play: children like to run, climb, & jump. Parents rarely stand by and usually intervened.

Parents considered
childrens actions too risky. Engage in symbolic fantasy play (sticks to represent people & create imaginary
scenarios). Schools restrict this (reducing recess, giving more hw) to increase academic skills. Play is innate. If
behavior is wired into genes, it must helped organisms survive. Play develops capacity to improvise & enable
animals to handle unexpected events. Our ability to imagine & invent new tools has enabled us to transform
enviro to our needs. Play enhances cognitive capacities (problem solving & creativity & see things from other
perspectives). Play improves the capacity to improvise enabling them to meet lifes challenges with creativity.

freedom: freedom to engage in natural behavior that leads to deep contentment. Chickens enjoy present of
crain because it gives them secure base to explore, sense of security. Childrens freedom is being controlled by
adults (fill up free time with sport, music & dancing activities) keeps children supervised, but they dont
make up own games or organize their time. People began domesticating animals& plants gave idea they
could dominate other people (children). Schools mandatory & against law not to go to school. Freedom to
engage in natural activity that brings joy & fulfillment. Children need freedom to choose tasks they find
meaningful and learn in ways that come naturally to them.

care: mattie could explore anywhere in the room but she chose to be by boomers side. Mother has instinct
to protect her young ones bc they carry her own genes. Caring feelings develop naturally. Children need direct
experience w/ animals & plants for feelings to grow. If theyre put in physical contact, theyll develop strong
feelings for it. Childrens caring feelings towards animals grow out of an initial enthusiasm that bursts forth at
a very early age (before adult culture exerts an impact). Biophilia hypothesis love of living nature humans
have a genetically influenced interest in other living things. Strong interest in animals produced knowledge
that helped human pop survive. Interest in animals can be infused with loving feelings, caring attitudes
developed.

spirituality: when children spend time in natural settings they experience sense of quiet & oneness with
nature. Serenity & awe. Jane goodall believes the chimps share her feelings of awe at the sight of the
waterfall. Theyre reacting to something they find great and mysterious. The animal becomes the seekers
personal tutor & gives the seeker a message to take back to the tribe. Spirituality includes a feeling of
belonging to something much larger than our own species. The force is a source of balance & peace to the
world. Animals participate in the deep peace of natures harmony. Children let natures quiet & stillness into
their senses & bodies. Children lose direct contact w/ nature view it as human resources & stats data.
Children have yet to erect firm boundaries between themselves & nature. They are open to natures presence
including its stillness.

resilience: ducks overcame adversity. Resilient children gain strength from group belongings. Children
participated in activities had support from grandparents, teachers, & close friends & children had helpful
roles in their families. Participated in communal life and contributed to it & gained a sense of belonging that
provided them with support as they moved forward with life. Secure home base knowing its there makes
us gain confidence. Nature may be a key factor in the resilience of species giving them strength to carry on.

Descartes views on animals: animals cannot reason, dont feel pain, are living organic creatures but are
automata (mechanical robots). Humans are the only ones that are conscious , have minds & souls, can learn
language and only humans are deserving of compassion. Exploitation of animals cant be wrong bc you cant
harm things like robots which do not possess thoughts feelings or sense pain. Language is a necessary
condition for rational mind.
Voltaires view on animals: we can see the animals minds just as we see human minds. And it is through
interacting with animals that we come to judge that they have emotions, memories, & beliefs. Animals have
anatomy like us and feel as we do. He describes a dogs feelings of grief, pain, & joy.

Kants views on animals: since animals cant think about themselves, they arent rational agents & only have
instrumental value. While both animals and human beings have desires that can compel them to action, only
human beings are capable of standing back from their desires and choosing which course of action to take. his
ability is manifested by our wills. Since animals lack this ability, they lack a will, and therefore are not
autonomous & not intrinsic value.

Benthams views on animals: "The question is not can they reason? Nor, can they talk? But can they
suffer?" He is saying the capacity for suffering and not any other criterion is the essential characteristic
entitling an animal to equal consideration of moral interests. he interests of nonhuman animals should be
respected as equal to those of humans. He said that because animals suffer, their happiness and wellbeing is
relevant and that it is the capacity for suffering that gives all sentient beings the right to equal consideration.
Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its utility in providing
happiness or pleasure as summed among all sentient beings. the ability to reason that should provide the
benchmark. Slaves, cognitive disabilities, infants.

singers views on animals: unethical to kill animals because animal's share with us an equal moral status.
animals have the ability to experience pain and pleasure puts them on an equal moral footing with human
beings. animals like us feel pain and therefore as a consequence of this one criterion alone we should not
cause them to suffer. speciesism," a concept rather like racism in which humans consider that they are
entitled to exploit other creatures simply because they are members of a different species just in the way
humans have exploited one another on the basis of race or gender or other perceived differences. nonhuman
animals and infants and retarded humans are in the same category.

bible: God grants the humans dominion over the animals, as the first documentation of humanitys
obligation to animals. He said that he thinks dominion has come to be interpreted as the right to do as we
will, rather than as responsible stewardship. the Bible commands us to take care of the animals under our
care. One of the signs of a righteous man, the Bible says, is that he takes care of his animal.

Von Frisch: worker bees (females) are given the task of searching for food, pollen, & other resources. She
conveys important info to other worker bees about whatever shes found by a the bee dance inside the hive.
Desirability of the resource if found a rich source & colony needs it - dances energetically. 1) value of find
energy. 2) dance indicates distance to the resource by the duration of a segment of her dance (duration of
waggle). 3)direction if she dances straight up go in the direction of sun. bees convey info on where to find
water, resin, new hive sites.

Jane Goodall: animals have personality, rational thoughts, emotions. Some primatologists have criticized
Goodalls methods, especially her use of bananas in feeding stations to attract chimps. They claim that the
food causes higher levels of aggression and conflict, distorting normal behavior. saw a chimp break off a twig,
strip its bark, and insert it into a termite mound. When the chimp withdrew the twig, it was covered with
delicious termites ready to be licked off. Chimps not vegetarians. chimpanzees often demonstrated mutual
sharing, helping, and compassion. Mothers, children, and siblings developed deep ties, often assisting each
other throughout their lifetimes. Older siblings adopted younger ones if a mother died, and would even adopt
an orphan from another mother if it had no relative to protect it. Some mothers were more attentive and
playful than others, and Goodall observed that their chimps grew up less depressed and aggressive than the
chimps whose mothers were less attentive. Have a lot human traits postures, gestures, holding hands,
embracing, patting one another on the back

Darwins theory of evolution: various species had a common ancestor, & newer species either had died out
or had changed to meet the reqs of their changing enviro. Among the members of species, theres endless
variation and among various variation, a fraction of those who are born survive to reproduce. Fittest members
of a species live long enough to transmit their characteristics to the next gen. nature selects those who can
adapt best to their surroundings.

Lorenz & Tinbergen: Instinct unlearned behavior released by a specific external stimulus. Specific
releasing stimuli determine the reactions of the young to their parents. Instincts are Species-specific
particular behavior patterns are found only in members of a specific species. Instinctive behavior always
include some fixed active pattern some stereotyped motor component. Drive component inner urge to
engage in instinctive behavior can build up to the pt that less specific stimuli will suffice. Instincts have
survival value. Instincts may contain reflexes (eye blink released by stimulus). Imprinting when info about
releasing stimulus is filled in during an early critical period. Young animal will form an attachment to an object
only if its exposed to and follows that object during a specific time early in life. If the young animal is exposed
to an object before or after critical period, no attachment occurs & once the time passes its impossible to
induce another to another object.

ethology study of animal behavior (generally from evolutionary pov). We can understand animal behavior
only if we study the animal in its natural setting. We can watch animal behavior patterns unfold & see how
they serve in the adaptation of the species. Psychologists who study animals in labs dont see a lot bc in
captivity, many species dont reproduce, no nesting, mating, territorial, or parental behavior. Ethologists
engage in naturalistic observation observes animals characteristic behavior and then compares behavior to
that of other species.

Bowlby became concerned about the disturbances of children growing up in understaffed orphanages
where caretakers couldnt provide children with much emotional interaction. Attachment behaviors actions
that maintain proximity to a parent. Attachment is described as a long lasting psychological connection with a
meaningful person that causes pleasure while interacting and soothes in times of stress. The quality of
attachment has a critical effect on development, and has been linked to various aspects of positive
functioning, such as psychological well-being

1) phase 1 social gestures & limited selectivity

a. prefer mothers voice/odor/face
b. social smile directed at the visual stimulus face. Smile itself is a releaser that promotes
loving & caring interaction behavior increase the babys chance for health & survival.
c. Crying signals baby needs help.
d. Holding on grasp reflex, sucking reflexes
2) Phase 2 focusing on familiar people
a. Smiles to familiar people
b. Babies develop strongest attachment to 1 person who has most alertly responded to their
signals & who has engaged in the most pleasurable interactions with them.
3) Phase 3 intense attachment & active proximity-seeking
a. Separation anxiety
b. Fear of strangers
c. Secure base to explore
4) Partnership behavior
 a. Child willing to let parent go.

1) How does an ethologist go about studying a species? How does the ethologists method differ from
that of many scientific researchers? Illustrate case of Jane Goodall.
a. study of animal behavior (generally from evolutionary pov). We can understand animal
behavior only if we study the animal in its natural setting. We can watch animal behavior
patterns unfold & see how they serve in the adaptation of the species. Psychologists who study
animals in labs dont see a lot bc in captivity, many species dont reproduce, no nesting, mating,
territorial, or parental behavior. Ethologists engage in naturalistic observation observes
animals characteristic behavior and then compares behavior to that of other species.
b. Goodall named all the chimps instead of numbering. She didnt treat them like subjects of an
experiment and instead observed them and named based on their personalities, thoughts &
emotions. Open to the fact that they could feel as she could

2) Describe examples of an oneness with nature from Goodalls & Crains book.
a. Oneness w/ nature children seem more prone to enter states in which they feel unity with
their natural surroundings.
b. Crain: African American Howard Thurman: standing besides ocean as a child, had the feeling of
being part of everything around him. It was a source of strength through the rest of his life. He
felt rooted in something vast profound. Suffered from discrimination, but society couldnt get
to him because he was rooted in something far more vast in nature or existence. Gladys
Corunna (Australian) found relief from an unhappy childhood by going to a special place
where she watched the water gurgle over the rocks & listened to the birds.
c. Goodall: spent hours sitting in branches of her fav tree. After a strong rain in Gombe forest, she
became lost in the beauty around slipped into a state of heightened awareness. Her, chimps,
earth, air & trees seemed to merge to become one w/ spirit power of earth itself.

3) Define & give examples of each of the 6 points with respect to the ethological concept of an instinct.
a. Instinct released by specific external stimulus - hen responds to her chicks when in danger, but
actually only responds to their distressed call. Mother only responded when she could hear
them, but when she could only see them & not hear them, she didnt rescue them.
b. Species-specific (particular behavior patterns are found in only members of specific species)
young birds following mother in single file, but each bird species follows differently or in the
way parent releases following
c. Fixed action pattern (stereotype motor component) fighting gestures, courtship behavior,
falcons engage in free flight when searching for prey, no rigid pattern to their search glide
around in areas where past experiences has taught them. But the way they catch their prey is
stereotyped.
d. Drive component (inner urge to engage in instinctive behavior) when males court females
who lack the specific releasing stimuli.
e. Survival value herring gulls remove youngs egg shells after hatching. Glistening of shells in
the sun attracts predators which is why the mother removes them.
f. Reflexes eyeblink if someone is going to put their hand in your face. can be released by
external stimuli.

4) Define imprinting & give an example.

a. Instinct unlearned behavior released by a specific external stimulus. Hen rescuing chicks
example.
5) Describe how Bowbly began his work on attachment.
a. became concerned about the disturbances of children growing up in understaffed orphanages
where caretakers couldnt provide children with much emotional interaction. Attachment
behaviors actions that maintain proximity to a parent. Attachment is described as a long
lasting psychological connection with a meaningful person that causes pleasure while
interacting and soothes in times of stress. The quality of attachment has a critical effect on
development, and has been linked to various aspects of positive functioning, such as
psychological well-being

6) Why did Bowbly believe that attachment in children is a kind of imprinting?

a. became concerned about the disturbances of children growing up in understaffed orphanages
where caretakers couldnt provide children with much emotional interaction. The children
frequently showed an inability to form intimate & lasting relationships with others. Were
unable to love because they missed an opportunity to form a solid attachment to a mother
figure early in life. Young birds imprint on their parents and then follow them. Not all species
can do that, but they have ways of maintaining contact with parent. Cringing, crying out
attachment behaviors. Young animal who lacked the urge to maintain proximity to the mother
would become easy prey. As soon as babies can crawl, follow their mother. Babies cant crawl
immediately but they have other signals & gestures for keeping parent close. Distress call.
Babys smile. Stay close to parent they imprinted on.

7) Summarize Descartes view of animals. Did Voltaire agree?

a. Descartes views on animals: animals cannot reason, dont feel pain, are living organic creatures
but are automata (mechanical robots). Humans are the only ones that are conscious , have
minds & souls, can learn language and only humans are deserving of compassion. Exploitation
of animals cant be wrong bc you cant harm things like robots which do not possess thoughts
feelings or sense pain. Language is a necessary condition for rational mind.

b. Voltaires view on animals: we can see the animals minds just as we see human minds. And it is
through interacting with animals that we come to judge that they have emotions, memories, &
beliefs. Animals have anatomy like us and feel as we do. He describes a dogs feelings of grief,
pain, & joy.