CHAPTER II.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the literature and studies both from foreign and local sources. This

chapter also includes the synthesis of the art and the conceptual framework. Those that

listed in this chapter helps in familiarizing information that is relevant and similar to the

present study.

RELATED LITERATURE

LOCAL

According to the article by Rhodieleen Anne R. de la Cruz, MD, Rene S. Tuazon, MD

(2016), Motorcycles have become an increasingly popular form of transportation due to

their low cost in fuel consumption and flexibility in avoiding traffic conditions in the

metropolitan area. However, this type of transport is the top cause of fatal and nonfatal

injuries in vehicular accidents. Several studies have shown that the use of helmets

decreased the incidence of fatal and nonfatal injuries.The enactment of the universal helmet

law also decreased hospital admissions for motorcycle related injuries. In the Philippines,

the Motorcycle Helmet Act was signed into law in March 2010. Despite the enactment of

this law there have still been numerous cases of motorcycle related accidents without

helmet use. As, such there is a need to collect epidemiological data on the frequency of

helmet use among motorcyclists. Determining the number of motorcycle accidents,

demographics, frequency of helmet use and type of injuries may assist in formulating a
program to increase awareness of the law and its provisions, and lessen injuries from road

accidents.

The study showed that 70% of vehicle related accidents are due to motorcycle use and

the frequency of helmet use was low. Tripod and temporal bone fractures were commonly

seen for patients in motorcycle accidents regardless of helmet use however more cranio-

maxillofacial fractures were seen for patients not wearing helmets. Motorcycle users most

commonly hit the pavement, which caused their injuries.

Fig. 2-A Motorbike accidents of rider using helmet

Fig. 2-A illustrates the most common fractures of patients with helmets during

motorcycle accidents.
 Fig. 2-B Motorbike accidents of riders without using helmet

Fig. 2-B illustrates the most common fractures of patients without helmets during

motorcycle accidents.

The data from the study showed that less than 25% used helmets during the time of

the accident which is well below the values of other developing countries with a universal

helmet law. In a similar study in Brazil, 76% of patients wore helmets during the time of

the accident. Our values were much closer to a study in Jamaica where only 34% wore

helmets. Even though these three countries had a universal helmet law, its effectiveness

was not the same.

FOREIGN

As stated by the authors, in today's society based on a series of surveys says that the

death issues due to motorbike accidents are rising day-by-day, most of these casualties

arise because of the absence of the helmet. Traffic enforcers cannot cover all road areas in
the city. In these case, to solve the problem is to make a smart helmet that will force the

rider to wear a helmet in able to turn on the ignition of the motorbike. Considering the

increasing amount of bike riders in today's world and some accidents happening every day,

it is evident that in most cases the rider suffers injuries to the head and it leads to fatal

causalities. This has thrown light on the importance of forcing the rider to wear helmet to

reduce of impact. The reasons for the accidents may be many such as no proper driving

knowledge, damaged bikes, rash driving, drink and drive etc. But the major reason was

found to be the absence of helmet on that persons head, resulting in an immediate death

due to brain damage.

According to Sandeep Baghel (2017), The thought of developing the smart helmet

project came from social responsibility towards the society. As we can see many accidents

occurring around us. Usually, people die due to lack of treatment in proper time. The

reasons for this may be many such as late arrival of an ambulance, no person at a place of

accident to give information to the ambulance.

Because of these stated problems, certain techniques and technologies have been

develope to provide a solution to overcome these types of incidents which are the different

features of SMART HELMET.

As the bikers in our country are increasing, the road mishaps are also increasing day

by day, being stated by the authors Jennifer William, Kaustubh Padwal, Nexon Samuel,

Akshay Bawkar, SmitaRukhande in their article (2016) in their article, due to which many

casualties, most of them are caused due to most common negligence of not wearing the

helmets, and also many deaths occur due to lack of prompt medical attention needed by the

injured person. This motivates us to think about making a system which ensures the safety
of biker, by making it necessary to wear helmet, as per government guidelines, also to get

proper and prompt medical attention, after meeting with an accident. The proposed system

is an intelligent helmet. A module affixed in the helmet, such that, the module will sync

with the module affixed on bike and will also ensure that biker has not con- sumed alcohol.

Additional feature of accident detection module will be installed on the bike ,which will be

able to detect accident and will be able to notify quickly the accident to police control room

and in case if the accident is minor, rider can abort message sending by pressing the abort

switch.

This motivates them to think about making a system which ensures the safety of biker,

by making it necessary to wear helmet, as per government guidelines, also to get proper

and prompt medical attention, after meeting with an accident. The proposed system is an

intelligent helmet. A module affixed in the helmet, such that, the module will sync with the

module affixed on bike and will also ensure that biker has not con- sumed alcohol.

Additional feature of accident detection module will be installed on the bike ,which will be

able to detect accident and will be able to notify quickly the accident to police control room

and in case if the accident is minor, rider can abort message sending by pressing the abort

switch.

Smart Helmet Using Arduino

This is a report about a smart helmet which makes motorcycle driving safer than

before. The aim of this project is to give information at accident to ambulance N family

members. This is implemented using Arduino. This smart helmet was implemented by

placing vibrations sensors in different places of helmet where the probability of hitting is

more which are connected to arguing board. When the date exceeds minimum stress limit
then the GSM module sends message to family members automatically. The hardware used

in this system is Arduino board, Bluetooth module, vibration sensor and mobile phone.

Smart Helmet Using GSM & GPS Technology for Accident Detection and Reporting

System:

A smart helmet is an innovative concept which makes motorcycle driving safer than

before. It uses the GPS and GSM as its core technologies. The mechanism of this smart

helmet is very simple, vibration sensors are placed in different sections of helmet where

the chances of hitting is more which are connected to microcontroller board. So when the

rider crashes and the helmet hit the ground, these sensors sense and provide it to the

microcontroller board, then controller extract GPS data using the GPS module that is

integrated to it. When the data goes below the minimum stress limit then GSM module

automatically sends alerting message to ambulance or family members. The hardware used

in this system is alcohol sensor, GSM, GPS, microcontroller, pressure sensor and vibration

sensor.

Alcohol Detection Using Smart Helmet System

The system automatically checks whether the person is wearing the helmet and has

non- alcoholic breath while driving. There is a transmitter at the helmet and a receiver at

the bike. There is a switch used to sure the wearing of helmet on the head. The data to be

transferred is coded with RF encoder and transmitted through radio frequency transmitter.

The receiver at the bike collects the data and decodes it through RF decoder. MCU controls

the function of relay and thus the ignition; it controls the engine through a relay and a relay

interfacing circuit.
PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system is an intelligent helmet. The system ensures the safety of the

biker, by making it necessary to wear the Helmet, as per the government guidelines, also

to get proper and prompt medical attention, after meeting with an accident. A module is

affixed in the helmet, such that, the module will sync with the module affixed on the bike.

The system will bear following functionalities:

It will ensure that the rider has worn the helmet. If he fails to do so, the bike wont start.

It will also ensure that biker has not consumed alcohol. If the rider is drunk, the bike

wont start.

An accident detection module will be installed on the bike, which will be able to detect

accident and will be able to notify quickly the accident to police control room and in case

if the accident is minor, rider can abort message sending by pressing the abort switch.

The system consist of two parts:

Module on helmet

Module on the bike.

 Fig. 3 Block diagram of Transmitter and Receiver section of the said system

Fig. 3 illustrates block diagram working principle of the smart helmet system

consisting transmitter (on helmet) and receiver (on motorbike).

HELMET PART basically consists of an IR Sensor, Alcohol Sensor, Accelerometer,

Microcontroller and Transmitter. IR Sensor: An IR sensor consists of an emitter, detector

and associated circuitry.

BIKE PART basically consists of a Receiver, Microcontroller, GSM Module and Abort

switch.Receiver: A RF receiver operating at 434 MHz Radio Frequency is used to receive

the data over wireless medium.

 RELATED STUDIES

FOREIGN

Helmets attempt to protect the user's head by absorbing mechanical energy and

protecting against penetration. Structure and protective capacity of helmet shown in

Figure 2.2 are altered in high-energy impacts. Besides, its energy-absorption capability

and volume and weight are also important issues, since higher volume and weight

increase the injury risk for the user's head and neck.

Fig. 4 The Helmet

Fig. 4 illustrates the helmet that is main subject in the concept of smart helmet

system

In todays era, especially in the young generation, the craze to ride bike is rapidly

increasing. The middle class families prefer to buy two-wheeler over four-wheeler because

of their low price. As the number of two-wheeler on the road are increasing, road mishaps

are also increasing day by day. In the event of an accident, lack of timely medical attention

to the injured person may lead to death. Thus, there is a need for a system which ensures
safety of rider by enforcing rider to wear helmet as per government guidelines and also

assist in providing the rider for a medical assistance in the event of an accident.

The researcher examines that the road accident is one of the major problems all over

the world. The recent report says that the annual average road accident is estimated to be

about 7, 00,000 of which 10 percentage occur in India which has overtaken China. The

annual statistics revealed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in its Global status

report on road safety says that around 80,000 people are killed on Indian roads due to rush

driving, drunken driving and less usage of helmets. Also, most of the countries are forcing

the motor riders to wear the helmet and not to use the vehicles when the person is in

drunken condition. To overcome problem, a system called Accident Detection, Theft and

Drive Protection using intelligent Wireless Safety Helmet is introduced.

There has been a sharp rise in the total number of deaths that occur due to road

accidents in the past few years. Reckless driving, ignorance of traffic rules and absence of

a protective shield have been some of the most important reasons for these deaths. The

driver must have a line of defense in case an accident occurs. A survey performed in India

confirmed that there were a total of 1,34,513 deaths due to road accidents in India in the

year 2011. The number increased to 1, 42,485 in the year 2014. Most of the accident occur

due to drinking and then driving bikes and death caused due to neglecting helmet.

Government adopted few measures like helmet and alcohol checking by traffic police but

are hardly useful.

 Fig. 5 Graph of road accidents in india from 2011-2014

Fig. 5 illustrates that the road accidents in India steadily decreased every year from

2011-2013 but there seems to be arise in 2014.

LOCAL

According to Luisito L. Lacatan et al. from Adamson University, Manila in their study

entitled "Ignition Interlock Device for Motorcycles The Ignition Interlock Device or IID

is a mechanism installed inside a vehicle which requires the driver to breathe into the device

before starting the vehicle. If the IID detects that the alcohol level or blood alcohol content

(BAC) is higher than the accepted value, the engine will not start. If the driver isnt able to

provide a clean breathe sample, the IID will log the event, warn the driver, and then start

up an alarm. The purpose of the IID is to prevent accidents due to driving under influence

(DUI). With the rise of two-wheeled vehicle in the Philippines due to its mobility and

purchasing power, IIDs are still mainly installed on four wheeled vehicles. Even though
riding motorcycle when drunk is more dangerous, there are only a small number of installed

devices on motorcycles and scooters. The general objective of their study was to develop

a system with hardware and software components that would implement IID on

motorcycles. The study employed descriptive method of research.

The study also include the following: the infrared must have a point-to-point

communication, the breathalyzer on the helmet should react to ethanol, the microcontroller

on the motorcycle should accept all IR signals from the helmet and interpret it and the GPS

shield should have an unobstructed line-of-sight communication with the GPS satellites.

Their study concludes the following:

To achieve the integration of sensor to check if the driver is wearing the motorcycle

helmet, the infrared transmitter and receiver should have a point-to-point communication

in order for the receiver to receive the signal from the transmitter and it can also work as

the sensor to check if the driver is the one taking up the breath sample test. Also, the micro

switch in the helmet should be placed on top so that it can check if someone is wearing the

helmet.

To achieve the installation of breathalyzer in the helmet to determine the alcohol level of

the driver, the MQ3 sensor should react to ethanol and the sensor must be calibrated

because the sensor is sensitive in humid environments. Also, the control unit in the helmet

should be able to compute the alcohol level to properly determine if the driver has a BAC

of 0.5% which determines if the system will prevent him from driving or not.

To achieve the development of control unit that will control the motorcycle actuators

based on the data gathered by the sensors, the IR receiver connected to the microcontroller
should accept all IR signals sent by the transmitter and interpret the signal if the system

will let the motorcycle proceed to its normal operation. Also, the relay installed on the

motorcycle should have the correct specifications based on the battery that the motorcycle

uses.

To achieve the implementation of GPS and GSM/GPRS on the project for determining

the location of the driver when drunk and notifying the acquaintance about his status and

location, the antenna of the GPS should be placed on an unobstructed line-of-sight so that

the satellite of GPS system can easily determine the location of the motorcycle.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWROK

Input Process Output

Road Accidents Research about Motorbike drunk

road accidents driving
Motorbike Research about Hypothesizing a
Drunk Driving prevention of system
motorbike Motorbike helmet
drunk driving detection and
Alcohol Sensors Research about drunk driving
prevention system
helmet detection
Alcohol sensor
Wireless using sensor placed in front of
transceivers System helmet to analyze
Development breath
Helmet Effectiveness Pressure sensor
Detection testing of placed at the
System alcohol sensor upper part of the
Reliability helmet inside for
testing of helmet detection
transceivers Effective
communication motorbike dunk
link driving and
helmet detection
system
Tranceivers
positioned in the
helmet and motor
SYNTHESIS

The outcomes of these sources have proven that smart helmet is possible to implement for

safety purposes. Nowadays, most cases of accidents area unit by motorbikes. The severities

of those accidents are increased because of the absence of helmet or by the usage of

alcoholic drinks. By implementing this system a safe two-wheeler journey is possible

which would decrease the head injuries throughout accidents caused from the absence of

helmet and additionally reduce the accident rate due to drunken driving. Advanced sensors

techniques and radio frequency wireless communications are also included in this system

to make it a good one. The system efficiently checks the wearing of helmet and drunken

driving. By implementing this system a safe 2 wheeler journey is possible which would

decrease the head injuries during accidents and also reduce the accident ratebecause of

drunken driving.