Tutorial YuJ Magnetism PDF

Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
Jaejun Yu
School of Physics, Seoul National University
jyu@snu.ac.kr
2005
c Jaejun Yu
KIAS-SNU Physics Winter Camp

5-18 January 2005
2005 KIAS-SNU Physics Winter Camp: Lectures on Magnetism Jaejun Yu, <jyu@snu.ac.kr>
Abstract
In this lecture,1 I will give a brief introduction on a quantum mechanical view on mag-
netism in real materials, especially, consisting of transition metal elements and their com-
pounds, and the physical principles for the applications of magnetic materials as magnetic
sensors and memory devices. Further, I will discuss the connection between magnetism
and superconductivity in high Tc superconductors as an example.
1
This lecture is support by KIAS and SNU-CTP.
Contents
1 What is all about condensed matter physics? 5
1.1 Macroscopic vs. microscopic objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 Most condensed matter systems are quantum mechanical by nature! . . . . . . 11
1.3 How do we approach the condensed matter system in order to understand the
physics of a black box? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 Particle zoo in the condensed matter systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5 Energy scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2 Magnetism in Real Materials 19

2.1 Magnetic Storages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 Magnetic Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3 A quantum mechanical view of magnets:

Pauli exclusion principle and Coulomb interactions 34
3.1 Sources of Magnetic Moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2 Magnetic Moment of an Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.3 Magnetic Moments in Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.4 A Model for the Exchange Interactions in Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.5 Transition Metal Oxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.6 Magnetic Impurity in a Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4 Effective Hamiltonian and Phenomenological Theory 78
4.1 Heisenberg Model: Mean Field Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.2 Order Parameters: Description of Phase Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.3 Bragg-Williams Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.4 Ginzburg-Landau Functional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.5 Second-Order Phase Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.6 correlation length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5 Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and magnetic sensors 90
6 Magnetism and superconducitivity:

High Tc superconductivity 107
7 References 110
1. What is all about condensed matter physics?
... How do we understand the physical properties of single particle systems in a classical
or quantum sense? In other words, what do we measure or observe?
?
O
... In classical dynamics, the state of a single particle is determined by the observables {x(t), p(t)}. It can
be extended to the system with many particles where the state of the system is described by the set of
observables {xi (t), pi (t)|i = 1, 2, ..., N }. However, when N 1025 , it is practically impossible to trace
the orbits of all, even the part of, the particles. Here it is the point where the statistical physics comes into
playing a role. Instead of following each individual particles, we measure a quantity by an (ensemble or
time) average of the given quantities adopted in classical dynamics. In addition, now we have to deal with
new observables such as entropy, temperature, ....
The same thing applies for the case of quantum systems. The only difference is the dynamics state of the
quantum system is determined by a state vector |(x, t)i for a single particle and |(x1 , x2 , ..., xN , t)i.
1.1. Macroscopic vs. microscopic objects
Observables for the macro object consisting of more than 1020 particles:
specific heat cv entropy, temperature

bulk modulus or compressibility pressure P
polarization P, magnetization M electro-magnetic field E, B
reflectivity, color, conductivity, ... etc.
For an example, what physical property of the cube (or disk) makes this happen, i.e., a
cube float over a magnet against gravitation?
(Hint: This is the phenomenon called magnetic levitation, which is mainly at-
tributed to the Meisner effect of superconductors.)
Observables for the micro or nano object of order 102 particles:
conductance G / electron tunneling current I
force F
magnetic Flux
charge density distribution, electron cloud (bonding), ... etc.
an AFM image an STM image a LEED image
What do we really see in these images?

What physical quantities do they represent?
An example of the SEM System:
MRI Image: What do we really see in this image?
What physical quantity does it represent?
(This is an image of our brain probed by using the technique of the nuclear magnetic
resonance.)
1.2. Most condensed matter systems are quantum mechanical by nature!
~
d
p
Unfortunately, however, there is no quantum mechanical solution available except for

free (i.e., non-interacting) particle systems.
An example of exactly solvable models:

1
H = ~(a+ a + )
2
a+ a|ni = n|ni
a|Oi = 0
1.3. How do we approach the condensed matter system in order to understand
the physics of a black box?
Experimental Methods:
By disturbing the black box by phtons, phonons, electrons, and/or neutrons, try to get a
hint on elementary excitations in the system.
Theoretical Methods:
By guessing possible elementary excitations and working out the QM equation of mo-
tions, see if we can predict the physics of the system. If wrong, correct the model for
the elementary excitations for the better description.
How to disturb the black box?
Question: Measuring the dc resistance is a way of disturbing the system? What really
happens inside the black box when we apply a bias voltage?
Current-Voltage curve of a YBCO high Tc superconductor
Question: What happens when we shine a light on the matter?
Light scattering experiment: (Photoemission / IR spectroscopy)
1.4. Particle zoo in the condensed matter systems
elementary excitations in solids
quasi-particles: electrons, holes, polarons, excitons, Cooper pairs, ...
collective excitations: phonons, magnons, zero-sound, plasmons, ...
1.5. Energy scale
The condensed matter system is merely a collection of atoms, where each atom
consists of electrons and a nucleus (me mN ).
From the uncertainty principle xp ~,
p p
p = 2me E 3mkB T
Thus, practically, the size of atom the size of electrons.
atomic unit: ~ = e2 = me = 1
~2
x aB = = 0.529177A (Bohr radius)
me2
1 e2 me4
EB = = 2 = 13.6058eV = 1Ry
2 aB 2~
In atomic unit, aB = 1, EB = 1/2, c = 1/ 137,
kB 3.2 106 K1
B = 2.13 106 T1 , ...
( = e2 /~c: fine structure constant)
energy of an electron in a box of size L:
~
x L p
L
p2 1
Eo =
2m 2L2
speed of electrons in a box:
1 c
ve
L L
electrons in solid
Fermions: Pauli exclusion principle

Degenerate Electrons: lowest possible excitations near the Fermi energy
Energy Scale
Coulomb interaction: eV
Magnetic ordering temperature Tc : 0.1 meV 50 meV
Dipole-dipole interaction: 0.1 meV
2. Magnetism in Real Materials
Magnets
Solenoid vs. Bar Magnet
Origin of Magnetic Moments
Magnetic permeability and origin of magnetic moments?
Magnetic Diagram
Magnetic Image of Our Brain
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) using the NMR technique
Mapping of Proton Spin Resonance Frequencies
Levitating magnetic bar on a superconducting bed
Magnetic shielding by the superconducting current
2.1. Magnetic Storages
Magnetic thin films
2.2. Magnetic Sensors
MFM (Magnetic Force Microscopy) Image of Nanomagnet Array
(C. A. Ross, MIT)
3. A quantum mechanical view of magnets:
Pauli exclusion principle and Coulomb interactions
3.1. Sources of Magnetic Moments

Magnetic moment: M = gB J
proportional to the angular momentum J = L + S
Spin moment S
Orbital moment L
Localized State
Since the rotational symmetry is preserved, it has the quantum eigenstates |jmi:
J2 |jmi = j(j + 1)|jmi
where
J=L+S
If the spherical symmetry is broken, e.g., inside a lattice, the orbital moment can be
quenched due to the lack of rotational symmetry, i.e.,
hLi = 0
Delocalized State
A free electron state such as |ki may not be an eigenstate of the angular momentum
operator L.
Only |sms i may contribute to the magnetic moment.
Exception: Diamagnetic shielding current in a superconducting state.
Perfect Diamagnetism: Superconductivity
SC
Inside the superconductor:

B=0
Supercurrent induced by the current of Cooper pair electrons:
Js (r) = A(r)
A Localized State Coupled to Delocalized States?
An impurity atom in a metal

d
k k
Formation of a Local Moment Broken Symmetry State!

Anderson Impurity Model
3.2. Magnetic Moment of an Atom
m=-2 m=-1 m=0 m=1 m=2

s
Hunds Rule
P
1. Maximum total S = max Sz with Sz = i msi
Obeying the Pauli exclusion principle
P
2. Maximum total L = max Lz with Lz = i mli
Minimizing the Coulomb interaction energy
3. Spin-orbit interaction:

|L + S| if less than half-filled
J=
|L S| if more than half-filled
Exchange Energy
Pauli exclusion principle: anti-symmetric two-particle wavefunction

1
|(r1 ; r2 )i = [a (r1 )b (r2 ) b (r1 )a (r2 )] | i| i
2
Coulomb interaction
e2
VC (r1 r2 ) =
|r1 r2 |
EC2 = < (1, 2)|VC |(1, 2)i

Z
= dr1 dr2 VC (r1 r2 )|a (r1 )|2 |b (r2 )|2
Z
dr1 dr2 VC (r1 r2 )a (r1 )b (r2 )a (r2 )b (r1 )
= Uab Jab
Exchange Density
a(r)
b(r)
a*(r) (r)
b
Gaining more (negative) exchange energy by aligning spins:

Hunds 1st rule
Overlap and Exchange Integrals of the atomic p-orbitals
Minimization of Coulomb Energy Term Uab
by letting (r) be separated: Hunds 2nd rule

Ylm (, ) = (1)m Ylm (, )
Configuration of 3d Transition Metal Ions
3
L S
2
1
n
0 d
0 2 4 6 8 10
Spin-Orbit Coupling
determined by the sign of the coupling constant
L S
where
dV (r)

dr
high spin low spin

L S
L S
3.3. Magnetic Moments in Solids
Cubic Lattice Symmetry: Broken Spherical Symmetry
Crystal Field Splitting:
eg
l=2
t2g
|eg i = {|x2 y 2 i, |z 2 r2 /3i}

|t2g i = {|xyi, |yzi, |zxi}
Kinetic Energy vs. Coulomb Energy
Uncertainty Principle:
~
p
x
Kinetic Energy:
p2 ~2 1
EK =
2m 2m (x)2
Coulomb Exchange Energy:

e2
EC A
x
where A 0.1, an order of magnitude smaller than the direct Coulomb interaction
energy.
When x 1, the Coulomb energy dominates over the kinetic energy.

Wigner solid: frozen localized electrons
Wigner Crystal: Metal-Insulator Transition
x
x
x
x
Result of the competition between kinetic and Coulomb energy!
Here we dropped the interaction term between electrons and background positive charge.
What is it?
Delocalized State:
Molecular / Band State
t= A VAB B
o o
hA A hB B
Ho = hA + hB + VAB

o t
Ho =
t o
Single-particle eigenstates and eigenvalues:
1
| i = (|A i |B i) = o t
2
o+t
o 2t o
o - t
Corresponding two-particle state: o+t

1
2 i = [|+ , i|+ , i |+ , i|+ , i]
2 o 2t
Spin-singlet ground state with single-particle molecular states | i
o - t
o+t
2005 KIAS-SNU Physics Winter Camp: Lectures on Magnetism o 2t Jaejun Yu, <jyu@snu.ac.kr>
Energy Curve for a Hydrogen Molecule
Consider two hydrogen atoms separated by a distance d. What are the ground states of
this system in the limits of d 0 and d ? What is the dominating factor in each limit?
Try to make a qualitative argument in describing the physics.
What about a lattice of hydrogen atoms with a lattice constant d? Discuss the possible phys-
ical properties of the lattice with varying d from to 0.
o 2t o
o -States
Three-Sites Molecular t
o+t
o 2t
o - t
o+t
o 2t
o - t
o+t
o 2t
N -Sites States: Tight-Binding Energy Band
o - t
o+t
o 2t
o - t
These delocalized molecular state is stable when the Coulomb interaction energy U is
smaller than the kinetic energy gain W = 2t.
Z
U = h2 |VC (1, 2)|2 i dr1 dr2 VC (r1 r2 )A (r1 )A (r2 )
: on-site Coulomb interaction energy
Pauli Paramagnetism
the change of the Density-of-states due to the Zeeman coupling:
dN ()
D() =
d
Pauli Paramagnetic Susceptibility
Z EF Z EF
1 1 1
N = D(E + B B)dE D(E)dE = B BD(EF )
B B 2 0 2 2
Z EF Z EF
1 1 1
N = D(E B B)dE D(E)dE = B BD(EF )
B B 2 0 2 2
3N 2B 3N 2B
M = B (N N ) = 2B D(EF )B = B = s =
2kB TF 2kB TF
N 2
Substracting the Landau diamagnetic contribution L = 2kB TBF , we have the Pauli Para-
magnetic Susceptibility:
N 2B
P =
kB TF
3.4. A Model for the Exchange Interactions in Solids
When U W , the localized states of |o i becomes stable relative to the band (molecular)
state |2 i:
1
|o i = [| , s1 i| , s2 i | , s2 i| , s1 i]
2
which is a combination of the localized orbitals |A,B i instead of the molecular states | i.
Here the starting Hamiltonian Ho include the interaction term of U :
Ho = hA + hB + U
and the hopping term VAB should be considered as a perturbation.
Many-Particle Excited States
Two-particle excited states:
|o (s1 , s2 )i = |A , s1 i|B , s2 i
|A (, )i = |A , i|A , i
|B (, )i = |B , i|B , i
Ho |o i = 2o |o i
Ho |A i = (2o + U )|A i
Ho |B i = (2o + U )|B i
2o+U
o o
hA A hB B
Only remaining degrees of freedom of the ground state |o i are
spins!
|p (s1 , s2 )i = |s1 , s2 i
Energy Correction via the Perturbation Theory with H1 = VAB
First-order correction:
hs1 , s2 |H1 |s1 , s2 i = 0
Pauli exclusion prohibits the double occupancy at the same site:
|A , i|A , i = 0
That is,
|A , s1 i|A , s1 i = 0
Second-order correction:
h, |H1 |A i = h, |H1 |B i = t
h, |H1 |A i = h, |H1 |B i = 0
(2)
X0 |h, |H1 |n i|2
E, = =0
n
En Eo
(2)
X0 |h, |H1 |n i|2 2t2
E, = = = JAF
n
En Eo U
Anti-Ferromagnetic Superexchange Interactions
Heff = +JAF~A ~B
Ferromagnetic Exchange Interactions
What happens if additional degenerate (or almost degenerate) states exist at each atom
while U W ?
1 A 1 B
1
o o
1
Ao Bo
hA hB
Now additional excited states become available:
|A (, )i = |Ao , i|A1 , i
and
ho (, )|H1 |A (, )i =
6 0
Ho |A (, )i = (o + 1 + U J)|A (, )i = EA (, )|A (, )i
If the exchange energy is larger than the difference |o 1 |, i.e.,
J > |o 1 |
we have
EA (, ) < EA (, )
Therefore,
(2)
X0 |h, |H1 |n i|2 2t2 (2) 2t2
E, = < E, =
n
En Eo U J U
Ferromagnetic Exchange Interaction
Heff = |JF M |~A ~B
3.5. Transition Metal Oxides
Cu
Cu
x
The larger x, the smaller t, i.e., W = more localized!
FM Metal and AF Insulator
AF
FM FM
Ne
n=
0 1/2 1 2N
Band-filling controlled by band degeneracy or by doping
Question: Why should the half-filled state be an insulator? What can one imagine to
happen when an additional electron or hole is introduced in a half-filled system?
Why Transition Metals (TM) and TM Compounds
rR(r)
3d
4p
4s
r
0
both 3d and 4f electron wavefunctions are extremely localized:
no node in radial wavefunctions
Question:
Let us consider the transition-metal fluoride MnF2 , which is observed to be antiferromag-
netic at low temperatures. In this system, the fluorine F becomes F being fully ionized so
that the manganese Mn becomes Mn2+ .
(a) Based on the Hunds rule, discuss the possible spin and orbital configuration of Mn2+
ions. (Note that Mn2+ has a 3d5 configuration.)
(b) Considering that the Mn ions of MnF2 form a bcc lattice, guess the magnetic configuration
of the ground state of MnF2 .
(c) What difference would it make if we replace F ions by O2 ions, that is, the ground state
of MnO2 ? (Hint: Consider the crystal field effect in a cubic lattice.)
Now consider the long-range magnetic order in metals. We know that Cu is a good para-
magnetic metal while Fe is a ferromagnetic metal. Explain the difference and similarity of the
two systems. Why Fe is not anti-ferromagnetic instead of being ferromagnetic? (Note that Fe
has a configuration of 3d6 4s2 and Cu has 3d10 4s1 .)
3.6. Magnetic Impurity in a Metal
after
before
high temperature,
spin-flip scattering
low temperature: singlet ground state
Kondo Effect
Spin-flip scattering between the free electrons of a metal and the local moment of a
magnetic impurity = the Kondo effect.
Highly correlated ground state where the conduction electrons form a spin-polarized
cloud around the magnetic impurity.
Below Kondo temperature, = a narrow resonance at the Fermi energy: Kondo

resonance.
Friedel Sum Rule
1X 2X
Ntot = lm,kF = (2l + 1)l,kF
lm l
Impurity

(R)=0 k,l(r)
k,l
Scattering Phase Shift and Change of Density-of-State
kn
kn-2 kn-1 kn kn+1
o()

(a)
d () *d
(b)
0
F
Kondo Resonance
TK

d ()
0
d F d+U
4. Effective Hamiltonian and Phenomenological Theory
4.1. Heisenberg Model: Mean Field Solution
X X
H= Jij Si Sj + gB H Si
hiji i
Introducing an effective field Heff ,

X X X
H= Jij Si Sj + gB H Si = gB Si Heff
hiji i i
where the effective mean field

1 X
Heff = H Jij Sj
gB j
and the average magnetization

V M
hSi i =
N gB
Heff = H + M
V Jo
=
N (gB )2
N F Heff
M = = Mo ( )
V H T
For the case of H = 0,
one can fine the magnetization M by solving the equation:
M
M (T ) = Mo ( )
T
Mo0 (0)

Mo
o (T ) = =
H H=0 T
where the Curies constant is determined to be Co = Mo0 (0).
For the case of H 6= 0,

M Mo Heff
= = = o (1 + )
H Heff H
o Co
= =
1 o T Tc
where the critical temperature Tc becomes
N (gB )2 S(S + 1)
Tc = S(S + 1) = Jo
V 3kB 3kB
4.2. Order Parameters: Description of Phase Transition
T > Tc T < Tc Symmetry
Supercondutor s (r) = 0 s (r) 6= 0 U (1)
Magnets Ms (r) = 0 Ms (r) 6= 0 O(3)
Ferroelectrics Ps (r) = 0 Ps (r) 6= 0 O(3)
Liquid/Gas-Solid (G) = 0 for G 6= 0 (G) 6= 0 for G 6= 0 TR
Order-disorder =0 6= 0 Z2
= hnA iA hnB iA
4.3. Bragg-Williams Theory
Consider the Ising model with the spin = | i or | i. The order parameter m = hi is the
average of the spin:
m = (N N )/N
Entropy S:
S = ln CNN = ln CNN(1+m)/2
S 1 1
= s(m) = ln 2 (1 + m) ln(1 + m) (1 m) ln(1 m)
N 2 2
Average Energy E:
X 1
E = J m2 = JN zm2
2
hiji
where z is the number of nearest neighbor sites.
Bragg-Williams free energy f (T, m):

1 1
f (T, m) = (E T S)/N = Jzm2 + T [(1 + m) ln(1 + m) + (1 m) ln(1 m)] T ln 2
2 2
The equation of state under an external field h:
f 1
= zJm + T ln[(1 + m)/(1 m)] = h
m 2
zJm + T tanh1 m = h
m = tanh[(h + Tc m)/T ]
Note that heff = h + Tc m.
Mean field solutions for h = 0:
near T 0:
m = tanh(Tc m/T ) 1 2e2zJ/T
near T Tc :
1 1
m (Tc /T )m (Tc /T )3 m3 (Tc /T )m m3
3 3
m = [3(Tc T )/T ]1/2
4.4. Ginzburg-Landau Functional
Free energy near Tc

1 1
s(m) = ln 2 m2 m4 + ...
2 12
1 1
f (m) = (T Tc )m2 + m4 T ln 2 + ...
2 12
where Tc = zJ
Assuming (r) as a local order parameter,
Z Z
1
F = drf (T, (r)) + dr c |(r)|2
2
where f can be expanded by
1
f (T, ) = r2 w3 + u4 + ...
2
where r = a(T Tc )
Symmetry properties of the free energy functional F !
4.5. Second-Order Phase Transition
1
f (T, ) = r2 + u4
2
The equation of state:

r + 4u3 = h
For h = 0,
0 if T > Tc
=
(r/4u)1/2 if T < Tc
(Tc T )
where = 1/2.
Susceptibility

[r + 12u2 ] =1
h

1/r ifT > Tc
= =
h 1/(2|r|) ifT < Tc
|T Tc |
with = 1.
Free energy density f

0 ifT > Tc
f=
r2 /(16u) ifT < Tc
Specific heat cv
2f

0 ifT > Tc
cv = T =
T 2 T a2 /(8u) ifT < Tc
4.6. correlation length
2F
1 (r, r0 ) = = (r + 12u2 c2 )(r r0 )
(r)(r0 )
1
(q) =
r + 12u2 + cq 2
1 2
(q) = =
1 + (q)2 c 1 + (q)2
where
1/2 2 1/2 (c/r)1/2 ifT > Tc
=c [r + 12u ] =
c1/2 /(2r)1/2 ifT < Tc
and the correlation length |T Tc | with = 1/2.
1/2 1/2
c c
0 = =
r(T = 0) aTc
5. Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and magnetic sensors
What is Magnetoresistance?
In the free electron system, the conductivity is often described by the Drude model:
ne2
=
m
Unless H (magnetic field) is too large, the mean scattering time does not depend on H:
(H)
= 0 + o(H 2 )
H
H
l=vF
Magnetic Multilayer Structure
Spin-dependent Density-of-State at F : Ds (F )
e2
= s = ns (H)
m
ns (H) Ds (F )
E E
EF
Change of Ds () with an external magnetic field H
E E
EF
s increases by the application of H, i.e., /H > 0
Giant magnetoresistance effect (GMR)
Giant magnetoresistance effect (GMR) in a junction between two magnetic electrodes
Electrons undergo quantum tunneling through a thin insulating layer
Conductance s across the junction
4e2 L
s = Ds (F )DsR (F )
hNk
Tunneling Magnetoresistance (TMR)
(H)
o
1
0 H
TMR in Layered Manganites: La1+x Sr2x Mn2 O7 (x=0.4)
Effective Model Hamiltonians for Doped Manganites
Double Exchange Model with Superexchange Interactions

XL L
X L
X
H= +
tij ci cj + h.c. JH ~ +
Si ~ab cia cib + JAF ~i S
S ~j ,
hiji, i,ab i,j
JH
Formation of Ferromagnetic Domain:
Kinetic Energy Gain by the Double Exchange Mechanism
Application of a GMR Device
Exchange Coupling in Magnetic Multilayers
The magnetic coupling of two magnetic layers depends on the thickness of the inter-
vening non-magnetic spacer layer.
Oscillatory exchange coupling: observable quantum interference effects.
Confinement of electrons in a quantum well formed in the nonmagnetic layer by the

spin-dependent potentials of the magnetic layers.
11 802 J. MATHON et al.
visualize the effec

coupling strength,
formally equiva
(sd ] k' / ] E) 21 ] c
the nominal thickn
is, therefore, great
viates strongly from
Full discussion of
strength is deferre
The temperatu
strongly influenced
energy.28 The con
necks of the Cu F
curve! and zero ~da
9. Virtually all of
FIG. 5. Long-period ~belly! contribution to the coupling ob- tween zero and ro
(Mathon et al.)tained from Eq. ~5! at room ~full circles! and zero ~squares! tem-
the strong energy
peratures. The left-hand scale gives the coupling in mRy per atom contrast to the bell
inMRAM
the ~001! (magnetic random
surface, the right-hand scaleaccess
in mJ/m 2 . memory) ligible.
Finally, compar
the corresponding Cu band can evolve. The confinement of contributions to th
the majority-spin carriers is, therefore, only partial. Because coupling in a Co/
of this
2005 KIAS-SNU Physics Winter Camp: asymmetry in the confinement of the majority and
Lectures on Magnetism totally
Jaejun dominated
Yu, <jyu@snu.ac.kr>
AF FM FM
Insulator
6. Magnetism and superconducitivity:
High Tc superconductivity
What happens when the half-filled AF insulator is being doped?
Phase Diagram of High Tc Superconductors:
Doped Cu-oxides Systems
pseudo-gap
AF SC
x
0 0.3
Anti-Ferromagnetic Spin Correlation vs. BCS State
Spin-order Ground State of an Anti-Ferromagnet:

Y
|AF i = c+ +
(2i) c(2i+1) |Oi
i
BCS State of a Superconductor:

Y
|BCS i = (uk + vk c+ +
k ck )|Oi
k
t-J Model for the High Tc Superconductivity:

X X
Heff = c+i c j + J si sj
hiji hiji
7. References
Basic Quantum Mechanics:
1. S. Gasiorowicz, Quantum Physics, (John Wiley & Sons, 1996).

2. C. Cohen-Tannoudji, B. Diu, and F. Laloe, Quantum Mechanics, (Hermann, 1977).
Magnetism:
1. R. M. White, Quantum Theory of Magnetism, (Springer, 1983)

2. D. C. Mattis, The Theory of Magnetism, (Spinger, 1981)
Correlated Electron Systems:
1. P. Fulde, Electron Correlations in Molecules and Solids, (Springer, 1995).

2. M. Imada, A. Fujimori, and Y. Tokura, Rev. Mod. Phys. 70, 1039 (1998).

Tutorial YuJ Magnetism PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Tutorial YuJ Magnetism PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

KIAS-SNU Physics Winter Camp

2 Magnetism in Real Materials 19

3 A quantum mechanical view of magnets:

5 Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and magnetic sensors 90

6 Magnetism and superconducitivity:

specific heat cv entropy, temperature

conductance G / electron tunneling current I

charge density distribution, electron cloud (bonding), ... etc.

What do we really see in these images?

An example of the SEM System:

Unfortunately, however, there is no quantum mechanical solution available except for

An example of exactly solvable models:

How to disturb the black box?

quasi-particles: electrons, holes, polarons, excitons, Cooper pairs, ...

collective excitations: phonons, magnons, zero-sound, plasmons, ...

Thus, practically, the size of atom the size of electrons.

( = e2 /~c: fine structure constant)

Fermions: Pauli exclusion principle

Magnetic ordering temperature Tc : 0.1 meV 50 meV

Dipole-dipole interaction: 0.1 meV

Magnetic permeability and origin of magnetic moments?

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) using the NMR technique

Mapping of Proton Spin Resonance Frequencies

Magnetic shielding by the superconducting current

Magnetic thin films

3.1. Sources of Magnetic Moments

J2 |jmi = j(j + 1)|jmi

Only |sms i may contribute to the magnetic moment.

Exception: Diamagnetic shielding current in a superconducting state.

Inside the superconductor:

Supercurrent induced by the current of Cooper pair electrons:

An impurity atom in a metal

Formation of a Local Moment Broken Symmetry State!

m=-2 m=-1 m=0 m=1 m=2

Pauli exclusion principle: anti-symmetric two-particle wavefunction

EC2 = < (1, 2)|VC |(1, 2)i

Gaining more (negative) exchange energy by aligning spins:

by letting (r) be separated: Hunds 2nd rule

determined by the sign of the coupling constant

high spin low spin

Crystal Field Splitting:

|eg i = {|x2 y 2 i, |z 2 r2 /3i}

Coulomb Exchange Energy:

When x  1, the Coulomb energy dominates over the kinetic energy.

Corresponding two-particle state: o+t

: on-site Coulomb interaction energy

the change of the Density-of-states due to the Zeeman coupling:

and the hopping term VAB should be considered as a perturbation.

Pauli exclusion prohibits the double occupancy at the same site:

Heff = |JF M |~A ~B

The larger x, the smaller t, i.e., W = more localized!

Band-filling controlled by band degeneracy or by doping

low temperature: singlet ground state

Below Kondo temperature, = a narrow resonance at the Fermi energy: Kondo

Introducing an effective field Heff ,

where the effective mean field

and the average magnetization

For the case of H 6= 0,

where z is the number of nearest neighbor sites.

Bragg-Williams free energy f (T, m):

Free energy near Tc

When x 1, the Coulomb energy dominates over the kinetic energy.

Free energy density f