Hamoudi et al / Journal of Environment (2014), Vol. 03, Issue 04, pp.

57-64 ISSN 2049-954X

Research Paper

Meteorology and Photochemical Air Pollution in Western

Mediterranean Basin; Focused Analysis on Algerian
Coast
Benameur Hamoudi1, Fethi Saidi1*, Boumedienne Beladjine1 and Abbes Azzi1
1
Laboratory of Naval Aero-Hydrodynamic, University of Sciences and Technology of Oran, Mohamed Boudiaf, Algeria
*E-Mail: hamoudi_benameur@yahoo.fr

Abstract
In this study a summer air pollution episode from 31st of July to 1st of August 2013 over the Western Mediterranean Basin
(WMB) is investigated and analysed through advanced atmospheric modelling. This episode was reported from the air
quality simulations performed during this period for the Transport and Transformation of air pollutants from South Europe
to North Africa. The present study is concentrated on ground level Ozone (O3), oxide nitric (NO), dioxide nitrogen (NO2)
concentrations variability in order to determine the role of large scale atmospheric transport on the behaviour of tropospher-
ic ozone and its precursors. During this episode the synoptic condition showed by the meteorological WRF model favours
the development of mesoscale circulation, which enhances the long range transport of polluted air masses toward the
Algerian Coast. Moreover, the photochemical model results of both days simulated are compared with observed data and it
shows a good concordance about the O3 and NOx, while a similarity in temporal variation of the concentrations of
compounds studied is detected during this episode

Keywords: CAMx, O3-NO-NO2, South Europe, North Africa, Algerian Coast

1. Introduction
The increasing incidence of photochemical smog and its
irritating and damaging effects spurred a flurry of research
activities in the early 1980 that continued at a record pace
through the 1990 (Le Bras, 1993).
Millan et al (1997) is credited with reporting that the most
injurious effect of smog could be attributed to oxidants
(mainly ozone) produced in the lower atmosphere by a
complex, photochemically initiated process involving oxi-
des of nitrogen and various hydrocarbons. More recently,
the factors affecting photochemical air quality [NOx, CO,
CH4 and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)] were revi-
ewed by Jimnez & Baldasano (2004), this case, requisite
two refers to a stagnant air condition that must confine and
maintain reactant levels for a stagnant air condition that
solar irradiation to take place and to initiate the smog proc-
ess. Temperature must be included as a parameter because
of its effect on the rate of the reaction. It was shown long
ago that the photochemical process essentially stops at
ambient temperatures below the 15 C (Gerasopoulos et al,
2006).
Highly populated Western Mediterranean Basin (WMB) is
surrounded on three sides by mountains (Alps, Atlas etc.)
up to 2500 m in elevation. Millions of automobiles and va-
rious industrial sources (South Europe) release large quant-
ities of various reactive organic gases and oxides of nitrog-
en in the atmosphere (Kallos, 1997 and Kallos et al, 1998).
In addition, the air pollution climatology of the Western
Mediterranean Basin should be a major consideration (Mil-
lan et al, 2002). Particular interested on the average wind
speed and direction in order to provide a rough estimate of
pollutant dispersion patterns. The effect of topography and
local wind systems, such as land sea breezes and mounta-
in-valley winds, should be investigated with respect to dis-

Available online at www.scientific-journals.co.uk 57

 Hamoudi et al / Journal of Environment (2014), Vol. 03, Issue 04, pp. 57-64
persion patterns and nearby residential and industrial areas
(Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science,
2002).
Additionally, great consideration should be given to the pr-
oblem of trans boundary long-range ozone and its precurs-
ors within WMB during the summer (Bouchlaghem et al,
2012). As noted in previous studies i.e. Kallos et al (2002)
and Millan et al (2002), the synoptic and regional circulat-
ion during the summer favours and promotes the transport
of aged air masses maintained within the within the entire
Mediterranean Basin for a long-distance released from the
South-East Europe and Central Mediterranean to North
Africa.
The factors and processes spatially and temporally have
been the subject of intense modelling efforts for more than
three decades. The model currently in favour with various
projects at Mediterranean Region is a massive computer
program, the Comprehensive Air quality Model with Exte-
nsion (CAMx) (Kallos et al, 2002 and Tesche et al, 2006).
The issue of air quality conditions and atmospheric pollut-
ion in Western North African countries, more specifically
Algerian Coast, has been addressed through consideration
of its relativity to Europe Region. Global, regional and
local sources of air pollution in the Western Mediterranean
Region (WMR) have been considered. Indeed, the air poll-
ution was highest during times of this episode when Mete-
orology factors like average wind speed and direction, also
average temperature are favour for accumulation and trans-
port of pollutants mainly O3, NO and NO2 from South
Europe to Western North Africa. Typically, these conditi-
ons are identified with the combined systems of advanced
atmospheric modelling WRF/CAMx (Saidi et al, 2014).
2. Re-Circulation and Transport over the
WMR
The air pollution re-circulation and transport was the subj-
ect of many studies during the last 15 years (Gangoiti et al,
2001), such as MECAPIP and T-TRAPEM gave informati-
on about the re-circulation mechanisms, the layering, the
paths and transformation processes, mainly the photo-oxid-
ants, (Millan et al, 2000). Similarly, Max Planck Society
for the Advancement of Science, 2002, investigates atmos-
pheric pollution transport over the Mediterranean region
resulting in large scale decrease of air quality and precipit-
ation (MINOS). These investigations were included in the
BEMA, MAMCS, SUB-AERO and ADIOS projects.
The T-TRAPEM and MINOS projects developed two
paths of transport as:
From SE Europe and Black Sea towards the Middle
East and North Africa, across the Aegean Sea.
Available online at www.scientific-journals.co.uk
ISSN 2049-954X
From Western Mediterranean towards Eastern with
two branches i.e. towards NE Mediterranean and tow-
ards SE Mediterranean, Middle East and Africa.
During the cold period of the year, the washout mechanis-
ms are important. Photochemical processes are not at their
peak due to limited insulation and cloud formations. Duri-
ng the warm period, the wet removal processes are very
limited and insulation helps photochemical processes,
moreover, they affect the weather at higher latitudes
(Varinou et al, 2001).
The air masses coming towards North Africa are highly
influenced by strong sea-land breeze (differencing in temp-
erature) and the intensity of the Azores high-pressure syst-
em, which surrounds the Western Mediterranean Basin
(Millan et al, 2000).
The western North Africa especially the Algerian Coast is
mainly located under the influence of topography and cli-
mate of WMB, surrounded by high coastal mountains and
characterised by dry hot summers and mild winters. Preci-
pitations are poor, irregular and sometimes drought situate-
ion. Annual average temperature is 18 oC, annual average
precipitation around 450 mm. Nevertheless, there is a dive-
rse climate, with strong contrasts through the year (United
Nations Environment Program, Regional Office for West
Asia, League of Arab states, 2006). The sun provides the
energy to drive the winds by heating the surface of the
earth and in turn the air above it. This heat affects the Alg-
erian Coast most of the time. There are three major factors
that influence the Algerian Coast weather and air quality:
The differential heating of the land and Mediterranean
masses
The large scale seasonal weather regimes
The local topography.
3. Model Systems
A short description of the modelling system used in this
study is provided below.
Figure 1 shows the computational domain for the meteoro-
logical (WRF) and the photochemical (CAMx) models.
The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is a
next-generation mesoscale numerical weather prediction
system designed to serve both atmospheric research and
operational forecasting needs.
The Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions
(CAMx) is an Eulerian photochemical model that allows
integrated assessment of air pollution over many scales
58
 Hamoudi et al / Journal of Environment (2014), Vol. 03, Issue 04, pp. 57-64 ISSN 2049-954X

ranging from urban to regional. The CAMx performance 4. Case Study

running is summarised on Table 1 and Table 2.
4.1. Synoptic Situation during the Episode

The temperature distribution over the WMB was

Figure 1. Computing Domain for Resolution of (12*12 km) Grid-
1/(5*5 km) Grid-2 (longitude*latitude)
Table 1. CAMx Specifications
Specification
Model
OS/compiler
CPU type
Emissions source
Initial conditions
Boundary conditions
Meteorological data
Table 2. CAMx Run-Time Options
WRAP PSAT Speciation
Advection Solver
Chemistry Parameters
Chemistry Solver
Plume-in-grid
associated with a weak Coast flow moving slowly
eastwards, this situation induced weak cyclonic circulation
over the Western and the Centre of Algeria and a
tropospheric anticyclonic circulation above these regions.
Under this weak synoptic forcing, strong insulation may
promote the development of mesoscale flows associated
with the local topography (mountain and valley), while the
difference in temperature between the sea and the land
enhances the development of sea-land breezes. Later in the
day, the surface air temperature decreases over the WMB,
land begins to cool, while the air temperature above the
Mediterranean Sea is higher to generate an air flow betwe-
en sea and land, after the sunset on July 31st as well as the
next days (August 1st). A relatively stationary high pressu-
re area on North Africa provides an easterly flow of cool
upper air which subsides over the basin causing an inverse-
Description ng in surface temperature. The resulting inversion, combi-
ned with a light sea breeze and the surrounding mountains.
CAMx v5.2
An additional effect of the Azore high pressure cell domin-
Linux, Ifort v.11.0-0 ates the WMB with clear skies.
USTO Cluster
EMEP Inventory 4.1.1. Surface Temperature
camx.v 5.2. inst. 5.2 The general meteorological conditions simulated are char-
camx.v 5.2.BC acterised by maximum surface air temperature at 1200
WRF Meteorological Model UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) ranging between 34
and 42 C over the North Africa at 31st of July, while the
next days (1st August) it varied between 34 and 40 C over
the same area (Figure 2). During the nights, the land cools
faster than the sea mass, causing a land breeze where the
Description
air flows slowly down the Algeria coastal areas into the
PPM Mediterranean basin. The increase in temperature accordi-
CAMx.5.2.chemparam.5_CF ng to the altitude result an inversion coupled with stagnati-
on conditions near the surface of the Alps and the Atlas
CMC Mountains during the noon period drive to the formation of
Used a box over this both region. This last aid in traps the
emitted pollutants and provides a massive photochemical

Figure 2. Mean Sea Level Pressure and Surface Air Temperature at 12 UTC for the 31st of July and the 1st August, 2013

Available online at www.scientific-journals.co.uk 59

 Hamoudi et al / Journal of Environment (2014), Vol. 03, Issue 04, pp. 57-64 ISSN 2049-954X

reaction vessel. 4.1.2.2. Wind at 1500 m

4.1.2. Wind Field
The two days of the episode, 31st of July and 1st of August
2013, shows that the first and second layer of WRF model
up to 850 hpa are in roughly similar for the wind direction.
The air block '' very slow air flow'' extends from 10 m to
850 hpa (1500 m). Whereas, the wind coming by the Gulf
of Lion breaks this wall (air block) to exit over the Algeri-
an Coast giving rise to a re-circulation over this area.
4.1.2.1. Wind at 10 m
The wind field at 850 hPa shows the synoptic wind circul-
ation. Figure 4, shows the 850 hPa wind field on the 31st of
July, and 1st of August. As for the wind at 10 m, the wind
at 850 hPa blows out from Gulf of Lion towards the coas-
tal line of Algeria, while the wind from Gibraltar Strait
blows towards North Africa. This flow pattern is maintain-
ned during the whole period simulated.
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Model Evaluation

For the two days simulated, the wind field is characterised
by a North-Westerly direction from the Gulf of Lion towa-
rds Tyrrhenian Sea with the maximum offshore of the Tun-
isian Coast. By 0600 UTC the situation over the Algerian
Coast was almost stagnant with very low winds apart from
an area offshore where the wind has its maximum (5 ms-1).
At 1200 UTC the wind flow is similar as in the previous
period with slightly higher winds inland of Algeria. At the
early afternoon the air flow over the Mediterranean Sea
and the nearby coastal areas was enhanced as a result of
the synoptic conditions (Figure 3).
The West of North Africa, more precisely Algeria, has a
great lack of data in air quality. In this context, this study
will give a clear sight on air quality of the WMR afterwa-
rds on the whole Algerian coast.
CAMx produce excellent simulation results, as shown in
Figure 5. It presents ozone and two important precursor
NO and NO2 exactly at South of France: AIR Languedoc-
Roussillon, Pyrnes measure Station situated at (latitude=
436; longitude= 388). The predicted results from a
CAMx simulation of the Pyrnes Metropolitan area are

Figure 3. 10m Wind Field at 1200 UTC on July 31st and 1st August, 2013

Figure 4. Wind Field at 850 hpa at 1200 UTC on July 31st and 1st August, 2013

Available online at www.scientific-journals.co.uk 60

 Hamoudi et al / Journal of Environment (2014), Vol. 03, Issue 04, pp. 57-64
compared with hourly monitoring data. A good concordan-
ce between CAMx model and measure station is noticed.
The light differences between the model results and meas-
ured of the concentration are due to the grid refinement.
Bright and clear skies combined with an early morning te-
mperature in the range of 32-40 C. These factors produce
a typical smog day at Algerian Coast. Figure 5 presents
typical levels of NOx and ozone as the smog process prog-
resses at Western North Africa. Both simulated days show
a similarity on the day cycle of the three species studied
(O3, NO, NO2).
Figure 5. Hourly Average of Modelled and Measured Concentration for O3, NO2, NO at 31st of July and 1st of August, 2013
5.2. Hourly Average Concentration during this Episode
During the night of 31st of July, from roughly 0000 to 0600
UTC, the concentration of oxides of nitrogen remain at co-
astal levels. As traffic and industrial builds to reach a ma-
ximum at around 0800 UTC, there is an attendant rapid
increase in the concentration of NO occurs first, as these
emitted from sources directly. The increase in NO2 gaps by
a short period because it is formed by atmospheric reacti-
ons. Shortly after sunrise and the photochemical reaction
sequence, the NO concentration begins a rapid decrease
and the oxidant predominantly ozone concentration increa-
se at a similar rate. By 0900 UTC the photochemical proc-
ess oscillate over the equilibria.
If there is a noticeable pungent odour of ozone in the air,
ones eyes begin to water and burn and the panoramic
view of the city begins to fade in a brownish aerosol haze
that will increase until about 1100 to 1300 UTC (noon). At
1800 UTC the intensity of solar radiation has decreased to
a low level and the photochemical process has dropped.
Oxidant levels turn down rapidly as their production rates
go to zero. By 0000 UTC the concentration of oxides of ni-
trogen have again reached normal coastal levels (stagnant
air conditions), and are ready to participate in more smog
formation reactions the next day (1st of August).
5.3. Transport and Transformation during this Episode
The diurnal cycle is most pronounced in the Mediterranean
Available online at www.scientific-journals.co.uk
ISSN 2049-954X
Region where the daytime peaks are consistently over 0.07
ppm in all simulated days, reaching more than 0.09 ppm
coincides with a steep decease in the precursor NO values
(Figures 6a and 6b), not only the max values of ozone are
associated with minimum values in NO, but the whole diu-
rnal cycle of the two species is more or less opposite, from
West, Central, East and South Europe, across the North
Africa more precisely across of the Algerian Coast. During
this episode, the first day presents a similarity on the Grou-
nd-level ozone, in which from 31st of July to 1st of August
the relatively higher concentrations extend from Southern
Europe to Northern Algeria. Pockets of higher concentrate-
ons exist within this band where the means reach to 0.062
ppm. For much of the region the mean modelled; ozone
concentrations are between 0.045-0.060 ppm. Over much
of North Algerian, South France, East Iberian Peninsula
and Italy the maximum ozone concentrations varies betwe-
en 0.062-0.082 ppm.
During this episode, several potential mechanisms for re-
circulating O3 and its precursors have been shown by met-
eorological pattern over North Algeria, including the hot
surface air temperature and wind reversals along the coast
caused by thermal low circulation and formation of pollut-
ion in South France (Gulf of Lion) and East Spain, subject
to long-range transport toward North Algeria.
A loft caused by the polluted layer system reaches the are-
as surrounding the Alps as well as Gibraltar, whereas, part
of these pollutants could be above the trade winds domina-
ting these regions (Azores high pressure). The processes
could be favoured by a high relief injection level provided
by the South Europe facing slopes of Alps, also of Sierra
Nevada (South Spain) range (3000 m peaks). The pollutan-
ts, however, remaining in the lower layers could travel
toward and along the Algerian Coast with the trade winds.
This transport mechanism could explain some high O3
levels at the Algerian Coast background occurred in this
episode. Its formation takes place mainly above the Medit-
erranean Sea where primary pollutants have been accumul-
ating until early. The photochemical reactions are more
61
 Hamoudi et al / Journal of Environment (2014), Vol. 03, Issue 04, pp. 57-64 ISSN 2049-954X

pronounced this day over the domain study. The mechani-
sms occurred during this day for the transformation and
transport of pollutants was similar to the latest day. Those
processes (mechanisms transformations) lead to the layeri-
ng of the aged pollutants, that is being trapped in strata
which are essentially uncoupled from each other and from
the surface, this layers are generated directly along the co-
astal mountains ranges (all over WMB) Figure 6b, and co-
nvection toward the sea. The photochemical formation of
ozone at the Algerian Coast is influenced by ambient tem-
perature, solar radiation, NO and NO2 concentration.
5.4. Transect Along the Western Mediterranean Basin
Figure 7 shows the O3 concentrations from South Europe
to North Africa at several times of the day. In Pyrnes,
located on the valley at slight of 400 m (Near the Gulf of
Lion), O3 is still available from the reservoir layers (Costal
hills) that it has not been depleted fully from the drainage
flow and the concentrations do not drop below 0.4 ppm
during the night. While the O3 concentration at the Weste-
rn North Africa, more precisely at the Algerian Coast, is
low as compared to the Pyrnes area. At the 0700 UTC,

Figure 6a. Hourly Average O3, NO2 and NO Concentration respectively at 06, 12 and 20 UTC for 31st of July, 2013

Figure 6b. Hourly Average O3, NO2 and NO Concentration respectively at 06, 12 and 20 UTC for 1st of August, 2013

Available online at www.scientific-journals.co.uk 62

 Hamoudi et al / Journal of Environment (2014), Vol. 03, Issue 04, pp. 57-64
the O3 increases and reaches 0.6 ppm and the same beha-
viour has been seeing the next day. This increase occurs
with a weak wind speed. By 1000 UTC the wind speed at
sea surface near ten North Africa areas increase to 3 ms-1.
These two factors (rise of O3 and wind field) create the
transport of O3 within the marine boundary layer in the res-
ervoir layers above the sea. The O3 reaches its maximum
value of 0.85 ppm at 1200 UTC, at this time the situation
is calm and stagnant. At this time the O3 keeps increasing
and when the maximum wind speed is attained the polluted
air masses (O3, NO, NO2) are dispersed and transported to
release a new photochemical production and accumulated
above the sea. It reaches a maximum around 1400 UTC
with a well-developed sea breeze at the Algerian Coast.
Figure 7. Hourly Average O3 Concentration along Distance between South French (AIR Languedoc-Roussillon [0 km]) and North Algeria (Algiers)
[700 km] at 06, 12 and 22 UTC Respectively for 31st of July (Top) and 1st of August (Bottom), 2013
6. Conclusion
During this study, the investigation and the analysis of gro-
und level concentration combined with meteorological co-
nditions show a direct relationship between primary (NO)
and secondary (O3, NO2) pollutants over the WMB. The
analysis illustrate a continuous stream of pollutants (O3 and
NO2) from South France by the Gulf of Lyon and East
Spain released into a steady wind in the atmosphere, then
bend over the mean wind, which will carry them toward
WM Sea and North Algeria.
In summer the air quality in various locations in the WMR,
more especially near the coast, defined mainly by thermal
circulations (diurnal cycle) but the long-range component
is considered as significant too. In addition, the synoptic
situation (meteorological conditions) associated with topo-
graphy surrounding the WMB generate two mechanisms of
long-range transport towards the Westerly North Africa
were identified; from West Spain, South France. These
mechanisms could explain some high O3 concentrations
occurred in this period at the West of the North Africa
especially Algerian Cost:
Available online at www.scientific-journals.co.uk
ISSN 2049-954X
The polluted air reaching the areas surrounding the
Alps, whereas part of these pollutants mainly O3 and
NOx could be present above the trade winds dominat-
ing these two regions (Azores high).
The pollutants remaining in the lower layers could
travel through the marine boundary layer towards and
along the Algerian Coast with trade winds, especially
the air flow in the lowest layers near the free sea
surface.
Acknowledgement
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to
the director of the Aero-hydrodynamics laboratory, Mech-
anical Faculty, University of Sciences and technology of
Oran, Mohamed Boudiaf, as well as the whole team for
giving us the golden opportunity to achieve this piece of
work on the topic of air pollution in the Mediterranean
Basin, focussing on the Algerian Coast, which also helped
us in digging deep into the topic and we came to draw such
a conclusion.
References
Bouchlaghem, K., Nsom, B., and Dorville, J.F. (2013) Infl-
uence of transport phenomena on pollutants concentration
in Mediterranean Tunisian regions. American Journal of
Environmental Science, 9(6), pp. 537-543.
European Environment Agency (2009) EMEP/CORINA-
IR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook. 9th ed,
Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the
European Union.
Gangoiti, G., Millan, M.M., Salvador, R., and Mantilla, E.
(2001) Long-range transport and re-circulation of pollutan-
63
 Hamoudi et al / Journal of Environment (2014), Vol. 03, Issue 04, pp. 57-64 ISSN 2049-954X

ts in the western Mediterranean during the project Regio-
nal Cycles of Air Pollution in the West-Central Mediterra-
nean Area. Atmospheric Environment, 35(36), pp. 6267-
6276(10).
Gerasopoulos, E., Kouvarakis, G., Vrekoussis, M., Donou-
ssis, C., Mihalopoulos, N., and Kanakidou, M. (2006) Pho-
tochemical ozone production in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Atmospheric Environment, 40, pp. 3057-3069.
the long-range transport phenomena of polluted air masses
in the Western Mediterranean Region. International Jou-
rnal of Environmental Sciences, 4(5), pp. 1087-1098.
Tesche, T.W., Ralph Morrisb, Gail Tonnesenc, Dennis
McNallya, James Boyland, and Patricia Brewere (2006)
CMAQ/CAMx annual 2002 performance evaluation over
the eastern US. Atmospheric Environment, 40(2006), pp.
4906-4919.

Jimnez, P., and Baldasano, J.M. (2004) Ozone response
to precursor control: the use of photochemical indicators to
assess O3-NOx-VOC sensitivity in the Northeastern Iberi-
an Penisula. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109,
D20309.
UNEP Consultant, Mr. Mohamed El Raey; University of
Alexandria (2006) Air Quality and Atmospheric
Pollution in the Arab Region. United Nations Environm-
ent Program, Regional Office for West Asia, League of
Arab states, 2006.

Kallos, G. (ed.) (1997) Transport and Transformation
of Air Pollutants from Europe to the East Mediterran-
ean Region (Final Report Contract: AVI-CT92-0005).
European Commission, DG XII, Rue de la Loi, 200, B-
1040, Brussels.
Varinou, M., Kallos, G., Tsiligiridis, G., and Sisla, G.
(2001) The role of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions
on tropospheric ozone formation over Greece. Physics and
Chemistry of the Earth, 24(5), pp. 507-513.

Kallos, G., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K., and Papadopoul-

os, A. (1998) On the long-range transport of air pollutants
from Europe to Africa. Geophysi. Res. Lett., 25(5), pp.
619-622.

Kallos, G., Varinou, M., Gofa, F., Astitha, M., O'Connor,

M., Mavromatidis, E., and Voudouri, A. (2002) Multi Sc-
ale Transport and Transformation of Air Pollutants in the
Mediterranean Region and North Africa. In: 5th RAMS
Workshop, 30 September-3 October, 2002, Santorini,
Greece.

Le Bras, G. (ed.) (1993) Air Quality: Analysis, Sources,

Transport, Transformation and Deposition of Pollutan-
ts, European Community Report, EUR 15016. Commis-
sion of the European Communities, DG XII/D-1, Brussels.

Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science

(2002) Smog over the Mediterranean [Internet], Max
Planck Society for the Advancement of Science Press and
Public Relations Department. Available from <
http://goo.gl/4P99EZ> [Accessed on 5 December 2014].

Millan, M., Millan, M., Jose Sanz, Rosa Salvador, and En-
rique Mantilla (2002) Atmospheric dynamics and ozone
cycles related to nitrogen deposition in the western Medit-
erranean. Environmental Pollution, 118, pp. 167-186.

Millan, M.M., Salvador, R., Mantilla, E., and Kallos, G.

(1997) Photooxidant Dynamics in the Mediterrannean
Basin in Summer: Results from European Research Proje-
cts. J. of Geophysical Research -Atmospheres, 102, D7,
pp. 8811-8823.

Saidi, F., Hamoudi, B., and Azzi, A. (2014) Assessment of

Available online at www.scientific-journals.co.uk 64