30
KoHOTHoe aKonjieHHe ApojKJKen H* 110 cjopMyjie (38) Qyner H K = ! V = 4270 :150 =
28,5 r/ji.
yAe^biHaa cKopocTb pocTa flpo^JKeft (.1 no ypaBHeHHio (4) co- CTaBjifieT
l 1
Ao
n n 0,16 ln 26,60 3,2843
= ----------- = ----------------- : ----------------- ' = ----------- = o,274.
^ t 12 12 12
Ko94>(J>Hii.HeHT cpemeqacoBor.o npnpocTa no t36ji. 1 npnjKme- hhh paBeH

1,3152, hjih nppocT 6hom3cch 31,5% b âc.
Mhcjio yABoeHHH 6h0M30ch n no <})opMyjie (13) 6 yn.eT
n = 1,443 ln = 1,443 -3,2843 = 4,74.

A
IlpoACWi}KHTejibHocTb yABoeHHH g no 4>opMyjie (14) paBHa
g t : n = 12 : 4,74 = 2,53 u.
ZlpojKjKH CTaAHH Mhh B H ec enapHpo B a H H o M BH A C nepeAaioT B annapaT MK-I.

FIoKaaaTejiH cJieflynomHx cTaAH onpeAejiaiOT no TeM >Ke (iO'pMyjiaM H B TO H se n ocjieAOB
axe ji bHOCT h , hto H ajih CTaAHH Mhh.
Cradun HK-I
PacxoA Meâccbi M = 6600:7,6 = 737 Kr. 06ni.ee
pa36aBJieHHe c yneTOM Mejiaccw npeAbiAymeft
CTaAKH
4000
KPoi> = z; ------- ZZT = 7,3, hjih pa36aBJienne 1:6,3.
ou T 7 u/
Heo6xom,HMo OTMeTHTb, hto pacxoA Mejiaccbl Ha cTaAHio M O JK - H O HaHTH H no

BeJiHHHHe o6mero pa36aBJieHHa, paec'iHTaB o6mnft pacxoA Mejisccbi h BbmTH H3
Hero Mejiaccy npeAbTAymnx ctsahh. TaK, b AaHHOM npHMepe o6iuhh pacxoA
Mejiaccbl pasen 767 Kr (5600:7,3), H3 hhx 30 Kr npHXOAHTca Ha CTa^Hio Mhh,
CJieAOBa- Te.ibHO na CTaAHio MK-I ocTseTca 737 Kr.
106
BejiHHHHa 3aceBa
J{CT = 737 -0,162 = 119 kt.
= ,) + Jlc-i = 4,3 +119= 123 Kr.
4,27
12
a = 1,323; n 1,443 -3,3604 = 4,85; g - 12:4,85 = 2,47 m,
JIp osc jK H MK -I b He ce napHp oBa HHOM B HA e nep e Aaio T (3 aima- paT MK-II.
Cradm MK-1I
M = 21 800:9,6 = 2270 Kr.

21 800
KP5 767 + 2270 7,26; pa3fiaBJieHHe Mejiaccw 1:6,3.
Jl = 23 + 1271 = 1394 i<r.
H k = 1394:21,8 = 63,9 Kr/M3 (HJIH r/ji).
1394
'n ------ ;
a = 1,206; n = 1,443 -2,4275 = 3,5; g = 13:3,5 = 3,71 m.
Zlp05KKH MK-H b HecenapHpOBaH-HOM bha6 nepeAasoT b anna paT MK-III.
CraduH HK-lll
M= 52 500 : 7,5 = 7000 i<r.
L. ()Uv
l^p . ---- ----------- 1 ------ 5,2, HJIH pa36aBJienHe 1:4,2.
3037 + 7000
107
1394-100
xo = ~^7^ -------------- = 19,9% ; // = 7000-0,76 = 5320 i<r.
7000
1394 + 5320 = 6714 ki-; Bo6 = 6714-100

- = 66,S
3037 + 7000
HK = 6714:52,5 = 127,9 kt/m3 (hjih r/Ji).
6714
ln
1394 1,5719
= 0,126.
12,5 12,5
YAeJihHan cKopocTb pocTa ^po^/Ken paccMHTaHa c yweTOM Bpe M e H H .n o s p e B aH H H.
a =1,134; n= 1,443 -1,571 9 = 2,27; g= 12,5:2,27 = 5,51
,ZI,po>fOKH HK-HI cenapupyioT, npoMbiBaioT H B BHAe APO**e- Boro

MOJiOKa Hcnojib3yioT AJIH 3aceBa B annapaTbi TOBapHOH CTaAHH.
ToeapHan cradun _ qP Mejiaccbl Ha raBap ; Hy}o CTaAHio cocTaiBJiHeT 68000 : 7,6 =

' Kr
KpyrjiHM ao 8950 Kr. Pa36aBJieHHe Mejiaccbl no CTa AHH paBHo ooineMy pa36aBjieHHio,
tsk KaK 3aoeBHan MK nocTy- naeT oe3 opa>KKH.
KP C T = KPob = 7,6, hjih pa36aBJienHe Mejiaccw 1:6,6.
B cbh3h c TeM hto b TOBap hom annapaTe 06'beM jkhakocth no cpaBHSHHio c 06-
beM 0M jkhakocth no apKeH-maxapcKOH cxeMe yMeHbineiH b 1,1 pa3a (om. ra 6ji. 22), na
3 Ty Be^HHH'Hy yMebiiiaeT- oon K0J1, ecTB0
" saceBHbix Apo>KjKeH: 2400:1,1=2182 kt, npHMeM
^ 0 0 K r . UojiyqaeMOH toctoh KyjibTypbi AocTaTOUHO ajih 3aceBa TOBapiHbix annapaTOB
(6714:2200). B nepecneTe Ha coAep>K 3- HHe cyxnx BemecTB (33%) KOjinqecTBO

3aceBHOH MK 6yAeT 2200-28,5
-------- = 2200-0,8636 = 1900 Kr.
BejiHHHHa 3aceBa
1900.100
Xn 21,2% .
8950
KojiimecTBo Apo:s<>KeH no CTa^nn
CT = 8950-0 ,756 = 6804 i<r,

OKpyrjiHM ao 6800 Kr.
108
9570 KT HJ I H = 10257 Kr, -
0, 30 0,28
ZI ji h pacqeTa o6tu,ero Bbixo/ia Apo>K>Keft y i iHTHBaioT aojiio Me-
Jiaccw, npuxoAHmyiocH Ha 3aceBaeMyio b TOBapubi annapaT
a BblXOA ApO>K5KeH COCT3BHT:
MK-III:
9570-100 10257-100
2200-100
= 78,2% H J I H .- ^=83,8% .
--------------- = 3288 K T ,
66,9
KoHeHHan
rac 66,9 O S IU H H BKOHieHTpauHH
M X O A M K-III , %
Apo>K}KeH b annapaxe cocTaBJineT
8700:68=128
OSutHHr/ji.
BHXOA TOBapHbix flpo>K>KeH (33% CB) 6yaeT
y aeji bH aa cKo pocTb pocTa A po >K}Ke ft 6y Ae T
J m o - 1- c i = 1900
8700+ 6800 = 8700 Kr;
n 1900 1,5215
= 0,090.
8700-100
B 6 = 3288 + 8950~ % '
Kan noKa3biBaeT onbiT pa6oTbi MocKOBCKoro apojKJKeBoro 3a-

Bo aa [ 7 ] , 3th aPoj kj kh mo >kho no Jiy qaTb c coAep>kaHHeM cyxnx
Ee mecTB 28 30%, npn sto m KOJin qecTBo hx 6y .ne T paBHO ;
8700-0,33 8700-0,33
17 17
Cpe fl .He'i aco BO ft npu pocr apo s;- ci = 1,095 HJIH 9,5% B qac. i
>Keft
H H C J I O y aBoeHHH 6iXM accbi =1,443-1,5215 = 2,2.
n pOi ao Ji >KH Te abHO CTb yaBoeHHS g = 17 : -2,2 = 7,73 > .
r i o K a 3 a Te j i H n o c t 3 ah h m n o j i y qe H H H M K h TO B a p H b i x aP0>k~ > K e f t c Be A eHb i b Ta 6 j i . 2 5.
J J a H H bi e Ta o j i . 2 5 6 j i i 3 KH k n o K a 3 a r e j i H M Ta 6 j i . 2 1 , x a p a K Te p H 3y i o mH M s pK e H - m ax a p c K y i o cx e M y .
Ta K H M 06 - p a 3 0 M , n o p a c C TH Ta n H O H c x e M e H a k o h u 6 h t P M p o B aH K bi x cpe ma x a j i h B b i n y c K a 2 0 t
TO B a p H b i x Apo>K>Kefi b c y TK H n e 06 x 0 A H M 0 n p o - b c c th 2,3 UHKjia (20:8,7), ajih BbinycKa
30 t b cy TK H n o T P e 6 y e i - c h 3,5 U H Kj i a (30 : 8,7).
109
T a 6 ji h u, a 25
riOKa3aTejiH TexH0Ji0rHMecK0H cxeMbi noJiy4eHwi mhctoh KyjIbTypbl H

TOBapHblX ApOKJKeH B KOHUeHTpHpOBaHHMX cpeaax
CTaAHH MHCTOfi Ky .lbTypU
IloKa3aTejiH M HH MK-I HK-II 4K-III ToBapHasi^

CTSAHH
06'beM annapaTa, m 3 ofimHft Vo 0,5 7.5 30 100 100

0,15 5.6 21,8 52,5 68
nojie3flbm V p
PacxoA Mejiaccbl, Kr ino CTaiAH -H Mot Bcero 30 737 2270 7000 8950
30 767 3037 10037 12238
M
PaafiaBAeHHe Mejiaccu, Kr : a no 1 : 4,6 1 1 : 6,6 1 : 8,6 1 : 1 : 6,5 1 : 1 : 6,6 1 :

1 : 6,3
CTaAHH P ct o6ru,ee P 0 6 : 4,6 6,3 4,2 6,6.
npoAOAXHTejibH'OCTb npouec - ca t, i 12 12 13 12,5 17
0,26 0,58 5,4 19,9 21,2

3 acea Aipo*xeH *>, % ' 0,16 4,27 123 1394 1900*
Mo, r
HaKonAeHHe AipojKxeH, H K , r/ji 28,5 22 63,9 127,9 128*
B HX O A . ApoxxeH no C T3 A H H 13,7 16,2 56 76 75,6

^CT I % ' 4,11 119 1271 5320 6800*
Met, Kr
14,2 16 45,9 66,9 71,1*

Bhxoa ApojKmeft o6m,m -Soc? % *
4,27 123 1394 6714 8700*
M, Kr
y.AeAbHaH CK'OpOCTb pOCTa 0,274 0,280 0,187 0,126 0,090

ApojKxeft p,, M - 1
KoscfKjJHUHeHT cpeAHeqacoBO - ro 1,315 1,323 1,206 1,134 1,095

npsrpocTa a
Mbcao yABoeHHH CaoMaccbi n 4,74 4,85 3,5 2,27 2,2
npOAOAKHTeAblHOCTb yABoe - HHH 2,53 2,47 3,71 5,51 7,73

g, H
* Ha 33% CB (B neipecqeTe Ha 30% GB oftuiaji BbipafioTiKa Toaa.pHHX apostoKeii

oocraBJiHeT 9570 kt, ofiiUHii bmxcia 78,i2%).
nPHMEHEHHE KOHU,EHTPHPOBAHHbIX CPEfl HA OTAEJlbHblX CTAflHJIX
RJIR mhothx 3aBoaoB nojiHbra nepexoa Ha cxeMy paoTbi c Bbi-

COKOKOMUeHTpH'pOBaHHblMH QpeftaMH 3BJI5ieTCH CJIOJKHOH 3aiHa'4et h
Tpe6yeT cepbeaHOH TexHHqecKo, TexHOJiorHqecKo h mhkPo- SHOJiorHqecKOH
noAroTOBKH. nosjOMy, npejKAe qeM nojiHOcxbio nepeBOAHTb 3aBOA Ha apKeH-
maxapcKyio cxeMy, npaKTHKyioT npia- 110
MCHeHHe stoh cxeMbi Ha OTflejibHbix ctsahhx [ 2 3 ] , Mo>kiho no:xo- SpaTb pa3JiHiiHbie
BapHaHTbi cxeMbi Ha KOHueHiipHpoeaH^bix cpe- Aax, hcxoah H3 an-napaTyp'Hbix hjih
Apvrnx ocoSenH-ocreft koH KpeT Horo 3aofla. 3Aecb npwBeAeH BapnaHT pacqeTa ajih
nojiyqeHHH EMK h TOBapHbix apo>K>KeH B KonueHTpHpoBaHMOH cpeAe Ha 3 a- BOjie,
OC H a IU6HH0 M THinOBblIM O T eq 0C TB &H'H bl M 06 '0 'py AOB S'H HeM. Mh- ctvjo
KyjibTypy Ha 3 aB0Ae nojiyqaioT 2 3 pa3a b mochu no pac- CWHTH'HOH Bbime CXCMe
C npHMeHeiIHeM KOHUeHTpHpOBaHHHX
cpeA.
EMK mojkho noJiyqaT b b OAHy, ABe hjih t Ph CTaAHH. C KaKo: craAiHH CJieAyeT
HaqHHaT b EMK hjih a KaKoft ctsahh 33 K 3 Hq;i- BaTb MK, pemaioT onbmHbiM nyreM.
FIpH Bbifiope qncjia CTaAHH Heo 6 'XOAHM 0 HMeT b B BHAy, qTO qeM MeHbUie
CTaAHH, TeM 3 KTHB- nee ApoHOKH, Bbiuie hx bhxoa h Jiyqrne KaqecTBO
Apo>K>KeH [12. 27],
Hhjk6 npiiBeaen B a p n a H T p a c q e Ta . h j i h nojiyqeHHH EM K b tPh c r a A H H . Ec j i h H a 3 a B O A e
O TC y TC TB y e T H e o S x o A H M o e r^Jia a p K e H -u i a - x a pc K o f t cx e M bi o 6 o py A O B 3 H n e , to B pe M e H H o a j i h
c t s a h h EM K - h EM K - I I H c n o j i b 3 y i o T o a h h h j i h a a a n n a p a Ta B M e c TH M o e Tb i o n o 3 0 m3 k s h < ah h ,
H a n pH M e p a n n a p a Tb i B . C t s a h i o EM K -I I I Be / i y T B amnapaTe ! bmecTHMO'CTbK) >100 m 3.

PaoqeT n o ; K 3 3 3 Te j i e H h o o ct s i b ji & h h e h o b o h c x e M b i , m p o TO Tu n k o - Topoft H3.BecTeH (b
HamaM npHMepe hm HBJineTOH cxeMa 0ipa<eH-Iiia- xapoKoro csxapHOiTO saBOAa)
mo>kho BecTH A B y M H n y TH M h . Flep- bhh n y Tb h3jio>kh n pH M O A e J i H po B a . H H H 3pi<eH-
inaxapcK0H cxeMbi a j i h n o j i y qe H H H q H C To f t K y j i b ' r y p b i h to b s ph h x A po > K > K e H , K o r / i a pacqeT
hshhhsiot c nepBOH c t3 a h h . Fio s to m v nyTH jxJin pacqeTa r i o i < a 3 a Te j i e H EM K H e o 6 x o A H M o

33 A a Tb c a K O J i H qe c TB O M ! q H C To f t KyjibTypbi, 3 a c e e ae M O H b c t 3 a h i o EM K - I , h n o A : o 6 p a Tb
hcxoahhc AaHHbie no c[)opMe t s 6 j i . 2 4 . 3 a Te M B bi q H C Ji n i O T n o K a 3 a Te Ji H c x e M b i
HO BiCeM CT aAHHM. 3t3 MeTOAHKa 3A&Cb He npHBOAHTCH, T aK Kai< OHa onncaHa
Bbirne.
B t o i P o h n y Tb c o c Ta B j i e H H H c x e M bi pseqeT H a q H H a i o T c n o - C J i e A H e ft TO B S p t H O H CTaAHH,
K a K 3T0 AeJia.TH npH COCTaBJieHHH HO BO H cx e M b i c n , p ( H me : H b h i i e m p a 3 6 a B J i e i H bi x c pe A -
C J i e A y e T h o a - qe p KH y Tb , q To a j i h J i i o S o r o BapnaHTa p a c q e ' r a Te x H O J i o r H qe cK H X n o K a 3 a Te j i e f t n p n
O A 6 o pe h cx o a h h x A a i i H b i x n p H A e p > KH B a i o TC H n a p a M e Tp o B M O A e Ji n py e M O H cxeMH no c ts a h h m
MK h TO B a p . H b i x A p o > K *e H . B m p H B e A Q H H O M H H w e n p H M e pe H cx o A H b i e A a H H b i e ( t s S j i . 2 6 ) n o
c t s a h h i m EM K n o A o 6 p 3 b i a j i h n p o Be A eH H H p a c qe Ta b To p b i M n y Te M .
H a O CH O Be A aH i H b i x Ta 6 j r . 2 6 H e o S x o A H M O o n pe A e j i H Tb c j i e A y - lomne noKa3aTejiH no
ctsahhm: pscxoA Mejiaccbl M, KOJiHqecTBo 3aceBHbix APo>K>KeH JXo,
KOJiHqecTBo Apo>K>KeH no ctsahh 0 6 - mee ko ji h q e c tb o A P O J K J K e f t JX,
K o ne q H o e H SK o nji e H He H hhc/o yABoeHHH n n npoAOJi>KHTejibHocTb yABoeHHH 6hom3Cch
g. TaKiie noKa3aTejiH, KaK o6ih,hh bhxoa Apo>K>KeH B0 a h o6myio Kp3TH0CTb
ps36aBjieHHH, p a c c q H TH B a i o T n o c j i e o n p e A eJ i eH H H pacxoAa Mejiac-
ll
T a6 ji H y a 26
McxoflHbie aaHHbie ,ajiq pacqeTa TexHOJiorHiecKoft cxeMbi nojiyweHHsi EM K H TOBapHblX JipOvKvKCft C

IIpHMHeHHeM KOHUeHTpHpOBaHHblX Cpe/1,
CTaflH fl noj iyneHH fl apoi fO Kefi
no Ka3aTeî EH K-I EMK-II EHK-Ill To u apnan
BM6CTHM0CTb annapaTOB, M3 oSmasi 30 30 100 100
nojiesHan 68
PasSa-BJieHHe Mejiaccu no CTaAHH, Kr:j i 1 : 6,6 1 : 8,6 1 : 6,5 1 : 6
3acee apojioKeH, % 23
lp0A0Ji5KHTejibH0CTb npouecca, q 12 13 12,5 17

yêJiMasi oKopocTb pocTa, < J ~ ! 0,223 0,190 0,131
Ko3<})(t)HUHeHT qacoBoro npHpocTa 1,25 1,21 1,14
Buxo^ apoHcaceft no C TaflHK, % ' B 28 *5 16,5 62 78
B 33 _ 77
CenapanHH xpoxcxteft HeT HeT fl a
Cbi Ha Bcex cT a^nax. IIoJiyqeHHbie pe3yjibTara cpaBHHBaioT c no- K33aTeJIHMH

apKeH-IIiaXaipCKOH cxeMbi (cm. Ta 6jl. 21).
Toeapnan cradun
V __ 70 000
M = 10 000 KT .
KP ~ 7
0 = M X 0 = 10 000-0,23 = 2300 Kr.

(33)
2300-33
= 2663 KT.
'( 28, 5)
28,5
= M B = 10 000-0,77 = 7700 Kr.
A = + At = 2300 + 7700= 10 000 Kr.

Ecjih 3 TH apojk>kh noJiyqaT b c coAep>KaHH 6 M 30% CB, to ko-
.. 10 000-0.33 11 nm
jiHqecTBo HX oyjeT c 00 TBeTCTB 0 BaTb ----------------------

J
= 11 000 Kr.
0,30
// K = J l ' - V = 10 000:68 = 147 KT/M3 (HJIH r/ ji).
10 000
ln ln
2300 1,4702
V- = : 0,086.
17 17
a = 1,09; n= 1,443 ln = 1,443.1,4702 = 2,12;
t : n = 17:2,12 : m.
112
M = = = 8270 k i- ,
BCT CTadun EVK-III npHMeM,

78 hto a P o>k>kh EMK^-III noJiyqaioT b
mnHqecTBe, neo6- XOAH'MOM Aâ 3aceBa Tpex TOBapHbix annapaTOE:
re Bct = 78% b3ht H3 Ta6n . 26.
2663-3 = 7989, OKpy rji h m ao 8000 Kr.
BejtHHHiHa 3aceBa APO>K>Ke
Ajih CT aAHH EMK-III HeH 3 BecTHbi 06 'beM jkhakocth h pacxoA we.aaccbi.
M o - 100
Mto 6 h Haft 3th noKa3aT -ejiH, 1550-100
HeodxoAHMo 3HaTb. ko- jiHHecTBo 3 aceBaeMbix
ApoxjKeft EMK-II Mo-X PaccHHTaeM JJ0 no cftopMyjie ( 71) 8h /Ta 6 ji. 2 npHJio>KeHHH.
~ M = 8270 = ' %
j o _ j - a t _ 8000:1,14 1 2 , 5 =
8000:5,15 = 1554 Kr, O Kpy rjiH M ao 1550 KT,
0 6 ' be M jkhakocth V v ito 4 >o p M y j i e ( 3 5 ) 6yAeT
rne a= 1,14 K O 3( () 4> H U H 6 H T
M ( K P )u=
Kp =qacoB-oro papo cTa;
8270-7.5 = 62 025 ji s 62 m 3 .
12,5 npoaojiK'HTe^bnocTb npouecca B E'-IK-II (CM. T-aji. 26).
KoH-eHHaH KOHueHTpauHH APo>K>KeH H k b annapaTe EMK-I1I no (opMyjie (38) paBa
KOJiHqecTBo Apo>K>KeH no CTaAHH # C T SyAeT
H K = M ' . V 8000:62 = 129 kt/m3 (h.ih r/.n).
Mcr = . M ' o = 8000 1550 = 6450 Kr.
M h cj i o y A Bo e H H H 6 H O M ac c bi n HaxOAHT n o y p a BH e H H i o ( 1 3 )
PacxoA Mejiaccbl Ha ctbahh M no (JiopMyjie (36) coct{ibht
M 8000
n = 1,443.#100
ln = 1,443 6450-100
ln = 2,37.
Mo 1550
n poA fwi>KHTejibHOCT b yABoeHHH g no Ô'PMyjie (14) 6 y-AeT

!
g = 12,5:2,37 = 5,28 q.
C rad un E^K-JI PacneT noKa 3aTejTeft EMK-II
BeAyT n-o toh >Ke MeTOAHKi, koto - pan H 3 Jio>KeHa ajih EMK-III.
8847 113
0 -6 m e e K OJ IH H 6C TB O , 0, p C K ;> K eH EM K -I I A O J K K H O 6b I Tb p a. B HO K O - JiHuecTBy
po>K<eH, 3 a c e B a e M b ix b a nnap a T EM K -I I I . M 3 npeflH- a y m e r o p a c qeTa H 3 B e c TH o , h to s to
K O J i Hq e c TB o A p o > K } Ke H cocTaB- J i f l e T 1 5 50 k t, H3 Ta 6 j i . 2 6 d ep y T S H a q eH H H a = l, 21 , =1 3
q.
A 0 = #:<*' = 1550: 1,2113 = 1550:11,92 = 130 Kr,
TAe 1,21 1 3 = 1(1,92 B3HTO H3 Ta6jl. 2 IXpHJIO)KeHHH.
A = A Ao = 1 5 50 - 1 30 = 1 42 0 k t.
# C T ,1_0^ = .1420 _100 = 2290 Bct
62
# 0 . 10 0 1 30 -10 0 t
X 0 = -------------- = -------------- =5,7%.
0
M 2290
V p = M - ( K P ) = 2,29-9,6 = 22 m 3 .
H K = 1420:22 = 64,5 kt/m 3 (hjih t/ji).
A 1 42 0
n = 1 ,44 3 l n = 1 ,4 43 l n ----------------- = 1 ,4 43 ln 10 , 923 = 3 ,6 4.
Ao 1 30
g t'.ti 1 3: 3, 64 = 3 , 57 m.
CraduH E K-J
A = Ô(EMK-II)= ^0 KT.
Ô(EHK-I) = A - a t = 1 3 0 : 14 ,5 5 = 8 , 9 Kr, OKpy rjiHM a o 9 kt,
rjie a 1 = l, 25 1 2 =14,-55 no Ta6ji. 2' npHJioxeHHH.
121
CT = 1 30 - 9 = 1 21 Kr; M = = 7 34 Kr.
X 0 = ^ = l,2% ; V p = 734 -7,6 = 5578 J I . 734
H k = 130:5,58 = 23,3 KT/M3 (HJIH T/JI).
130
n = 1,443 ln = 1,443 -ln 14,445 = 3,85.
g = 12:3,85 = 3,12.
PacneT odmeeo euxoda dpootcotceu u o6u{eeo pa36aeAeHua Mena ccu flojiH

M e ^ a c cb i H a 9 Kr MK npn Bbixoae MK 66,9% ( CM . Ta o j i .
25) 6y.neT
9:0,669 = 13,5 KT, OKpyrjiHM ao 15 KT.
114
3254+ 10 000
06 3024+8270
CTaAHH
KaK 6hjio
oaBJieHHe Mejiaccn 1 : 4,5.Bbime,BecjiH
EMK-I:
n0a3aH0 o6 =ara a P -o>k>kh
= 17,4%.
6yAyT nojiyqe- Hbl C COAepJKa'HHeM
30% nojiyqeHHbie B pacqeTax
CB, TO KOJIHHeCTBO no CT aAHHM noKa3aTejm
HX COOTBeTCTByeT npeAcraBJie
11 000 xr h bhxoa - 83%.
hx cocthbht
11 bi CTaAHH
Hab cTaAHHX
cboahoh
EMK-II:EMK-I
g o 6TaSji.
= 27.5 noKa3aTejiH
h Tosapnofi pa36aBJieHHe 6jihskh
-51% k
. MejiaccbijAaHHbiM ia6ji.
no cT a - Ahh paBH o
21.
749+2290
xapai<TepH3yiomHM
r.
o6meMy prri/ T TapKeH-maxapcKyio
pa36aBJieHHio,
T D TaK Kai<
8000-cxeMy.
3aceB
100 annapafoa
7n 7(l; npo - H3BOAHTCH
CTaAHH EMK-III
ApO>K>KaMH B BHAe 606 = ------------------------
KOHU,eHT paT OB. ==70,7% .
3039-f8270
B annapaTbi EMK-I h EMK-III 3aceBaroT a P o>k>kh b necenapn- poBaHHOM
ZI o jih Mejiaccbl, npHXOAHinaHCH na 2300 Kr Apo>KSteft EMK-III, pacxoAyeMbix Ha
BHAe bmqctc c -6pa*KOH. TaK iok neipepa6aTbiBaiOT K0HU,eHT pp0BaHbie
3aceB TOBapHoro annapaTa, cocTaBjiaeT 2300: : 0,707 = 3254 Kr. 06ihhh bhxoa Apo>K>Keft f 0 6
c p e A bi , to ofimee pa36aBJieHMe p a c c H H TH B a - ot c yneT OM Bceft Mejiaccbl
b TOBapHOH c'raAHH SyAeT
npeAHAymHX ct3ahh.
CaAHH EMK-II: KP010
6 000-100
22Q =7,3 hjih o 6mee
B 0 6 = ---- 06 734+
------------- : --- 2290
= 75,5% .
pa36aBjieHHe Mejiaccbl cocTaBjineT 1 : 6,3.
,, T T T ^ TTT 62 000
CTaAHH EMK-III: KP = -------------- =5,5, hjih oomee pas-
BbBOP BAPHAHTOB IlOJiyHEHHl MK H EMK
OoJiyqeHHe Apoauiceft no cxeMe c npHMeHeHHeM pa36aB -êHHWx cpeA

BKJiiO L iaeT KpOMe JiaSopaT opHbi'X BoeeMb ct 3ahh. C;xeMa c
KOHUeHT P'HpOBaHHbIMH CpeA3MH npeAyCM aTpHBaeT nHTb CTAAHH.
Zio noJiH-oro nepeBOAa pafiora 3aBOAa Ha apKeH -maxapcKyio cxeMy mojkho, Kai<
yKa3biBajiocb Bbime, noAO-6p.a Tb BapHaHTjbi. FIpu BbiSope 'iHCJia CTaAHH MK h
EMK hcxoaht hs ocodeHHOCT^H 060 - PYAOBaHHH 3a-BOAa. Ha 6 ojiee
npHQMJieMHMH hbjihiotch cjjieAyio- mne Aba BapnaiiTa b mecTb ct 3ahh c
BKJiioqeHHeM npoMejKyT oq- hux CTaAHH m ejKAV nocJieAHe ft (MK) h cTaAHe roBapHbix
a P o>k- >Keft:
1. MHH, MK-I, MK-II, MK-III, EMK-III, TO B a p n a n .
2. MHH, MK-I, MK-II, EMK-II, EMK-III TO B a p H aa .
8* 1 15
Ta6?inua 27
lloKaaaTejiH TexHOJiOTHHecKOH cxeMbi noJiyHeHHH EMK H TOBapHblX
lApOJKJKeii [C inpHMeHBHHeM KOHUeHTpHpOBaHHblX cpea
CT3AHH
no i<a3aTejiH EM K-I EH K - I I EM K-III To sapn a

a
06t>6m annapaTa, m 3 oSiuhh V no Jie3H bi ft V o 30 30 100 100

5,58 22 62 68
Pacxoa Meji accbl , Kr no CTaAHH M acero M 734 2290 8270 10000

749 3039 11309 13254
Pa36aBJieHne Mejiaccu, Kr: JI mo CTaAHH P ot 1 : 6,6 1 : 1:86 1 : 6,3 1 : 6,5 1 : 1 : 6 1 :

ofimee P 0 6 6,6 4,5 6
npoAOJixHTeAbHOCTb npouecca t , q 12 13 12,5 17
SaceB AP** e Xo, %' 1,2 5,7 18,7 2300*

9 130 1550
Mo, Kr
Ha'KonjieHHe Aposcsceft H K , r/ji 23,3 64,5 129 147*
B HXOA Apoxxeft no CTaAHH 5 C T , % 16,5 62 78 77*

M ct, Kr 121 1420 6450 7700*
OSllIHH B oc, % M, Kr 17,4 51 70,7 75,5

130 1550 8000 10000*
yAe JibH aa oicopocTb pocTa jji, 0,223 0,190 0,131 0,086
Ko34>4>'HHHHT cpeAHeiacoBoro npepoc - Ta a 1,25 1,21 1,14 1,09
M HCA O yABoeHHH dHOMaccbi n 3,85 3,64 2,37 2,12
npOAOJIJKBTeJlbHOCTb yA'BOe'HHH g , 4 3,12 3,57 5,28 8
* Ha 33% CB (ib nepecqere na 30% CB ofimaa BMipaôma ixa.pHbix ApOHOKe coCTaiBJiHerr

1,1000 Kr, O6III,'HH bhxoa 83%).
Ecjiih aPO>k>kh Bbiipam,H.BaT b no nepBOMy BapnaHTy, to noJiy - mchihoh
noMaocbi Ha EMK-III AOCTaTOMHO ajih pafioT bi 3aBofla b TeneHne 4
cT awHH
ne- 06X0.flHM0 BbIBOAHTb OAHH
cyT, cJie/i, 0 'BaTeJibH 0 , h HHCTyro KyjibTypy
pa3 3a 4 CyT. 3T0 BHvUHO H3 CJI'e,H,yK>III,HX AaHHblX no K 0 JIH l I 6 CTBy
3aCeB:HbIX flpOJKJKeft H BblpaSoTKe MK -I 11 H EMK-III, B 35 THX H 3 Tafijl. 25
h 27:
MK-III->4EMK-III12 TOBapHbix-> (12:3) = 4 cyr paCor bi 3aBO.ua,
6714 _ 4.8000 _
1550 ~ 2663 -
'
rae 6714 h 8000 BupaSoTKa MK-III h EMK-III cooTBeTCTBenno, Kr:

1550 KOJiHêcTBO 3aoeBaeMo ft MK- III b ann apaT EMK-III, Kr;
116
2663 K 0jiHHecTB 0 3acesaeM0ft EMK- HI (28,5% CB) BjTOBapHMii annapaT, Kr;
4 qncjio U H K J I O B EMK-III, A J I B K O T O P H X A O CTaTOMHO H H C T O H
KyjI bTypbl ;
12 MHCJIO TOBapHblX UH KJIO B, A JIH KOTO pbl X AO CTaTOMHi ) EMK:
3 WiCJI O TOBapHblX UHKJIOB B CyT KH.
TaKHM 06pa30M, H3 3T oro pacqeia B H A HO, r to BbipapeHHHX

no nepBOMy BapnaHTy ApoKJKeii MK AOCTaTOqHO ajih 4 uhkjiob
nojiyqeHHH EMK, a APO>K>KeH EMK flJiH 12 TOBapHbix uhkjiob
hjih Ha 4 cyT pa 6 oTbi 3aBOAa.
no BTOpoMy BapnaHT y BbipaiuHBaHHe m h c to h KyjibTypbi 3aKan-
qiiBaioT Ha CT aAHHMK-II. flpoHOKH cenapHpyioT, npoMbiBaior h
XpaHHT B WHAKOM HJIH IipeCC'OBaHHOM BHAe. M 3 hhx 3aTeM nojiv -
MaioT ecT eeTBeHHO-MHeT yK) KyjibTypy b Aê ct3ahh EMK-II h
EMK-III. 3thx APo>K>KeH AOCT aToqHo Ha 10 cyT paSora 3aB0Aa,
L 1 T0 BH AHO H3 AaH HblX K OJIHi eC TB a 3a ceB HbIX Ap O>KJ Ke H H Bbi pa fiO T-
k h Apo >K> KeH MK-II, EMK-II, EMK-III, b3 h thx H3 Ta6,n. 2 5 h 2 7 . MK-II->-10 EMK-II10
EMK-111-+30 TOBapHbix (30:3) = 10 cyT paOoTbi

UHKJI OB 3aBOAa.
10-8000
2663
CaAHa EMK-III b o 6 ohx BapnaHTax saMeHHeT 3 aceBiHyio CTa ahk) B. BBe AeHHe
stoh cxaAHH (EMK-III) n p n n o j i y qe H H H aPo- >i<eft u e j i e c 006 p a 3 H 0 , ecjiH a P o>k>kh EMK

nojiyqaHyr c 6 ojiee bhcokhm BbixoAOM, qeM MK, BCJieACTBHe qero
VMeHbuiaeTCH pacxoA qHCT oft KyjibTypu Ha nojiyqeHHe TOBapHbix ApoJKKeft,
qTo b ko- Heq.HOM cqeTe CKa3biBaeTCH Ha yBeJinqeHHH BbixoAa T OBapHOH
SHOMaC'Cbl. BMecTe C Te M HeoSxOAHMO OTMeTHT b, qTO H MHCTyiO KyjibTypy
mo>kho noJiyqaTb c bhcokhm bnxoaom h b AOCTaoqHOM ko ji nq ecTiB-e. npH
stom hct HeoSxQAHMOCTH b nojiyqeHHH E|MK.
Ajih BbigpaHHoro BapnaiiTa paccqHTbiBaiOT TexHOJiorHjqecKHe noKa3aTejia
no CTaAHHM b cootbstctbhh c pe>KHMaMH apneH-ma- xapcKOH cxeMbi. CHaqajia
BbiqncjiaiOT pacxoA cojieft ah3mmo- HHH()oc4>aTa h cyjibciaTa aMMOHHH. B
pacqer 3aKJiaAbiBaioT c.o- AepKaHHe a30Ta h P2O5 b Apo>K>Kax,
npeAycMOxpeHHoe cxeMOH. ZIaJiee paccqHT biBaiOT pacxoA x j i o p H C To r o kbjihh h
KyKypy3Horo 3KCTpai<Ta. BbiuieyKa3aHHbie pacqeT bi BeAyT no MeTOAHKe,
oimca,H- hoh b cooTBeTCTByjomeM pa3Aejie pacqeTOB ajih pa36aBJieHiibix cpeA.
C O C TA B J I EH H E P EX H M O B H O C TA f l H J J M
CocraB JieHHe pemuMOB BblpaiUHBaHHH Apo>K>Keft no CTaAHHM npn

MQA&J 1 hp o bahhh cxeMbi HecKOJibKO o 6 jierqaeTCH no cpaBHeHHiO c pacqeTaMH
bhobb co3aaBaeMwx pe>KHMOB, KaK 3to Shjio cAeJia- ho Bbi me ajih cxeMbi c
npHMeHenneM pa36aBjieHHbix cpeA. npn MOAejiHpoBaHiiH ro TOBoft cxeMbi, b
HauieM cjiyqae spiien-ina-
117
cxapcKoft p ac qe T po kb mq b Be A y T b co o tb 6 tc tbh h c n o K a3 a Te j i t f -
M H pe >KH M O B 3 TO H C X 6 M H .
C'Haqajia BbiH'CbiBaioT r,pa4)K noAaqH pacTBopoB MeJiaocbi, AHa MiMOH H H (]}
0 ;C (j) 3 T 3 H 3MMH3qH0H BOflbl (iB %) 1^0 3aAaHiHbIM
npoueHTaM BbiqHCJiHiOT pacxoA Mejiaccbl (b Kr) h MejiaccHoro cycjia (b ji), floanpoBKy
AHaMMaHHH4)oc(J)aTa (b Kr) h pacTBopa stoh cojih (b ji). no rpac|)HKy nocTynjieHHH
aMMHaKa p a ccq hthb a ro t pr.cxo;; cyjmtfiaTa aMMOHHH (b Kr) h ero pacTBopa (b ji) .
O^Haiio sto He 03 HaqaeT, hto aMMHaK He 6 yAeT npHMeHHTbCH- b npouecce
BbipamHBaHHH ApoK>i<eft. AMMHaqHyio BOAy pacxoAyioT o6 nia- jejibHo ajih
peryjiHipoBa.HHH pH B3aivieH pacTBopa cyjib|)aTa aMMOHHH B 3 KBHBJIeHTH O M HO
paCXOAy a30Ta KOJlHHeCTBe.
\ 3aTeM BbiqcjiHioT 06 'beM b o ah H a npouecc. A j i h 3 To ro . H 3 ko - H tM H o ro o 6 " be M a
j kh a ko c h Bbi qH Tai o T 06 ' be M , 3 aH H M ae M bi H 3 ace B - HHMU A'POXOKaMH H BCeMH
P 3CTBO P 3MH nHTaTeJIbHHX KOMHOHeH- t o b . TaK K K no sp KeH -u i sx a pcKO H cxeM-e
b ci o BO A y flaioT H pH CK Ji aA Ke , to aj i h Bbi qH CJi e H H H o be M a mch ako cth b nepuoA P (nep- B an
q a c Tb n e pn o A a C KJi aA KH ) k RO Ji H qe c TBy bo ah n pH 6 aB Ji H i o T P ' 6 'be i M , 3 a H 'H i M 'ae M h h n k t a t e Ji b
h h m h KO M i n o h e n t a m h , KO To p bi e ; ao - 6aBiHioT Ha CKJ iaAKy.

J X n n h a x o >k a& h h h KO Jw qe c TB a j k h ako cth b cJi e A y i o i U H H n e pH O A O ( B TO pa n qa c Tb n a pH O A a
c KJ i aj si KH ) k 06 ' be M y 3 a n pe A bi A y i U H H n e pH O A P A o 6 aBA H i o T o 6 T>e M , 3 aH H M ae M bi fi 3 ae aBH bi M H
A P 0 > K > K aM H . B n o cj i e A y i o mH e qa , cbi 06 ' be M >k h a ko cth o n pe Ae Ji i i o T n y Te M n pH 6 a B- j i e mi H
m j i H H e o Ti B a n pH Te K ai o i H H x p ac TBo po B KO M H O H e H TO B .
, 3Han yAejibHbiH pacxoA BoaAyxa no apKeH -max apoKofi cx eMe h 06'beM

jkhakocth b annapaTe, bhhhcjihiot pacx oA B03myxa b qac.
A aj i ee b Ta 6 j i n u e pe j KH M a n pi i BO A H T n ap aM e Tpn n po u e cca (no m 0 Ae ji ap y e m o h
cxeMe): TeMne paT ypy, pH, coA.epjKaHHe cnHpia, c y x kx Be me c TB, 4) o pM O Ji bH o e h h c j i o ,
K 03 ( >c f) H UH e H T q aco Bo ro 1 I P H - pocTa Apo>K>Keft .

0>KHAaeMoe KOJMqecTBo ApoHOKe b annapaTe no qacaM onpe- A cj i h i o t n y fe M
y M H O J Ke H H H KO Ji H qe c TB a 6 HOMaccH b H a q aj i e qaca Ha K03(p4)HUHeHT n pn po c Ta b
A ati H H H qac h H ax o A H T 6 HOMaccy Ha KOHeu qaca. CJieAyeT o TM e TH Tb , h to H a n e pBbi x
ct3ahhx nojiy q e H H H qHCTOH KyjIbTypbl k o 3(J)c|dhuh e ht qacoBoro npnpocTa aho>k-

JKe& ( KM n A ) no spKeri-maxpcKOH c x e Me BejiHqwHa n o c xoHH - Han. Ha CTaAHHX M K-
I h TOBapnoft K M n A Be ji mi n ua nepe- MenHaH. Gi-iaqaJia. ana pacrrr, a 33 T 6 M

cHHjKaeTca. 3to corjiacy- eVcH c n pH 'H H TO H 3 ai K 0 :H 0M 6 pS 0 i C TbK) H 3M e H 6H H fl K^H A b
p ac qe Te Te x H O Ji o rH i qe cKO H cx eMb i c n p h m eu e n H e M pa a aB .i e H H bi x cpeA -

K o H u e H Tp au H i o A P o >K) Ke H b an n a pa Te ( b r/ j i b q ac) H ax o z tH T n v Te M A e Ji e H H H KO A H qe c TBa
6 H O M acc bi b A aH i H bi q ac H a 06 ' be M , >i <h ako c th b annapaTe. B n pH M e q aH H H k pe >KH M 3 M
y Ka 3 H B ai O T
'pacxoA paCTBOpOB COJiefi; CTHMyjIHTOpOB H BOAH, BHOCHMblX eAH- HOBpeMeHHo, a

Tarae KOJiHqecTBO 33ceBHbix ApoHOKeft RJin Bcex CT3AHH H CepHOKHCJIOrO M3THHH (b
BHAe nOpOmKa) AJIH CTaAHH . M K -I I , M K-I I I H TOBapHOH.
118
Pe>Khmbi nojiyqeHHH qcToft KyjibTvpbi, a T3K>Ke EMK h to -
BapHbix ApoKJKeft TexiHOJiO'rH MoryT cocTaflHTb caMOCTOHTejibHO
na OCHOBe . n a H Hb j x , npH.Befl,eHHbix B p a fi o Ta x [7, 23],
F J I a B a VI
PACHET BbIPAEOTKM FlOJiyÂBPHKATOB
M rOTOBOH nPOAVKUHM. CQCTABJ1EHME
FPA<>MKOB
Tj i aBa B Kj i i o q a e T pacq e Tbi n oJ i y 4 > a 6 p HKa T O B b oiw eji e nH,H iX ce-
napa uHH H (f mjib Tp au HH Ap o > K >Ke H, a Ta i <> Ke B o n ne j i c h HH o6pa6o T-
k h f ot o b oh n p oj yK U H H. B o BT o p o H q a c r H r j i a . B b i n p e AC Ta B J i e Hb i
MeTOflHKH C 0 C Ta BJ I 6 H H H r p a ( }) H KO B HC n 0 J Ib 30 B 3 H HH fl p O > K> Ke p a -
C T HJ i b Hb t x a n n a p a TO B, n p a ^ HK a p a c x oa a B 03 j i yx a , p a c q e T b t a ;t 5
c o c T a Bj i e H HH M e c H q H o r o r p a t ^ HKa p a 6 o Tb i 3 a B 0 a .
C Er i A P A U H f l fl P O) K > K EH
no o K OH q a HH H n p o u e c ca B b i p a m HBa H HH , n p o > K ; >K e H KyjibTypajib - H vi o r n w AR O CTb H a n p a BJ i H OT Ha
c e n a p a T o p b i . n p ou e c c ce u a p n p o - b a h h h Be , a yT n o B e n p e p b U Bi H O H Tp e x c T yn e i H q a T o f t cx e M e . i
Ochobhhmh n a p a M e T p a M H, x a p a KT e p H 3 yi o m HM H npouecc! cena - paUHH, H BJ IH IO T C H K 03 ( j ) ( ) H UH e H T
C e n a p H p O Ba H HH H K p a TH OCl i b IipO- M b l B 3 H 'H H.

K o 3 ^ ) ( | ) H U He H T c e n a p u p OB a H H H, hjih c Te n e Hb c r yi u e H Hn j e c Ti > O TH o m e H He K OH u e HTp a u HH n oJ i yq e H H or o
Ap o > K > Ke B or o M 0 j i 0 K k h c - x o a h o h KOH u e HT p a u H H u p o >K > Ke H b > k h a k o c t h , n o e T yn a i o i u e H n a cc n a p a To p bi .
H a n pH M e p , e c j i n n p n ce n a p H p o f i aH H H > k h a k o c t h , co - Ae p >Ka i i u e ft 40 t/ji, n oj i yq e n o u po > K > Ke Bo e m oj i o k o
K O H u e H Tp a u H - e fi 160 t/j\, to K o a ( f > i ( | ) H U H e H T c e n a p a u H H Syaei 160:40 = 4.
Ta6 ji H u a 128
HcxoAHbie aaHHbie fljia pacneia __________________________________
noK a 3a Te jm Cpeja
no c xewe c ott oi om h 1 Konuen TpHpoB un a i
KoJi H M ec TB O JK' HAK OCTH, n oe Tyn ai oi ue H 202 68
Ha n e pByro cenapaunio, M3
KoJi H M ec TB O A' PO Kwe n, i<r 10000 8700 s *

KoHU.eHTpa.UHH ApO>K>Kefl, KT / M 3
AO cen a pa uH M 50* 128**

nocjie cenapauHH
I 200 300
II 300 450
III 500 600
KpaTH O C Tb npoi ubi BK H .npH cenapauHH
II 3 3
III l.o 1,5
* 25% CB.
** 33% CB.
ocapcKOH pacqeT pe>K!!MOis BeAyT B cootb 6 tctbhh c noKa3aT ejni- MH pe*HMOB
3TOH CX6MH.
C'Haqajia BbrncbiBaK>T rpa^MKH noAaqn pacTBopoB Mejiaccn, AH a MM OH H H (J) 0:C
() a T H aMMHaqHOH BOAH (iB % ) Ho 3aAaiHbIM
npoueHTaM BbiqHCJiHiOT pacxoA Mejiaccbl ( B Kr) H MejiaccHoro cyc- Jla ('B Jl) , AOBHpOBKV
AH'aMMQHHft(|)Oc4)aTa (b K r ) H pacTBopa 3 T0I co ji h (b ji ). Fio rpacJjHKy noCTynjieHHfl
aMMHaKa p a c cq h T h ba FOT .pacxoA cyjibâTa aMMOHHH (b K r) H ero pacTBopa (b j i) . OAHaiio
3 to H e 03Haq ae T, M TO aMMHaK H e 6yAeT npHMeHHTbCH - b npouecce Bbipain,HBaHHH ApoxjKeft.
A-MMaqHyio BOAy pacxoAyiOT ofiasa - 'TejiHHo AJia peryjiHipoBa.HHa pH B33MeH pacTBopa
cyjibi(j)aTa aMMOHHH b 3KB HBa jie H THO M no pacxoAy a30Ta KOJiHqecTBe.
BaTCM BbiqHCJiaioT 06 'beM boah Ha npouecc. Ajih stofo . H3 ko- h cm Horo ofi-beMa
khakocth BbiqHTaioT 06 'beM, 3aHHMaeMbift 3aceB- Hbnku ApOJKJKa-MH H BCeMH
pCTBOpMH nHTaTeJIbHblX KOMnOHeH - tob. TaK KaK no apKeH-maxapcKoft cxeM-
e bck BOAy flaioT npn CK.'iaAKe, to a -ih BH'qHCJieHHH o^beMa >khakocth b nepuoA P
(nep- sa.H qacTb nepuQAa CKJiaAKH) k KOJiH'qecTBy boah npn 6 aBJiaioT 06 'beiM,
3awHiM'aeM h h nhtat e Jibhhmh kommoh&hta m h , Korapne 1 ao- 6 aBjiHioT Ha
CKJiaAKy.
Ajih h a XO jka&hhh ROJinqecTBa jkhakocth b cJieAyioiunH nepHOA O (BTopaa qacT b
napnoAa CKJiaAn) k o 6 "beMy 3 a npeAHAyiuhh nepn- qa P Ao 6 aBjiHioT 06 'beM,
3 aHHMaeMbi& 3 aceBHbiMH AP 0 } K > K a M H - B nocjieAyioiUHe qacn 06 'beM >khakocth
onpeAeJiiioT nyieM npH 6 aB- .leiiHH ROrjinnecTBa npHTeKaioiuHx pacTBopoB
K 0 Mn 0 neT 0 B.
, . 3HaH yAeJlbHHH pacxoA BoaAyxa no apKeH -maxapciKOH cxeMe h ' 06 'beM
>khakoct,h b annapaTe, bhhhcjihiot pacxoA B03Ayxa b qac.
Aajiee B Ta 6 jinue pe>KHMa npHBoAHT napaMeT pn npouecca (no
MpAeJinpyeMOH cxeMe): TeMnepaT ypy, pH, coA.epjKaHHe cnnpTa, cyxnx BeiuecTB,
cjjopMOJibiHoe qncjio, Koac^HUHenT qacoBoro npn - pocT a Apo>K>Kefi.
OjKHA.aeMoe KOJfflqecTBo Apo>K*eft B annapaTe no qacaM onpe- Acjihiot nyfeM
yMHOJKenHH KOJiHqecTBa 6 HOMaccH B Haqajie qaca Ha. K03t p'4)HUHeiiT
npnp ocT a B AatJHHH qac h HaxoAHT 6 HOMaccy na Koneu qaca. CJieAyeT
oTMeTHTb, qTo Ha nepBbix CTaAHHx nojiyqeHHH qncTOH KyjI bTypbl
KoatjnjjHUHeHT qacoBoro npnpocTa aoo>k - JKen (KMnA) no apKeH-maxpcKOH
cxeMe BejmqHa nocxoHH- Han. Ha CT aAHHX 4K-I.II' h TOBapnoft K L inA
BejiHqnua nepe- .Me.BHaH,. CuaqaJi ona peeT, a 33 T 6 M cHH>KaeTca. 3to
corjiacy- W TC H C npnHHTOH saKonoMpnocTbK) H3MeH6HH K4HA B pacqeTe
TexnojiornqecKOH cxeMbi c npHMeneHHeM paaaBjienHHx cpeA -
KoHueHT pauHio Apo>K}KeH b annapaTe (b r/n b qac) naxoanT nvTeM AeJieHHH
KOAHqecTBa noMaccn b AaHiHbift qac Ha 06 'beM ,>khakocth b annap aTe. B
npHMeqaHHH k pe>KHMaM yKa 3 HBaiOT pacxoA paCTBOpOB COJie,
CTHMyjIHT OpOB H BOAH, BHOCHMblX eAH - HOBpeMenHo, a T aKKe KOJiHqecTBo
3aceBHbix Apo>K>KeH AJia Bcex CTaAHH h cepiHOKHCJioro MarHHH (b BHAe
nopouiKa) ajih CTaAHH MK-II, 4K-III K TOBa pH OH.
118
Pe>Khmbi nojiyqeHHH mbct oh KyjibTVpbi, a TaK>Ke EMK h to-
BapHbix ApoJKJKeft TexiHOJiorH Moryx cocTaiBHT b caMOCTOHTeJibHd
Ha ocHaBe aaHHbix, npH.Be/eHHbix b pa6 oTax [7, 23].
F JI a B a VI
PACHET BbIPAEOTKM nOJiy<DAEPMKATOB
H TOTOBOP! nPOj],yKU,HM. COCTABJ1 EHHE FPAOMKOB
TjiaBa BKjiioqae T pac-qeT bi n o j i y c ) a 6 p H K a TO B b OTnejieHH,H,x ce-
napauHH h ( f ) H J i b Tp a u H H ; i , p o > K > K e H , a Ta i < > K e b o Tt u e J I C H H H o 6 p a 6 o x -
kh fotoboh npo/tVKUHH. Bo B To p o f i qacTH rjia,Bbi npe ACTasjie Hbi
MeTOflHKH COCTaBJieHHH rpa(j)HKOB HCn0JI b30B3HHH flpO>K>Kepa -

C TH J i b H b i x a n n a p a TO B , n p a ^ H K a p a c x o a a B 0 3 a y x a , p a c q e AJISI
cocTaBjie HHH Me cHqHoro rpa(J)HKa p a 6 o Tb i 3aBOfla.
C En A P A U , H f l f lP O) K > K EH
n 0 oKOHqaHHH npouecca BbipamHBaHHH flpojKxeft KyjibTypajib- HVK) >KHfl,KOCTb

HanpaBJiHiOT Ha cenapaTopbi. npouecc cen'a.pHpo- BaHHH Be,AVT rio H-enpeipbUBiHoft
TpexCTyneHqaToft cxeMe. j
Ochobhhmh napaMeTpaMH, xapaKTeDH3yiomHMH npouecc! cenapauHH,
HBJIHIOTCH K03(j)()HUHeHT Cen3pHp0B3HHH H KpaTHOClib IipO- M bl B3 H'H H.
Ko3tj}{|)HuneHT cenapnpOBaHHH, hjih cTeneHb crymeHHH ecn> OTHomeHHe
KOHueHTpauHH noJiyqeHHoro Apo>K>KeBoro M 0ji 0K k hc- x oah-oh
KOHueHTipauHH upo>K>KeH b jkhakocth, n o e Ty n ai o i u e H na ccnapaTopbi. HanpHMep,
e cj i H npn cenapnpoBaHHH /khakocth, co- AepjKanueft 40 r /j i , n o J i y qe H o a po > K> Ke Boe
MO JIO KO KOHuenTpauH- eft 160 T / JI , TO KoacjMjHUHeHT cena,pauHH 6y.neT 1 6 0 : 4 0
= 4.
Ta6 ji H u a 128
HcxoAHbie aaHHbie AJIB pacneTa __________________________________
no Ka3aTej m Cpe aa
no cxewe c oitoio mh 1 KOHueH TpHpo BaHn an r
Ko JiHMecTBO WHAKOCTH, n o dyn aio meH 202 68
H a nepByio c e nap a u u i o, m 3
Ko JIHMeCTBO A 'pOHO KeH, ! <r 10000* 8700s *
3
KoHneH Tpa.uHH A po >K*e fl , kt/m
AO cen apauHM 50* 128**
no cjie ce na pa u H H
I 200 300
11 300 450
III 500 600
KpaTHO CTb n poMbiBKH .npH c e nap a u HH
II 3 3
III 1,0 1.5
* 25% CB.
** 33% CB.
KpaTHOCTb npOMbLBHHH 3T0 OTHOlUeHHe cyMMapHoro ofi-be- Ma
MOJiOKa h npoMbiBHofi boah k o6 -beMy M0Ji0Ka. TaK, ecjin npn BTopofi
cenapau'H'H Apo*i>KeH npOBeAeHa TpexKpanHaH npoMHBKa HX, TO 3TO
3iHa l IHT, qTO a OAKH 06 'beM MOJTOKa H3pa'CXOAOBa:HO ABa
oS-baMa boabi.
HwoKe irpH'BQAeHbi npwMepbi pacqeTOB ajih T O'Bap'HOH CTaAHH no cxeMe c
oTTOKaMH h no cxeMe c KOHueHTpHpOBaHHOH cpeAoft, hc - xoAHbie AaaHbie
(Ta6ji. 28) ajih 9thx cxeM b3hth H3 Ta6,i. 11 H 25. Kpa'TBOiCTblO IipOMbliBaHHH 3aAaiOTCH,
HCXOAH H3 npaKTHHGCKHX AaHbIX.
PacqeT
B pacqeTe npHHHTO, mto npaKTiiqecKH noTepb Apo>K>Kefi npn cenapauHH

HeT. PacqeT CAeJia hjm abvx TexHOJiornqecKHX cxsm.
CxeMa c OTTOKaMH CxeMac KOHuenTpHpoBaimoH cpeAoft
1. lepBafl cenapauHH 06'beM
ApoHonenoro MOJiOKa
10 000:200 = 50 M3; 8700:300 - 29 M\
rfle 200 h 300 coAepxoMHe ApoMOKeii b MOjioi<e nocjie nepBOH cenapamM,
Kr/M3.
06i>eM iocAeApOMCJKeBoii 6pa*Kii

202 - 50 = 152 m3; 68 29 = 39 m3.
XAe 202 h 68 06'beM khakocth, nocTvriaiomeft na nepByto cenapam-uo, m3.
2. BTopaa cenapauHa 06'beM
APO>KXveBoro MOJiOKa
10 000:300 = 33,3 M3; 8700 S 450 = 19,3 M3,
tab 300 h 450 RoeueHTpauHfl ApowiKeii b MOAOKe nocjie BTopoft cenapauHH, Kr/M 3 .
06ieM npoMbiBHofi BOAbi
50 (3 1) = 100 M3; 29 (3 - 1) = 58 M3,
rAe 50 h 29 06'beM ApoKJKeBoro MOJiOKa nocjie nepBoft cenapaum, m 3;

3 KpaTHOCTb npoMbiBKH ApowKeft npH BTopoft cenapauHH.
3. TpeTba cenapauHH 06-

beM APO>K>KeBoro MOJiOKa
10000:500 = 20 M3; 8700:600 = 14,5 M 3,
rAe 500 h 600coA6p>KaHHe APOJKHceft b Mojione nocjie TpeTbefi cenapaumi, Kr/M3.
06'beM npoMbiBHofi BOAM 33,3(1,5 1) = 16,6 M3;19,3(1,5 1)
=9,7 M 3,
rAe 33,3 H 19,3 06'beM Apo*>KeBoro MOJiOKa nocjie Bropoii cen apauHH , m3;
1,5 paTHocTb npoMbiBKH APOKJKefi npH peTbeii cenapauHH.
4. 06mnft o6ieM npoMbiBHOn boaw 100 + 16,6 = 116,6
m3; 58 + 9,7 67,7 m3.
120
4 > H Jl bT P AU H fl fl P 0 > K >K EF I
Apo>K>KeBoe mojioko nocjie rpeTbeft cenapauHH noABeprsior cjHJibTpauHH Ha

BaKyyM-(}>HJibTpax HJT- H (jnjibTp-npeccax c uejibio nojiyqeHHH npeccoBanHbix
ji,po>K>KeH.
n.pHMeM, MTO npeccyioT 70% o6mero BbinycKa APOJKJKCH, 30%
OT
OTnycKaiOT xjie6o3a-BoaaM b >khakom BHAe. B stom cjiyqae hco6xoahmo
nponycTHT b qepe3 cJ)HJibT p Apo>K>KeBoe mojtoko b ko- jlH'-I6 CTBe,
yK333H>H0M HHJKe.
CxeMa c O TTOKaMH CxeMa c KOHueHTpiipoBaKHOH cpeAOft
20 0,7 = 14 M3; 14,5-0,7 =10,15 M3.
ripn 0Tcy TCTBH noT epb M O > KH O nojiyqHTb cjieAyiomee KOJimecTB.o .nppaoKeH:.
10000-0,7 = 7000 KT; 8700- 0,7 6090 KP .
OnpeAejieHHe njiOTHOCTH npeccoBaHHbix flpo>K3KeK
06'beM, 33HHMaeMblH n peCCO B a H H bl M H APOHOKSMH, 33BHCHT OT

COAepWaHHH B HHX CyXHX BemecTB. np HM e M, MT O Ha o 6 bIHHOH cpeê
noJiyqaioT A P O JK > KH c coAep>KaHHeM BJian -t 74% , CB 26% , Ha KO H UOH T p
Hp OB 3lH'HO H Cpefle ApO>K5K H HMeiOT BJiaJKHOCT b 67% ,
C B 3 3% .
onpeAeJieHHH HJIOTHOCTH npeccoBaHHbix Apo>KeH boc- n o j i ba y e M CH

[47],
( i o pM y j i o H , B b Be A e H O H I I l H i i i au K H M c , c o a B i o p a M H
p = 1113 0,14-5 Wc, (58)
r/ie o njiomocTb npeccoBattHMx jipoxjKeft, Kr/CM 3 ;

W c Bjia>KH0CTb apoxjKeft, OTiieceHnafi k Macce cyxoro BemecTBa n po>K - Keil, % .
3 t o h B Ji a > K i i o c Tb p o y A o f i n e e n 0 . Tb 3 0 B a Tb c n b p a c q e Ta x , Ta K K a K e e o t h o c h t H e k o 6 m ,e f t
M a c ce K O To p a n H B j i H e Tc a n e pe MeHHoft B e J I H H H H O H ( B 3 3 B H CH M O C TH O T
A Po > K > Ke f i ,
BJiaTH), 3 K Macce C B , K O TO p a n H B j i ae TC H n o c TO H H H O H Be j i n q H H O H . 3 x y B J i a * -
C O A e p j K aH H H
Hocxb, no A3'HHbiM Tex *e aBTopoB [4], paccqHTbiBaiOT no ôpMy- ;ie
10 W
c " 1001 F (59)
rj.fi W Bjia>i<H0CTb npeccoBaHHbix apo>K;Keft, % .

Ilo 3thm (JopMyjiaM cocTaBJieHa Ta6ji. 29 coothoiuhhh Me>K4y coAep>Ka.HHeM B jisrH, cyxn x BemecTB
h njioTHocTH npeccoBaHHHx Apo>K>Ke. Hn>Ke npuBeAeH npiiMep pacqeTa aah cocTaBjieHHH raoji. 29.
HanpHMep, A JIH npeccoBaHHbix Apo>K>Ke H
B.naH<HocTbio 74%
W'c H p 6yAVT
74-100
=284,6% ,
100 - 74
p = 1113 -0,145 -284,6 = 1071,7 kt/m^.
Ajih Apo>K*eft BJia>KH0CTbio 67% W'c h p paBHbi:

67.100
Wc = = 203%
100 67
P= 1113 0,145-203 = 1083,6 K I ' / M ^ .
13 ra6n. 29 bhaho, MTO C yMe.Hbme.HHeM Bjra>KMOCTH .apo>K>KeH njiOTHOCTb HX

yBejIH'IHBaeTCH. 3tO oS'bHCHHeTCH TeM, HTO HAOT- HOCTb BOAbI B AP 0 >K>KaX npH
20C MeHbLlie IlJlOTlHOCTH aScOJIMTHO cvxoro BemecTBa ApoJKJKefi. BMecTe c TeM
njiOTHOCT b npeocoBaH- Hbix Apo>K>KeH He AOCTHraeT BejiHqnHbi 1100 Kr/M 3 , KaK
STO npi-i- hhto cqHTaTb b TexHHqecKOH JiMTepaType H npaKTH L ieCKOH pafioTG.
T a -6 ji nu. a 29
CooTHomeHue Me*Ay coAepwaHHeM Bjiara, cyxnx BemecTB ji nJio THOCTbro npeccoBaHHbix Apo**eii
Bjiara Bjiara
B jia r a W , CyxHe WQ Bjiara W, Cyx WQ I IJ IOTH
r iJIOTH
BemecTsa OTHe ceHHa OC Tb p , % He
OT uec eH OC Tb p ,
CB, % a
KT/M3 B em
Hasi K
kt/m3
K e c TB
Macc Ma cc e
a
CB, 70 30 233,3
CB, % 1079,2
CB,
76 24 316.7 1067,1 %
75 25 300.0 1069.5 69 31 225,6 1080,7
74 26 284,6 1071.7 68 32 212,5 1082,2
73 27 270,4 1073.8
67 33 203,0 1083,6
72 24 257.1 1075,
66 34 194,1 1084,9
71 2 244.8 7
9 1077.5
P a c M e T K O J i H M e c TB a y A aj r s e M O H BO A b i n p n c} > n j i b Tp a u H n
P ac qe T o fi ' be M a , s ati H M ae M o ro n pe cco Ba H H bi M H A po >K >K aM H n o c j i e Tpe Tbe i ce n a p - au H H ,
H pH i Be Ae H H H > Ke .
CxeMa c 0TT 0Ka.M CxeMa c KOHueHTpHipoBaHnoft cpeAOH

7000:1,0717 = 6532 JI ; 6090:1,0836 = 5620 JI ,
rAe 1,0717 H 1,0836 njiOTHOCTb npeccoBaHHbix APosoKeii, nojiyqaeMbix na pa3- 6aBJiaHHoft H

KOHuenTpHpoBaHHoA cpejiax, Kr/ji.
Hpa (jDHAbTpauuH 3THX APOJKxen yAajiHioT cAeAyiomee KOJuwecTBo boaw:
14 000 6532 = 7468 JI ; 10 150 5620 = 4630 JI ,
iAe 14 000 10 150 KOjumecTBO (JJHAbTpyeMoro MOJiOKa, A .
, Cn pe cco B aH H bi e apo j km h n o c Ty n ai o T B c ô pM O Bo qH O - y n aKO Bo q - H o e h j i h cy u i H Ji bH o e
o Ttu e j ie H H H . jfjg
PA C H ET B bI PA B OT KM F OT OB O H n PO f ly K UH H
FoTofiaH npoAyKUHa Ha ApoHOKeBOM 3aBoae BbinycKjaeToi b BH/i,e

npeccoBaiHflbix (4>opMOBaHHbix) APO>K>KeH, cymeHbixi Apo>K- >e h
AP' 0>K>KeBoro MOJiOKa, Hcnojib3veMoro xjie6o3aBojnaMH b VKHAKOM BHAe.
BbipagoTKa roTOBOH npoayK UHH onpeAeJiHeTCH cy m m h p cj b a h hcm
accopTHMeHTa b nepecqeTe Ha npeccoBaHHbie apojokh. yqeT Bbipa* Sot kh BeAyT
no CMeaaM h cyTKaM. OaKT HHecKyro Bbipa 6 oTKy (J) 0 pM 0 BaHHbix ApoK^ce
noACTHTbi- BaioT no KO.J!WHecTBy (b Kr) yna.KO:BaHHbix b hiuhkh naqeK Apo*-
>i<eH 33AaHH0H cj)acoBKH (1 Kr, 500 r, 100 r, 50 r) h hx bji3>khocth,
Bbipa 6oTKy cymeHbix Apo>K>KeH onpeAeAHioT no KOJii -meeTBy
npeccoiBaHHbix ApOHOKeii, nocTynarOiUHX Ha cymKy, h nojiyqeHHbix cymeHbix
AP' 0*>Ke&. A stoto nocTynaioiuHe Ha cyniKy npec co- BaniHbie apo>k>kh
B3BeiHHBaioT h oAHOBpeMeHHO OTfiHpaiOT npoSy IVi.9i onpeAeJieHHH b hhx
BjiajKHOCT H.
Bbipa 6oTKy AposoKe b BHAe APO>>KeBoro MOJiOKa HaxoAHT no
coAe,p>KaHio Apo>K>KeH b mojiorc (b t/ji hjih
pacqeTe Ha ApO>K>KH CO
r/Kr) b
C T a H A a p TH O H BJia>KHOCTblO 75%. H oS'beMy HJIH Macce Apo>K>KeBOro
MOJiOKa. Hn>Ke npHBeflen npHMep pacqeT a Bbipa 6oTKK IipOAyKUHH B BHAe
ApOJK>KeBOrO MOJiOKa.
P a c. q e t
'B bl 'P a 6 O TK H A ip o >K K e B O ro M O JI O K a
Ajih pacqeTa coAep>KaHHH ApoxoKeft b o 6"beMe Apo>K}KeBoro MOJiOKa
onpeAeJiHioT Maoco-O' 6'beMHyio KOHueHT paimio j(Maccy ApoxoKeH b rpaMMax b
Jnrp.e MOJiOKa). O a h o b p e m h h o cjnpeAe - JIHIOT BJia>KHOCT b
HOJiyqeHHOH HBeCKH AP 0>K/KH. 3aT eM pe 3y^b- TaT bi nepecqHTbiBaioT a
apojkjkh CTaHAapTHOH BjiaxmocTH 75% . riojiyqeHHyio koih ueHTpaujHio ApoxjKeft
(,b r/ji) yMHO>Ka;iOT na 06'beM Apo>K>KeBoro MOJiOKa. B TexiHh q ec k hx
ycjiobhhx Ha 3tot npoAyKT* HMeeTCH cj)opMyjia AJIH pacqeTa KOHueHTpauHH
|Apo>K- b 1 ji MOJiOKa Ku:
K n = 0 , 2 A (100 E ) , (60)
rae A KojimecTBo flpoxjKeft, 0T(j)H.nbT.p0BaHHbix H3 200 mji apoaoKeBoro mo - JiOKa, r;

E BJia>KHOCTb OT(j)HJIbTpOBaHHbIX flpOJKMveft, % ,
H H W npHBeAeHbi npnMepbi BbiqncjieHHH no S TO H (|)opMyjie.
_1. JXJIH cxeiMbi c pa3'6aBJieHHOH cpeAoft npHMeM A{ = 90 r, B\ = 75,5 %
/C,_! = 0,2.90(100 75,5) = 441 r/ji.
* Mojioko jpo>K>KeBoe. Ty 18 PCOCP 39576
123
2. J^jih cxeMH c KOHueHTpHpoBaHiHoft cpeAOH A2 = S0 r, B2 =
= 70%.
= 0,2-80 (100 - 70) = 480 r/ii.
B pacneTax no oTAeJieHHio (|)HJibTpauHH 6hjio mpH'HHTo, mto ko-

jmqecTBo Henpeccy-eMoro Apo>K>KeBoro MOJiOKa cocTaBjineT 30% ot
o 6 iueft MaccM, hjih 6000 ji (20 000-0,3) ajih cxeMbi c ottok3mh h 4350 ji (14
500-0,3) ajih cxeMbi c koh ueHTpiip ob a hh o h cpea oti, r ne 20 000 h 14
500o6in,ee KOJinqecTBo ApoaoKeBoro MOJiOKa, noJiyqeHHOro 3a uhkji no
sthm cxeMaM c00TBeTCTBeHH0 (b ji).
KoJiHêcTBo Ap 0 JK*eft - B sthx or'beMax coci aiBJiHeT:
4^ = 0,441-6000 = 2646 KP ; = 0,480-4350 = 2088 Kr.
A JIH ycKopeHHoro onpeAeJieHHH KOHueHTpauHH Apo>K>KeH B

A{) 0>K>KeBOM MOJIOKe Kn TeXHHH 6CKHMH y-CJIOBHH MH
peK 0M 6HA 0Ba- ho onpeAeJiHTb coAep>KaHHe cyxnx BemecTB 3 HeM npH
homoiuh caxapoMeTpa, 3aTeM n o Tafiji. 9 npHJio>KeH'HH HHTH
KOHueHTpa- Uhio APOJKJKeft (b t/ji). H3MepRB 06'beM Apo>K>KeBoro
MOJiOKa b C5opHHKe, BbIHHCJIHIOT KOJIHMeCTBO APOKKeft JJ, n ,B HeM.
HanpHMep, ooAep^KaHHe CB B Apo^KJKeBOM MOJIOKe no caxapo-
M e T p y p a - B H o 8% , HTO n o T a 6 j i . 9 npnjio>KeHHH c o o T B e T CT B y e T KOH -
ueHTpauHH Apo*>KeH /C n = 407 r/ji = 0,407 Kr/ji. B o'beMe Apo^' KeBoro
MOJiOKa 6000 JI coAep>KHTCH ApomKen
= K V = 0,407-6000 = 2442 Kr.
npn oraycK Apo>K>KeBoro MOJiOKa no Macce H 6 o 6 xoahmo 3naTb ero Maccy

G , t. e. B 3 BecHTb 0 Tnyci<aeM 0 e kojih46Ctbo mojio- Ka, a Tai<>Ke 3aT b kohue-
HTpauh 10 APO*>KeH s 1 JI Kn h onpeAe- jiHT b ero njiOTHOCT b d nyTeM
B3BeuiHBaHHH 1 JI MOJiOKa, HanpnMep, G=6132 Kr, d- 1,022 kWji, rio n-
p e m b r fl , y m e M y np H - Mepy ^ = 407 t/ji, HafiTH KOJiHqecTBo omycKaeMbix apohorch
Hm-
CnaMajia onpeAejinioT KOHueHTpauHio APo>K>KeH B 1 KT MOJIO- Ka Kkt no
4)opMyjie, npnBeAeHHOH B TeXHHMecKHX VCJIOBHHX,
kr - K*
A KT ,
a
KKT = = 398,2r/icr = 0,3982 icr/icr.
3aTeM HaxoAHT KOJiHnecTBo OTnyoKaeMbix A PO JK - S CCH :
A*r - G = O-, 3932. 6 132 = 2442. ier.

C O C TA B J I EH H H FP A O H K A P A EO Tb l ,H P O> K } K EP A C TH J I b Hb I X
AriHAPATOB
, U , p o > K > Ke p a c TH j i b :H o e oSopyAOBaHHe HBJineTCH BeAyiUHM Ha aa- Bojie, nosTOMy
patOTy 3a.BOA3 CJieAyeT Becrn no qeTKo cocrraBJieH- HOMy H HeyK0CHHT eJibH0

BbinojiHHeMOMV rpac)HKy ApoxoKepa - C TH J I b H O TO O TA e Ji e H H H .
C rpa(j)-HKOM H'Cnojib 3 QB 3 hhh apoHcscepacTHjibHMX annapaT OB

corjiacyeTCH rpscjHK paoTbi Bcex ApyrHx OTêjiennH 3 a boa a n pH r 0 T0 B J i H H 3
r i H Ta Te j i b .H b i x p a c TB o po B , ce n a p H po Ba H H H H ( J w j i b T - p a u , H H f l i po > K > Ke H , ( j o pM O BO H H O -
y n a K O B O M H o ro H c y u i H J i b H o r o o TO e -
JI6HKH.
CocTaBjieHHe rpaciHKa A p o > K > K e p ac TH J i bH b i x annapaTOB BeAy T He no xoAy
TexHOJiorHHecKoro npouecca, a B ooparaoM HanpaBJie- hhh, HaqHHan c KOHua
npouecca B bi p a m H B aH H H APoxoKeft (co cto- ahh B). Ajih 9T0P0 cHaqajia

ycTaHaBJiHBaiOT nepHOAHMHOCTb n'yc - K a H a c e n a p a To i p b i K y j i b Ty p a j i bH O H jkhakocth
H3 AposoKepacTHJib- Hbrx annapaTOB. HanpHMep, ecjiH Ha 3aB0Ae npoBOAHT B cyTKH
ABa T OBapHbix UHKjia, to HAKOcTb Ha c e n a p a To p b i H3 rojioBHoro annapaTa cnycKaioT
q e pe 3 K a j KA b i e 1 2 q , Tp n H H K J i a qe pe 3 8 q , 4 U H K j i a n e pe 3 6 q . F I pn Ta K O H nepHOAHH-
HOCTH mo>kho HMeT bno- CTOHHHbift p H TM H M H b i f t rpa^HK p a o Tb i
Apo>KH<ep a c TH J i b H bi x an n a paTOB, KOT OpbiH oSecneqHT paBHOMepHyio 3arpy3Ky
o o py A O B a - hhh h 33HHTocT b pa6oqx, coKpsiuaeT rpyAOBbie Harpy3WH, pacxoa

aJieKT posHeprHH h boam [42], TaKoft rpacjDHK AaeT TaKê Boa- MOyKHOCTb
aBTOM3TH3HpOBaT b npOUCCC B b l p a i U H B a H H H A pO > K > Ke H .
OAHaKo b OTAeJibHbix cjiyqanx rpa<)HK MOJKeT 6 biTb He nocTO- HHHblM, a

CKOJI b3HIUHM, T. e. eJKecyTOMHO MeHHIOIUHMCH. TaKOH rpa(j3HK
nojiyqaeTCH b tom cjiyqae, ec.JiH b cyTKH BeAyT ne ueJioe, a Apo'Hoe mhcjio
uhkjiob, nanpnMep 3 ; 3 hjih 4,5. Ajih 3tx Ba- pnaHTOB JKHAKOCTb cnycKaiOT Ha
cenapaTopbi H3 rojioBHoro anua- paia qepe3 7 q (24:3,3) h 5 q (24:4,5) C 00 TBeTCTBeHH 0 .
A j i h B a pn a H Ta , K o r A a B c y TK H n po x o A H T 3 , 3 U H K J i a , n o B To pe H H e r p a t f i H K a H a M H H ae TC H
q e pe 3 7 CVT , n p n S TO M n o n e pe M e H H o B Te - qe i - me 7 c y T Ha ce n a p a r o pu n o c ry n ae T j KH A Ko e Tb 4 hjih
3 anna-
pTOB.
npn 4 , 5 UHKjia B cyTKH noBTOpneMOCTb rpa-(J)HKa 6yAeT qepea Ka>KAbie 5 cyT, npn
3Tom B Teqenue 4 cyT Ha cenapsT opu nocTy- naer coAep>KHMoe 5 annapaTOB h b oahh
cvtkh H3 4 annapaTOB. Taita pa&OTa, heooM'Hhho, conpnjK -eHa c
TpyAHocT HMH, no- 3T0My Ha 33BOAaX H e 06 X 0 A H M 0 CTpeMHTbCH K nOCTOHHHOMy
H O H T- MHMMO'M-y rpa't})HKy pa6oT bi annapaTOB.
A JI H cocTaBjieHHH rpatjpHKa aaAaioTCH BpeMeHeM KOi-iua npouecca,
H JI H , M TO TO xce
caMoe, BpeMeHeM nycKa jkhakocth Ha cenapa-' Topbi, H CXO A H H3 nepiiOAHHHOCTH pafioTbi

Apo>K>KepacTHJibHtjix annapaTOB, o qeM roBopnjiocb Bbime. 3Han npoAOJmuTejibHocvb
npouecca, Haxoaht BpeMH i-iaqajia pa6ora annapaTa.
z, = = 3; z, = rr = 3,7.
Ecjih TOBa,p.HbiH annapaT 3aeeBaioT aposcscaMH b HecenapHpo- BaHHOM

BHfle, to KOeu npouecca na 3aceBHOfi CTaAHH onpefleJiHroi 3a BmeTOM
BpeMeHH, Heo 6 xoAHMoro na nepeaany sthx Apo>K}Keii b annapaT CTajinn B.
3naa npOAOJUKHTejibHOCTb npouecca, Haxo - Aht BpeMa Hanajia 3aceBH 0H
CTaAHH. IIo TaKOH *e MeTOAHKe pac - cHHTbiBaroT BpeMH KOHua h Hanajia
npouecca na Bcex npep,HAy-
lUH'X CTaHHHX, HanpHMep npH BHBA6 HHH HHCTOH HJIH eCTeCTBSHHO- MHCTOH
KyjI bTypbl . Oo cTaBH B rpac{) HK j 3,p>K>Kei pacTH Ji t>H o ro npouecca b annapaTax, CTporo cjicaht
3a e ro BbinojineHHeM.
Hnxce npHiBefteiHbi npn.Mepbi cocT aBjieHHH nocT OHHHoro n cK0Jib3Hiuer0

rpa(J)HKOB jyia AByx CTSAHH nojiyqeHHH TOBapiibix APOJKJKCH (CTaAHH B H
B).
PacqeT
1. no cj)opMyjie (42) nposepuM, KaKoe tocjio uhkjiob Z mojkho npoBecTH npn

33AaHHbix y-cjiobhhx (T a 6 ji. 30) ajih Asyx Bapnan - t ob rpacJ)BKa nocT OHHHoro h
cK0jib3Hiuer0
24-3 24-4
T a 6 ji h u a 30
HcxoAHbie ji amibie J I H cocTaBJieHHsi rpaijM KO B

r paijJHK
n OC TOSI HHb lH C KOJ Ib3Sm HH
CTajHSI
B B E B
MHCJIO annapaTOB i 2 3 2 4
BpaMH 3anHTOCTH annapaTa T, q 16 24 16 26

npoaoJiscHTeJibHOCTb npouecca t, q 10 18 10 20
MescuBKJiOBoe BpeMH annapaTa th q B tom qHcjie: 6 6 5 6
nepnofl CKJiaAKH 1 1 1 1
ocBooKfleHHe 1 1,5 1 1 .5
MoftKa, iflesiHHilieKUHji H nponapKa 2 2,5 2 2.5
n o/ tr oTOB Ka K C KJ ia AKe 1 1 1 1
MfCJIO UHKJIOB 3 CyTKH Z 3 3 3,3 3,3
Hs p e 3 y j i b T a T0 B < b h a b o , m t o zu pas'Hoe 3, c o o TB e c TB y e T h c - x o a h r m y c J i i O B H H i M , b t o
Bpe MH Kax z2, paBHoe 3,7 6ojibiue , ne M aan aHo b ycJioiBHHX. TaK KaK n e o i x o A H M O n p o B e c TH
3,3 uhi<- Jia b cyTKH npn npoAOJixnreJibHocTH npouecca t = 20 h, paccMHra- cm
Me KUHKJioBoe BpeMH ti no (})opMyjie (44) RJIH C KOJib3Hui,e rQ rpaic >H Ka:
24 / 24-4
i 1 ! = ---------- t = 20 = 29 - 20 = 9 h .
2 3,3
126
9tq BpeMH Sojibuie, qeM aaâno B H CXO A HH X ycjioBHHX (6 q).
2. npoBepmi, oSecneâx m ycxaOBJieHHbie aranapaxbi; cTaiifH B
nposefleHHe qHCJia uhkjiob, 'npHHHXbix b hcxoahhx ^cjiobhhx (cm. Tafiji. 30).
A^h 3roro onpeflejiHM BpeMH 33hhxocxh T anna- paToiB B no ciopMyjie (44)
ajih nocxoHHoro T\ h cKOjr : b3HiueH 7 rp-a(})HKOB:
24 i 24.2 24-2
T=
= L,;
3
Tl 3,3
H 3 noJiyqeHHtix pe3yjibxax b h a ho, qxo ajih nepBoro Bapnai-i- xa BpeMeHH

Aocxaxoqno 7", = 1 1| t x 10 6 = 16 m.
/I j i h B To po ro B apH a .H Ta H M ee M 6o j i ee K o po x Ko e M e M U H KJi o o e B pe MH ti T = 14,5 10
= 4,5 q, qe M B h cx o ah h x y cj i o BH H x , r;xe n pH H H To i = 5 q . H 3 c Ka 3 aH o ro B bi x e Kae x , qx o e cj i H H a
a & h h o m s aBcwe H e o 6x o A H M O n po A Ji 'H X b n po u e cc b cx aA H H B h j i h M e j KU H K - j i O BO H n e pH O A , xo
cj i e A y e x y Be Ji n qH Tb q r acj i o an n ap ax o i B B.
3. npHMep rpatHKa ajih nepBoro BapnaHxa npeAcxaBjien B xa6ji. 31, 113
Koxopofi cjieAyex, qxo pa3pbiB bo BpeMeHH] Me>KAy kohuom npeAbiAymero h
HaqajiOM noBoro npouecca b ojn,HOM h t om *e annapaxe na cxaAHH x B hjih B
paBen 6 q. HanpHMep, s annapaxe B 1 npouecc 3aKanqHBaexcH b 5 q, a
naqHHaercH c.jie- AyiOiiUHH b 11 q, b annapaxe B 1 npouecc 3aKaiHqHBaexcH b
24 q, a HaqHaexcH b 6 q Ha cjieAyromne cyxKH. npaAOjitHxejib- HocTb nay3bi na
sxhx cxaAHHx 0Ka3ajiacb oahh3koboh (6 q), on- Haico oua MOHcex 6bixb h pasHOH.
TaK, ecjiH b cxaAHH B Bbipamii- Baiox AipojKHCH He 10, a 11 q, xo paspbiB
cocxaBHX ee 6 , a 5 q.
Ta 6 nana 31
lpHMep nocToaHHoro rpatfitiKa paoTbi

RpoxwepacTHJibHbix annapaTOB B n B np.H HHCJie
N s n ap THH C Ta A HH E (t =
uhkjiob
10 M ) 2 = 3 C Ta A HK B (/ 18 B
jU Ta Na Bp ey. n n aM a jib - A a Ta . J * Bp eMs ! n an aAb -

a n na HOe H KOHe MHOe , a n nap a Ta Hoe H KOi- ieq Hoe ,
p a Ta M q
31 11.05 1 19 5 12.05 1 324
32 12.05 2 3-13 12.05 2 14 8

33 12.05 1 11-21 12.05 3 22-16
34 12.05 2 19- 5 13.05 1 6-24
35 13.05 1 3-13 13.05 2 1 4 8
36 13.05 2 1121 13.05 0
0 2 216
PaapMB BO Bpe Me HH uexAy c KJiaA KaMH, hjih, qxo xo xce ca- Moe, pa3pbiB Me >KAy
n a p TH H i M H , p a i B e n 8 q H e 3 a B H C H M o o i r Toro, Ha K3K0H cxaAHH BeAyx CKJiaAKy.

FIpHMep cK0Jib3Hiuer0 npa^JHKa pa6oxbi apo>K>Kepacx4'jibHbix
a n n a p a TO B B h B npn qncjie u h k j i o b 2 = 3,3 n p e A J i a r a e x i C H xexHO- SioraM c o c x a B H X b
c a M O c x o a x e J i b H o na 7 cyx c x e M , q x o 6 b i n o x a 3 a x b naqajio n o B x o p e H H H ero Ha 8-e cyx. H3
npa(J)HKa 6yAex bhaho, qxo
127
C K 0 J i b 3H m , H M H Bj i H e TC H r p a ^ H K H e TO J i b K O C Ta f l H H B , h o h n pe A H - f l y me fi C T. a ' A ' H H B. nayaa
M e o K wy k o h u o m i r pe A H Wi y me ro h a q a j i o M H O Bo r o n p o u e c c a a j i h C Ta A H H B o o . C Ta ' B H T 4 q , a j i h
c Ta w u H B 8 q . P a 3 p b i B b o B pe M e H H M e J KA y ck j i 3 a k 3 m h ( n a p TH H M H ) p a Be H 7 q .
Ec j i h b bi p a i u n B a * H h e A po H c a ce f i - Be A y T n o cx e M e c O TTO K a M i i , t o aj i h n pn e M a o r re K a i o i u e H
j k h a ko c th c j i y x a T O T. 6 o p o q b i e a n n a pa Tb i . r p a 4 ) H K HX p a d O Tb i c B H 3 a H c rp a i ( J ) H KO M TO B a pH bi x
a n n a p a TO B . n p n HajinqHH Ha 3 a B O A e 3 H f i o j i e e a n n a p a TO B C Ta A H H B H eo S x o - A h m o H M e Tb H e
MeHee 2 o T 6 o p o q . H bi x a n n a p a TO B , K O To p b i e p a 6 o - Ta i o T n o n e pe M e H i H O o a h h 3 a n o j i n e TCH ,
A p y ro i i b s t o B p e M H o c - B o 6 o > KA ae TC H . O c o c Ta B j i e H H H r p a t j ) H K 3 p a 6 o r a o T 6 o p o qH bi x a n - n a p a TQ B ,
a Ta K H c e an n a p a TO B AJIH nojiyqeHHH EMK c i < a 3 a -H O b cj i e - A Vi o i u e M pa3AeJie n pn
c o c Ta B j i e H H H r p a ^ H K a p s cx o A S B o sA y x a .
COCTABJIEHHE T PA^HKA PACXOflA B03flyXA
Ha OCHOBe rpa<|)HKa pafioTbi Apo>K}KepacTHJibHbix annapaTOB COCT.BJIHIOT

Hp3lt|)'HK paCXOAa B03AyX3. nOCJieAHHH HVJK6H AJIH TO - io, qToSbi ofiecneqHTb
pafioTaioiune ApoaoKepacTHJibHbie annapa Tbi HeoSxoAHMbiM KOJiHqecTBOM B03Ayxa h
paunonajibHo, c nojiHofi Iiarpy3K0H, HCn0JIb30BaTb BO3AyXOAy B Hble MaiUHHbl.
Ajih cocTaBjieHHH rpai(|)HKa pacxoaa B03Ayxa HeoxoAHMo ne - peHecTH Ha
MHJiJiHMeTpoByio SyMary rpat})HK AponoKepacTHJibHbix a n n a p a TO B . 3aTeM Ha
stom npacJHKe VKasaTb 06 'beM jkhakocth B annapaTe 3a Ka*Abift qac.
Ha pHC. 3 n p e A C Ta B j i e H n o c TO H W H H H rpa(J)HK A po > K *e p a c TH J i b - Hbix a n n a p a TO B ,
n o c Tp o e H H bi f t n o A aH H b i M Ta o j i . 3 1 . A j i h H a n e ce - h h h H a 3 t o t p n c y H O K r p a i ( j >H K a O TS o po q H bi x
a n n a p 3 T0 B n p H M e M , q To J K H A K O C Tb b h h x H 3 6H p ae Tc n n o n e pe M e n H o b Te q e H i i e 3 4 q. Ha
A o a pe B a H H e h H a ce n a p an n i o o tb o ah t ch n o 0 , 5 q . B o B p e M H ce n a i p a 'U H H o n 6 o p j k h a ko c th Be A y T b o
B TO p o f t O T 6 o p o qH H H a n n a p a T .
n p n co c Ta B j i e H H H r p a c i H K a n cn 0 J i b 30 B a H H H a n n a p a TO B EM K C J i e A y e T y qe c Tb , q To n i p o u e c c
b EM K - I I j i y q r n e b s ct h b Te q a c w , KOi\na p a c x o A B 03 A y x s Ha n o j i y qe H H e TO B a p u b i x A P o > K > KeH
naH- M e H bn i H H . 3 t o B pe M H H a x o A H T H a p c . 3 . B i i a m e M c j i y q ae st o q a c b i o t 0 a o 5 q , o t 8 a 1 3 q h
o t 1 6 a o 2 1 q . B o a h a H 3 s t h x H H Te p B aj i o i B , H a n pn M e p o t 1 6 a o 2 1 q , p a c n o J i a r a i O T B To p y r o n o . n o -
B H n y n po u e cc a n o j i y qe H H H EM K - I I , K o r A a p a c x o A B 0 3A y x a b s to h CTaAHH H 3H 6 o JI bU I H H . 3 3 Te M
C Tp O H T O K O H H n Te JI bH bl H ipad)HK
EMK-II H EMK-I.
npH nojiyqeHHH Ha 3aBOAe qncTOH KyjibTypbi rpat j)HK annapa - iob MK
c o Bn a A ae T c r p a ^ H K O M a n n a p 3 T 0 B EMK.
06'beM hchakocth no qacaM, npHBeAeHHbifi Ha puc. 3, B3ht H3 pacqeT Hbix
AaHHbix ajih EMK, H3 Ta6ji. 10 ajih CT aAHH B h H3 Ta 6 ji. 8 ajih CTaAHH B .
06iuhh 06 'beM jkhakocth cocT aBJineT 5732,8 M3, B c p e A H e M 240 M3/q.
Ajih pacqeTa noTpe6ocTH B03Ayxa Heo6xoAHMo 3Harb HopMbi ero pacxoAa. B
HarneM npHMepe sth HopMbi ajih annapaTOB. 128
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EMK-I, EMK-II, B, B h oT 6opoHHoro npHHHra [33] cooTBeTCTBen- ho 30, 60, 80,
100, 40 hm 3 b Mac Ha 1 m 3 xhakocth. Bo BpeMH 'CKJiaiUKH H A03p6Ba'HHH
paCXOA B03AyXa VMeHbmaiOT HanOJIOBHHy.
3 na a qa c o Bo f t 06'beM jkh&kocth b a n n a p a Ta x h HopMy pacxoaa B03Ayxa,
paocHHTHBaioT qacoBoft p a cxo A B03Ayxa. 3tot pacqeT n pH Be A e n n o A r p a tj M K O M
p a o r a A po x s K ep a c TH J ib H H X a nn ap a TO B . H 3 pe3yjibTaTOB p a cq -e Ta CJieAyeT, qTo
o6iuhh pacxoA BosAyxa no 3a B O Ay b cyTKH coeraBjiHeT 466 637 m 3 hjih b cp e H e M
19443 m- 3 /h. Oq e B H A no , qTo Ha 3aBOAe aojijkhh paoTaTb bo3avxo- AyBKH
O&mefl npOH3BOAHTeJlbHOCTbIO 20 000 M 3 B03AyXa b qa c . Tor/a
c p e A H eq a co B o n pacxoA Boawyxa cocTaBHT 20000:240= -- =--83,3 M 3 /q Ha 1 m- 3
KyjibTypajibHOH jkhakocth, tac 240 m 3 -- -cpeA- JieqaCOBOH 06'beM
JKHA'KOCTH (ib M 3 ), B3HTbIH H3 pH'C. 3.
B'qacbi nHK, Koorwa pacxoA B03AVxa npeBbtmaeT 20 rac. m 3Ai (no pnc. 3
qacbi: ot 6 ao 8, ot 14 ao 16 h ot 23 ao 24), hbo 6xo-
JIHMO HCnOJIb30BaTb AOnOJ IHHTejIbiHyiO BO3AVX0AyBKy.
A H A J 1 H3 9 <! >< tEK TH B H O C TH H C r i 0 J l b3 0B A H H fl A PO > K> K EP A C TH J I b H bI X A n f l A P A TO B

B b i n y C K A fl PO a O K EH
Ha Apo>K>KeBbix 3aBomax BeAyT KOHTpojib 3a b bi n o ji h en h e m

m/iana nyTeM eKecMSHiHoro h cyTOHHoro yqeTa BbinycKaeMOH npo- AYkuhh h
BMecTe c TeM He Be3Ae npoBepnioT co6jnoAeHHe TexHOJio - rnqecKoro
rpa(J)HKa pa6ora Apo>K>KepacTHjibHbix annapaTOB, ne &H 3JIH3Hp ! yIOT npHHHHbl
OTKJIOHeHHH OT rpai^H'Ka. MeJKAy TeM oahoh 113 npnqnH HeBbinojiiHeHHH
njiana 33boaom MoryT 6biTb CKpbiTbie npocTOH o6opyAOBaHH, Bbipa>KaioiUHecH b
cpbiBe TexHOJiornqecKO- xo ppa4>HRa.
HH*e noKa3aiHo, KaK cJie&yeT anaJiH3HpoBaTb 9<Jx >eKTHBHOCTb
Hcn0jib30BaHHH Ap>K>KepacTHJibHoro o6opyAOBaHHH AJIH BbinycKa
Apo>K>Ke. AHaJiH3 npoBOAHT nyTeM cpaBHeHHH qi -icJia (JiaKTHqecKH
npOBeABHHblX UHKJIOB B CyTKH H CpeAHeCyTOqHOH BblpaÔTKH Aponorceft
npH 6ecnepe- 60HiH 0H pa6oTe. AHajins BeAVT, HanpHMep, 3a KBapTaji (Tafiji. 32)
hjih jiio6oh Kajie-HAapHbift cpoK (MecHii,, KBapTaJi, rofl).
YctaHOiBjieho: TOBapHtix annapaTOB i = 3; npoAOJDKHTejiwiocTb
npouecca t = 20 q; MeJKUHKJioBoe BpeMH t = 4 q.
T a 6 ii h u a 32
HcxoAHbie A aHH bie AJIH an aJiH3a Bbiny cKa ApoHOKeii
rioK as aTeji H 3a I K BapTaji 1S77 r. no nJi a Hy OaKT HiecKHfi
^ H - CJI O pa&OHHX AHeft BbipaOTKa 81 88

Apo>K>KeH, T
.Bcero 2511 2450

iB CyTKH 31 27,85
M 'H CJTO TOBapH bl X UH KJIOB 243 251
130
no npHHHT OMy na saBoae pe*HMy B TOBapHOM annapaTe B C.yTKH MO>KHO
npOBOCTH TpH UHKJia
24 i 24-3 _ z ~t+
tl ~ 2 0 +4 ~
B TeqeHHe 2,85 UHK- Jia (251 : 88) , hto

KBapTajia e>KecyT 0 MH 0 npoBaAHJiii ne 3. a
co oterctbyeT cpenueft BbipaSoTKe Apoaokeft 9,77 T (27,85 : 2,85). 3a UHKJI
npn 6ecnepe 60HH 0H pafioTe 3a c|)aKTH i iecKH npopaoT aHHoe BpeMH (88 cyT)
ôji>kho 6biT b npoBejeHO 264 miKJia (88-3). 3a 3TO KOJIHMeCTBO UHKJIOiB
npH TOH JKe BbipaSOTKe (9,77 t b uhkji) AOJI JKHO 6biT b BbinymeHo 2579 t
ApoHOKe (9,77-264), t. e. njian. (2511 T) fl0Ji)KeH 6biT b He TOJibKO
BbinojiHeH, ko h nepeBbinojiHeH.
TaKHM 06pa30M,'na uannoM 3aB0jje 6 b!JiH npocT on Apo>K}Ke pa- CT HJibHoro
o 6 o:pyaoBaHHH, oqeBHjiHO, BCJieacTBHe cpwBa rpa^HKa, KOT O'pbie H HBHJI HCb
Ofl'HOft H3 npHHHH H 6 BblHOJI'He.HHH njia-Ha. H3 3T0r0 npHMepa BHAHO, MT O
ilJI H 3()(j)eKTHBH0r0 HCnOJlb3CjBaHHH annapaTOB Heo 6 xo,o.HMbi
nocTOHHHmh KOHT pojib w CT poroe co 6 jiio- fleHHe TexHOJiorHêcKoro rpacJJMKa
pafoTw o 6 opynoBaHHH. miecie c TeM yBejiHHeHHe MHCJia pafioMHX AHefi no
cpaBHewHio c rjjiano- ehm yK33biBaeT h Ha apvrHe OTKJioneHHH b pa 6 oTe
npoH3BopcTBa: c,HH>KeHHe KanecTBa cbipbH, HecoB - epmeHCTBo TexirfojiorH H,
HaJiHqne hh(J) 6 kuhh hjih HencnpaBHOCT b ooopyAOBaHHH. noaTOMy cjieayeT
npHHHMaxb Mep-bi flJifi ycT paneHHH yKa3aHHbix oTKJioHeHHH.
P A C H E T M EC 5 1 4 H O FO TP A 4 > H K A PA B O Tb S A B O f l A
Ajih TOTO mto 6 h oecneHHT b BbinojiHeHHe njiana no BbinycKy jipo)K5K -eH Ha

3aBOfle, Hapn^y c njiaHOM -rpa^HKOM no accopTHMen -
T a 6 ii ma 33
HcxoflHbie fflaHHbie fljin ,pacMeTa Mecflinoro TpatjjHKa paS o Tbi .saao fl a
n 0 Ka 3 aTe.au JlpO>K>K EMK HK

H
TOBapHbi
e
FIpOH3'B OA'HT'6JbH0CTb 3ai30ma, T B r0,4 9000
4 H C J I O ;pa6O Tnx /ine ft B ro,ay 300

Pacxoa Mejiaccbl 3a UHKJI 12834 1953 2100
To *e, c yqe TOiM aojih Meji accu H a 3 a- 13334 2100 2100
C 6 B'Hble ApOWWH, Kr EMK B 4K iB
3aceBHbie apoj Ki K'H h HX Ha3HaflewHe CTOiAHIO
Ko JiuwecTBO 3aceeHbix A poso Keii , Kr CTaflHIO B EM K -I
57
260
PacxoA Mejiaccbl H a 3 aceaHbie Jtpow - 500 147 --
}KH , Kr 10000 1092 800
Bbiipa6oa flpo Kwe fl 3 a UHKJI o6iuaa, Kr

FlepHOA'HHHOCTb nojiyqeHHH apoHOKeft 3 U H Kji a 20 U H KJIOB 2 U H KJij a
B cy TKH B MeCSU b Mec51 11

-ly HeoSxOA'HMO COCT3BHTb MeCHqHblH rpa()HK paOTbl npOH3BOaCT - na,
KOTOpbift BKJimaeT njiaH BbinycKa He TOJibKO TOBapHbix Apo>K- ^xeft, HO H
nojiyqeHHe ecTecTBeHHO-HHCTOH H HHCTOH KyjibTvpbi.
Hcxwgbie AaHHbie (Ta<6ji. 33) AJIH cocTaBjieHHH TaKoro rpatJ iH- Ka aa
3a.B0Ae, pa-SoTaiomeM no cxeMe c orroKaMH, - B 3 HTH H3 Ta6ji. 11 AJIH
TOBapHOH CTaAHH H Tafiji. 14 AJIH EMK H MK.
P a c i e T
1. KOJIHMeCTBOnapTHH AP*>KeH B MeCHU paCCMHTbIBaK)T no

iKCjiy paSoHHX AHeft (B 3aiBHCHMOCTH OT HHCJia KajieHflapubix AHe &
M BpeMeHH, oTBOAHMoro Ha reHepajibHyio Ae3HH.4>eKU,Hio). FIphmcm MH.CJIO
paSOHHX A'Hefi B M6CHU 28.
KoJIHHeCTBO na.pTHH ( UHKJIOB ) TOBapHblX ApO>K>KeH B MeCHU syAeT 3-
28 = 84.
2. Bbipa6oTKa TOBapHbix Apo>K>Ken (b Kr) cocTaBHT:
H3 OfllHOii latpTiHH 10000

B cyTKH 100003 = 30000
B Meican 10000 84 = 840000
B rom 30000 300 = 9000000
3. Ha nojiyqeHHe 84 napTHH TOBapHbix Apo>K}Keft b Mecau hc -

6xoahmo EMK (Ha 3ac-e CTaAHH B) 260-84=21840 Kr, ^to co- < 0tbetctoyet
21840:1092 = 20 napTHHM EMK, t. e. EMK nojiyqarox nepe3 1,4 cyT (28 : 20).
4. Ha nojiyqeHHe 20 na-pTHH EMK b MecHu noTpeyercH MK (na 3aceB
CT 3 AHH EMK-I) 57-20=1140 Kr, HTO cooToeTicTByeT 1140:800 = 1,425 napTHH
HHCTOH KyjIbTypbl*.
5. MecflHHbi pacxoA Mejiaccbl (b Kr) 6 VA 6 T :
'.Ha nojiyqeHHe MK 2100-1,425 = 2993

EMK 1953-20=39060
>> TOBapHbix ApojKSte: 12834 - 84 = 1078056
Htoto o 6 m,HH pacxoA Mejiaccbl 1120109
HpoBepKa: 13334 -84 = 1120056 Kr-= 1120,1 T .

6. MecsmiaH qHCxaH BM.pa6oTKa APOHOKeft ( B Kr) cocTasur:
M H CTOK KVJlbTypW 1140
F.MK ' (109257)-20 = 20700
TosapHbiK ApojiOKeH (10000260) - 84 = 818160
Hroro o&iuan BbipafioTKa ApoxoKeft 840000
ilpoBepKa: 10000-84 = 840 000 Kr = 840 t.
* Taii KaK B Mecau, nojiyiaiOT -flBe napTHH I HC TOH KyjIbTypbl, H 36 WTOK l IK MojKer Obi.Tfa
HcnojibSOBan ajih 3aMeHbi >jacTH E L IK.
132
7. CpeA'HHH T OCTbiH bhxoa APO>K>Ket i 6 yAex;
=38,1% ;
EM K 5 3% ;
818,16- 100 7,no /
TOBapHHX ApOJKHteH --------- --------- =7o,y% .
- - 840- 100
UOIUHH BHXOA APo>K>KeH no 3aBOAy: 112o i= '^% -
Heo6xOAHMO O TM e TH Tb , 4X0 B O TJI H H H e O l B eJl HHHH q H cx o r o B bi x o A a n o C Ta A H H M ,
r a p H Be A e H H H X b xaSji. 11 h 14, b m c c h u h o m r p a 4 > H Ke p ac c 4 n x bi B a : o x : a b h H K o 6i u h h bh x o a , a ^h
EM K h T OBapHHX A P 0 J K > K e H Cp e A H H H HHCXHH BHXOA, 3 BHUejrOM 3a ce - c a e M b ix
A p o * > Ke H M K b Haqajibyio cxaAHio n o j i y qe H H H j EM K , a 3a Te M EM K b H a q a j i bH y i o c x aA H i o
nojiyqeHHH x o B a pH i x Apo<- j K e f i . I I o Ji y qe H H b i e b p a c qe x ax A aH H bi e C Be A e H bi 3 x a 6j i . 3 4 ,!
K0T 0p a>i iH'peAcxaB/iex co 6 oft MecHMHHH rpa(j)HK pa> 6 oTbi ea-Bowa.
T a <5 ;i H u , a 34
M e cs mHb m rpa(J )HK pa Soi -bi 3aB OAa

H pO M OK H B bi pa - C pe AH Hii 4H C -
MH CJIO napTHH B Pa c xon Meji ac c bl n a 0 6L UHH pa cxo/t MHCTaa
Tblrt BblX Ofl
Me CIU, Ofl uy ria pTHK), T M 3Ji ac cbi B Me - 6otk3 apoj ioic eft co
CHU., T Bc e x n a p THH B
ApOJK Mc eK, %
Me cs iu, T
HK 1, 425 2,1 2, 99 1,14 38,1
EMK 20 1,953 39,06 20,70 53,0
TOB a pH bie 84 12,834 1078,06 818,10 7-5,9
Mt oro 13,334* 1120,1 840 75
* B mare yqH TbiBaiOT ne acio \iejtaccy Ha MK h EMK, a JOJIIO, n pn xo a- jitywca a 3ace Hyio EMK
(0,5 t) .
nPHJIO>KEHHfl
Ta '6 JI M u a I.
CooTHomeHHe Mexfty yflejibtiOH cKopocTbio pocTa |x H
K03(|)t)MUHeHTaMH HaCOBOfO npHpoCTa flpO>K>KeH a
p- a |J- a a
0 000 1,0000 0 184 1,2020 0 288 1,3337
0 010 1,0105 0 186 1,2044 0 290 1,3364

0 020 1,0210 0 188 1,2068 0 292 1,3391
0 030 1,0315 0 190 1,2092 0 294 1,3418
0 040 1,0420 0 192 1,2116 0 296 1,3445
0 050 1,0525 0 194 1,2141 0 298 1,3472
0 060 1,0630 0 196 1,2165 0 300 1,3499
0 070 1,0735 0 198 1,2190 0 302 1,3526
0 080 1,0840 0 200 1,2214 0 304 1,3553
0 090 1,0945 0 202 1,2239 0 306 1,3580
0 100 1,1052 0 204 1,2263 0 308 1,3607
0 102 1,1074 0 206 1,2288 0 310 1,3634
0 104 1,1096 0 208 1,2312 0 312 1,3661
0 106 1,1118 0 210 1,2337 0 314 1,3689
0 108 1,1140 0 212 1,2362 0 316 1,3716
0 110 1,1163 0 214 1,2387 0 318 1,3744
0 112 1,1185 0 216 1,2411 0 320 1,3771
0 114 1,1207 0 218 1,2436 0 322 1,3799
0 116 1,1229 0 220 1,2461 0 324 1,3827
0 118 1,1251 0 222 1 ,2486 0 326 1,3854
0 120 1,1275 0 224 1,2511 0 328 1,3882.
0 122 1,1297 0 226 1,2536 0 330 1,3910
0 124 1,1319 0 228 1,2561 0 332 1,3938
0 126 1,1343 0 230 1,2586 0 334 1,3966
0 128 1,1365 0 232 1,2611 0 336 1,3993
0 130 1,1388 0 234 1,2636 0 338 1,4021
0 132 1,1411 0 236 1,2662 0 340 1,4049
0 134 1,1434 0 238 1,2687 0 342 1,4077
0 136 1,1457 0 240 1,2712 0 344 1,4106
0 138 1,1480 0 242 1,2737 0 346 1,4134
0 140 1,1503 0 244 1,2763 0 348 1,4163
0 142 1,1526 0 246 1,2788 0 350 1,4191
0 144 1,1549 0 248 1,28! 4 0 352 1,4219
0 146 1,1572 0 250 1,2840 0 354 1,4248
0 148 1,1595 0 252 1 2866 0 356 1,4276
0 150 1,1618 0 254 1,2892 0 358 1,4305
0 152 1,1641 0 256 1,2917 0 360 1,4333
0 154 1,1665 0 258 1,2943 0 362 1,4362
0 156 1,1688 0 260 1,2969 0 364 1,4391
0 158 1,1712 0 262 1,2995 0 366 1,4419
0 160 1,1735 0 264 1,3021 0 368 1,4448
0 162 1,1759 0 266 1,3048 0 370 1,4477
0 164 1,1782 0 268 1,3074 0 372 1,4506
0 166 1,1806 0 270 1,3100 0 374 1,4535
0 168 1,1829 0 272 1,3.126 0 376 1,4565
0 170 1,1853 0 274 1,3152 0 378 1,4594
0 172 1.1877 0 276 1,3179 0 380 1,4623
0 174 1,1900 0 278 1,3205 0 382 1,4652
0 176 1,1924 0 280 1,3231 0 384 1 ,4682
0 178 1,1948 0 282 1,3258 0 386 1,4711
0 180 1,1972 0 284 1,3284 0 388 1,4741
0 182 1,1996 0 286 1,3311 ' 0 390 ).4770
134
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<L
vo > CO C' t- t*-. GO O-^COO^ 05 Kt O CO co 05 < CO Kt O O P CN co o oi Kr co oo o
O. CD N x cn o CN CO Kt IO t>- CO CO CC
CQ
--------------------- CM Ol CN Ol CN CN CN Ol co CO co co oo Kt Kt* kt KP Kt IO
Kt CO CO Kt cn < o 05 05 oo 05 o 05 05 O CN CO lO -'.1- i O N CO O kf N " co co Kt- i.o t:-

LO CO CO t'-. co cn co <CO 05 O co
O! Ol Ol CN Ol CN CN CN Ol Oi CO oo co" ?o oo" CO co"
CO C'IN co N- Kt CN 05 CO Kt CN O CO l'~- LO iO LO CO CO l
.Si 1,87 1 ,94
1
Kt -TT LO lO CO '- CO 05
1.75
O Ol CN co Kt CN CN Ol
CN Ol CN CN CN 05
CN CN Ol
1,69
2,00
o co r--. o Kt co co co K>* ^ CO Ol CO O OO -t LO iO OO N CN CO iO O LO o LO O - O O O >1

CO O CO CO bo 05 05 CN CN
CN Ol CN O! Oi Ol
C5 ro o oo O Ol LO O Kt CO 05 - Kt CO 05 Kh* CO 05 CN 1.0 CO CO
' Ol 0-1 CN CN Kt vp.io io uo CO CO C -
cn o Oi -'O o 'T?- IO CO 1-- CO Ol O Oi CO- Kt io CN CN CN CDN00 050- CN CN CN O! CO

CN CN CN CO
------- - ---------- _< -------------------------------- - ---------------------- -* ____
O O Ol co Kt LO co CO 05 0 Ol CO Kt lO CONCOOO- C^l CN Ol
1 Os Ol CN Ol CN C'l oo co
. o 8
fg 2 of
Q's o ~
^
O =* OT
CXo U 3*
c CU
CooTHomeHHe MeiKAy noKa3aHHHMH caxapOMetpa, riJioTHOCTbfo
h coAepwaHHeM cyxwx BemecTB b pacTBopax npw reMnepaT ype 20 C
Coêp>KaHHe cyxwx BemecTB C of le p ^ Ka HHe cyxnx BemecTB
Ma c. % no Kr n a 100 ji dce I lJ lO THOC Tb Mac. % no K T Ha 100 T I lJ lO THOC Tb d,

c a xa p oM e Tp d, K r /n c a xa p oM e Tp y ce dce KT 1 Jl
y CB
0,0 0,000 0,9982 28,5 31,914 1,1198
1*0 1,000 1,0021 29,0 31,544 1,1222

2,0 2,012 1,0060 29,5 33,176 1,1246
3,0 3,028 1,0099 30,0 33,810 1,1270
4.0 4,056 1,0139 30,5 34,447 1,1294
5,0 5,089 1,0179 31,0 35,086 1,1318
6.0 6,131 1,0218 31,5 35,727 1,1342
7,0 7,181 1,0259 32,0 36,371 1,1366
8,0 8,239 1,0299 32,5 37,018 1,1390
9,0 9,306 1,0340 33,0 37,666 1,1414
9,5 10,070 1,0360 33,5 38,321 1,1439
10,0 10,381 1,0381 34,0 38,974 1,1463
10,5 10,922 1,0402 34,5 39,634 1,1488
11,0 11,464 1,0422 35,0 40,296 1,1513.
11,5 12,009 1,0443 35,5 40,956 1,1537
12,0 12,557 1,0464 36,0 41,623 1,1562
12,5 13,106 1,0485 36,5 42,293 1,1587
13,0 13,658 1,0506 37,0 42,964 1,1612
13,5 14,211 1,0527 37,5 43,639 1,1637
14,0 14,768 1,0549 38,0 44,316 1,1662
14,5 15,327 1,0570 38,5 44,999 1,1688
15.0 15,887 1,0591 39,0 45,681 1,1713-
15,5 16,449 1,0612 39,5 46,369 1,1739
16,0 17,014 1,0634 40,0 47,056 1,1764
16,5 17,582 1,0656 40,5 47,750 1,1790
17,0 18,153 1,0678 41,0 48,445 1,1816
17,5 18,723 1,0699 41,5 49,165 1,1847
18,0 19,298 1,0721 42,0 49,846 1,1868
18,5 19,886 1,0749 42,5 50,550 1,1894
19,0 20,454 1,0765 43,0 51,256 1,1920
19,5 21,035 1,0787 43.5 51,965 1,1946
20,0 21,618 1,0809 44,0 52,677 1,1972
20,5 22,204 1,0831 44,5 53,396 1,1999
21,0 22,793 1,0854 45,0 54,112 1,1025
21,5 23,383 1,0876 45,5 54,837 1,2052
22,0 23,978 1,0899 46.0 55,563 1,2079
22,5 24,572 1,0921 46,5 56,288 1,2105
23,0 25,171 1,0944 47,0 57,025 1,2133
23,5 25,770 1,0966 47,5 57,760 1,2160
24,0 26,375 1,0989 48,0 58, 493 1,2186
24,5 26,979 1,1012 48,5 59,233 1,2213
25,0 27,588 1.1035 4900 59,981 1,2241
25,5 28,198 1,1058 49,5 60,727 1,2268
26,0 28,813 1,1082 50,0 61/475 1,2295
26,5 29,428 1,1105 50,5 62,231 1,2323
27,0 30,046 1,1128 51,0 62,985 1,2350
27,5 30,665 1,1151 51,5 63,747 1,2378.
28,0 31,290 1,1175
:
136
ripoflojDKeHHe TaSji. 3
C ojie p > Ka HM e c y xn x B em ec TB njiOTHOCTb C o. 'ie p w a u He cy xHx B emec TB 1 1 jl O T11 OCT
d, KV/J l b
d,K T jj\
Mac. % no K T Ha 1 0 0 Jl de a Mac. % no Kr n a 1 00 ji dce
c a xa p oM e Tp c a xa p oM e Tp
y y co
CB
52.0 64,511 1,2406 66,0 87,278 1,3224
52,5 65,279 1,2434 66,5 88,139 1,3254

53,0 66,049 1,2462 67,0 89,010 1,3285
53,5 66,822 1,2490 67,5 89,883 1,3316
54,0 67,597 1,2518 68,0 90,760 1,3347
54,5 68,376 1,2546 68,5 91,639 1,3378
55,0 69,163 1,2575 69,0 92,522 1,3409
55,5 69,947 1,2603 69,5 93,408 . 1,3440
56,0 70,739 1,2632 70,0 94,297 1,3471
56,5 71,535 1,2661 70,5 95,196 1,3503
57,0 72,327 1,2689 71,0 96,091 1,3534
57,5 73,129 1,2718 71,5 96,997 1,3566
58,0 73.933 1,2747 72,0 97,898 1,3597
58,5 74,740 1,2776 72,5 98,810 1,3629
59,0 75,550 1,2805 73,0 99,725 1,3661
59,5 76,368 1,2835 73,5 100,643 1,3693
60,0 77,184 1,2864 74,0 101,565 1,3725
60,5 78,009 1,2894 74,5 102,490 1,3757
61,0 78.830 1,2923 75,0 103,418 ,3789
61,5 79,661 1,2953 75,5 104,356 1,3822
62,0 80,488 1,2982 76,0 105,290 1|,3854
62,5 81,325 1,3012 76,5 106,228 11,3886
'63,0 82.V28 1,3052 77,0 107,176 1,3919
63,5 83,007 1.3072 77.5 108,128 1,3952
64,0 83,853 1,3102 78,0 109,083 1,3985
64,5 84,708 1,3133 78,5 109,944 1,4012
65,0 85,560 1,3163 79,0 110,995 1,4050
5,5 86,414 1,3193
T a 6 ji H u a 4
Xapan TepHCTHKa BO flH bix pacTBo poB a,H aMM 0HHH 4)0c4) aTa npn TeM nepaty pe 20 C
C cuep >Kan :te , K T / M -'* O, D. . - ro -a C o.a ep> Ka Hne , KT/ M 3 ra
H s- S (U f-
X U
a" O x s zl CJ
O ? P
ca X 5 i X S&
o, o s (N H.,h a a oTa P.O, (NH t ) a a 30 Ta P*O5
H e - HPO, o Co * o 2 C HPO, o
X
O) c 5 e Ss
=* .
5 1029 51,5 9,73 26,52 7,6 18 1106 199,1 37,63 102,53 25,5
6 1035 62,1 11,74 32,00 9,1 19 1112 211,3 40,00 108,82 26,8
7 1041 72,9 13,77 37,54 10,6 20 1117 223,4 42,22 115,05 27,9
8 1047 83,8 15,83 43,16 12,2 21 1123 235,8 44,57 121.49 29,2
9 1053 94,8 17,91 48,82 13,6 22 1129 248.4 46,95 127,93 30 4
10 1059 105,9 20,01 54.54 15,0 23 1135 261,1 49,36 134,47 31,6
11 1065 117,2 22,14 60,36 16,3 24 1141 273,8 51,76 141,01 32,9
12 1071 128,5 24,19 66,18 17,8 25 1146 286,5 54,15 147,55 33,9
13 1077 140,0 26,46 72,10 19,1 26 1152 299,5 56,61 154,24 35 2
14 1083 151,6 28,66 78,07 20,5 27 1158 312,7 59,10 161 04 36,4
15 1088 163,2 30,84 84,05 21,6 28 1165 326,2 61.65 168,00 37,7
16 1094 175,0 33,08 99,12 22,9 29 1171 339,6 64,18 174,89 38,9
17 1100 187,0 35,34 96,30 24,4 30 1177 353,1 66,74 184.5 40,1
T a 6 ji h u a 5
XapaKTe pHCTH Ka Bo jH bix pacTBo po B cyji btjj aTa aMMOHHH n pn

TeMnepaTy pe 20 C
, J3 CoAep jKaH KT/M 3 K . .a CoAep jKaH KT / M 3 w
He, H He, i , s
s ^ O (NHj) 2 so, a30Ta S o - '* a a . ; O (NH 4 )3 so, aaora S - 5

3 tf " H S H % O
in
I (3 U O h o =! $. ^ u o.
Q. C3 t- C c
CS3
5 1028 51,4 10,80 7,5 19 1110 210.9 44,29 26,2
6 1034 62,0 13,03 9,0 19 1115 223.0 46,83 27.5
7 1040 72,8 15,30 10.5 21 22 1121 235.4 49,44 28.7
8 1046 83,7 17,58 11,9 23 1127 247.9 52,06 30.0
9 1051 94,6 19,87 13.2 24 1133 260,6 54,73 31.2
5 1057 105,7 22,21 14.5 25 1139 273.4 57,41 32.5
11 12 1063 116.9 24,56 15.8 26 1144 286.0 60.5 33.5
13 1069 128,3 26,94 17.2 27 1150 299.0 62,79 34.7
14 1074 139.6 29,32 18,4 28 1156 312.1 65,54 35,9
15 1080 151,2 31,75 19.8 29 1162 325.4 68,33 37.1
17 1086 162.9 34.21 21.2 30 1167 338.4 71.6 38.1
18 1098 186.7 39.22 23,7 25,1 1173 351.9 73 90 39.3
1104 198.7 41,73
T a 6 JI H B a 6
XapaKTe pHCTH Ka bo ah bix pacTBopo B x Jio pHCTo ro KaJinn m x Ji opH CTo ro H TpHH npH
TeMnepaTy pe 20 C
XJ IOp HC Tb lft Ka JI Hft XJ IOp HC Tb I H Ha Tp HH
KoHue H- njiOTHOCTb C oAep> Ka - noK a 3a H H H KOHU .e H- il. TOTHOC Tb , Cosepwa- noK aa aii Hi
,
Tp a UHS l, KT / M 3 H H e KC1, c a xap OMe T- Tp a UHH, Kr/M3 HH6 NaCl, caxapoMeT-

M ac , % Kr/M3 p a, % Mac. % KT / M * p a, %
5 1031 5! ,6 8,2 5 1034 51,7 9,0
6 1037 62,2 9,8 6 1041 62,5 10,6

7 1043 73,0 11,2 7 1049 73,4 12,6
8 1049 83,9 12,6 8 1056 84,5 14,3
9 1056 95,0 14,3 9 1063 95,6 15,8
10 1063 106,3 15,9 10 1071 107,1 17,7
11 1070 117,7 17,5 11 1078 118,6 19,3
12 1077 129,2 19,1 12 1086 130,3 21 ,2
13 1084 140,9 20,8 13 1093 142 22,7
14 1092 152,9 22,5 14 1101 154 24,5
15 1099 164,9 24,0 15 1109 166 26,2
16 1106 177,0 25,5 16 1116 179 27,7
17 1113 189,2 27,1 17 1124 191 29,4
18 1120 201 ,6 28,5 18 1132 204 31,0
19 1127 214,1 30,0 19 1140 217 32,7
20 1134 226.8 31,3 20 1148 230 34,3
21 1141 239,6 32,9 21 1156 243 35,9
22 1148 252,6 34,3 22 1164 256 37,5
23 1155 265,9 35,8 . 23 1172 270 39,1
24 1163 279,1 37,4 24 1180 284 40,7
25 1170 292,5 38,8 25 1189 297 42,4
26 HacbimemibiH pacTBop 26 1197 311 44,0
138
T a6 n H ua7
XapaKTe pHCTH Ka BOAHMX pacTBopo B cepHO KH CJio ro M arHHH inpn
TeMnepaTy pe 20 C
A r, i CojiepafaiiHe -Q ro CoAepwaHKe
t- P H
o U rr. O-
O s- * s O | S
S * C 5 s MgSO** 7H s O MgSO, a MgSO* 7H a O MgSO,
O s o 2 ro
=5 sr 5 * Mac. %
7~ Ma c. % KT/ M3 Mac. % KT/M3
U x Kr/M 3 Mac. % KT/ M3
CSit
c
i 2 3 4 5 6 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
1027 7,2 5 51 ,4 2,45 25,2 1094 22,9 18 196,9 8,82 96,5
1032 8,5 6 61,9 2,94 30,3 1100 24,4 19 209,0 9,31 102,5
J 037 9,7 7 72,6 3,43 35,6 1106 25,5 20 221,2 9,81 108,4
1042 11,0 8 83,4 3,92 40,9 1112 26,8 21 233,5 10,30 114,5
104'/ 12 2 9 94,2 4,41 46,2 1118 28,2 22 246,0 10,79 120,6
1052 13,3 10 105,2 4,90 51,6 1124 29,4 23 258,5 11/29 126,7
1057 14,b 11 116,3 5,39 57,0 1130 30,7 24 271,2 11,77 133,0
1062 15,7 12 127,4 5,89 62,5 1136 31,9 25 284,0 12,29 139,2
10b'/ 16,'/ 13 138,7 6,37 68,0 1141 32,9 26 296,7 12,75 145,4
10/2 18,0 14 150,1 6,86 73,6 1147 34,2 27 309,7 13,24 151,8
10/8 19,3 15 161,7 7,35 79,3 1153 35,3 28 322,8 13,73 158,2
1083 20,5 16 173,3 7,84 85,0 1159 36,5 29 336,0 14,22 164,7
1089 21,9 17 185,1 8,33 90,7 1165 37,8 30 349,5 14,71 171,3
* KoHu e HT'p a u M cyxwx Be m ac r n pw B aA en a b npa>e 3.
Ta6 ji h ii a 8
XapaKTe pHCTH Ka BOAH bix .pacTBopo B aMMH aKa h eAno ro n ai pa npw
TeMnepaTy pe 20 C
A M M H3 K EA K H H HaTp
riJIOTI - C oêp jK i KoHu e ii - Tp a m- ia , r U OTHOC Tb , C ojiep > i<a - n oKaa a i-iMs i
Koi-m en - IOCTb, K'r / J I
M ac . % HHe NaOH, caxapoMeT*
TpauHi, Kl'/ jl He , Kr / M 3 kt/m2 p a, %
Mac. % NH3
a a oTa
i 0,994 9,94 8,18 1 1010 10,1 3,0
2 0,990 19,79 16,29 2 1021 20,4 5,9

3 0,985 29,51 24,29 3 1032 30,9 8,5
4 0 981 39,24 32,29 4 1043 41,7 1 1 ,2
5 0,977 48,81 40,17 0 1054 52,7 13,7

6 0,973 58,38 48,05 6 1065 63,9 16,4
7 0,969 67,80 55,80 7 1076 75,3 18.9
8 0,965 77,21 63,54 8 1087 87,0 21,5
9 0,961 86,48 71,17 9 1098 98,8 23,7
10 0,958 95,75 78,80 10 1109 110,9 26,2
11 0,954 104,4 85,92 12 1131 135,7 30,9
12 0,950 114,0 93,82 14 1153 161,4 35.4
13 0,946 123,0 101,23 16 1175 188,0 39,7
14 0,943 132,0 108,64 18 1197 215,5 44,0
15 0,939 140,9 115,96 20 1219 243,8 48,0
16 0,936 149,3 123,29 22 1241 273,0 52,0
17 0,883 158,6 130,58 24 1263 303,1 56,0
18 0,930 167,3 137,69 26 1285 334,1 59,7
19 0,926 175,9 144,7 28 1306 365,8 63.2
139
n poj ojD KeHHe Ta6j ) . 8
AMMHK E A K H H n a Tp
CoAepjKaHHe, KT / M 3
KoHu e H- I"l.nO TH O CTb, KoHuen* n /I OTHOC Tb . C oAe pw a- n oKa3a HH

Tpa uH H, Kr/ji HHa Tp a u Hs i, . KT/JI Hue NaOH, ca xa poMe T -
Ma c. % 30 T3 Mac. % KT/M3 pa, %
20 0,923 184,6 151,98 30 1328 398,4 67,0
21 0.919 193,1 158,92 32 1349 431,7 70,2

22 0,916 201,6 165,92 34 1370 465,8 73,5
23 0,913 210,0 172,83 36 1390 500,4 76,5
24 0,910 218,4 179,74 38 1410 535,8
25 0,907 226,7 186,57 40 1430 572,0
26 0,904 235,0 193,41 42 1449 608,6
27 0,901 243,2 200,15 44 1469 646,1
28 0,898 251,4 206,90 46 1487 684,2
29 0,895 259,5 213,57 48 1507 723,4
30 0,892 267,6 220,23 50 1525 762,5
XapaKTepHCTHKa Apo>KjKeBoro MOJiOKa (BbinHCKa H3 Ty ;18 PCCP

39576 Mojioko ApowJKeBoe)
KOHue HTpau HH I \OjI HM6C TB O KoHu, eHTp au . H$ i KOJI HM eC TB O KoHue iiTpa uHs i KojI HMe C TB O
cy xw x Beme c TB , Ap O> K> Ke H cy xnx Bemec TB , iip OM OKeA cy xw x Beme c TB , JipO>K >Ke H
% (25% CB), r/ji % (25% CB), r/ji % (25% CB), r/ji
6,4 325 8,9 453 11,4 592

6,5 331 9,0 457
11,5 598
6,6 337 9,1 465
6,7 344 11,6 603
9,2 474
11,7 608
6,8 350 9,3 482
11,8 613
6,9 355 9.4 490
11 ,9 618
7,0 359 9,5 498
12,0 623
7,1 364 9.6 507
12,i 62S
7.2 369 9,7 511
12,2 633
7,3 373 9,8 514
12,3 638
7,4 378 9,9 518
7,5 383 12,4 643
10,0 521
12,5 648
7,6 388 10,1 525
12,6 653
7,7 393 10,2 528
12,7 658.
7,8 397 10,3 532
12,8 663
7,9 402 10,4 538
12,9 668
8,0 407 10,5 544
13,0 674
8,1 413 10,6 551
13,1 679
8,2 419 10,7 557
13,2 684
8,3 426 10.8 562
13,3 689
8,4 432 10,9 567
13,4 694
8,5 436 11,0 572
13,5 699
8,6 440 11,1 577
13,6 704
8,7 444 11 ,2 582
13,7 709
8,8 449 11,3 587
140
CnH C OK HCn 0 JI b 3 0B AH H 0F I Jl HT EPAT y P b l
!. E a c a a i t b a H . A . , B h p r o K O b B . B . , K p h j i o b IO. M. MgTeMarn'ie - CKoe

onucauHe OCHOBIHHX KHHeTHMecKMX 3aKOHOMepHOCTefi npouecc yjibTK- BHpoBa'HHH
MHKp00prawH3M0B. B kh.: ynpaBjweMoe h nen.pepbmpoe Kyjib THBHpOBaHHe
MHKpOOpTaRH3MOB. M., 1976, T. 5, c. 5 75.
2. B e ji o b a JI. fl. TexucwiorH'iecKHe pe/KHMbi nepepaOoTKH Mejiaccbl! b apojk- >KeBOM np0H3B0ACTBe.
M.: LI,HHHT3HnHmenpOM, 1974. Bbin. 4,1 c. 5!9...
3. B a c H ji b e B H. H., A M 6 p o C O B B. A., C K ji a A h e B A. A. MoêjmpoBa- HHe npoueccoB
MHKpoSnojiorH'iecKoro cnnTe3a. M.: Jleci-ias npiOMbiuijieu- HOCTb, 1975. 341 c.
4. B h H o r.p a a o b a KD. Jl., A a y i j j p H e B B . B . , I l i H m a u K H i l K). M. Me~ TOAbi
onpeAeJieHHH BJiawnocTH xjieoneKapiibix Apo>K>KeH. M.: U.HMH- TSHniHiinenp'OM,
1974. Bhin. 6, c. 8 43.
5. B ji k H h e h c x o a h h x n a p a M e r p o B n p o u e c c a k y j i b t h b h p o - b a h
h a a P o > k > k e h H a h x b b i x o a h c r o f t K O C T b /B. T, llepHbiiu,, H. K.
naJiarHHa, H. B. P03MaH0Ba, H. H. BoqapOBa], M.: UHHHTSi-I- nHiuen'pOM, 1974. Bbin. 2, c. 14.
6. B j i H H H H e y c j i O B H i i B u p a i u H B a H H a 4 H c t o f i k y J ) b T y p b l :
Apo**eii Ha ee CHOxuMHiecKHe h cj.'H3H0Ji0rHiecKHe
c i B O i l c T f i a /{T. B. MejieAHHa, A. M. B,HTpMHiOKaa, H. K. OaJianHHa, A - r.. Ma3bHl.
M.: UHHHTSnHiinanpoM, 1975. Bun. 8, c." 5 44.-
7. B ;H e A ip e IH H e H O B O H l e x H O J i o r H i e c K o S . c x e M M B u p a m u B a H M S I
ipOJKKei na KOHUe HTJHpOBaHHblX C p e A a X Kd Moc KOBCKOM
A p O J K W e B O M 3 a B 0 A e l [ C . M . KHCJIblX, X. Jl. Jle.BHT. A. n. MarHHa, H. B. ManoapoBa, T.
H. iHaBbeBal. M.: U,HHHT3Hn - UenpoM, 1976. Bbin. 4, c. 1 19.
8 TorojieBa B, A. H3 onbiTa pa6o KpaMaTQpcKoro APO>K>KeBoro 3aBO - Aa.M.:
UHHHT3.Hin i Hiinenpo.M, 1975. Bbirn. 1, c. 1 20.
9. r o p o n o B C K H H H . T . , H a 3 a p e h n o K D . n . , H e K p i E. <> Kpar- KHH
cnpaBOHHHK no xhmhh. 4-e H3A. nepepa. h Aon. KHea: Hayi<OB AyMKa, 1974. 991 c.
10. f l e p - K a H o c o B IH. H. KAaccH({)Kan,HH H ocHOBi-ibie TpeSoeaH'Hfl, rnpeA'bflB- jiseMbie K
Apo>K>KepacTHJibHbiM annapaaM AJIH BbipamHBaHHa XJiegonenap- HHX Apo>K}KeH. M.:
U,HHHT3HnHiuenpoM, 1974. Bun. 4, c. 17-1-19.
0 1. 3 a 6 P o AC K H fi A. r. ripOH3BOACTBO KOpMOBblX APO>K>KeH na Mejiaccno - cnHp-roBbix
3aBOAax. M.: IlHmeBaa npoMbiiujieHn ocTb, 1972. j 368 c.
12. 3 a K O H O M e p H O C T H p a 3 M H O H e H H H A P O K W e i i H H a K O l j j i e H H 6 o M
a c c ii, XjiefioneKapnaa H KOHAHTepcKaa npoMbimjieHHoqTb, 1971,,
JVb 4, c. 28 (30. Abt.: H. B. Po3MaHOBa, H. K. najiaraHa, A. M.:B.htphh - CK851, A. H.
XpbiieBa.
13. H e p y c a j i h M C K H S H. /. MeTOA npoTOWHoro KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH MHKP O - 0praHH3M0B
H BO 3M OH < HOC TH ero npHMenenHa. B KH .: HenpepbiBHoe (ipo - weiHHe H BbipauiHBaHHe
MKKpoopranH3MOB. M., 1960, c. 9 19.
14. H e i p y c a j i H M C K H f t H. XI. OCHOBW (j>H3HOjiornn MHKPO6OB, M.: H3.i-Go AH CCCP, 1963.
242 c.
lo. H eip y c a J I H M C K H H H. npHHumibi peryjmpoBanHa C KOPOC TH pocia
MHKp00prariH3M0B. B KH .: ynpaBjiaeMbift 6HOCHMTe3. M., 1966, c. 5 18.
16. H e p y c a ji .h m c k h ft H. JX. BHOXHMimecKiie ochobw peryjiau,HH ckopocth pocTa
MHKpoopraHH3MOB. M.: H3BecTHa AH CCCP. 1967, t. 3, c. 339 350.
17. K B H H H x H A 3 e B. B. H3 onwTa paCoTbi T6njmcKoro Apo**eBoro 3sbo Aa. Xjie6oneKapHaH h
KOHAHTepcKaa npoMbiuuieHHOCTb, 1975, Ne 5,. c. 43 44.
18. K. h c JI bi x C. H. .HpowxeBOH 3aBOA B MHJiane. XjieSoneKapnafl h KOHAHTepcKaa
npoMbiLUjiemiocTb, 1971, N 1, c. 43 44.
19. K o 6 p H a IO. FI., E o i a p o B a H. H., K o 3 J I o a M. A. noaaB.neHH*
6 a KT p ii h b Apo>K>KeBOM np0H3B0ACTBe. XjieSoneKapnaH ii k oh a h Te p c nan
npoMbiiujiemiocTb, 1973, 6, c. 2930.
:2'0. K o C p H . H a KX FI., K 0.3 .no B a M. A. Je3BH(j3eKUHH 060pyA0BaHHH b
flP0>i<>K6B0M npo3Bou,CTBe(o63ap). M: I4HHHT3HnMmenpoM, 1974.
25 c.
.21. K o t e ji b h n o b a A. B., 3 b h r h ji b c k a a P. A. Bhoxhimihh Apo>K>KeBbix
MHTOxaHapHH. M.: Hayi<a, 1973. 240 c.
22. J I c b h t X. JL 1. HeKOTOpbie Bonpocu MeTOAHKii TexHOJiornHeoKHX pacMeTOB b
apo>K>KeBOM np0H3B0A'CTBe. M.: Ll,HHHT3HnHmenpoM, 1975. Bbin. 8, c. 15 20.
23. 711 b ii t X. K h c ji bi x C. H. OnbiT BHeApeHHH Ha Apo>K>K6Bbix 3a.B0- Aax HOBoft
TexHOJiorHieoKoft cxeMbi pa3MH0>KeHHH Apo>K>Kei Ha bhcoko - KOHueHTpH'p'OiBH'Hbix
cpeAax.M.: U,HHHT3H'nHiiu,enpoM, 1975. Bbin. 9, c. 1 22.
24. H o B a K O B C K a n C. C. CnpaBoiHHK Texuojiora APoxoKeBoro np0H3B0ACT- Ba. M.:
FlHmeBaH np0MbiuweHH0CTb, 1973. 288 c.
25. O n T H M H 3 a u H y c ji o B ih f t k y ji b t h B -h p o B a H h i n e K a p c K x
A p O K J K e f t . npHKJiaAHaH OHOXHMHSI H MKKpofiHOJIOrHH, 1975. T. XI. Bbin. 4, c. 500505.
A B T .: H. K. riajianiFa, H, B. P03Ma0Ba, A. M. Bi -rr- pHHCKH, A. H. XpbweBa.
2'6 .0 c B a 3 H n o i K O B a n H H n e K a p c K H x j p o K s e i c o C K o p o c m o H a K O n
J I e H H H H B b l X O A O M O H O M a C C b l . n p H K J i a A H a H ' Shoxhmhh n
MKKjK)5KjiorHS!. 1971, t. VII, Bbin. 2, c. 150 154. Abt.: A. M. Bhtphh- CKaH. H. B. P -
03MaiH0Ba, H. K. FlajiaraMia, A. H. XpbmeBa.
27. O. c o 6 e h h o c t h a s . p o H o r o p a 3 m h o >k e ii h h n e n a p c K i i x k P o :* >k e fi.
MHKpo6HOAor,H3, 1973. t. 42, Bbin, 2, c. 274 279. Abt.: A. M,. BHTpHHCKaH, H. B.
Po3MaoBa, H. K. riajiarRHa, A. H. XpuêBa.
'28. n.a.ji a r'n h a H. K. OnbiT paSoTbi Jlei -iHurpaACKoro ApoKeBoro 3asoAa (pacêTbi
TexHojiorHqecKOH cxeMbi npoH3B-oACTBa xjieSoneKatpHbix apow- iKeft). M..: TOCHHTH,
1959. 50 c.
29. Ha J I am Ha H. K., P o 3 n a n o B a H. B. K Bonpocy coBepmencTBOBaHHH pejKHMOB
BbipamHBaHHH Apowweft. Xjie6oneKapHaa H KOHAHTepcKa H npoMbiiujieHnocTb, M.,
1971, N 1, c. 24 27.
30. FI a ji a r h h a H. K - , P o 3 m a h o Ba H. B., B M T p u H C K a a A. M. Cno - c.o6bi
noBbiuieHHsi BbixoAa A'PO>KceH ( o 6 3 o p ) M . : UHHHTSHnumenpoM,
1973. 23 c.
31. II e l y i p K H H H , C . , T e p c K O B M. A. Anajnt3 khhsthkh pocTa h sbojho - uiih
MHi<po6nbix nonyjiHUHH. HobochQhpck: Hayxa, 1975. 215 c.
3;:' n - j i e B K o E. A. HenpapbiBnoe BbipamHBamie Apot)KeH -caxapoMHu.r;Toi! B03AywH0 -
np0T0biM Me TOAOM. B KH .: HenpepuBHOe CpoweHHe H Bbi- pauiiiBHHe
MHKp00praHH3M0B. M., 1960, c. 7984.
33. n ji e b a k o E. A. TexH 0Ji0r.HH ApoxxeH. 2-e H3A. M.: nHUiesan
npoMbiuuieHHOCTb, 1970. 300 c.
34 I l O K p O B C K H H B. K. ripOH3BOACTBO neKapCKHX APOJKHefl B IIlBeUHH. - - j M.:
UHHTHnumenpoM, 1961. 46 c.
35. n P O H .3 B O A c T B O X Jl e 6 o n e K a P H bl X A p o >K >K e H B o $ p a im H H.-
X.ae6onei<apHaH H KOHAHTepcKan npoMbiuuieHHOCTb, 1976, Ns 4, c. 45 46. Abt.: H. M.
CeMHxaTOBa, E. H. Oscerosa, C. H. K H C JM X , O. H. eo<t>a!to3,
36. P x H ' u m a 51. HenpepbiBHbie CHCTeMbi. B KH .: HenpepbiBMoe KyjibTHBH- posauHe
MHpoopraHH3MOB, IleipeBOA c aHrji. M., 1968, c. 29 63.
37. P o 3 p y x a h o k n p o a y K T i b 6 ;p o a h ji b h h X b .h p o 6 H h ii. T b, ji i k e p o r o p i ji i
a h h x Ta S e s a j i K o r o j i b H H x a a n o i b. M. M. Kopo- 6ob. H. M. PoftTep, n. M. Majibues,
M. B. 3a3iipnaH, 3. K- AuiKHnysH ii ap. KneB: Bbicuian uiKOjia, 1972, 379 c.
38. C e M H x a T O B a H. M., JI o 3 e H KO M. <>. FlojiyHeHHe MaTOHHbix Apow>Keii
no pa3AH"iHbiM TexHOJiornMecKHM cxeMaM. M.: U.HHHT3HnHmenpoM,
1974. Bun. 12, c. 6 16.
39. C e M H x a T O B a H. M., JI o 3 e H K O M. O. OcodeuHocra Tex.nojiorHiecKKx cxeM
noAytieHHH TOBapHbix xJiefioneKapHbix APOXKeft. M.: UHHHT31 -I- n.HiuenpoM, 1976.
Bun. 2, c. 6 15.
-40. C o k o ji e h k o A. H., T a h a 3 io k M. U., M a p j e p A. Ii,. ZI,po>K>Kepa-
142
nep.HOAi-mecKo,e KyjibTMH'poBaHiHe. 5
r
7
CTHJibHbie annapaTbi H MaccooMen npn aapauwn (o63op). M.: liHHH-

T3HnniuenpoM, 1971. 23 c.
41. T e x H o j i o r n H e c K H e p a c 4 e t b i 6 p o a h JI b h b i x n p o 3 B o

j c t b /[M. M. KopooB, B. A. MapHHieHKO, A. E. MejieTbeB h ap -]- Khsb: Tex - HKa,
% 1974. 300 c.
42. T h n ,o B bi e n p o e k t bi o p r a h h 3 a u h h p a 6 o n m x m e c t b a P_o >k - >k e B o m n
l .p o h 3 B o ac t B e. M.: FInuieBaH npoMbiiujieHnocTb, 1976. 161 c.
43. y a h t fl. Texi -iojiorna ApoMOKeii: nepeBOA c aur -jinficKoro (nOA ; peA. H A
Becejiosa, riep. M. H. Paraeip H 3. C. Kanejib). M.: FImunpoMH3flaT,
1957. 391 c.
44. y r ji e b o a ii bi p e * H n h t a h h a
n p n b bi p a m h b a h i-i h a p o >k- )k e ft. /[H. K.
Flajiarma, H B. P03Ma -H0Ba, A. M. BHnpwHCKaa, A._H. Xpbi - HeBa], XjiedoneKapnafl h
KOHAHTapci -caH npoMbiuuieHHOCTb, 1976, Xa 4, c. 36 38.'
43, O e n i i J i 3. Teapera'-iec-KHft auajiM CHCTeM HenpspbiBHbDC Kyjibryp. B KH.:
Hen.pepbiBnoe k y.ji bTH B -Hip o b a km e MHKp00praHH3M0B: nep&BOA c aiurjiHHCKoro.
M., 1968, c, 64 150.
4G. $ n 3 n o j i o r n q e c K a a xapaKiepHCTBKa I H CTO S K y .ii> T y p w b
npoB3Bo,ncTBe xJie6oneKapiibix AP0>K*eft (06300)
/[H, B. P'03MaiH0Ba, A. M. BHT.pHncKan, li. K. najiarHa H ap.]. M,; 11HWH- T3HnmenpoM, 1975. 20 c.
4 7 . I i i h u i a u k . h h I O . H . , B o i a p o s a r. A., A h y (p p h e B B. B.'HsMeHeHHe
njlOTHOCTH neKapcKHx ApoxoKeft ot bji3>khocth. M.: UHHHT3Hnin.u,s npoM, 1972, Bbin. 10,
c. 13.
45. Ui ji e r e ji b F. Oiuan MHKpodHOjiorHsi. 2-e H3A.: nepeBOA c Heiweuio - ro. M.: Mup,
1972. 476 c.
19. Mo nod J. La Technique de culture continue theorie et apjplications. A n n - Inst. Pasteur,
Paris, 1950, v. 79, N 4, 390 -410.
50. Novick A. and Sztlard L. Experiments wih the chdmostat ore spontaneous
mutations of bacteria. Proc. Nation. Acad. Sci., USA, 1950, v. 36, N 12, 708 -719.
51. S t u c h l i k V. ZurKalkuiatlon und Bilanzierung der Hefefermenation. Die
Branntweinwirtschaft, 1974, B. 114, N 4, 73 78.
52. T o m i s e k J . Vliv postfedi a nektr pozorovani pri vyrobe drozdi v hustych zaparch.
Kvasny prumysl, 1969, roc. 15, N 6, 125 127.
O TJ I A B J I EH H E
rtpeAcjioBHe . . . . . ............................................................................................................
Oa3bi pocTa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 3
PjlaBa I. MeTOAbI KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH H 3aKOHOMepHOCTH pa3MHO>KeHHH XJle-
58
CKOpO-CTb pOCTa ..................................................................................................
SoneKapHbix RpoJKJKefl ................................................................................................
BejiHiHHa 3aceBa ApoJKJKeft H npoAOJiJKHTeJit-HOCTb npouecca . 13
Miicjio yABoeHuft h BpeMH yABoeHHH 6HOMaccbi ................................................ 14
PacqeT KOjiHHecTBa BbipameiiHOH 6HOMaccbi ............................................................ 16
HenpepbiBHoe KyjibTHBHpOBaHHe ............................................................... .......... . 16
I'jiaBa II. CxeMa nojiyMeHHH xjieSoneKapHbix ApoKweii. TexHOJiQrHiecxMe
noi(a3aTejiH H HX B3aiiMOCBH3b ......................................................................... 24
OcHOBHbie noKasaTftiiH .............................................................................. !. 21
Fi po u3 b 0 a h bi e noKa3aTeAH ... ................................ |. 26
HToroBbie noKa3aTeji.H ........................................................................................... 27
<J>H3K0-XHMHH6CKHe nOKa3aeJIH ...................................................................... 28
3aKOHOMepi!OCTH TexojiorH4ecKoronpouecca naxonjiemisi fiiioMaccu 28
KpaTKoe oriiicai-iHe TexH0Ji0n-i4ecK0H cxeMbi ApoirneBoro 3aBoja j. 31
Cfaipbe H MTepuajibi ...............................................................................................................
n0Ar0T0BKa Mejiaccu..........................................................................................................
npHroTOBjieuHe pacTBopoB cojieft H AonojiHH'rejibHbix MaTepH3JioB
CxeMbi BbipamHBaHHH ApOJKJKeS . . .......................................
Oapeflej^He qncjia Apo>K>KepacTHJibHbi x annapaTOB .............................................................
TjiaBa UI. TexH0Ji0rn4ecKHe pacqeTbi cbi pbH H MaiepHajiOB

PacqeT pacxoAa Mejiaccn H ee pacTBopoB ..................................................................................
PacueTw npHr0T0Bji6HHH pacTBopoB Mejiaccbl ........................................................................
PscqeTbi npnro TOBJieiiHH pacTBopoB cojieft .......................................................................
npuroTOBjieHHe pacTBopa aMMHam-ioft BOAH .....................................................................
npHroTOBjienne pacTBopa Ky Kypy3Horo S KcrpsKTa .............................................................
npHrOTOBJieime pacTBopoB Ae3HHi>eKTaHTOB ................................................................
TjiaBa IV. PacneTbi no cocTaBJieHwo TexHOJiorHHecKoft cxeMbi nojiyqemia ApoKJKefl

3aBOAa, Hcno.nb3yiomero pa36aBjieHHbie cpeAbi
PacqeT wcJia U HK JI O B Ky jibTiHBH'p O'Ba'HH H H pacxo.ua Mejiaccn na 1 UKKJ I PacqeT

TexuojionwecKHX noK33aTejieft no CTBAHUM BbipamHBaHHH Toaap-
IlbiX APOJKXeI ........................................................................................................................
KojmqecTBO 3aceBHbix Apox>KeH H pacxoA Mejiaccw no CTaAHsm
f0Ka3aTejiH HaKonHTejibHoro nepnoAa CTaAHH B ..............................................................
CocTaBjiei-ine pejKHMa BbipamHBaHHH Apo)K>i<eH B H aKonHTejibtiHH ne -
Phoa . . . . ............................................................
noKa3aTejiH nepnoAa O T T OK O B ........................................................................ .........
FIoKa3aTejiH B uejioiu no C T 3A H H B ...........................................................................................
noKa3aTejin H cocTaBjieHHe pe>KHMa 3aceBH0H C TS A H H B. ... Pac'ieTbi Texiiojioni'iecKHX
n0Ka3aTejieft no C TS A H H M KyjibTHBHpoBaHHH
MaTo qHbix ApoJKJKett ................................ ... ......................
rioKa3aTejiH h cocTaBjieime pe>KHM 0B BbipamHBaHHH E4K FoKa3aTejiH n cocTaBjieune
peMHMOB nojiyqeHHH HK PacqeT pacxoAa Mejiaccbl, cojieft, CTHMyjiHTopoB pocTa h hx
pacTBopos
no CTaAHHM ................................................................................
PacqeTH no coBepmeiicTBOBaHHio TexHOJiorHqecKon cxeMbi BbipamHBamiH
' ApOHOKeft ................................................ ....... ............................................
TjiaBa V. MeTOAHKa pacqeTa TexHojiorHqecKHx noKa3aTejieii npH Bbipaiun -
saHtin Apo>K>KeH B KOHueHTpnpoBaHHbix cpeAax ...................................................................
FIpeABapHTejibHbie pacqera npn nepeBOAe 3aB0Aa na Hosyio Texiiojiorn -
qeCKyio cxeMy ..........................................................................................................................
PacqeT TexHOjiornqecKHX noKa33Tejieft npn nojiyqeHHH qCTOH KyjibTypw
ii TOBapHbix ApoKweft B KOHueHTpHpoBaH HHx cpeAax ripHMeiieiiHe
Kou,eHTp : HpoBaH .Hbix cpeA Ha O TflejibHbix CTBAHHX
Bbifiop sapnaH TOB nojiyqeHHH MK H EM K.................................................................................

CocTaBjieHHe pe>KHMOB no C T3 A H H M : ......................................................................................
fJiaea VI. PacqeT BbipaSoTKH nojiy(j)a6pnKaTOB H ro TOBoii npOAyKu,HM. Co -
CTasjieHHe rpaii>HKOB ..................................................................................................................
CenapauHH ApoxjKett ...............................................................................................................
<>l!JIbTpaUHH Apo>K>KeH .......................................................................................................
OnpeAejieuHe njiOTiiocTH npeccoBSHHbix ApoxoKeii . . . . Pacqer
KOJiwqecuBa yAaJiaeMon BOAH npH (|)HJi bTpauHiH
PacqeT BbipaCo TKH ro TOBOH npoAyKUHH ................................................................................
C oc t a b ji e h;h e rpaijjHKa pa 60Tbi Apo KJKepacTHJibHbix ann apaTOB
CocTaBjieHHe rpa/jmKa pacxoAa B03Ayxa ................................................................................
AHaAHS 3(J)(j)eKTHBHacTH Hcn0Ab30B3HHH Apo>K>KepacTHAbHbix ann a -
paTQB AAH BbinycKa ApOKxeft ................................................................................
PacqeT Mecflqnoro rpscjmKs psfio Tbi 3aB -0Aa ...........................................................................
TIpHJtOJKeHHH ..............................................................................................................................
CnHOOK HCIT0JIb3OBai -IHOH AHTepTypbl .....................................................................................
31
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56 CTp. CTpo Ka H ane qarano Cjie^ye T MH TaTb

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75
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JXjih KOJiHHecxBeHHOH xapaKTepucTHKH npoueccoB pOCTa M HK- pOOpraHH3MOB

Ot BiJOBOH cjie.ayeT oTjmwaT b yaejib'Hyio (hjih othochte ji biHy io )

BejimHa r onpeAejiaeTCH KaK pa3H0CTb ,Me>Kfly yAeJibHoii cko - ipOCTbK)

Ecjih npeHepe^b OTMHpaHHeM kjictok (b flp 0 >i<>KeB 0 M npons- BOACTBe

3Ta 4>opMyjia BnepBbie 6biJia BbiBOACHa Moho [49] k a chx n -

ypaBH6HHe (3) HBJIieTCH Bbipa>KeHHeM SKCnOHeHUHajIbHOM

Koropoe AaeT npHMyio jihhhio b KoopflMHaTax lnX, i. 3to 03HMa-

TaK KaK }.i npaKTHHecKn HHKOrfla He ^ocTiiraeT sHaneHHj jXmax,

9r a cj)ODMy.na MOJKer 6biTb HanHcaHa h TaK:

flecaTHqHtix Jiorap 4)Max

0603'HanHM KOS^nuneHT qacoBoro npnpocTa nepe3 a. 3aMe- hhb b c)>opMyjie (3)

riOJIb3yHiCb (J)OpMyjIOH (7), MOJKHO HaHTH KOJIHHeCTBO BbipOCHieH

KoscJjcjwuneHT cpeAHenacoBoro npnpocTa no Ta6jmue aHTHJio- rapmjntois

AScOJllOTHblH H jOTHOCHTeJl bHblH inpiipOCT ftpO>K)Keii npH CTOCTOHHHOH CKOPOCTH -pOCTa

Macbt KO^HMeC TBO K 03( ) C f ) H U , H e H T KOJIHMeCTB A 6cojik)t- JlorapH())M OTH O C HTC J 5 b

CKJia&- 900 900 6,8024

Ka ?00 1,1877 1068,9 168,9 6,9746 0 172

E CJIH pa3 MHO > K eu H e n&eT c IIOCTOJHHOH VAejibHOH cKopocTbio

CjieAosaTejibHo, agcojnoTHbift npupocT (rpa^a 5) 3a Kakflbifi 'iac 6yAeT

i> cp = (3000 - 900): 7 = 300 i<r/o.

E CJI H b xoAe TexHOJiorHHecKoro npouecca HeoSxoAUMQ suaib

jsfa = 2127 (1,1877 1) = 399 Kr.

HauieM npnMepe, yBejiHHHBaTbca H JI H y6biBab. n P H noBbimaiomeHCH, KaK H npn

npnpocT ApoiKweii ripn nepeMeHHoft CKOPOCTH pocTa

C'Kjiaj 900 _ '900 _ 6,8024

HaJiH3Hpya Aa-HHHe Tafiji. 2, MOJKHO BHAfiTb, HTO K09(J)!<|) HUH - CHT