Chapter 08m

Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes
Ibrahim Sezai
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University
Spring 2005-2006
Objectives
1. Have a deeper understanding of laminar and
turbulent flow in pipes and the analysis of fully
developed flow
2. Calculate the major and minor losses
associated with pipe flow in piping networks
and determine the pumping power
requirements
3. Understand the different velocity and flow rate
measurement techniques and learn their
advantages and disadvantages
ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 2 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes
1
Introduction
Average velocity in a pipe
Recall - because of the no-
slip condition, the velocity at
the walls of a pipe or duct
flow is zero
We are often interested only
in Vavg, which we usually call
just V (drop the subscript for
convenience)
Friction force of wall on fluid Keep in mind that the no-slip
condition causes shear stress
and friction along the pipe
walls
Introduction
For pipes of constant
diameter and
incompressible flow
Vavg stays the same
down the pipe, even if
the velocity profile
Vavg Vavg
changes
Why? Conservation of
m = Vavg Ac = u (r )dAc Mass
Ac
u(r)dAc
u(r)2dr= 2
R
u(r)rdr
R
R
AC
Vavg = = 0
same
same
Ac R
2 2 0
same
2
Introduction
For pipes with variable diameter, m is still the
same due to conservation of mass, but V1 V2
D1
D2
V1 m V2 m
Laminar and Turbulent Flows
3
Critical Reynolds number
(Recr) for flow in a round
Definition of Reynolds number pipe
Re < 2300 laminar
2300 Re 4000 transitional
Re > 4000 turbulent
Note that these values are

approximate.
For a given application, Recr
depends upon
Pipe roughness
Vibrations
Upstream fluctuations,
disturbances (valves, elbows, etc.
that may disturb the flow)

For non-round pipes, define the
hydraulic diameter
Dh = 4Ac/P
Ac = cross-section area
P = wetted perimeter
Example: open channel

Ac = 0.15 * 0.4 = 0.06m2
P = 0.15 + 0.15 + 0.4 = 0.7m
Dont count free surface, since it does not
contribute to friction along pipe walls!
Dh = 4Ac/P = 4*0.06/0.7 = 0.34m
What does it mean? This channel flow is
equivalent to a round pipe of diameter
0.34m (approximately).
4
The Entrance Region
Consider a round pipe of diameter D. The flow can be
laminar or turbulent. In either case, the profile
develops downstream over several diameters called
the entry length Lh. Lh/D is a function of Re.
Lh
Fully Developed Region

In the fully developed flow region of a pipe, the
velocity profile does not change downstream.
u (r, x)
=0 u =u (r)
x
In fully developed pipe flow:
w = (du/dr)wall
Since velocity profile
remains unchanged, then
w also remains constant.
5
The wall shear stress is the highest at the pipe inlet
where the thickness of the boundary layer is smallest.
Entry Lengths
The hydrodynamic entry length in laminar tube

flow is
Lh, laminar 0.05ReD
For Re = 20 Lh,laminar = D
For Re = 2300 Lh,laminar = 115D
In turbulent flow Lh is much much shorter.
1
Lh, turbulent =1.359D ReD 4
In turbulent flow, beyond a pipe length of 10

diameters entrance effects becomes insignificant
Lh, turbulent 10D
6
Comparison of laminar and turbulent flow
There are some major differences between
laminar and turbulent fully developed pipe flows
Laminar
Can solve exactly (Ch 9)
Flow is steady
Velocity profile is parabolic
Pipe roughness not important
It turns out that Vavg = 1/2Umax and u(r)= 2Vavg(1 - r2/R2)

Turbulent
Cannot solve exactly (too complex)
Flow is unsteady (3D swirling eddies), but it is steady in the mean
Mean velocity profile is fuller (shape more like a top-hat profile, with
very sharp slope at the wall)
Pipe roughness is very important
Instantaneous
profiles
Vavg 85% of Umax (depends on Re a bit)

No analytical solution, but there are some good semi-empirical
expressions that approximate the velocity profile shape. See text
Logarithmic law (Eq. 8-46)
Power law (Eq. 8-49)
7
Recall, for simple shear flows u=u(y), we had
= du/dy
In fully developed pipe flow, it turns out that
= du/dr
Laminar Turbulent
slope
slope
w w
w = shear stress at the wall,
acting on the fluid w,turb > w,lam
LAMINAR FLOW IN PIPES

Consider a ring shaped volume element in the flow.
A force balance in the flow direction gives:
(2 r dr p) x (2 r dr P) x + dx + (2 r dx ) r (2 r dx ) r + dr = 0
Dividing by 2drdx and rearranging
Px+dx Px (r)r+dr (r)r
r + =0
dx dr
Taking the limit as dr, dx 0
dp d (r )
r + =0
dx dr
Substituting = (du/dr) gives
d du dp
r =
r dr dr dx
8
Note: du/dr = du/dy since y = R r
d du dp
r =
r dr dr dx
LHS is a function of r,
RHS is a function of x.
f(r) = g(x) can be satisfied only
if both are equal to the same
constant dP/dx = constant.
This can be verified by writing
a force balance on a volume
element of radius R and
2
thickness dx. dp = w
dx R
Here, w = const. since and u(r) = const. dP/dx = const.

d du dp
Rearranging and integrating r =
r dr dr dx
1 dp
u (r) = + C1 lnr + C2
4 dx
Applying b.c.s: (u/r)r=0 = 0 and (u)r=R= 0
R2 dp r 2
u (r) = 1 (dp/dx < 0)
4 dx R2
Average velocity is obtained by substituting u(r) into Vavg.
2 R 2 R R2 dp r2 R2 dp
R2 0 R2 0 4 dx R2
Vavg = u (r) r dr= 1 r dr= (8-16)
8 dx
9
Combining the last two equations
r2
u (r ) = 2 Vavg 1 2
R
Maximum velocity occurs at the centerline and is
determined by substituting r = 0
umax = 2Vavg
Pressure Drop and Head Loss

Pressure drop P is directly related to the power
requirements of the fan or the pump.
dP/dx = constant
Integrating from (P1, x1) to (P2, x1+L) gives
dP P2 P1
=
dx L
Substituting into Vavg relation in eq. (8-16)
8LVavg 32LVavg
Laminar flow: P = P1 P2 = =
R2 D2
(8-20)
PL = P = Pressure loss
10
For all types of internal flows
pressure drop is expressed as
L Vavg
2
PL = f (8-21)
D 2
Vavg
2
/ 2 = dynamic pressure
f = Darcy friction factor
8 w
f =
V avg
2
It should not be confused with

the friction factor Cf
C f = 2 w /( Vavg
2
) = f /4

Equating eqs. (8-20) and (8-21)
64 64
Circular pipe, laminar: f = =
DV avg Re
Pressure losses are expressed in terms of head loss
2
PL L Vavg
Head loss: hL = =f
g D 2g
The head loss hL represents the additional height

that the fluid needs to be raised by a pump in order
to overcome the frictional losses in the pipe.
11
Pumping power is W pump , L = PL = ghL = m ghL
( P1 P2 ) R 2 ( P1 P2 ) D 2 PD 2
Horizontal pipe: Vavg = = =
8 L 32 L 32 L
(P P )R 2
( P P )D 4
PD 4
= Vavg AC = 1 2 R 2 = 1 2 =
8 L 128 L 128 L
Poiseuilles law
W pump = f ( D 4 )
pumping power can be

reduced by a factor of 16
by doubling the pipe
diameter.

In general, pressure drop in pipes can be found by
using the energy equation
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ 1 + z1 + h pump , u = + 2 + z 2 + hturbine , e + hL
g 2g g 2g
which can be rearranged as

P1 P2 = ( 2V22 1V12 ) / 2 + g[( z 2 z1 ) + hturbine, e hpump, u + hL ]
= 2 for fully developed laminar flow

1.05 for fully developed turbulent flow
12
Inclined Pipes
Only additional force is fluid weight in the direction of flow.
Wx = W sin = g element sin = g (2rdrdx) sin
Force balance:
(2rdrP ) x (2rdrP ) x + dx + (2rdx ) r
(2rdx ) r + dr g (2rdrdx) sin = 0
which results in
d du dP
r = + g sin
r dr dr dx
The solution is
R 2 dP r2

u (r ) = - + g sin 1 -
4 dx R 2
Inclined Pipes
For inclined pipes average velocity and volume flow rate are:
(P gL sin ) D 2 (P gL sin ) D 4
Vavg = and V =
32 L 128 L
13
Laminar Flow in Noncircular Pipes
Friction factor f is
given in Table 8-1.
Re is based on:
Dh = 4Ac/p
(hydraulic diameter)
Ac = cross sec. area
p = wetted perimeter
Turbulent Flow in Pipes

Turbulent flow is characterized by random and rapid
fluctuations of groups of fluid particles, called
eddies.
These fluctuations provide an additional mechanism
for momentum and energy transfer.
In laminar flow, both momentum and energy are
transferred across the streamlines by molecular
diffusion.
In turbulent flow, momentum and heat are mainly
transferred by the eddy motion.
14
Turbulent Flow in Pipes
In turbulent flow heat, mass and momentum transfer between
the fluid particles increase as a result of intense mixing.
The intense mixing in turbulent flow brings fluid particles at

different temperatures into close contact, and thus enhances
heat transfer.
The figure shows the

fluctuations of the
velocity component u
with time at a specified
location in turbulent
flow.
u = u + u
u = instantaneous velocity component in x direction.

u = mean value of u.
u = fluctuating component of u.
15
Similarly,
= +
P = P + P
T = T +T
Time average of fluctuation components is zero.
e.g. u = 0
In turbulent flow, shear stress consists of laminar and

turbulent components:
total =lam +turb
u
lam =
r
turb accounts for the
friction between the
fluctuating fluid particles
and the fluid body. It is
related to the fluctuating
component of the velocity.
16
Consider the upward eddy motion of
fluid particles through area dA as a
result of velocity fluctuation '.
The mass flow rate of fluid per unit
area normal to flow is 'dA.
Velocity of passing fluid particles
increase by u' .
Its horizontal momentum increase by
('dA)u'.
This is equal to the decrease in the momentum of the upper fluid layer.
Force = rate of change of momentum. horizontal force on a fluid
element above dA due to the passing of fluid particles through dA is
F = ('dA)(u') = u''dA
Shear force per unit area = F/dA = u'' turb = u
Note that
u 0 u = 0 = 0
u is negative (from experimental results).
Terms such as u are called Reynolds stresses

or turbulent stresses
17
In many simple turbulence models, turbulent shear stress
is expressed in a way similar to that of laminar case:
u
turb = u =
t y
t = eddy viscosity or turbulent viscosity
The total shear stress is
u u
total = ( + ) = (v + v )
t y t y
t = t/ kinematic eddy viscosity
kinematic turbulent viscosity
eddy diffusivity of momentum
Eddy viscosity t should be modeled as a function of

average flow variables.
For example, German engineer L. Prandtl
introduced the concept of mixing length lm
2
u 2 u
turb = t = lm
y y
But lm is not constant and its determination is not
easy.
18
The velocity gradients at the wall, and
thus the wall shear stress, are much
larger for turbulent flow than they are
for laminar flow, even though the
turbulent boundary layer is thicker than
the laminar one for the same value of
the free-stream velocity.
t >>
t = 0 at the wall but becomes
several thousand times of away
from wall.
Turbulent Velocity Profile
The velocity profile in the

fully developed pipe flow
is parabolic in laminar
flow, but much fuller in
turbulent flow.
19
Turbulent Velocity Profile
Turbulent flow consists of
4 regions
1.Viscous sublayer
2.Buffer layer
3.Overlap layer
4.Turbulent layer
The thickness of viscous sublayer is less than 1%
of the pipe diameter.
In the viscous sublayer the flow is laminar and the
velocity gradient is nearly constant at du/dy = u/y
Then, the wall shear stress in the viscous sublayer is

u u vu
w = = v or w = (8-41)
y y y
y = distance from wall (y = R r)
u* = w / = friction velocity
Substituting in (8-41)
u yu* (law of the wall)
Viscous sublayer : =
u* v
which is valid for 0 yu*/ 5
20
Therefore, the thickness of the viscous sublayer is
5v 25v
y = sublayer = =
u* u
u = flow velocity at the edge of the viscous sublayer.
sublayer gets thinner as Reynolds number increases.
/u* = viscous length
yu* u
Nondimensionalized variables : y + = and u+ =
v u*
Then, the law of the wall becomes
u+ = y+
In the overlap layer:

u 1 yu*
Logarithmiclaw : = ln +B
u v
*
= 0.40 and B = 5.0 u+ = y+
u + = 2.5 ln y + + 5.0
Substituting the constants
u yu
= 2.5ln * + 5.0
u* v (8-47)
or u + = 2.5ln y + + 5.0
(universal velocity profile
for turbulent flow).
21
An approximation for the outer turbulent layer of a pipe flow
can be obtained by evaluating B in eq. 8-46 by setting
u = umax at r = 0 and y = R r and substituting it back in 8-46
umax u R
Outer turbulent layer : = 2.5ln (velocity defect law)
u* Rr
Another empirical eqn. for
turbulent pipe flow is
u y 1/ n u r 1/ n
= or = 1
umax R umax R
n increases with Re.

n = 7 generally approximates
many flows in practice.
Moody Chart
Head loss in pipe flow is given by
Our problem is now reduced to solving for

Darcy friction factor f But for laminar flow,
Recall roughness does not
affect the flow unless
Therefore it is huge
Laminar flow: f = 64/Re (exact)
Turbulent flow: Use charts or empirical equations
(Moody Chart, a famous plot of f vs. Re and /D, See
Fig. A-12, p. 898 in text)
22
The Moody Chart
Roughness values, ,
given in Table are for new
pipes.
may increase by a factor
of 5 to 10 in time as a
result of corrosion, build
up etc.
23
Moody Chart
Moody chart was developed for circular pipes, but can
be used for non-circular pipes using hydraulic
diameter
Colebrook equation is a curve-fit of the data which is
convenient for computations (e.g., using EES)
(8-50)
Implicit equation for f which can be solved

using the root-finding algorithm in EES
Both Moody chart and Colebrook equation are

accurate to 15% due to roughness size, experimental
error, curve fitting of data, etc.
Colebrook equation (8-50) is implicit and thus

requires iterative solution.
An approximate explicit relation for f is
1 6.9 / D 1.11
1.8 log +
f Re 3.7
Use this eqn. rather than (8-50).
24
The friction factor is minimum for a smooth pipe
and increases with roughness.
At very large Reynolds numbers, the friction factor curves on the

Moody chart are nearly horizontal, and thus the friction factors are
independent of Reynods number.
25
Types of Fluid Flow Problems
In design and analysis of piping systems, 3 problem
types are encountered
1. Determine p (or hL) given L, D, V (or flow rate)
Can be solved directly using Moody chart and Colebrook equation
2. Determine V, given L, D, p
3. Determine D, given L, p, V (or flow rate)
Types 2 and 3 are common engineering design
problems, i.e., selection of pipe diameters to
minimize construction and pumping costs
However, iterative approach required since both V
and D are in the Reynolds number.
Types of Fluid Flow Problems

Explicit relations have been developed which
eliminate iteration. They are useful for quick,
direct calculation, but introduce an additional
2% error
26
Minor Losses
Piping systems include fittings, valves, bends, elbows,
tees, inlets, exits, enlargements, and contractions.
These components interrupt the smooth flow of fluid
and cause additional losses because of flow
separation and mixing
We introduce a relation for the minor losses
associated with these components
KL is the loss coefficient.
Is different for each component.
Is assumed to be independent of Re.
Typically provided by manufacturer or
generic table (e.g., Table 8-4 in text).
Minor losses are also expressed in terms of the

equivalent length, Lequiv, defined as
V2 Lequiv V2 D
hL =KL = f Lequiv = KL
2g D 2g f
Therefore the contribution of a component to hL can

be accounted for by adding Lequiv to the total pipe
length.
27
Minor Losses
Total head loss in a system is comprised of
major losses (in the pipe sections) and the
minor losses (in the components)
i pipe sections j components
If the piping system has constant diameter
28
29
The head loss at the inlet of a

pipe is almost negligible for
well-rounded inlets (KL = 0.03
for r/D > 0.2) but increases to
about 0.50 for sharp-edged
orifice.
30
The effect of rounding of a pipe inlet on loss
coefficient.
Piping Networks and Pump Selection

Two general types of
networks
Pipes in series
Volume flow rate is
constant
Head loss is the
summation of parts
Pipes in parallel
Volume flow rate is the
sum of the components
Pressure loss across all
branches is the same
31
For parallel pipes, perform CV analysis
between points A and B
Since p is the same for all branches, head loss

in all branches is the same

Head loss relationship between branches allows
the following ratios to be developed
Real pipe systems result in a system of non-linear

equations. Very easy to solve with EES!
Note: the analogy with electrical circuits should
be obvious
Flow flow rate (VA) current (I)
Pressure gradient (p) electrical potential (V)
Head loss (hL) resistance (R), however hL is very
nonlinear
32
When a piping system involves pumps and/or turbines,
pump and turbine head must be included in the energy
equation
P1 V12 P2 V22
+1 + gz1 + wpump , u = +2 + gz2 + wturbine , e + ghL
2 2
or
hpump, u = wpump, u /g
The useful head of the pump (hpump,u) or the head extracted
by the turbine (hturbine,e), are functions of volume flow rate,
i.e., they are not constants.
Operating point of system is where the system is in balance,
e.g., where pump head is equal to the head losses.
When a pump moves a fluid from one reservoir to

another the energy equation reduces to
hpump , u =(z2 z1) +hL
33
Required pump power is
V ghpump , u
W pump, shaft =
pump
Electrical power consumed:
V ghpump,u
Welect =
pumpmotor
pump motor = pumpmotor
Pump and systems curves

Supply curve for hpump,u
is determined
experimentally by
manufacturer.
System curve is
determined from
analysis of fluid
dynamics equations
Operating point is the
intersection of supply
and demand curves
If peak efficiency is far
from operating point,
pump is wrong for that
application.
34
Flow Rate and Velocity Measurement
Most flowmeters measure
the flow rate indirectly.
They measure the average
velocity V, or a quantity
that is related to V.
V = VAc
A simple way of measuring
the flow rate involves
collecting water in a bucket
and recording the collection
time.
Pitot and Pitot Static Tubes
a) A Pitot probe measures b) A Pitot-static probe

stagnation pressure at the measures both stagnation
nose of the probe pressure and static pressure
from which the flow speed
can be calculated.
35
Pitot Static Probe
It consists of a double-tube.
Bernoulli eqn. between
points 1 and 2 is
0
P1 V12 P V2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2
g 2g g 2g
2(P1 P2 )
Pitot formula : V=

Obstruction Flowmeters: Orifice, Venturi and Nozzle Meters

Consider flow through a
constriction in a pipe.
Mass balance:
V =AV
1 1 =AV
2 2 V1 =(A2 A1)V2 =(d D) V2
2
P1 V12 P2 V22
Bernoulli equation ( z1 = z2 ) : + = +
g 2g g 2g
Solving for V2 from the above eqn.s
2( P1 P2 )
Obstruction ( with no loss ) : V2 = = d/D
(1 4 )
2(P1 P2 ) Cd depends on and
Obstruction flowmeters : V = A2Cd
(1 4 ) Re.
36
Orifice, Venturi and Nozzle Meters
The experimentally determined
data for discharge coefficients:
For orifice meters:
91.71 2.5
Cd = 0.5959 + 0.0312 2.1 0.184 8 +
Re0.75
For nozzle meters:
6.53 0.5
Cd = 0.9975
Re0.5
Above relations are valid for
0.25 < < 0.75 and 104 < Re 107
An orifice meter and schematic showing its built-in

pressure transducer and digital readout.
37
The variation of pressure along a flow section with
an orifice meter.
The fraction of pressure loss for various obstruction meters.

Venturi meter is the most accurate flowmeter in this group
38
Positive Displacement Flowmeters
They are used to
measure the total
amount of mass or
volume of a fluid that
passes through a cross
section.
A pulsed output signal A positive displacement
is generated by a sensor, flowmeter with double
each time a lobe passes. helical three-lobe
impeller design.
The most widely used flowmeters to measure

liquid volumes are nutating disk flowmeters.
They are used as water and gasoline meters
39
Turbine Flowmeters
Consists of a cylindrical flow section that houses a

turbine (a vaned rotor) that is free to rotate.
Highly accurate (0.25 percent)
Paddlewheel Flowmeters
They are low-cost alternatives to turbine flowmeters

for flows where very high accuracy is not required.
The paddlewheel is perpendicular to the flow.
40
Variable Area Flowmeters (Rotameters)
It consists of a float which is

free to move in a transparent
tapered tube.
Accuracy: 5%
Ultrasonic Flowmeters
They operate by generating sound waves with a

transducer and comparing the propagation speed of
those waves in the flow and upstream directions.
The waves travel faster in the flow direction but
slower in the upstream direction.
41
Doppler-Effect Ultrasonic Flowmeters
The transducer transmits a sound wave into the fluid.

The waves reflected by impurities, such as suspended solid
particles or entrained gas bubbles are relayed to a receiving
transducer.
Accuracy: 1-2 %
Electromagnetic Flowmeters
The voltage induced by across any conductor as it moves at right

angles through a magnetic field is proportional to the velocity of the
conductor. Solid conductor is replaced by a conducting fluid.
Coils generate a magnetic field and a voltmeter measures the induced
voltage between the electrodes.
42
Vortex Flowmeters
It measures the shedding frequency of the vortices formed

behind a bluff body.
Shedding frequency is proportional to average flow velocity.
Accuracy: 1% Range: 104 <Re <107
Hot-Wire and Hot-Film Anomemeters

The thin wire sensor is electrically heated.
The cooling rate of the wire is
proportional to the flow velocity.
The voltage required to keep the sensor at
a constant temperature is proportional to
the flow velocity.
Can measure high frequency velocity
fluctuations in turbulent flow.
43
Hot-Wire and Hot-Film Anomemeters
Wire diameter = 5 m Wire length = 1 mm

Can measure all three components of the velocity
(Vx, Vy, Vz) simultaneously.
Electric power input = heat loss
I2Rw = a + bVn
I = current, Rw = resistance, a, b, n = constants V = velocity.
Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV)

LDV is an optical technique to measure velocity at a
given point.
It is based on measuring the change in frequency of
the laser beam reflected by small particles in the
target area.
44
The waves of the two beams
interfere in the measurement
volume, creating a bright
fringe where they are in
phase, and creating a dark
fringe where they are out of
phase and thus cancel each
other.
V 2V sin( / 2)
f = =
s
Fringes that form as a result of the interference at the intersection of
two laser beams of an LDV system (lines represents peaks of waves).
The top diagram is a close-up view of the two fringes.
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)

It is used to measure the velocity distribution if a plane of
flow by photographically determining the displacement of
particles in the plane during a very short time interval.
45
Instantaneous velocity field in the wake region of a car as

measured by a PIV system in a wind tunnel. The velocity
vectors are superimposed on a contour plot of pressure.
A 3D PIV system set up to study the mixing of an air jet with

cross duct flow.
46

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Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 2 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 4 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 5 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Laminar and Turbulent Flows

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 6 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Note that these values are

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 7 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Laminar and Turbulent Flows

Example: open channel

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 9 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Fully Developed Region

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 10 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 11 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

The hydrodynamic entry length in laminar tube

In turbulent flow, beyond a pipe length of 10

It turns out that Vavg = 1/2Umax and u(r)= 2Vavg(1 - r2/R2)

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 13 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Comparison of laminar and turbulent flow

Vavg 85% of Umax (depends on Re a bit)

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 14 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

LAMINAR FLOW IN PIPES

Here, w = const. since and u(r) = const. dP/dx = const.

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 18 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 19 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Pressure Drop and Head Loss

It should not be confused with

Pressure Drop and Head Loss

The head loss hL represents the additional height

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 22 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

pumping power can be

Pressure Drop and Head Loss

which can be rearranged as

= 2 for fully developed laminar flow

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 24 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 25 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 26 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 27 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Turbulent Flow in Pipes

The intense mixing in turbulent flow brings fluid particles at

The figure shows the

u = instantaneous velocity component in x direction.

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 31 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

In turbulent flow, shear stress consists of laminar and

u is negative (from experimental results).

Terms such as u are called Reynolds stresses

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 34 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Eddy viscosity t should be modeled as a function of

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 36 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Turbulent Velocity Profile

The velocity profile in the

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 38 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Then, the wall shear stress in the viscous sublayer is

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 40 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

In the overlap layer:

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 42 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

n increases with Re.

Our problem is now reduced to solving for

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 45 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

ME333 : Fluid Mechanics 46 Chapter 8: Flow in Pipes

Implicit equation for f which can be solved

Both Moody chart and Colebrook equation are

Colebrook equation (8-50) is implicit and thus

Use this eqn. rather than (8-50).