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:.
: .
: m
-:
( . Fertigation
.1 )
. FoliarFertilization .2
: (Fertigation)
Fertigation
:
.
) (
79
:
.
) ( .
PH )
) ( .
)
(
) ( .
) (
) . (1990
:
( . )
) ( .
) ( .
)
( .
6 5.5 ) PH
( 60 55
PH
80
( ) )
( ) (2000 )
:
.
.
)
10 5 (
81
- :
3
. ) : ( 1 100 q
1 : PPM / q
3
( 10000) 1 1
/ (PPM) - :
)10000 ( = (PPM)
EC
/ 25 . (EC.Meatar)
/ - :
/ 640 = (PPM)
-:
100 50 .
50 25 .
50 25
100 50
82
(Fertigation)
)(
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
) ( PH Salt Index .6
100 50
-:
:(NPK)
83
( :
)(
-:
.1 .
.2 .
(2 (1
20 15
15.5 46
31 33
15.5
13.8
20.6
12 MAP)
(
20 (DAP
)
:
(1
) ( )(
(2
) (PH
84
(6) PH
3
0.3
15
(3
25
) ( (4
) ( .
...
10 : 1
85
200 (60) 1
(5
. ) (
(6 10 : 20
. :
25 25
(2 (1
15 54 75
45.5 52 MKP)
(
37 40 DKP)
(
61 ( MAP)
53 (DAP)
86
-:
- 1
PH
- 2
PH
) 80
3
0.2
)(
(MKP DKP) - 3
(MAP DAP)
PH
(MAPDAP)
87
) ( ) ( ) ( - 4
) (
60
) (
- 5
- 6
( :
88
2 (K 2O) 2 (K 2O)
48 )( 46 KNO3
63 ) ( 34 MKP)
(
54 DKP)
(
83.9 ( KOH)
68.2 K2HCO3
51 )(
-:
(KNo3) (1
(MKP) (DKP) (2
. PH
(3
(4
) ( )(
89
(5
)(
) PH
) ( PH
)( .
90
:)(
18
(Mg)
*
) (
10 )(MgSO4.7H2o *
( )
11
19
( )
)( 13 )(
(Ca++)
36
40 )( ) (
20 ) (
14 ) (
22.5 ) (
22 ) (
26
24
19 )(
(S)
*
100: 90 ) (
18 )(
13
18 : 9
) (
)*(
) (
91
)(
(EDTA) (EDHA)
: 6 (Mg) ) (
7
++
(Ca ) ) ( 12 : 6
) ( (
:)(
) (
-:
(1
(2 (FeEDDHA)
(FeEDTA)
92
5 3 (3
) + (4
( 50 )( 5
10 10
( ) - )
) ( )
( .
93
( )
94
ManagementofFertigation/ChemigationSystems
-:
. o
. o
. o
o
.
. o
: . .
95
: ModernIrrigationSystems
SprinklerIrrigation E
:
HandMoveSystems (1
StationarySystems (2
SideroleSystems (3
CenterpivotSystems (4
TravellergunSystems (5
:
- 1
) . ( - 2
. - 3
. - 4
. - 5
- 6
. - 7
. - 8
. - 9
- 10 .
- 11 .
- 12 .
- 13 .
:
. - 1
. - 2
. - 3
. - 4
. - 5
) - -(
96
)LocalizedIrrigation(microIrrigation) ( E
:
. - 1
. - 2
. - 3
. - 4
. - 5
. - 6
. - 7
.
:
-1 Surface drip system
)
/ 12 / 4 2
30
) (.
)Bubbler system ( - 3
/ 30
)(
97
)MicroJet (Spray) ( 4
100 30
/ )(
ChemicalsApplicationThroughIrrigationSystems
Chemigation
. PH
Fertigation E
.
. - 1
. - 2
. - 3
. - 4
. - 5
-:
- 1
- 2
98
(Nitrogen) - 1
(Phosphorous) - 2
(Potassium) - 3
(TraccMinerals)Micronutrients - 4
99
.
:
) . ( (1
. (2
. (3
) . ( (4
) . ( (5
. (6
. (7
. (8
. (9
. (10
. (11
) . ( (12
- (13
...
. (14
. (15
. (16
:
. (1
. (2
) ( . (3
) ( . (4
) ( . (5
) ( . (6
) ( . (7
. (8
. (9
. (10
100
Fertigation/ChemigationSystems
-:
.
.
.
...
) (
InjectionEquipment
- :
DifferentialPressureSystems B
) (
101
:
D=(24.4Q/P)..1
: ?
D
/ Q
P
C=Co(Q2/Q1)exp(Q2/V)t..2
: ?
3
/ (t) C
3
/ Co
3
/ Q1
3
/ Q2
3
V
InjectionPumps B
102
FertilizersInjectionRate
:
Qr=FrxA/Nc.T.tr..3
?
:
/ Qr
2
/ Fr
2
A
/ Nc
T
tr
-:
/ Q
Nc
C
/ a
v
103
:
00CF=100Fr/D..4
: ?
/ CF
D
/ Fr
QF=0.36.CF.Q/PY..5
: ?
/ QF
/ CF
/ Q
/ P
Y
.
DF=0.36.C.Q/Y..6
: ?
/ DF
/ C
/ Q
Y
Chemigation
Chemical water treatment
) ( . PH
: Acids E
(PH)
104
PH
7 6
.
Bactericides E
) ( ) ( PH
10 0.5
4
PH
Chlorination
0.05
- :
10
. 40 4
40
4 40
:
15 5 (Na0CI)
_ 70 65 ( Ca(0CI)
CO2
( 5 )
20 )
( .
. 10 20
- :
105
10 20 0.5
3.6 8.4
+ 1
0.5
- :
R=QXCf/C..6
?
:
/ R
/ Q
(PPM) CF
C
5
.
?
6 0.5
6
/ 267
0.6 .
6.35 .
:
0.08 = 6 / 0.5 /
:
(4)
106
/ 100
/ / / 32) 1.33
/ (5) 0.68
Qf=0.36.Cf.Q/P.Y
/ 0.58 = 32 1.33 / 0.68 100 0.36 =
0.5 2.44 3.66
/ 0.6. 2
5 (ET /
)
/ 119 11 12
45 .
/ 0.65 50
/ . 20
:
. 6.93 = 4200 / 18.2 400 4 =
(1) 0.5 12
:
2 (400) = 119.6 = 4200 /
107
FoliarFertilization
: m
- :
.
.
) ( .
.
:
) : (1999
: . (1
: (2
: (3
(4
( 5) (5
( 15)
: (6
108
(75)
( 25 10)
(0.5) (7
. ( ... B
:
PracticalimpotanceofFoliarApplicationofMineralNutrients
(1 :
LowNutrientsAvailabilityinSoils.
(Calcareous Soils)
PH
Limeinduced)
(Chlorosis
109
(Mn)
(Gettieret.al,1985) .
(Hansonet.al,1985Hanson1991a,b) .
: DryTopsoil (2
Semiarid regions
(3 :
DecreaseinRootActivityduringReproductiveStage
(4 :
IncreaseinCalciumContentofFruits
BitterPit
(SchumacherandFrantenhauser,1968) .
110
(5 :
Saline Sprinkerirrgation
(BernsteinandFrancois1975) . Water
( )
) ( .
)100/(
118 110 1 20 20 110
121 97 1 26 51 121
113 86 1 48 76 165
Dripirrigation
) (
(Maas,1985 ) (1979
( Epidermis )
) (
111
(1 ). (
(2 .
(3
) ( .
(4 .
(5 )( .
(6 .
(1
(2
) .(..
(3
(4
(5
112
(1
(2
(3 .
(4 .
(5
(6 .
(7
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122