GENDER AND ASM FORMALIZATION GOVERNMENT MODULE

Case Study: Human Rights and Gender in Indonesias ASM Sector

Author: Oktarian W. Lusantono edited by Kirsten Dales and Samuel J. Spiegel

1. Introduction

Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) is defined as any mining operation regardless of scale and legal
status that employ rudimentary techniques to extract minerals, metals, and gemstones1. In many cases,
ASM miners operate in remote communities without access to government extension services, financial
capital, geologic or technical knowledge of mining practices (commonly practiced using local knowledge).
Limited knowledge of basic mine safety, chemicals management and recovery practices lead to inefficient
and hazardous practices with adverse impacts on human and ecosystem health. Globally, the ASM
employs at least 20 million people directly with more than 100 million livelihoods indirectly dependent on
the sector2. Indonesia has long history of ASM practices dating back Dutch colonialization in 17th century
and has high diversity in terms of extracted commodities such as gold, tin, oil, and limestone. Based on
recent estimates in 2010 - 2014, there are at least 1200 hot-spots of ASM activity across Indonesia,
providing direct employment for 14 million people3. These projections in Indonesia are not exhaustive
however, due to the informal, remote and seasonal nature of certain mine sites, leading to a lack of
reliable demographic or gender-disaggregated data on the ASM workforce.

In Indonesia, men, women, boys, and girls adopt different roles in ASM operations, which vary in relation
to local culture, traditional customs, values and prevailing gender norms. Although women play an
essential role in ASM, there is little reliable data on their economic activities and conditions that enable
or impede involvement in decision-making. Consequently, national legalization and regularization efforts
are being advanced without sufficient analysis of how vulnerable populations, women and girls in
particular, may be affected by existing strategies addressing ASM sector in Indonesia. Commented [CO1]: I wonder if this could be somehow
expanded upon in the recommendations.
Despite the complexity of ASM operations, there is growing awareness of the industrys contribution to
poverty alleviation in Indonesia. The Government is making efforts to promote formalization, with
enhanced emphasis on improving the efficiency and environmental management of mine operations,
while targeting programs to reduce health risks, gender inequality and human rights violations. Human
right based approaches (HRBA) in the ASM sector are becoming one of the essential elements to ensure
the process of formalization does not disadvantage vulnerable mining populations and promote policy
development that accounts for the unique circumstances of artisanal miners and their families. This case
study will examine gender and human rights aspects of ASM in Indonesia, with an emphasis on health
issues and formalization strategies employed in several mining communities in Indonesia.

Overall, the case study builds upon existing literature of ASM practices in Indonesia and is supplemented
by recent field work4 in Tewang Pejangan Village, Gunung Mas Regency of Central Kalimantan Province
(Figure 1). The majority of evidence from Tewang Pejangan relates to Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold
Mining (ASGM) examples, highlighting gender and human rights aspects. Gold deposits in Central
Kalimantan are formed either as primary ore (vein) or secondary ore (alluvial). In Tewang Pejangan village,
hydraulic mining is the most common practice conducted in the area. Many towns and villages in the
surrounding study area serve as buying points for alluvial gold, where the use of mercury and open

1
Definition taken from Veiga et al (2006)
2
ILO report, Social and Labor Issues in Small-Scale Mining (1999) validated by The World Bank Group (2017)
3
Indonesian Community Mining Association (APRI), 2017 Personal Communication
4
Yayasan Tambuhak Sinta (2017)

1
burning of amalgam has occurred in the past on the main streets of larger towns, as well as in certain
smaller rural villages5. This case study will highlight specific instances related to womens participation,
access to resources, and policies analysis related ASM that aligned with international treaties which,
include aspects relevant to gender mainstreaming.

Figure 1. Case Study Area6 in Tewang Pejangan Village, Gunung Mas Regency of Central Kalimantan
Province.

2. Gender and Human Rights Aspects in ASM Sector

ASM is a predominantly informal sector that faces human rights and social protection challenges.
However, the informal sector also brings benefits such as flexibility especially for women who want to
work close to home while carrying out household chores 7 . Formalization through security of mineral
tenure and rights allocation for miners can enable collection of tax revenue; in theory, it will provision of
extension services, specific technical assistance and basic social services by the government to miners and
their families. In reality, enforcement officers, regulatory authorities and the government struggle with
implementing formalization policies due to a combination of factors. For example, lack of trust by miners
may lead to failed interventions, or limited knowledge of the local realities, customs, values and cultural
contexts and norms ASGM communities may result in misguided or ineffective formalization strategies.

5
Blacksmith Institute and YTS (2011)
6
Obtained from mapsoftheworld.com (2014)
7
Alatas and Newhouse (2010) cited in Rothenberg et al (2015)

2
In Indonesia, women and children represent a vulnerable population segment who face adverse health
impacts as a result of their involvement in ASGM operations8. Social safeguards for vulnerable populations
seek to address human rights abuses, including concern related to occupational health and safety, forced
labor practices and childrens rights, and associated with different roles and responsibilities of men,
women, and children in the ASGM sector are essential for policy and decision-makers to prioritize.

Figure 2. Gold shop operated by women9

2.1. The Gender Division of Labor in ASM practices

Mining has been historically recorded as a masculine industry where men have dominated the sector10.
Women participation in the mining sector merely hidden, forgotten, and devaluated; women also faced
discrimination to their involvement 11 . Due to certain cultural beliefs and superstition, women are
excluded from or denied access to or control over resources and their benefits. For example, women
who are on their menstrual cycle in particular are usually discouraged to enter underground opening
due to bad luck. Consequently, women face unique challenges and barriers for their participation in Commented [Office2]: Mining has glaring gender
ASGM. inequality and has been identified as the worst industrial
sector in this regard.
Indonesia has 255 million people, more than 100 ethnic and local languages, five dominant religions, and Commented [OL3R2]: So this is a good thing for an
approximately 17,000 islands in the archipelago. Therefore, gender division of labor (GDOL) in ASM introduction in the paragraph or Should I change the
practices cannot be easily generalized. Through field study data in Tewang Pajangan Village, women and sentence?
men have actively participated in the sector since 1994. The labor classification for each gender listed in
Table 1.

8
Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia (2016)
9
Photo taken from Ismawati (Opening the Pandoras Box of Poboya: The social and environmental production of Suffering in Central Sulawesi,
Indonesia, 2011)
10
Lahiri-Dutt, Kuntala (2012)
11
Lahiri-Dutt and Macintyre (2006) cited in Jenkins (2014)

3
 Table 1. The GDOL of ASGM Miners in Tewang Pajangan

Gender Responsibilities
Male Land clearing, lifting heavy equipment, fixing
machinery, mining, gold processing (amalgamation)
Female Mining (panning), gold processing, cooking for group
of miner, household chores, family caring12 Commented [Office4]: These constitute ancillary roles as
defined by Hinton et al 2003.
Based on the field study, the male group agreed of women miners extra work which includes domestic
works such as housework, feeding animals, child caring, and cooking. The women miners group also
realized they do not deserve the same payment like men groups due to their domestic works role. There
are two group of miners in term of ethnicity in the study area, an indigenous and immigrant group whose
consist from Dayak Ethnic Group and Javanese Ethnic Group respectively. The indigenous women group
is rarely sighted with children at the mine site as they have familial support or relatives who can take care
of infants and children. Meanwhile, women immigrants are often seen caring their children into the field.
This condition became a trigger for children participation in the mine.

2.2. Access to and control over resources and their benefits

Over the last few decades, the Indonesian economy and labour market has changed significantly. Overall,
there is less reliance on agriculture, with the economy diversifying into other sectors, such as
manufacturing and services. While this has led to a change in the labour market over the past 25 years,
there has been virtually no change in Indonesia's female labour force participation (LFP), with a
participation rate of 51%. In 2016, Indonesian women were found to earn 42% less than their male
counterparts, and 31% of this difference was explained by unique characteristics between women and
men, such as career interruptions, level of education, and industry of employment. The remaining
unexplained gap reflects some degree of gender discrimination, but may vary by geographic region13.

In general, wage gaps appear to be higher in the informal sector with a greater overall wage gap for lower
income women compared to higher income groups. For example, younger women in urban areas have
increased their labor force participation in recent years, largely through wage employment, while younger
women in rural areas have reduced their labor force participation, largely by opting out of informal,
unpaid employment. Indonesia has deeply ingrained patriarchic ideology and cultural norms, resulting in
male dominance within family groups especially in rural areas. The degree of male dominance might vary
from the region in the country, but has a common overarching trend towards unequal gender roles. These
norms create different accessibility due to the cultural, social, and economic situation in the study area,
which influences women's access to and participation in ASGM.

In Tewang Pejangan village, women have equivalent access to education, land, and health care compared
to men but this is not the case in the mining sector. Since located in the remote area, the access sanitation
and clean water are limited. There are several gender gaps in the mining activities that widely known by
men and women in the communities:
In general, women have comparatively less access to financial capital (microcredit) to support
their business in ASGM sector than their male counterparts.

12
Auxiliary roles of women as a miner in the communities stated by Hinton et al (2003)
13
Asian Development Bank (2016)

4
 Women in Javanese Ethnic Groups reported have better opportunities in terms of access to capital
compared to Dayak Ethnics groups. Javanese group known for owning jet pump for hydraulic Commented [Office5]: Who Javanese or Dayak? Not
mining operations. 100% clear.
Women are consistently placed in secondary or ancillary roles in ASGM, cooking in particular.
Among the 320 people living in Tewang Pejangan, only 10% of artisanal gold miners are women.
Some male workers disagree with female miners involvement due to their equal payment. The
male group stated that women have less power and skills to work in the mine.

ASGM sector is broadly recognized to provide better wages and earning potential compared to farming in
the field study area. Average wages for miners (both men and women) who work full-time in hydraulic
mining operations are approximately IDR 2,500,000 (USD $185) per week. Women who work as
independent gold panners earn at least IDR 50,000 (USD $3.71) per day; depends on the amount of gold
extracted on a daily basis. That number is surprisingly lower than cook in the mining site; they have flat-
rate earning of minimum IDR 80,000 (USD $5.93) per day. Gold price in Central Kalimantan has a rate of
IDR 475,000 (USD $35.23) per gram. Therefore, access to clean water, sanitation facilities and training for
women miners are required to improve livelihood from the mining sector.

2.3. Health and Safety Concern in ASM Sector

ASM classified as an informal sector with lack of occupational rights such as health and safety rights in
practices. Accidents, conflict, and diseases are the common risks in ASM sector, regardless of the deposit
type. The following section will provide an example on health and safety issues that can be possibly found
in ASM areas. The evidence comes from outside field study area with the majority of ASGM operation.

Health Concerns

ASM communities are exposed to greater ill-health rates and face biggest obstacles to health care access.
This community, ASGM in particular, has suffered from mercury intoxication that commonly used as an
extractive agent in gold processing (amalgamation). Mercury is known as heavy metal that has persistent
availability in the environment (land, soil, and water) and organism (bioavailability). The typical mercury
intoxications symptoms are auto-immune depression, neurological illness, and mental disorder. There are
several cases of mercury intoxication in ASGM communities listed in Table 2 and the evidence areas shown
in Figure 3.
Table 2. Mercury Intoxication Cases14

Area Cases/Symptom Victims

Pangkal Jaya, West Java Delayed development, neurological 6 Children (1 girl, five boys), 1 Adult
illness, tremor, muscular dystrophy, (undefined gender)
unstable emotion
Galangan, Central Kalimantan Ataxia of gait, Tremor finger to Adult (77 people, 59% of 165
nose, Dysdiadochokinesia, respondents are women)
Hypomimia
Tatelu, North Sulawesi Ataxia of gait, Tremor finger to Children and Adult (40 people, 42%
nose, Dysdiadochokinesia, of 93 respondents are women)
Hypomimia
Sekotong, West Nusa Tenggara High mercury content in hair Children, Adult men, and women
sample (>1 ppm) (random sampling)

14
Compiled from Bosse OReilly et al (2008), (2010); Biology Department Gadjah Mada Unversity (2010); and Ismawati et al (2015)

5
 Figure 3. Mercury Intoxications Areas

Though women miners in Tewang Pejangan village have limited contact with mercury, they are aware of
its effect on the environment and people. The miners are prefer taking gold ore to be burn in the gold
shop where located far from their home. They are also eager to learn new processing techniques for
mercury-free gold recovery. At present, there is no official data for mercury intoxication cases in Tewang
Pejangan Village. In-depth studies about mercury intoxication for men, women, boys and girls should be
undertaken in the village where the gold shop located to determine if health interventions are required.

Safety Concerns

ASM mining site is given by nature and having different risk casualties on practices. There are three types
of ASM operations based on deposit formation. The potential hazard associated with particular types of
mining operation (ore extraction) listed in Table 3.

Table 3. Type of hazard based on extraction methods

Type of Deposit Type of Ore Extraction Methods Hazard Type

Primary Vein Open Pit Slope Failure
Tunneling Rock Fall
Tunnel instability
Subsidence
Oxygen deficiency in tunnel
Unstable ground

Elluvial Hydraulic Monitor Mining Slope Failure

Excessive water pressure

Alluvial Panning Flowing Water

Dredging (Slurry Pumping) Debris

6
Based on a field study in Tewang Pejangan, women miners indicated domestic works (family caring,
cooking, household chores) and mining simultaneously create an excessive burden. That condition leads
to exhaustion and further health deterioration in women who have no choice for living in that area. Their
participation is limited due lack of strength and skills compared with male workers. Men in the
communities prefer women for not working in the mine while women miners group feel the opposite. As
mining able to generate more revenue than farming, women attracted to the sector that giving them
better opportunities and chance for better livelihoods.

Figure 4. Women working in gold processing center15

Government Support

National Social Insurance System for an informal worker has been initiated in 2011 since Government of
Indonesia launched unified Social Security Provider (Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial, BPJS)16. Social
insurance is referring to employment and health in the workplace. 22 million informal workers registered
in the system; the industry sector does not classify the data. Since it is a new scheme, the provider has
reported having financial problems and needed improvement in practices17. However, the system has
given a general coverage of how the government committed to improving economic and welfare in the
informal sector.

As a follow-up with NAP on Minamata Convention; Ministry of Health and Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources made short-term collaborative action to improve awareness of mercury exposure in ASGM
communities. The agenda is creating maps that contain actual mercury hotspots, conduct capacity
building program for the community, government officials and medical representative in the selected
areas (in total 60 areas across the country) and reviewing policies and regulations related to mercury18.
Kuala Kurun, the capital regency close to Tewang Pejangan Village selected as program area in 2016.

15 Taken from Pulitzer Center by Price (2016)

16
The initial social insurance system is limited for formal worker in 2004. The system is reviewed and renewed in 2011 and expand the coverage
for informal worker, retirement and unemployed individual who has Indonesian Nationality (Government of Indonesia, 2011).
17
The problems are mainly related to funding and coverage access for the people who lived far from the regional capitals (Hukum Online, 2016)
18
The capacity-building program called GERMAS (Gerakan Masyarakat Sehat, Health Community Movement) (Ministry of Health Republic of
Indonesia, 2017).

7
2.4. Gender Norms, Customs and Other Forms of Rights

As stated in the section 2.1., Indonesia is well-known of its cultural, ethics and linguistic diversity.
Therefore, social and anthropological studies, especially those targeting gender norms should incorporate
local knowledge, traditions and cultural facets in the analysis. For example; there is a custom that
discourages women participation in political decision-making in the communities where men and women
together in Javanese Culture 19 . In the other regions, women are encouraged to stay in the house,
undertaking domestic work and must gain permission from their husband to do some activities outside.

In contrast, data from Tewang Pejangan Village taken from Dayak Ethnics groups who have different
customs from the example above. Women experienced better participation in the community and their
own family as a decision maker. Regardless of their enhanced participation in decision-making, women
still must request permission from their partner, husband; for engaging in activities related to mining.
Gender-based violence mainly related to sexual and verbal abuse still exists in Indonesia due of this
custom and lack of awareness. Based on data collected in 83 districts, across 24 provinces in 2006; 33 per
cent of women in the age of 15-64 have experienced one of four types violence (physical, sexual,
emotional and economic)20. Also, 42% of the same group has experienced access (communication, religion
practices, and health care) restriction from their partner. Indonesia has Ministry of Women Empowerment
and Child Protection since 1978. Since then, it has mandate to promote gender equality and equity
towards women and children in Indonesia. The ministry has three primary objectives in 2016 such as
ended violence against women and children, ended human trafficking, and ended barriers to economic
justice for women21.

2.5. Formalization

National Context

Indonesian national regulation for ASM sector written in the Law no 4/2009 of Coal and Mineral Mining
under the name of Community or Peoples Mining (Pertambangan Rakyat, PR) in article 20-23 (WPR,
Wilayah Pertambangan Rakyat, Community Mining Area) and article 66-73 (IPR, Community Mining
Permit, Community Mining Permit)22. Since the political shift in 1998, decentralization taking places in
several sectors including ASM. The authorization is also diverting from national to provincial level for
easier access in practices 23 . Prior the decentralization, ASM permitting process must follow up with
various compulsory regulations which often overlap with other policies24. The key national legislation
related extractive sector and its relation to human rights and gender summarize in Table 4. Commented [OL6]: I create a summary of key legislation
only related with extractive sector with addition on general
The government of Indonesia encourages the illegal miners to legalize their operations for control purpose terms of economic, education, health and social protection.
since 2014. Based on a statement from several activist, experts, and senates; the existing ASM operations I secluded child rights for only focusing on women in this
case study.
have violated the law by trespassing prohibited areas such as national park and mining business area. The
question also asked the government, is there any capable person from the government to hold control

19 There is old poem in Javanese Culture that placing women as a second: Swarga Nunut Neraka Katut (Women must follow their husband will
to either paradise or hell) (Yulianingsih, 2010)
20 News article from UNFPA (Hulupi, 2017)
21
Based on Priority Program Reports from Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection (KPPA, 2016)
22
(Government of Indonesia, 2009)
23
Written in Government Regulation no 23 and 22/2010 (Government of Indonesia, 2010) and strengthen with Government Regulation no
23/2014 (Government of Indonesia, 2014).
24
Spiegel, Samuel (2012)

8
mechanism of individual ASM operations. Therefore, formalization strategies must take a holistic
approach that captures every stakeholder needs and recognize the diversity of local mining contexts.

Table 4. National Regulations and Gender Relations

Gender Affected
National Regulations Key Points
Male Female
Community/People mining legislation
Area designation
Operational permit issuance

Economic opportunities
General funding opportunities for individual in small-medium
enterprises/business
Funding opportunities for gender-based violence victims -
Capacity-Building and Educations
General educations opportunities
Training or technical assistance in ASM

Land and Resources Access
Land access for ASM operations
Water, minerals, natural resources rights within inherited land

Health and Social Protection
Health access
Social Protection for corporate and individual workers

International Context
The Government of Indonesia has signed Minamata Convention on Mercury in 2013 and developed
National Action Plan (NAP) on Mercury Elimination by 202025. Since Minamata Convention, Indonesia and
other countries who signed the convention have banned mercury trading. The amount has reduced
significantly (Figure 5) while the concern raised from local mercury production that backed by powerful
officials since then26.

President of Indonesia has announced the instructional order in March 2017 that focused on mercury
elimination, improved natural resources management, livelihood diversification and encourage
formalization for the current illegal ASGM practices27. The order showed as a commitment to Minamata
Convention implementation. As an immediate impact of this decree, law enforcement in Moluccas Island
(Gunung Botak) and West Java has been tightening up in April and May 2017. Unfortunately, police and
military forces used as the enforcement actors in the region. This practice is unsustainable for the people
(men and women) who taking part in the operations.

25
Indonesia National Action Plan on Minamata Convention (Government of Indonesia, 2013) is not exactly aligned with Minamata Convention
on Mercury (UN, 2013). In the section C of Minamata Convention the main focus is to reduce mercury usage in gold processing, while in Indonesian
NAP objective is eliminate any mercury usage in gold processing.
26
Balifokus (2017) and Spiegel et al (2017)
27
KlikKabar (7 Instruksi Presiden Jokowi Perang Terhadap Merkuri, 2017)

9
 120000 1800
Mercury Qty Gold Price
1600
100000
Mercury Export to Indonesia (Kg)

1400

Gold Price in USD/oz

80000 1200

1000
60000
800

40000 600

400
20000
200

0 0
2004
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003

2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Year
Figure 5. Mercury Export and Gold Price28

As described above, the Government of Indonesia has committed promoting different policy as defined
under Minamata Convention on Mercury. Relevant text and articles of Minamata Convention (Table 5) Commented [OL7]: I would recommend making a table of
are outlined in the Indonesian context and current political circumstance. While the government must relevant articles especially 16 and 7 from Minamata and
promote development and implementation strategies and program to identify and protect vulnerable their consequence for this topic of policy development.
populations (Article 16) within its National Action Plan (NAP); strategies on formalization must consider In some cases, global comitments are ver challenging to
existing power relations, gender-bias, or social exclusion. implement at the the national and local level.

Table 5. Regulations related to Minamata Convention on Mercury

Commented [OL8R7]: I create the regulations related
Minamata Convention on Mercury that has been done by
Regulation Remarks Indonesian Government. Since Indonesia signed in 2013, I
National Action Plan Mercury Elimination in Objectives: to protect human health and environmental am looking for regulation which aligned with article 7 and
Gold Processing (2014 2018) safety from negative impacts of mercury in ASGM which 16 as you suggested.
focusing on mercury elimination, technology transfer,
improving social condition, institution, existing funding
and regulation.
Consist of 3 components:
1. Regulatory framework and institutional
strengthening
2. Research and Development
3. Awareness and communication improvement

Ministry of Trade Regulations (Permendag) no Giving administration penalty for every Indonesian
75/M-DAG/PER/10/2014 Second Amendment citizens or organization who is trying to import mercury.
of Permendag no 44/M-DAG/PER/9/2009

28
Data obtained from Gold Price (2017) and UN Comtrade (2017)

10
 Ministry of Health Regulations (Permenkes) no Accommodate article 16 from Minamata Convention.
57/2016 National Action Plan for Health Impact Implementation activities of this regulations are:
Control from Mercury Exposure 2016-2020 1. Identify and protect vulnerable populations to reduce
mercury exposure
2. Improve awareness in the community
3. Develop and implement education to prevent
mercury exposure in the working environment
4. Improve health facilities for mercury exposure
prevention
5. Enhance and strengthen institution and personnel
capacity to prevent and monitor mercury exposure
6. Strengthen coordination with related organizations

Law no 23/2014 Local Government Accommodate article 7 from Minamata Convention to

conduct monitoring, technical assistance, funding
opportunities for ASM miners within the local
administration jurisdiction.

3. Conclusion

Comprehensive research is needed to encompass human rights and gender equality in Indonesias ASM
sector. Informed decision-making and policy development in Indonesia currently operate without
sufficient information across the countrys varied cultural, ethnic and political landscape. Consequently,
the national and international expert's engagement is required to address causes of gender inequality,
and formulating an effective approach for formalization advancement. Policy development in ASM sector
formalization should incorporate current complex issues and socio-cultural diversity in Indonesia.

The challenges faced in Indonesias ASM sector are listed below:

ASM sector is considered as an attractive sector than any other area such as farming in the rural
communities where the minerals available; gold in particular.
Indonesia has complex regulatory system addressing ASM sector formalization. The regulations
have accounted for human rights and gender equality aspects but face challenges with
implementation.
Women adopt ancillary or secondary roles in ASGM communities, with limited access to economic
resources and opportunities for training, as a result of prevailing gender norms.
Gender-based violence mainly related to sexual and verbal abuse still exists in Indonesia due to
traditional beliefs, practices and customs, and a lack of awareness of womens rights.
The government has limited capacity to conduct proper technical assistance and monitoring
towards individuals ASM permit holder.
Amalgamation is still widespread in the ASGM communities even though miners are aware of the
impacts of mercury impact on the environment and human health.
Miners are eager to learn mercury-free processing techniques, and would be receptive to training
and capacity building to reduce, and where feasible, eliminate mercury amalgamation.
The government of Indonesia has shown commitment towards Minamata Convention on Mercury
but have had challenges with enforcement at the local level.

11
4. Recommendation

The recommendations based on this case study are:

In term of ASM sector development, addressing causes in different ASM regions require local
expertise and holistic approach that able to capture the diversity and unique circumstances of the
miners communities.
ASM sector policies and regulatory frameworks should incorporated vulnerable population,
women and children, need in the formulation and implementation.
Government officials, miners, and other stakeholders in ASM industry should have a better
understanding of policies, technical, and rights perspective for advancing formalization process.
Continuous capacity-building, good governance practices, improved access to information and
communication that include HRBA and gender should be done immediately.
Improved economic access for miners communities should address gender equality in practices.
Encourage and promote gender equality practices in extractive sector to improve livelihoods and
alleviate poverty in the ASM communities.
Considering that women in some areas of the country have greater autonomy and independence,
while women in other areas are more restricted, all ASGM interventions must take cultural and
ethnic diversity and gender norms into account.

5. Key Learning Points

In all sectors, Indonesian women earn 42% less than their male counterparts, and 31% of this
difference was explained by unique characteristics between women and men, such as career
interruptions, level of education, and industry of employment.
Wage gaps are higher in the informal sector with a greater gaps for lower income women
compared to higher income groups of women.
Young women in urban areas have increased their labor force participation in recent years, largely
through wage employment, while younger women in rural areas have reduced their labor force
participation, largely by opting out of informal, unpaid employment.
In Tewang Pejangan Village Dayak Ethnics groups have different customs, where women
experience better participation as decision-makers in their community and family. Despite
enhanced participation in decision-making, women still must request permission from their
husband before for engaging in activities related to ASGM.
It is difficult - and ultimately inaccurate - to make blanket statements about Indonesian culture or
the role of women. Gender and human rights issues in ASM sector are interrelated and cannot be Commented [CO9]: This looks more like a learning point
addressed without a holistic approach to understanding the unique needs of men and women in to me.
the communities.
Human rights are critical component to safeguard vulnerable populations in the ASM sector.
Women represent the vulnerable population in the ASM sector of Indonesia evidenced by gender-
based violence, discrimination and inequality of capital access.

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