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( . Fertigation
.1 )

. FoliarFertilization .2

: (Fertigation)
Fertigation

:

.


) (


79

:
.
) ( .
PH )

) ( .
)
(

) ( .

) (
) . (1990

:
( . )

) ( .
) ( .
)
( .

6 5.5 ) PH
( 60 55

PH


80

( ) )

( ) (2000 )

:
.

.
)

10 5 (


81



- :
3
. ) : ( 1 100 q

1 : PPM / q
3
( 10000) 1 1

/ (PPM) - :

)10000 ( = (PPM)

EC

/ 25 . (EC.Meatar)

/ - :

/ 640 = (PPM)

-:




100 50 .

50 25 .

50 25

100 50


82


(Fertigation)
)(

:
.1 .

.2 .

.3 .

.4 .

.5 .

) ( PH Salt Index .6

100 50

-:

:(NPK)


83

( :

)(

-:

.1 .

.2 .

(2 (1

20 15

15.5 46

31 33

15.5

13.8

20.6

12 MAP)
(

20 (DAP
)

:
(1

) ( )(

(2

) (PH


84

(6) PH
3
0.3

15

(3

25

) ( (4

) ( .

...

10 : 1


85

200 (60) 1

(5

. ) (

(6 10 : 20

. :

25 25
(2 (1

15 54 75

45.5 52 MKP)
(

37 40 DKP)
(

61 ( MAP)
53 (DAP)


86

-:

- 1

PH

- 2

PH

) 80


3
0.2

)(

(MKP DKP) - 3

(MAP DAP)

PH

(MAPDAP)


87

) ( ) ( ) ( - 4

) (

60

) (

- 5

- 6


( :


88

2 (K 2O) 2 (K 2O)


48 )( 46 KNO3

63 ) ( 34 MKP)
(

54 DKP)
(

83.9 ( KOH)
68.2 K2HCO3

51 )(

-:

(KNo3) (1

(MKP) (DKP) (2

. PH

(3

(4

) ( )(


89

(5

)(

) (45 3 7) (40 7 3) . (34 52

) PH

) ( PH

)( .


90

:)(




18

(Mg)
*
) (

10 )(MgSO4.7H2o *


( )

11

19
( )

)( 13 )(

(Ca++)
36

40 )( ) (

20 ) (

14 ) (

22.5 ) (

22 ) (

26

24

19 )(

(S)
*
100: 90 ) (

18 )(

13

18 : 9

) (

)*(

) (


91

)(

(EDTA) (EDHA)

: 6 (Mg) ) (

7
++
(Ca ) ) ( 12 : 6

) ( (

:)(

) (

-:

(1

(2 (FeEDDHA)

(FeEDTA)


92

5 3 (3

) + (4

( 50 )( 5

10 10

( ) - )

) ( )

( .


93

( )


94

ManagementofFertigation/ChemigationSystems

-:

. o
. o
. o
o
.

. o


: . .


95

: ModernIrrigationSystems
SprinklerIrrigation E
:
HandMoveSystems (1

StationarySystems (2

SideroleSystems (3

CenterpivotSystems (4

TravellergunSystems (5

:
- 1

) . ( - 2

. - 3

. - 4

. - 5

- 6

. - 7

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- 11 .

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. - 1

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. - 4

. - 5

) - -(


96

)LocalizedIrrigation(microIrrigation) ( E
:
. - 1

. - 2

. - 3

. - 4

. - 5

. - 6

. - 7

.
:
-1 Surface drip system
)

/ 12 / 4 2

Subsurface drip system - 2

30

) (.

)Bubbler system ( - 3

/ 30

)(


97

)MicroJet (Spray) ( 4

100 30

/ )(

ChemicalsApplicationThroughIrrigationSystems
Chemigation

. PH

Fertigation E
.

. - 1

. - 2

. - 3

. - 4

. - 5

-:

- 1

- 2


98

(Nitrogen) - 1

(Phosphorous) - 2

(Potassium) - 3

(TraccMinerals)Micronutrients - 4


99

.
:
) . ( (1

. (2

. (3

) . ( (4

) . ( (5

. (6

. (7

. (8

. (9

. (10

. (11

) . ( (12

- (13

...

. (14

. (15

. (16

:
. (1

. (2

) ( . (3

) ( . (4

) ( . (5

) ( . (6

) ( . (7

. (8

. (9

. (10


100



Fertigation/ChemigationSystems

-:

.
.
.

...

) (

InjectionEquipment

- :

DifferentialPressureSystems B
) (


101

:
D=(24.4Q/P)..1
: ?
D
/ Q
P

C=Co(Q2/Q1)exp(Q2/V)t..2
: ?
3
/ (t) C
3
/ Co
3
/ Q1
3
/ Q2
3
V

InjectionPumps B

102

FertilizersInjectionRate

:
Qr=FrxA/Nc.T.tr..3
?
:

/ Qr
2
/ Fr
2
A
/ Nc
T
tr

-:

/ Q
Nc
C
/ a
v


103

:
00CF=100Fr/D..4
: ?
/ CF
D
/ Fr

QF=0.36.CF.Q/PY..5
: ?
/ QF
/ CF

/ Q
/ P
Y
.

DF=0.36.C.Q/Y..6
: ?
/ DF
/ C
/ Q
Y

Chemigation
Chemical water treatment

) ( . PH

: Acids E

(PH)


104

PH

7 6
.

Bactericides E

) ( ) ( PH
10 0.5
4

PH

Chlorination

0.05

- :

10

. 40 4

40

4 40

:
15 5 (Na0CI)

_ 70 65 ( Ca(0CI)

CO2

( 5 )

20 )

( .

. 10 20

- :


105


10 20 0.5

3.6 8.4

+ 1

0.5

- :

R=QXCf/C..6
?
:

/ R
/ Q
(PPM) CF
C


5
.

?
6 0.5
6

/ 267

0.6 .

6.35 .

:
0.08 = 6 / 0.5 /

:
(4)

/ ) ( 2102 = 6.35 / (0.5


267) 100 =


106

/ 100

/ / / 32) 1.33

/ (5) 0.68

Qf=0.36.Cf.Q/P.Y
/ 0.58 = 32 1.33 / 0.68 100 0.36 =
0.5 2.44 3.66

/ 0.6. 2

5 (ET /
)
/ 119 11 12

45 .

/. : /2/0.5 10000 = 8842 = 2 (2/0.6)


:(4)
5493=(12/11)0.5/0.450.5 1119100= /
400 18.2 /

1.5 400 50000

/ 0.65 50

/ . 20

:
. 6.93 = 4200 / 18.2 400 4 =

(1) 0.5 12

/ 35.5 = 12 0.5 0.65 / 6.93 20

:
2 (400) = 119.6 = 4200 /

/ 153 = 24 1 0.65 / 119.6 20 =


:
16 0.5
8.93 = 400 / 0.5 1.5 50000 =

. 34.3 = 16 0.5 0.65 / 8.93 20 =/


107


FoliarFertilization

: m

- :

.

.

) ( .

.

:
) : (1999

: . (1

: (2

: (3

(4

( 5) (5

( 15)

: (6


108

(75)

( 25 10)

(0.5) (7

. ( ... B


:
PracticalimpotanceofFoliarApplicationofMineralNutrients
(1 :

LowNutrientsAvailabilityinSoils.
(Calcareous Soils)

PH

Limeinduced)

(Chlorosis


109

(Mn)

(Gettieret.al,1985) .

(Hansonet.al,1985Hanson1991a,b) .

: DryTopsoil (2

Semiarid regions

(3 :

DecreaseinRootActivityduringReproductiveStage

(4 :

IncreaseinCalciumContentofFruits

BitterPit

(SchumacherandFrantenhauser,1968) .


110

(5 :

Saline Sprinkerirrgation

(BernsteinandFrancois1975) . Water

( )

) ( .

)100/(




118 110 1 20 20 110

121 97 1 26 51 121

113 86 1 48 76 165

Dripirrigation

) (

Francois and Clark, )

(Maas,1985 ) (1979

( Epidermis )

) (


111


(1 ). (

(2 .

(3

) ( .

(4 .

(5 )( .

(6 .


(1

(2

) .(..

(3

(4

(5


112


(1

(2

(3 .

(4 .

(5

(6 .

(7


113


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