ELEMENTAL CHEMISTRY

Tuesday, May 9th 2017

1. OBJECTIVES
a. Learn how to prepare halogen
b. Study some properties of chlorine, bromine, and iodine
c. Study some complex ion

2. INTRODUCTION
The Group VIIA elements, called the halogens, have very similar properties, or at least
they have properties that change smoothly in progressing down the column. All are reactive
nonmetals, except perhaps for astatine, whose chemistry is not well known. As a second-period
element, fluorine does exhibit some differences from the other elements of Group VIIA, although
these are not so pronounced as those of the second-period elements in Groups IIIA to VIA. The
solubility of the fluorides in water, for example, are often quite different from those of the
chlorides, bromides, and iodides. Calcium chloride, bromide, and iodide are very soluble in water.
Calcium fluoride, however, is insoluble. Silver chloride, bromide, and iodide are insoluble, but
silver fluoride is soluble.
All of the halogens form stable compounds in which the element is in the -1 oxidation
state. In fluorine compounds, this is the only oxidation state. Chlorine, bromine, and iodine also
have compounds in which the halogen is in one of the positive oxidation states -1, -3, -5, or -7.
The higher positive oxidation states (> +1) are due to the involvement of d orbital in bonding.

Chlorine
Chlorine gas, Cl2, was discovered in 1774 by the Swedish chemist Karl Wilhelm Scheele
by heating hydrochloric acid with manganese dioxide.
4HCl(aq) + MnO2(s) MnCl2(aq) + Cl2(g)+ 2H2O(l)
Chlorine gas has a pale greenish yellow color. It is a very reactive oxidizing agent and
supports the combustion of many substances in a manner similar to oxygen. All of the halogens
are oxidizing agents, though the oxidizing power decreases from fluorine to iodine. Thus, chlorine
is a stronger oxidizing agent than either bromine or iodine. When chlorine gas is bubbled into a
bromide solution, free bromine is obtained. Similarly, chlorine oxidizes iodide ion to iodine.
Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq) 2KCl(aq) + Br2(aq)
Cl2(g) + 2KI(aq) 2KCl(aq) + I2(aq)
These reactions can be used as a test for bromide and iodide ions. Suppose an aqueous
solution of chlorine is added to a test tube containing either bromide or iodide ion. The
corresponding free halogen is formed in the water solution. It is readily identified by adding the
organic solvent methylene chloride, CH2Cl2, which dissolves the halogen, forming a colored layer
at the bottom of the test tube. Bromide ion gives an orange layer; iodide ion gives a violet layer.
Of course, neither bromine nor iodine is strong enough to oxidize chloride ion.
Chlorine reacts with water by being both oxidized and reduced:
0 +1 -1
Cl2(g) + H2O(l) HClO(aq) + HCl(aq)
Chlorine is a major industrial chemical. It is prepared commercially by the electrolysis of
aqueous sodium chloride. Chlorine can be prepared in small amounts for laboratory use by the
reaction of chloride ion with a strong oxidizing agent, such as potassium dichromate or manganese
dioxide. However, chlorine is readily available in steel cylinders for laboratory work. The
principal use of chlorine is in the preparation of chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as vinyl chloride,
and methyl chloride, CH3Cl (for the manufacture of silicones, polymers with Si-O bonds and
organic groups). Various insecticides are also chlorinated hydrocarbons; many of these (such as
DDT) are now restricted in their use because of possible environmental damage. Other major uses
of chlorine are as a bleaching agent for textiles and paper pulp and as a disinfectant. Not long after
the discovery of chlorine, chlorine bleaches became available commercially. Chlorine solutions
were used as disinfectants early in the nineteenth century. Today, chlorine gas is commonly used
for disinfecting municipal water supplies. (Ebbing and Gammon, 2007: 320)
The halogens or halogen elements are a group in the periodic table consisting of five
chemically related elements: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At).
The artificially created element 117 may also be a halogen. In the modern IUPAC nomenclature,
this group is known as group 17. The group of halogens is the only periodic table group that
contains elements in all three familiar states of matter at standard temperature and pressure. All of
the halogens form acids when bonded to hydrogen. Most halogens are typically produced from
minerals or salts. The middle halogens, that is, chlorine, bromine and iodine, are often used as
disinfectants. The halogens are also all toxic.

Hydrogen halides
All of the halogens have been observed to react with hydrogen to form hydrogen halides.
For fluorine, chlorine, and bromine, this reaction is in the form of:
H2 + X2 2HX
However, hydrogen iodide and hydrogen astatide can split back into their constituent
elements. The hydrogen-halogen reactions get gradually less reactive toward the heavier
halogens. A fluorine-hydrogen reaction is explosive even when it is dark and cold. A chlorine-
hydrogen reaction is also explosive, but only in the presence of light and heat. A bromine-
hydrogen reaction is even less explosive; it is explosive only when exposed to flames. Iodine and
astatine only partially react with hydrogen, forming equilibria. All halogens form binary
compounds with hydrogen known as the hydrogen halides: hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen
chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr), hydrogen iodide (HI), and hydrogen astatide (HAt). All
of these compounds form acids when mixed with water. Hydrogen fluoride is the only hydrogen
halide that forms hydrogen bonds. Hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, and
hydroastatic acid are all strong acids, but hydrofluoric acid is a weak acid. All of the hydrogen
halides are irritants. Hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen chloride are highly acidic. Hydrogen
fluoride is used as an industrial chemical, and is highly toxic, causing pulmonary edema and
damaging cells. Hydrogen chloride is also a dangerous chemical. Breathing in gas with more than
fifty parts per million of hydrogen chloride can cause death in humans. Hydrogen bromide is even
more toxic and irritating than hydrogen chloride. Breathing in gas with more than thirty parts per
million of hydrogen bromide can be lethal to humans. Hydrogen iodide, like other hydrogen
halides, is toxic.

Metal halides
All the halogens are known to react with sodium to form sodium fluoride, sodium chloride,
sodium bromide, sodium iodide, and sodium astatide. Heated sodium's reaction with halogens
produces bright-orange flames. Sodium's reaction with chlorine is in the form of:

2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

Iron reacts with fluorine, chlorine, and bromine to form Iron (III) halides. These reactions
are in the form of:
 2Fe + 3X2 2FeX3

However, when iron reacts with iodine, it forms only iron(II) iodide. Iron wool can react
rapidly with fluorine to form the white compound iron(III) fluoride even in cold temperatures.
When chlorine comes into contact with heated iron, they react to form the black iron (III) chloride.
However, if the reaction conditions are moist, this reaction will instead result in a reddish-brown
product. Iron can also react with bromine to form iron(III) bromide. This compound is reddish-
brown in dry conditions. Iron's reaction with bromine is less reactive than its reaction with fluorine
or chlorine. Hot iron can also react with iodine, but it forms iron (II) iodide. This compound may
be gray, but the reaction is always contaminated with excess iodine, so it is not known for sure.
Iron's reaction with iodine is less vigorous than its reaction with the lighter halogens.

Reactions with water

Fluorine reacts vigorously with water to produce oxygen (O2) and hydrogen fluoride (HF):
2 F2(g) + 2 H2O(l) O2(g) + 4 HF(aq)

Chlorine has maximum solubility of ca. 7.1 g Cl2 per kg of water at ambient temperature
(21 C). Dissolved chlorine reacts to form hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous acid, a
solution that can be used as a disinfectant or bleach:
Cl2(g) + H2O(l) HCl(aq) + HClO(aq)

Bromine has a solubility of 3.41 g per 100 g of water, but it slowly reacts to form hydrogen
bromide (HBr) and hypobromous acid (HBrO):
Br2(g) + H2O(l) HBr(aq) + HBrO(aq)

Iodine, however, is minimally soluble in water (0.03 g/100 g water at 20 C) and does not
react with it. However, iodine will form an aqueous solution in the presence of iodide ion, such as
by addition of potassium iodide (KI), because the triiodide ion is formed.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen)

Complex ion and ligands

A complex ion is a metal ion with Lewis bases attached to it through coordinate covalent
bonds. A complex (or coordination compound) is a compound consisting either of complex ions
and other ions of opposite charge (for example, the compound K4[Fe(CN)6] of the complex ion
[Fe(CN)6]4 and four K ions) or of a neutral complex species (such as cisplatin).
Ligands are the Lewis bases attached to the metal atom in a complex. They are electron-
pair donors, so ligands may be neutral molecules (such as H2O or NH3) or anions (such as CN or
Cl) that have at least one atom with a lone pair of electrons. Cations only rarely function as
ligands. You might expect this, because an electron pair on a cation is held securely by the
positive charge, so it would not be involved in coordinate bonding. The coordination number of a
metal atom in a complex is the total number of bonds the metal atom forms with ligands. In
[Fe(H2O)6] 2, the iron atom bonds to each oxygen atom in the six water molecules. Therefore, the
coordination number of iron in this ion is 6, by far the most common coordination number.
Coordination number 4 is also well known, and many examples of number 5 have been
discovered. The coordination number for an atom depends on several factors, but size of the metal
atom is important. (Ebbing and Gammon, 2007: 939)

3. APPARATUS AND REAGENT

Apparatus:
 Test tube Glass pipe
Burner Pieces of cloth
Erlenmeyer Colored flower

Reagent:
Tunnel1 M AgNO3 1 M KBr
Iod CHCl3
1 M and 2 M NH3 Concentrated HCl
Alcohol Concentrated NH4Cl
Amilum Chlorine
MnO2 Iron powder
CuSO4.5H2O 1 M and 6 M H2SO4
0.25 M and 1 M CuSO4 Concentrated and 6 M HNO3
6 M, 2 M, and 1 M NaOH 1M K4Fe(CN)6
1 M NaCl 0,5M FeSO4
1 M KI Ethanol

4. PROCEDURE
a. Preparation of halogen and its properties

teaspoon chlorine Insert to test tube Connect to

and 1 mL of and close the tube erlenmeyer
concentrated HCl immediately with tunned

HCl solution

Few of Put into test tube Replace flowers with

chlorine and close with colored pieces of
solution colored flower cloth, wet and dry

Observe what
happened
 Few of Put into test tube Replace flowers with
chlorine and close with colored pieces of
solution colored flower cloth, wet and dry

Observe what
happened

2 mL of
Iodine Add 1 mL CHCL3
water

Shake and observe

Grain 2 mL Few drop

of of the 2 ml starch
alcohol
iodine solution

1 mL of 1 mL Dropwise Replace
chlorine CHCl3 KBr KBr with
water KI

Observe what
happened
 Iodine and Add Add 1 mL
1 mL of into test CHCl3 NaCl
water tube and shake

KI

Take 3
Observe what Add
test NaCl AgNO3
happened NH3
tubes

KBr

b. Complex ion formation

Put crystals Clip the test Cool Few

CuSO4.5H2O tube and heat the test drop
into test tube horizontally tube water

Observe what
happened

Dropwise NH3 Add

NH4Cl
Take 3 test
tubes and add Dilute with
Dropwise NaOH
1 mL of 0.25 water
M CuSO4 Observe what
Dropwise HCl happened

c. Typical properties of transition elements

Put iron
Add 5 mL Add 5
powder Filter Filtrat 1
of 1 M mL of
into test
H2SO4 water
tube
 Put iron powder Add 5
mL of Filter Filtrat 2
into test tube
water

Add 1 mL of
K4Fe(CN)6
Add 1 mL
of filtrate 1 Observe what
into 2 test happened
tubes
Add 1 mL of
NaOH

Add 1 mL of
K4Fe(CN)6
Add 1 mL
of filtrate 2 Observe what
into 2 test happened
tubes
Add 1 mL of
NaOH

5. OBSERVATION SHEET
a. Preparation of halogen and its properties
No. Experiment Observation
Yellow, warm, any bubble, smell of
1. Kaporit + concentrated HCl
chlorine, yellow smoke
a. Chlorine with colored flower Flowers color faded
2. b. Chlorine with wet colored cloth/fabric Color of cloth faded
c. Chlorine with dry colored cloth/fabric Nothing has changed
Theres two layers, creates convex on the
3. Chlorine with CHCl3 base of test tube and concave on the top
of tube
a. Iodine in water Clear brown solution
4. Top layer is clear and bottom layer is
b. Iodine in CHCl3
pink purple
Light orange solution and there is no
a. Iodine in alcohol
5. precipitate
b. Iod solution with starch solution Purple solution with black precipitate
 Warm, formed two layers, top
a. Chlorine water CHCl3 + KBr transparent yellow, and the bottom seems
6.
like orange oil
b. Chlorine water + CHCl3 + KI Blackish red solution
7. Iodine + CHCl3 + NaCl Yellow solution and have black layers
Experiment Color of precipitate + NH3
NaCl + AgNO3 White Not dissolved
8.
KI + AgNO3 White bone Not dissolved
KBr + AgNO3 White bone Not dissolved

b. Complex ion formation

No. Experiment Observation
a. CuSO4.5H2O crystal
The color from blue turns to grey
1. heated
b. Cooled, add water Warm, the color turns to blue color
a. CuSO4 + NH3 From light blue turn into dark blue
b. CuSO4 + NaOH Light blue, there are precipitate
c. CuSO4 + HCl Warm, Greenish yellow solution
d. Dissolved
1. CuSO4 + NH3 1. The brighters color
2. CuSO4 + NaOH 2. The brighters color
2. 3. CuSO4 + HCl 3. The brighters color
e. Dissolved , add NH4Cl There is no change
1. CuSO4 + NH3 1. The brighter color and have more precipitate then
before
2. CuSO4 + NaOH 2. The brighter color and form 3 layers; blue, clear, and
light blue precipitate
3. CuSO4 + HCl 3. The brighter color and warm

c. Typical properties of transition elements

Filtrate 1 Filtrate 2
Reagent
Color : colorless Color : colorless
K4Fe(CN)6 Concentrated light blue Clear
Two layer; colorless and green, Blackish green solution
NaOH
havent precipitate

Solution of KMnO4 in an acidic, given the ethanol:

The color from red turns into colorless and has higher temperature

Solution of KMnO4 in alkaline, given the ethanol:

The color from red color turns into clear tosca

6. DATA ANALYSIS
a. Preparation of halogen and its properties
The reaction for this experiment:
1) Kaporit + concentrated HCl
Ca(ClO)2(s) + 4HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + 2Cl2(s) + 2H2O(l)
 3) Chlorine with CHCl3
Cl2(aq) + CHCl3(aq) CCl4(l) + HCl(g)
4) a. Iodine + water
2I2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4HI(aq) + O2
b. Iodine + CHCl3
3I2(s) + 2 CHCl3(aq) 2CHI(aq) + 3Cl2(s)
5) a. Iodine in alcohol
4I2(s) + 2CH3OH(aq) 2CHI3(aq) + 2HI(l) + O2(g)
b. Iod solution + amilum solution
I2(s) + C6H12O6(aq)
6) a. Chlorine water + CHCl3 + KBr
Cl2(l) + 2KBr(aq) 2KCl(aq) + Br2(aq)
b. Chlorine water + CHCl3 + KI
Cl2(l) + 2KI(aq) 2KCl(aq) + I2(s)
7) Iodine + CHCl3 + NaCl
I2 + NaCl
8) NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)
KI(aq) + AgNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + AgI(s)
KBr(aq) + AgNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + AgBr(s)

b. Complex ion formation

The reaction for this experiment:
a) CuSO4 + 4NH3 Cu(NH3)4SO4
b) CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
c) CuSO4(aq) + 2HCl(aq) CuCl2 + H2SO4

c. Typical properties of transition elements

a. Fe(s) + H2SO4(l) FeSO4 + H2
2FeSO4 + K4Fe(CN)6 3Fe(CN)2 + 2K2SO4
FeSO4 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + Na2SO4
b. Fe + 2 HNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + H2
6Fe(NO3)2 + 3K4Fe(CN)6 6Fe(CN)3 + 12 KNO3
Fe(NO3)2 + NaOH Fe(OH)2 + 2NaNO3

7. DISCUSSION
a. Preparation of halogen and its properties
a) Chlorine + concentrated HCl
In this experiment, we made chlorine gas. In this experiment, Chlorine acid
react with HCl that will form chlor gas. This gas change to yellow transparent water.
In this reaction there are some bubbles from chlorine (Cl2). This reaction constitute
oxidation reaction where Cl at oxidation by Cl becomes to chlorine gas and the Cl2
can formed HCl solution. The reaction is:
Ca(ClO)2(s) + 4HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + 2Cl2(s) + 2H2O(l)
b) Chlorine with colored flower and colored cloth
This experiment is to prove ClO as strength oxidator. In this experiment, we
react chlorin acid with HCl and close the tube with flower, wet colored cloth and dry
colored cloth. Its result said that the color of the flower and wet colored cloth
become fade because there are ClO- ion to be oxidator. Chlorine gas is has great
 reactivity. This gas is toxic and dangerous if we breathe it. From the result of the
experiment prove that ClO is strength oxidator. The reaction is:
Cl2(aq) + CHCl3(aq) CCl4(l) + HCl(g)
c) Chlorine with CH3Cl
In this experiment , the result of among chlorine solution with CHCl 3 is not
mixed. There are two layers formed. In this case, CHCl3 is polar and chlor has
nonpolar character. Because the difference of electronegativity is big enough, so Cl2
and CHCl3 create layer in the test tube, which Cl2 on the top layer, while the bottom
layer is CHCl3. CHCl3 is more polar and the electronegativity is great so that CHCl3
create layer on the bottom side. The reaction is:
Cl2 + CHCl3 HCl + CCl4
d) a. Iodine in water
In this experiment, Iodine wass reacted with water. Iodine cannot dissolved in
the water directly. It must be shake some minutes. Finally, iodine and water form
brown solution. Iodine is nonpolar, besides water is polar. But iodine can dissolved
in the water because iodine can dissolve in polar and nonpolar solvent. The reaction
is:
I2 (l) + H2O (l) OI-(aq) + 2H+(aq) + I-(aq)
b. Iodine in CH3Cl
The iodine solution added by CHCl3 become purple at the top, brown on the
breath and there are black precipitates. This black precipitate is CHCl3. Iodine mixed
with CHCl3 solution also formed two layers. The layer is formed due to the
difference of polarity of both solutions. On the above test tube is Iodine (I2) because
Iodine is nonpolar solvent, so the density of I is smaller than CHCl3. While the
precipitate in the bottom of test tube is CHCl3 which is polar solvent, so the density
of CHCl3 is greater than I2. The reaction is:
3I2(s) + 2 CHCl3(aq) 2CHI(aq) + 3Cl2(s)
e) a. Iodine in alcohol
In this experiment, Iodine reacted with alcohol produce solution that has
betadine color. Iodine dissolved in alcohol while iodine is nonpolar and alcohol is
polar. The reaction is:
4I2(s) + 2CH3OH(aq) 2CHI3(aq) + 2HI(l) + O2(g)
b. Iod solution with starch solution
In this experiment, Iodine solution react with starch solution form dark blue
color. There are precipitate produce from this reaction. The precipitate show that
there are iodine in the solution.
f) a. Chlorine water + CH3Cl + KBr
The experiment result is there are 2 phase of the reaction. The color become
yellow above and dark yellow below. Chlor water is polar, CHCl3 is nonpolar and
KBr is polar. chlor water only can react with KBr. And CHCl3 as solvent. The
reaction between chlor water and KBr caused color change become colorless. The
reaction is:
Cl2(l) + 2KBr(aq) 2KCl(aq) + Br2(aq)
b. Chlorine water + CH3Cl + KI
Chlorine water which added by CHCl3 and KI will produce blackish red solution.
The KI solution is make sediment in the bottom of test tube because KI is more polar
than CHCl3 solution. The reaction is:
 Cl2(l) + 2KI(aq) 2KCl(aq) + I2(s)
g) Iodine water + CHCl3 + NaCl
Iodine water which added by CHCl3 and NaCl will produce purple colored at the
top, light brown and blackish purple in the bottom. The first layer is iodine and the
second layers is CHCl3. Because Iodine is non-polar solvent so the density of Iodine
is smaller than CHCl3.The reaction is:
h) a. NaCl + AgNO3
In this experiment NaCl solution was reacted with AgNO3. The solution
produce white precipitate from AgCl. This precipitate insoluble in NH3. The
reaction is:
NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)
b. KI + AgNO3
In this experiment KI solution was reacted with AgNO3 solution. The
solution produce yellow precipite from AgI. This precipitate insoluble in NH3.
The reaction is:
KI(aq) + AgNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + AgI(s)
c. KBr + AgNO3
In this experiment KBr was react with AgNO3. The reaction produce white
precipitate. The precipitate is AgBr. The precipitate is insoluble in NH3. The
reaction is:
KBr(aq) + AgNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + AgBr(s)

b. Complex ion formation

a) CuSO4.5H2O crystal heated
In this experiment, we heated CuSO4.5H2O crystal. Before heating, the colour is
blue and after heating the color is grey. Then when the chrystal is cold, we added a
few drops of water into it and the color change blue again. The reaction is:
CuSO4.5H2O(s) CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(g)
When the heating, the color is change from blue to grey. It caused the hydrate is
released. When we added water, the colour became blue again because it bonded
with water.
b) CuSO4 + NH3
In this experiment, CuSO4 solution reacted with NH3 solution. The result of this
experiment is dark blue color. The reaction:
CuSO4 + NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]2+
The result product is a complex compound. So, from the experiments can be
concluded that the reaction between CuSO4 and NH3 produce complex ion. This is
because the ammonia and water are ligands that are arranged about the copper ion in
an octahedral complex, and the initial color of Cu (NH3)4 2+ is dark blue. Typical
properties of transition elements.
c) CuSO4 + NaOH
In this experiment, CuSO4 solution reacted withNaOH solution. The result of
this experiment is solution with dark blue color and precipite. The reaction:
CuSO4 + 4NaOH [Cu(OH)2SO4]4- + 4Na+
The precipitate is Cu(OH)2 . Resulting product is a complex compound. So,
from the experiments can be concluded that the reaction between CuSO4 and NaOH
produce complex ion, [Cu(OH)2SO4]4- .
 d) CuSO4 + HCl
In this experiment, CuSO4 solution reacted with HCl solution. The result of this
experiment is solution with yellow green color. The reaction:
CuSO4 + 2 HCl [CuCl2SO4]2- + 2H+
These reactions produce yellow green solution. The precipitate is CuCl2 .
Resulting product is a complex compound. So, from the experiments can be
concluded that the reaction between CuSO4 and HCl produce complex ion.
e) CuSO4 dissolved
This experiment is did by add water to each tube and then the color become lighter
than before.
f) CuSO4 dissolved into the water, added by NH4Cl
This experiment is continue from the dissolve experiment, then add with NH4Cl. But
after we add NH4Cl there is the change color. When CuSO4 added NH3 then
dissolved and added by NH4Cl the color turns into dark blue. When CuSO4 added
NaOH then dissolved and added by NH4 there are precipitate and form 3 layer. The
color of top layer is blue, the middle is colorless and the bottom is precipitate. When
CuSO4 added HCl then dissolved and added by NH4Cl the color become lighter than
before.

c. Typical properties of transition elements

Iron
In this experiment, we reacted iron with H2SO4 then add water and filter them. The
filtrate is colorless. The reaction:
Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + H2(g)
The reaction of each tube:
2FeSO4 + K4Fe(CN)6 3Fe(CN)2 + 2K2SO4
The color is light blue
FeSO4 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + Na2SO4
There is 2 layers, colorless and green

The second filtrate is a mixture of powder of Fe with HNO3 solution. The color is
colorless. The reaction is:
Fe + 2 HNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + H2
The reaction of each tube:
6Fe(NO3)2 + 3K4Fe(CN)6 6Fe(CN)3 + 12 KNO3
The color is clear
Fe(NO3)2 + NaOH Fe(OH)2 + 2NaNO3
The color turns into blackish green

The change color of transition elements (in this case is Fe) is because addition of
HNO3 and H2SO4. This is indicate the one of properties of transition element show variable
oxidation states and from a stable complexes as shown in the reaction above; also form
coloured ions and compounds, because the transition element have coloured ions and
compounds.

Manganese
In this experiment, we dissolve KMnO4 solution with sulfuric acid. The color of
KMnO4 is red. Then add H2SO4 and the color become pink. When the solution added by
 ethanol, the solution become colorless. When the solution in alkaline added ethanol, the
color become light tosca. The reaction is:

8. CONCLUSION
a. Halogen elements can be formed by oxidation reaction
b. Halide ion can be identified by reaction with AgNO3
c. Complex ion has characteristic color

9. SUGGESTION
a. We have to understand the experiments procedures, so we know what we have to do when
practicing the experiment.
b. The apparatus of the experiment must be in good condition.
c. We have to do the experiments carefully

10. REFERENCES
Ebbing, Darrell D and Steven D Gammon. 2007. General Chemistry Ninth Edition. Boston :
Houghton Mifflin Company
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen
11. APPENDIX
a. Problem
1) Preparation of halogen and its properties
1. Write all the occurred reaction
Answer:
Kaporit + concentrated HCl
Ca(OCl)2(s) + 4HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + 2Cl2(s) + 2H2O(l)
Chlorine with CHCl3
Cl2(aq) + 2CHCl3(aq) 2CCl4(l) + 2HCl(g)
Iodine + water
I2(s) + H2O(l)
Iodine + CHCl3
3I2(s) + 2 CHCl3(aq) 2CHI(aq) + 3Cl2(s)
Iodine in alcohol
4I2(s) + 2CH3OH(aq) 2CHI3(aq) + 2HI(l) + O2(g)
Iod solution + amilum solution
I2(s) + C6H12O6(aq)
Chlorine water + CHCl3 + KBr
Cl2(l) + 2KBr(aq) 2KCl(aq) + Br2(aq)
Chlorine water + CHCl3 + KI
Cl2(l) + 2KI(aq) 2KCl(aq) + I2(s)
Iodine + CHCl3 + NaCl
I2 + NaCl
NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)
KI(aq) + AgNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + AgI(s)
KBr(aq) + AgNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + AgBr(s)
2. Sort the reactivity of halogen elements based on your experiment
Answer:
Reactivity of halogen elements based on the experiment is Cl>Br>I

2) Complex ion formation

1. NH3 solution containing NH3, NH+ and OH-. Which one from complex ions with Cu2+
ion? Give an explanation
Answer:
NH3, because NH3 is donor of electrons.
The reaction is :
Cu2+ + 4NH3 [ Cu(NH3)4]2+

2. HCl solution containing H+ and Cl- ions. Which ions form complexes with Cu+ ion?
Give an explanation
Answer:
Cl-, because ligand is an anion or a neutral molecule. Ligand Cl- is weakness than
H2O.
The reaction is :
Cu2++ 4Cl- [ Cu(Cl)42-]
3. Write down all the reactions in this experiment
Answer:
CuSO4 + 4NH3 Cu(NH3)4SO4
 CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
CuSO4(aq) + 2HCl(aq) CuCl2 + H2SO4
3) Typical properties of transition elements
1. Write the all the occurred reaction in this experiment
Answer :
Fe(s) + H2SO4(l) FeSO4 + H2
2FeSO4 + K4Fe(CN)6 3Fe(CN)2 + 2K2SO4
FeSO4 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + Na2SO4
Fe + 2 HNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + H2
6Fe(NO3)2 + 3K4Fe(CN)6 6Fe(CN)3 + 12 KNO3
Fe(NO3)2 + NaOH Fe(OH)2 + 2NaNO3

2. Write the half reactions for all redox reactions that occur in this experiment
Answer :
a) Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2
+
Reduction: 2H + 2e H2
Oxidation: Fe Fe2+ + 2e
+ 2+
Fe + 2H Fe + H2

Result: Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2

b) 3Fe + 8HNO3 3Fe(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O

Reduction : NO3- + 4H++ 3e NO + 2H2O x2
Oxidation : Fe Fe2+ + 2e x3
2 NO3- + 8H+ + 3Fe 2+
3Fe + 2NO + 4H2O

Result: 3Fe + 8HNO3 3Fe(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O