1. thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her A) self-esteem. B) personality. C) reality principle. D) defense mechanism. Ans: B
The concept of personality most clearly
2. embodies the notion of A) moral integrity. B) self-consciousness. C) behavioral consistency. D) free association. Ans: C
Mary enjoys socializing with friends and
talking with them on her cell phone. Eileen prefers quiet times by herself when she can 3. reflect on her own thoughts. The characteristics of Mary and Eileen indicate that each has a distinctive A) fixation. B) personality. C) Electra complex. D) collective unconscious. Ans: B
Which contemporary theoretical approach is
4. most directly descended from Freud's psychoanalysis? A) trait theories B) psychodynamic theories C) social-cognitive theories D) humanistic theories Ans: B The importance of unconscious conflicts and 5. childhood experiences is of most central importance to A) humanistic theories. B) psychodynamic theories. C) social-cognitive theories. D) trait theories. Ans: B
Psychodynamic theories emphasize that
6. personality involves a dynamic interaction between A) persons and situations. B) repression and fixation. C) conscious and unconscious mental processes. the inferiority complex and the collective D) unconscious. Ans: C
A therapist thinks that Jordan would be much
less agitated and ineffective at work if he could recognize his own conflicting feelings 7. of respect for and irritation toward his workplace supervisor. The therapist's belief best illustrates the ________ perspective. A) trait B) humanistic C) psychodynamic D) social-cognitive Ans: C
Psychoanalysis refers to the personality
8. theory and therapeutic practices developed by A) Karen Horney. B) Carl Jung. C) Sigmund Freud. D) Alfred Adler. Ans: C 9. By professional training, Freud was a A) philosopher. B) sociologist. C) physician. D) literary scholar. Ans: C
Freud became interested in unconscious
10. personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients' symptoms resulted from the physical abuse they had A) received from their parents during childhood. B) reflected a loss of individuality. C) illustrated a collective unconscious. D) made no neurological sense. Ans: D
Freud believed that certain troubling
symptoms could be traced to painful 11. unconscious memories. This led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from A) genetic defects. B) an inferiority complex. C) psychological processes. D) an Electra complex. Ans: C
12. According to Freud, the unconscious is
the part of personality that cannot process A) information. the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories B) of which we are largely unaware. a set of universal concepts acquired by all C) humans from our common past. a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that D) do not affect behavior. Ans: B Reporting whatever thoughts come to mind 13. even if they are trivial or embarrassing is characteristic of A) defense mechanisms. B) the spotlight effect. C) free association. D) self-serving bias. Ans: C
14. Free association is central to the process of
A) personality development. B) reaction formation. C) psychoanalysis. D) projective testing. Ans: C
A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax,
close his eyes, and state aloud whatever 15. thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as A) fixation. B) free association. C) projection. D) hypnosis. Ans: B
Forgotten memories that we can easily recall
16. were said by Freud to be A) displaced. B) preconscious. C) fixated. D) unconscious. Ans: B According to psychoanalytic theory, the part 17. of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the A) id. B) ego. C) superego. D) erogenous zones. Ans: A
When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would
get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a 18. temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his A) superego. B) ego. C) id. D) Oedipus complex. Ans: C
Freud emphasized that the id operates on the
19. ________ principle. A) self-transcendence B) false consensus C) identity D) pleasure Ans: D
20. Ego is to id as ________ is to ________.
A) unconscious; conscious B) biology; morality C) reality principle; pleasure principle D) regression; repression Ans: C According to Freud, the component of 21. personality that seeks to reconcile the demands of the id, superego, and reality is the A) collective unconscious. B) Oedipus complex. C) erogenous zone. D) ego. Ans: D
When 16-year-old Hafez received a large
inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He 22. decided, instead, to deposit all the money into a savings account for his college education. Hafez shows signs of a A) weak superego. B) weak id. C) strong collective unconscious. D) strong ego. Ans: D
According to Freud, the part of personality
23. that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment is the A) Oedipus complex. B) ego. C) id. D) superego. Ans: D
Janine is repulsed by the thought of watching
24. a pornographic video. Freud would have attributed these feelings to Janine's A) ego. B) id. C) superego. D) inferiority complex. Ans: C No matter how long and hard Lerae studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much as 25. she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Lerae shows signs of a A) weak id. B) weak ego. C) strong id. D) strong superego. Ans: D
Freud referred to the largely conscious
26. executive part of the personality as the A) Oedipus complex. B) superego. C) ego. D) id. Ans: C
Bruce wants to be a loving husband but at the
same time wants to express his disgust for 27. some of his wife's habits. According to Freud, Bruce's ________ might enable him to partially satisfy both desires. A) collective unconscious B) superego C) Oedipus complex D) ego Ans: D
Freud suggested that the id's pleasure-seeking
28. energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensitive areas of the body known as A) psychosexual stages. B) archetypes. C) erogenous zones. D) Oedipus complexes. Ans: C Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives immense pleasure from demonstrating his 29. independence from their control. Freud would have suggested that Damien is going through the ________ stage of development. A) phallic B) anal C) latency D) oral Ans: B
According to Freud, boys are most likely to
30. experience the Oedipus complex during the ________ stage. A) anal B) phallic C) oral D) latency Ans: B
The Oedipus complex is the term used by
31. Freud to describe the erogenous zones that are the focus of the A) latency stage. the passive dependence of someone who is B) orally fixated. children's efforts to overcome feelings of C) inferiority. boys' feelings of guilt and fear of punishment D) over their sexual desire for their mother. Ans: D
One night after he heard his parents arguing,
4-year-old Wei had a vivid dream in which he 32. saved his mother from being bitten by a large snake. A psychoanalyst would most likely suspect that Wei's dream reflects a(n) A) oral fixation. B) reaction formation. C) projective test. D) Oedipus complex. Ans: D One night after he heard his parents arguing, 4-year-old Wei had a vivid dream in which he 32. saved his mother from being bitten by a large snake. A psychoanalyst would most likely suspect that Wei's dream reflects a(n) A) oral fixation. B) reaction formation. C) projective test. D) Oedipus complex. Ans: D
Some psychoanalysts in Freud's era believed
that girls experienced unconscious sexual 33. desires for their father during the phallic stage. These feelings, they thought, reflected A) reaction formation. B) an Electra complex. C) an anal fixation. D) a weak superego. Ans: B
Freud suggested that a boy's identification
34. with his father during the phallic stage illustrates A) latency development. B) the benefits of immediate gratification. C) free association. D) the process of conflict resolution. Ans: D
Freud suggested that the process of
35. identification is most directly responsible for strengthening A) the Oedipus complex. B) free association. C) the superego. D) erogenous zones. Ans: C
The theory that would most likely predict that
boys raised without a father figure will have 36. difficulty developing a strongly masculine gender identity was proposed by A) Carl Jung. B) Alfred Adler. C) Karen Horney. D) Sigmund Freud. Ans: D The theory that would most likely predict that boys raised without a father figure will have 36. difficulty developing a strongly masculine gender identity was proposed by A) Carl Jung. B) Alfred Adler. C) Karen Horney. D) Sigmund Freud. Ans: D
37. Gender identity refers to
A) our biological sex. the sense of being male, female, or a B) combination of the two. the set of socially expected behaviors for C) males and females. internalized ideals for appropriate sexual D) behavior. Ans: B
Gene spends a good deal of time bragging
about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud 38. would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the ________ stage. A) oral B) latency C) phallic D) anal Ans: C
Freud referred to a lingering focus of
39. pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as A) projection. B) fixation. C) displacement. D) repression. Ans: B
Freud suggested that orally fixated adults are
40. especially likely to exhibit A) passive dependence. B) an inferiority complex. C) an Electra complex. D) a strong superego. Ans: A Freud suggested that orally fixated adults are 40. especially likely to exhibit A) passive dependence. B) an inferiority complex. C) an Electra complex. D) a strong superego. Ans: A
According to Freud, an adult who exhibits
biting sarcasm and an exaggerated denial of 41. his or her dependence on others shows signs of a(n) A) free association. B) identification. C) self-transcendence. D) fixation. Ans: D
Arjean's opinions are so dependent on what
her friends think that she will swallow just 42. about anything they tell her. Freud would have suggested that Arjean demonstrates a A) fixation. B) free association. C) reaction formation. D) collective unconscious. Ans: A
Freud suggested that defense mechanisms
43. protect an individual from A) anxiety. B) an inferiority complex. C) the collective unconscious. D) erogenous zones. Ans: A
According to Freud, defense mechanisms are
44. used by the id to defend against the accusations and guilt A) feelings produced by the superego. ego to prevent threatening impulses from B) being consciously recognized. superego to prevent expression of sexual and C) aggressive drives. id, ego, and superego in a repetitive sequence D) of internal conflicts. According to Freud, defense mechanisms are 44. used by the id to defend against the accusations and guilt A) feelings produced by the superego. ego to prevent threatening impulses from B) being consciously recognized. superego to prevent expression of sexual and C) aggressive drives. id, ego, and superego in a repetitive sequence D) of internal conflicts. Ans: B
Repression refers to the defense mechanism
45. by which people offer self-justifying explanations in place of A) the real but threatening unconscious reasons for action. retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of a B) more infantile stage of development. disguise threatening impulses by attributing C) them to others. banish anxiety-arousing thoughts from D) consciousness. Ans: D
When she was 4 years old, Inge was sexually
abused by her uncle. At 14, Inge felt uncomfortable whenever she saw this uncle 46. but was unable to understand why she felt this way. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Inge is using the defense mechanism of A) repression. B) rationalization. C) regression. D) displacement. Ans: A
Freud suggested that slips of the tongue
47. illustrate an incomplete A) fixation. B) displacement. C) rationalization. D) repression. Ans: D Freud suggested that slips of the tongue 47. illustrate an incomplete A) fixation. B) displacement. C) rationalization. D) repression. Ans: D
Freud believed that ________ are the royal
48. road to the unconscious. A) projective tests B) dreams C) erogenous zones D) psychosexual stages Ans: B
Freud believed that the manifest content of
49. dreams consisted of A) repressed memories. B) sexual and aggressive images. archetypes derived from our species' universal C) experiences. D) censored expressions of unconscious wishes. Ans: D
Freud suggested that the remembered events
50. and images in our dreams were a censored expression of the dream's A) psychosexual stages. B) latent content. C) reality principle. D) collective unconscious. Ans: B
Matt reported a dream in which he repeatedly
fell off a horse. His therapist suggested that his dream reflected Matt's mixed feelings of 51. affection and resentment toward his own father. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the dream's A) factor analysis. B) latent content. C) erogenous zone. D) psychosexual stage. Ans: B father. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the dream's A) factor analysis. B) latent content. C) erogenous zone. D) psychosexual stage. Ans: B
Regression is a defense mechanism that
52. involves consciously expressing feelings that are the A) opposite of underlying unconscious impulses. disguising threatening impulses by attributing B) them to others. retreating to a more infantile psychosexual C) stage. shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward D) less-threatening targets. Ans: C
Freud would have suggested that an excessive
53. fixation is most likely to contribute to A) regression. B) an inferiority complex. C) reciprocal determinism. D) free association. Ans: A
Four-year-old Timmy had not wet his bed for
over a year. However, he started bed-wetting 54. again soon after his sister was born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates A) reaction formation. B) projection. C) regression. D) denial. Ans: C
Reaction formation refers to the process by
55. which people disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses A) by attributing them to others. consciously express feelings that are the B) opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses. retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of a C) more infantile stage of development. offer self-justifying explanations in place of Reaction formation refers to the process by 55. which people disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses A) by attributing them to others. consciously express feelings that are the B) opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses. retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of a C) more infantile stage of development. offer self-justifying explanations in place of D) the real but unacceptable unconscious reasons for action. Ans: B
Parents who disguise hostility toward their
children by becoming overly protective of 56. them are very likely using the defense mechanism of A) projection. B) regression. C) rationalization. D) reaction formation. Ans: D
The defense mechanism by which people
57. disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others is called A) projection. B) displacement. C) fixation. D) reaction formation. Ans: A
Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates
are unusually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the 58. school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a A) regression. B) projection. C) denial. D) reaction formation. Ans: B is a A) regression. B) projection. C) denial. D) reaction formation. Ans: B
Mrs. Smith, who is White and unconsciously
in favor of racial segregation, tells her friends that most Blacks prefer to live in residential 59. neighborhoods inhabited predominantly by Blacks. According to psychoanalytic theory, Mrs. Smith best illustrates A) reaction formation. B) projection. C) displacement. D) regression. Ans: B
The defense mechanism in which self-
60. justifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is A) projection. B) denial. C) rationalization. D) displacement. Ans: C
Melissa is unconsciously fearful that her
husband is a better cook than she is. Recently, she refused his offer to prepare dinner 61. because, said she, You could better spend the time playing with your kids. Melissa's comment best illustrates A) projection. B) rationalization. C) displacement. D) reaction formation. Ans: B While Professor Gomez was going through a painful divorce, he tended to create unnecessarily difficult tests and gave his 62. students unusually low grades. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to view the professor's treatment of students as an example of A) reaction formation. B) displacement. C) projection. D) regression. Ans: B
Children who release unexpressed anger
63. toward their parents by kicking the family pet illustrate the defense mechanism of A) projection. B) displacement. C) regression. D) reaction formation. Ans: B
Refusing to believe or even to perceive
64. painful realities constitutes the defense mechanism known as A) regression. B) denial. C) displacement. D) projection. Ans: B
A refusal to believe direct and highly credible
65. evidence that your spouse is suffering from a terminal illness best illustrates A) denial. B) displacement. C) fixation. D) projection. Ans: A Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most 66. likely to disagree with Freud about the importance of the unconscious dynamics underlying A) behavior. B) childhood sexual instincts. C) anxiety and defense mechanisms. D) distinguishing between id, ego, and superego. Ans: B
Alfred Adler was a neo-Freudian who
67. proposed the concept of A) an oral fixation. B) identification. C) an inferiority complex. D) penis envy. Ans: C
Hasina was an abused child; as an adult, she
is homeless and squanders any money she can 68. find on alcohol. Alfred Adler would have suggested that Hasina suffers from A) an Electra complex. B) a collective unconscious. C) an inferiority complex. D) an oral fixation. Ans: C
Karen Horney, a prominent neo-Freudian,
69. disputed Freud's assumption that women A) have weak superegos. B) perceive an internal locus of control. C) have stronger sexual instincts than men. never experience a phallic stage of D) development. Ans: A Carl Jung referred to a shared reservoir of 70. memory traces from our species history as the A) false consensus effect. B) pleasure principle. C) collective unconscious. D) erogenous zone. Ans: C
Carl Jung believed that the collective
71. unconscious contains ________ derived from our species' universal experiences. A) archetypes B) free associations C) defense mechanisms D) erogenous zones Ans: A
Which personality theorist would have
suggested that many ideas about good and 72. evil that are shared across many different cultures are expressions of universally experienced archetypes? A) Sigmund Freud B) Karen Horney C) Carl Jung D) Alfred Adler Ans: C
Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the
73. influence of the collective unconscious in personality development? A) Carl Jung B) Alfred Adler C) Karen Horney D) Henry Murray Ans: A Contemporary psychodynamic theorists are 74. most likely to disagree with Freud's assumption that much of our mental functioning is A) unconscious. B) people often struggle with conflicting wishes. childhood experiences influence our C) adulthood relationships. sexual drives are central to personality D) development. Ans: D
Contemporary psychodynamic theorists agree
75. that childhood experiences shape our A) Electra complex. B) collective unconscious. C) ways of becoming attached to others. D) erogenous zones. Ans: C
Henry Murray found that children's
perceptions of photographs were biased by 76. their previous participation in a frightening game. Their perceptual reactions most clearly highlighted the potential value of A) projective tests. B) free association. C) identification. D) archetypes. Ans: A
Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist
to look at some ambiguous pictures and make 77. up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most likely completing the A) Thematic Apperception Test. B) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. C) MMPI. D) Rorschach inkblot test. Ans: A likely completing the A) Thematic Apperception Test. B) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. C) MMPI. D) Rorschach inkblot test. Ans: A
The famous test introduced by Hermann
78. Rorschach asks test-takers to respond to A) frightening pictures. B) ambiguous stories. C) meaningless inkblots. D) incomplete sentences. Ans: C
The major reason for criticism of the
79. Rorschach test is that no computer-aided tool has been designed to A) facilitate scoring of the test. only a few of the many Rorschach-derived B) scores have demonstrated validity. the test discourages individuals from C) communicating openly in clinical interviews. the test can be used effectively only with D) individuals who are severely maladjusted. Ans: B
Rorschach inkblot test results diagnose many
80. normal adults as disordered. This indicates that the test has little A) consensus. B) interpretive value. C) genuineness. D) validity. Ans: D
Contemporary psychologists are LEAST
81. likely to agree with Freud's belief that conscience and gender identity form during A) the process of resolving the Oedipus complex. conscious awareness of our own mental B) processes is very limited. C) memories are often distorted and incomplete. defense mechanisms help protect individuals D) from anxiety. Ans: A conscience and gender identity form during A) the process of resolving the Oedipus complex. conscious awareness of our own mental B) processes is very limited. C) memories are often distorted and incomplete. defense mechanisms help protect individuals D) from anxiety. Ans: A
According to some scholars, Freud thought
that stories of childhood sexual abuse 82. reported by his adult female patients reflected their A) erogenous zones. B) inferiority complexes. C) childhood sexual wishes. D) social standing. Ans: C
Freud's theory of personality has been
83. criticized because it underestimates the importance of biological A) contributions to personality development. is contradicted by recent research B) demonstrating the human capacity for destructive behavior. is overly reliant upon observations derived C) from Freud's use of projective tests. offers few testable hypotheses that allow one D) to determine its validity. Ans: D
Freud emphasized that emotional healing is
84. associated with the A) fixation of repressed sexual desires. B) projection of repressed fears. C) recovery of repressed wishes. D) displacement of repressed hostilities. Ans: C
Survivors' vivid memories of Nazi death
85. camp experiences most clearly challenge Freud's concept of A) fixation. B) repression. C) the Oedipus complex. D) motivational conflict. Ans: B Survivors' vivid memories of Nazi death 85. camp experiences most clearly challenge Freud's concept of A) fixation. B) repression. C) the Oedipus complex. D) motivational conflict. Ans: B
Years after his participation in terrifying
military combat, Gordon continues to suffer intrusive anxiety-arousing images of his war 86. experiences, which he wishes he could forget. Gordon's experience is most clearly inconsistent with Freud's concept of A) erogenous zones. B) free association. C) archetypes. D) repression. Ans: D
Subliminal stimuli can briefly prime our
87. responses to subsequent events. This best illustrates the importance of A) the false consensus effect. B) repression. C) unconscious thought. D) identification. Ans: C
Right-hemisphere brain activity enables a
split-brain patient's left hand to carry out 88. instructions the patient cannot verbalize. This best illustrates the importance of A) erogenous zones. B) unconscious thought. C) reaction formation. D) the false consensus effect. Ans: B Preliminary evidence suggests that those who unconsciously identify as homosexualbut who consciously identify as straightreport 89. more negative attitudes toward gays than most people do. This best illustrates the defense mechanism known as A) projection. B) regression. C) displacement. D) reaction formation. Ans: D
Freud's concept of projection is most similar
90. to what today's researchers call A) schemas. B) the false consensus effect. C) an inferiority complex. D) priming. Ans: B
Rusty is a heavy drinker who overestimates
the extent to which other people also engage 91. in heavy drinking. Rusty's overestimate best illustrates A) the false consensus effect. B) identification. C) a superiority complex. D) priming. Ans: A
Terror-management theory emphasizes that
92. anxiety is triggered by an awareness of one's A) impending death. B) erogenous zones. C) fixations. D) Oedipus complex. Ans: A According to terror-management theory, 93. anxiety about our own mortality motivates us to enhance our A) self-esteem. B) collective unconscious. C) erogenous zones. D) free association. Ans: A
The humanistic perspective emphasized the
94. value of A) empirically derived tests. B) self-determination. C) social norms. D) factor analysis. Ans: B
Maslow placed ________ at the base of his
95. hierarchy of needs. A) cognitive needs B) social needs C) bodily needs D) spiritual needs Ans: C
Abraham Maslow suggested that those who
96. fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for A) trait heritability. B) immediate gratification. C) self-actualization. D) unconditional positive regard. Ans: C
Jin is searching for a sense of purpose in life
that goes beyond fulfilling her own potential 97. for growth and self-actualization. According to Maslow, Jin is striving for A) acceptance. B) self-transcendence. C) unconditional positive regard. D) reciprocal determinism. Ans: B Jin is searching for a sense of purpose in life that goes beyond fulfilling her own potential 97. for growth and self-actualization. According to Maslow, Jin is striving for A) acceptance. B) self-transcendence. C) unconditional positive regard. D) reciprocal determinism. Ans: B
Abraham Maslow studied the lives of people
98. such as Abraham Lincoln in order to understand the nature of A) empathy. B) factor analysis. C) self-actualization. D) extraversion. Ans: C
Self-actualized people, as described by
99. Maslow, are LEAST likely to be highly A) compassionate. B) religious. C) conforming. D) self-accepting. Ans: C
Which theorist emphasized that an
individual's personal growth is promoted by 100. interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic? A) Gordon Allport B) Carl Rogers C) Abraham Maslow D) Hans Eysenck Ans: B
According to Carl Rogers, people who are
101. self-disclosing and open with their own feelings are demonstrating A) self-transcendence. B) extraversion. C) agreeableness. D) genuineness. Ans: D According to Carl Rogers, people who are 101. self-disclosing and open with their own feelings are demonstrating A) self-transcendence. B) extraversion. C) agreeableness. D) genuineness. Ans: D
Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total
102. acceptance toward another person as A) extraversion. B) unconditional positive regard. C) self-actualization. D) the ideal self. Ans: B
Mrs. Sunstedt believes that parents should
accept and try to understand their children's feelings and should honestly disclose their 103. own inner feelings to their children. Her approach to parent-child interaction was most explicitly recommended by A) Abraham Maslow. B) Gordon Allport. C) Carl Rogers. D) Carl Jung. Ans: C
Carl Rogers suggested that ________ is a
104. central feature of personality. A) extraversion B) emotional stability C) agreeableness D) self-concept Ans: D
Mario doesn't feel very positive about himself
because he often fails to measure up to his 105. unrealistically high performance aspirations. Mario's predicament is most clearly addressed by an assessment strategy utilized by A) Gordon Allport. B) Starke Hathaway. C) Hans and Sybil Eysenck. D) Carl Rogers. Ans: D because he often fails to measure up to his 105. unrealistically high performance aspirations. Mario's predicament is most clearly addressed by an assessment strategy utilized by A) Gordon Allport. B) Starke Hathaway. C) Hans and Sybil Eysenck. D) Carl Rogers. Ans: D
Carl Rogers would have suggested that many
of the defense mechanisms described by 106. Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between A) emotional stability and instability. B) introversion and extraversion. C) the actual self and the ideal self. D) self-esteem and self-actualization. Ans: C
Which psychologists are most likely to
criticize standardized personality tests for 107. failing to capture the unique subjective experience of the individual personality? A) psychodynamic theorists B) trait theorists C) social-cognitive theorists D) humanistic theorists Ans: D
Which of the following have been criticized
the most for offering concepts that are vague 108. and based on the theorists' personal opinions, rather than on scientific methods? A) trait theorists B) humanistic theorists C) social-cognitive theorists D) terror-management theorists Ans: B
Maslow's description of self-actualized
109. individuals was said to reflect his own personal values because he selectively studied people with qualities he A) admired. interpreted their flattering self-descriptions as B) self-serving. overemphasized the value of their loyalty to Maslow's description of self-actualized 109. individuals was said to reflect his own personal values because he selectively studied people with qualities he A) admired. interpreted their flattering self-descriptions as B) self-serving. overemphasized the value of their loyalty to C) cultural norms. D) used projective tests to assess their motives. Ans: A
Humanistic psychologists would most likely
110. be criticized for underestimating the value of A) the self-concept. B) individualism. C) social obligations. D) unconditional positive regard. Ans: C
111. Humanistic theorists have been criticized for
overestimating the impact of childhood A) experiences on adult personality. underestimating the inconsistency of behavior B) from one situation to another. overestimating the degree of similarity among C) people. underestimating the inherent human capacity D) for destructive and evil behaviors. Ans: D
Freud is to psychoanalytic theory as Allport is
112. to ________ theory. A) behavioral B) humanistic C) trait D) social-cognitive Ans: C A characteristic pattern of behavior or 113. tendency to act and feel in a certain way is called A) a self-concept. B) unconditional positive regard. C) introversion. D) a trait. Ans: D
A consistent tendency to be shy is best
114. described as A) a trait. B) empirically derived. C) self-actualization. D) a person-centered perspective. Ans: A
Trait theorists are more concerned with
115. ________ personality than with ________ it. A) predicting; assessing B) describing; explaining C) changing; analyzing D) interpreting; observing Ans: B
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classifies
116. people according to personality types identified by A) Gordon Allport. B) Carl Jung. C) Sigmund Freud. D) Carl Rogers. Ans: B
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator labels a
117. person who is sympathetic, appreciative, and tactful as a(n) ________ type. A) thinking B) judging C) feeling D) intuitive Ans: C The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator labels a 117. person who is sympathetic, appreciative, and tactful as a(n) ________ type. A) thinking B) judging C) feeling D) intuitive Ans: C
Factor analysis has been used to identify the
118. most basic A) needs on Maslow's hierarchy. B) self-concepts. C) personality traits. D) situational factors. Ans: C
119. Personality factors are best described as
clusters of behavior tendencies that occur A) together. B) a hierarchy of needs. C) internalized standards of judgment. D) empirically derived tests. Ans: A
Hans and Sybil Eysenck described personality
120. differences by identifying A) genetic markers. B) a hierarchy of needs. C) self-actualized people. D) basic factors. Ans: D
Which of the following is a basic personality
121. factor assessed by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire? A) emotional stability B) self-transcendence C) individualism D) self-actualization Ans: A Coretta is typically quiet, thoughtful, and reserved. In terms of the Eysencks' basic 122. factors, she would most clearly be classified as A) defensive. B) introverted. C) narcissistic. D) emotionally unstable. Ans: B
The Eysencks believed that extraversion and
123. emotionality are A) higher-level needs. B) genuine and empathic. C) genetically influenced. D) aspects of self-esteem. Ans: C
A frontal lobe area involved in ________ is
124. ________ active in extraverts than in introverts. A) inhibiting behavior; less B) addictive cravings; more C) empathy; less D) aggression; more Ans: A
By selective breeding, researchers can
produce bold or shy birds. This best illustrates 125. that some personality differences among birds are A) among the Big Five. B) empirically derived. C) genetically influenced. D) situational. Ans: C Children respond to stress with greater 126. anxiety if they A) are pessimistic. B) have a hierarchy of needs. C) exhibit unconditional positive regard. D) have a reactive autonomic nervous system. Ans: D
In Western cultures, introversion is belittled in
127. part because people tend to equate introversion with A) selfishness. B) self-transcendence. C) shyness. D) narcissism. Ans: C
One classic study found that ________ people
128. were especially likely to salivate a lot when tasting lemon juice. A) open-minded B) extraverted C) close-minded D) introverted Ans: D
When employees voice their ideas and
challenge existing workplace norms, they are 129. especially likely to receive a receptive hearing from employers with the trait of A) extraversion. B) narcissism. C) introversion. D) pessimism. Ans: C
Personality inventories are designed to assess
130. several ________ at once. A) possible selves B) basic needs C) repressed motives D) traits Ans: D Personality inventories are designed to assess 130. several ________ at once. A) possible selves B) basic needs C) repressed motives D) traits Ans: D
131. The MMPI is an example of a(n)
A) projective test. B) personality inventory. C) hierarchical test. D) self-esteem test. Ans: B
Which of the following tests was empirically
132. derived? A) the Eysenck Personality Inventory B) the Rorschach inkblot test C) the MMPI D) the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Ans: C
Dr. Zytowics wants to assess the extent to
which a client is suffering from depression, social withdrawal, and other symptoms of an 133. emotional disorder. Which personality inventory would be most helpful for this purpose? A) the MMPI B) the Rorschach C) the TAT D) the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Ans: A
People who take personality inventories can
lie in order to create a good impression. This 134. best illustrates that the objectivity in scoring personality inventories does not guarantee that they A) have validity. B) are empirically derived. C) assess several different traits. D) have been subjected to factor analysis. Ans: A People who take personality inventories can lie in order to create a good impression. This 134. best illustrates that the objectivity in scoring personality inventories does not guarantee that they A) have validity. B) are empirically derived. C) assess several different traits. D) have been subjected to factor analysis. Ans: A
Which of the following statements would
135. most likely appear on a lie scale? A) I am usually fairly happy. B) I constantly worry about my health. Most people are willing to lie in order to get C) ahead. D) I have never disliked anyone. Ans: D
Assessing an individual's standing on the Big
136. Five today has the advantage of providing a(n) ________ personality description. A) empathic B) flattering C) hierarchical D) comprehensive Ans: D
The Big Five trait dimensions were identified
137. by means of A) the MMPI. B) selective breeding. C) projective tests. D) factor analysis Ans: D
A person who is careless and disorganized
138. most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of A) neuroticism. B) extraversion. C) openness. D) conscientiousness. Ans: D 138. most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of A) neuroticism. B) extraversion. C) openness. D) conscientiousness. Ans: D
Emotional instability is most closely related
139. to the Big Five trait dimension of A) openness. B) neuroticism. C) agreeableness. D) conscientiousness. Ans: B
Being highly imaginative is most closely
140. related to the Big Five trait dimension of A) extraversion. B) openness. C) neuroticism. D) conscientiousness. Ans: B
Sheryl is very outgoing and fun-loving. She
prefers to be around other people most of the 141. time. She most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension known as A) openness. B) individualism. C) extraversion. D) conscientiousness. Ans: C
The Big Five traits show their greatest
142. stability during A) early childhood. B) late childhood. C) adolescence. D) adulthood. Ans: D Heritability generally runs about ________ 143. percent or a tad more for each of the Big Five trait dimensions. A) 25 B) 50 C) 75 D) 90 Ans: B
Those who score high on the Big Five trait of
144. _____ tend to have a larger frontal lobe area that aids in planning and controlling behavior. A) extraversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) neuroticism Ans: C
Cultural changes over time within the United
States and the Netherlands have been 145. accompanied by ________ in extraversion and ________ in conscientiousness. A) increases; decreases B) decreases; increases C) increases; increases D) decreases; decreases Ans: C
Features of the Big Five traits are common to
146. people A) from industrialized countries only. B) from individualist cultures only. C) from democratic cultures only. D) from all human groups. Ans: D The use of positive-emotion words in text 147. messaging is best predicted by the Big Five trait of A) openness. B) extraversion. C) agreeableness. D) conscientiousness. Ans: C
The person-situation controversy involves a
148. debate regarding the influence of ________ and ________ on behavior. A) self-concept; self-esteem B) factor analysis; emotions C) environments; traits D) extraversion; introversion Ans: C
Arguments as to whether people's behavior is
more strongly influenced by temporary 149. external influences or by enduring inner influences best characterize the A) psychodynamic perspective. B) person-situation controversy. C) hierarchy of needs. D) biopsychosocial approach. Ans: B
Studies have correlated early trait scores with
scores for the same traits seven years later. 150. The weakest correlations were observed among A) children. B) college students. C) 30-year-olds. D) 70-year-olds. Ans: A Which theorists are most likely to be 151. criticized for underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation? A) social-cognitive B) psychodynamic C) humanistic D) trait Ans: D
Studies of college students' conscientiousness
revealed only a modest relationship between a student being conscientious on one occasion 152. and being similarly conscientious on another occasion. This should make psychologists more cautious about overestimating the impact of ________ on behavior. A) extraversion B) personality traits C) self-actualization D) unconditional positive regard Ans: B
Sheen is usually animated and talkative when
he is with his girlfriend, but he is often quiet and reserved at home. He actively participates in many class discussions but frequently 153. seems reluctant to talk with friends at the campus coffee shop. Sheen's behavior should make us more cautious about overemphasizing the impact of ________ on behavior. A) personality traits B) self-actualization C) factor analysis D) the self-concept Ans: A People's scores on a test of extraversion are ________ predictors of how agreeable they will act in one particular situation. Their 154. scores are ________ predictors of how agreeable they will act on average over many different situations. A) poor; poor B) good; good C) poor; good D) good; poor Ans: C
People's scores on a test of extraversion are
likely to be most strongly correlated with the 155. number of social conversations they initiate during the course of a single A) hour. B) day. C) week. D) month. Ans: D
Unlike country, pop, and religious music
lovers, those who prefer classical, jazz, blues, 156. and folk music tend to score high on the Big Five trait dimension known as A) extraversion. B) openness. C) neuroticism. D) conscientiousness. Ans: B
Our personality traits are most likely to
157. remain hidden as we carefully attend to social cues in A) unfamiliar, informal situations. B) familiar, informal situations. C) unfamiliar, formal situations. D) familiar, formal situations. Ans: C cues in A) unfamiliar, informal situations. B) familiar, informal situations. C) unfamiliar, formal situations. D) familiar, formal situations. Ans: C
The stability of personality traits is best
158. illustrated by the consistency of A) factor analysis. B) unconditional positive regard. C) expressive styles. D) self-transcendence. Ans: C
The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes
159. the interactive influences of our traits and our A) temperaments. B) situations. C) fixations. D) self-concepts. Ans: B
Which perspective most clearly emphasizes
160. that our personalities help create the situations to which we react? A) the psychoanalytic perspective B) the social-cognitive perspective C) the humanistic perspective D) the trait perspective Ans: B
According to Bandura, reciprocal
161. determinism involves multidirectional influences among A) thoughts, emotions, and actions. behaviors, internal personal factors, and B) environmental events. C) id, ego, and superego. self-concept, self-actualization, and self- D) transcendence. Ans: B Randy's substandard academic performance is both a result and a cause of his feelings of 162. academic inferiority. This best illustrates the importance of A) self-serving bias. B) the spotlight effect. C) reciprocal determinism. D) free association. Ans: C
Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees,
he treats them kindly. His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn 163. increases his trust in them. This pattern of trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by A) a fixation. B) the spotlight effect. C) free association. D) reciprocal determinism. Ans: D
Because Greta is an extravert, she frequently
goes to parties where she is encouraged to laugh and socialize with her friends. Because 164. Jim is an introvert, he frequently spends weekends in the library where it's easy to quietly reflect and study. Greta and Jim best illustrate what is meant by A) free association. B) reciprocal determinism. C) the self-serving bias. D) the spotlight effect. Ans: B Our genetically influenced traits evoke certain responses in others, which lead us to develop 165. specific social-interaction skills. This best illustrates the impact of A) free association. B) the spotlight effect. C) unconditional positive regard. D) gene-environment interactions. Ans: D
Personality is fruitfully studied at multiple
166. levels of analysis because people are best understood as A) unconscious information processors. B) biopsychosocial organisms. C) demonstrating self-serving bias. D) possible selves. Ans: B
An integrated understanding of Tara's
consistent cheerfulness in terms of her 167. supportive peer relationships, her calm temperament, and her optimistic expectations best illustrates A) the spotlight effect. B) unconditional positive regard. C) a biopsychosocial approach. D) a humanistic perspective. Ans: C
In assessing candidates for spy missions
during World War II, U.S. Army psychologists subjected them to simulated 168. undercover conditions. This best illustrates the use of an assessment strategy favored by ________ theories. A) trait B) psychoanalytic C) social-cognitive D) humanistic Ans: C the use of an assessment strategy favored by ________ theories. A) trait B) psychoanalytic C) social-cognitive D) humanistic Ans: C
Many colleges assess potential faculty
members' teaching abilities by observing 169. them teach. This best illustrates the use of an assessment strategy favored by ________ theorists. A) social-cognitive B) psychodynamic C) humanistic D) trait Ans: A
Social-cognitive theorists would suggest that
the best way to predict a political candidate's 170. performance effectiveness after election is to assess that individual's A) self-esteem. B) specific political goals for the future. C) general feelings of optimism about the future. past performance in situations involving D) similar responsibilities. Ans: D
Which personality theories have most clearly
171. been developed through psychological research on learning and cognition? A) trait theories B) humanistic theories C) psychodynamic theories D) social-cognitive theories Ans: D
Social-cognitive theories are LEAST likely to
172. be criticized for neglecting the importance of A) environmental influences. B) unconscious motives. C) personality traits. D) genetic influences. Ans: A Social-cognitive theories are LEAST likely to 172. be criticized for neglecting the importance of A) environmental influences. B) unconscious motives. C) personality traits. D) genetic influences. Ans: A
Contemporary psychologists are most likely
173. to consider ________ to be of pivotal importance to personality. A) the superego B) unconditional positive regard C) the sense of self D) free association Ans: C
In contemporary psychology, the self is
174. considered to be the part of personality that represents our A) internalized standards of morality. totality of our feelings of unconditional B) positive regard. organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and C) actions. inherited reservoir of memory traces from our D) species' history. Ans: C
Larry studies diligently because he is haunted
by an image of himself being unable to get a 175. job after graduation. Larry's diligence best illustrates the motivational impact of A) free association. B) unconditional positive regard. C) possible selves. D) the spotlight effect. Ans: C
The concept of possible selves is to ________
176. as the concept of reciprocal determinism is to ________. A) Allport; Bandura B) Bandura; Allport C) Bandura; Markus D) Markus; Bandura Ans: D The concept of possible selves is to ________ 176. as the concept of reciprocal determinism is to ________. A) Allport; Bandura B) Bandura; Allport C) Bandura; Markus D) Markus; Bandura Ans: D
Overestimating the extent to which others
177. notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called A) reciprocal determinism. B) self-serving bias. C) the spotlight effect. D) a fixation. Ans: C
If we are nervous about our personal
appearance after adopting a new hairstyle, we are likely to ________ the extent to which 178. others notice our nervousness and we are likely to ________ the extent to which they notice our new hairstyle. A) overestimate; underestimate B) underestimate; overestimate C) overestimate; overestimate D) underestimate; underestimate Ans: C
Although we are nervous about giving a talk
in psychology class, simply imagining how 179. much our classmates empathize with us can reduce the threat associated with our experience of A) self-efficacy. B) free association C) self-serving bias. D) the spotlight effect. Ans: D 180. A sense of personal self-worth is called A) self-esteem. B) self-efficacy. C) self-monitoring. D) self-disclosure. Ans: A
Self-efficacy refers to our experience of our
181. own A) fixations. B) superego. C) competence. D) self-serving bias. Ans: C
Janet attributes her good grade on a difficult
algebra test to her high level of mathematical 182. skills. This most clearly indicates that she experiences a high level of A) self-efficacy. B) narcissism. C) reciprocal determinism. D) unconditional positive regard. Ans: A
Individuals with high self-esteem are more
183. likely than those with low self-esteem to A) work persistently at difficult tasks. B) experience the spotlight effect. dismiss flattering descriptions of themselves C) as untrue. underestimate the accuracy of their own D) beliefs. Ans: A
A person whose self-esteem is momentarily
184. threatened is especially likely to demonstrate an independence from social A) pressure to conform. B) criticize others. C) experience narcissism. D) be motivated by a desire for self-actualization. Ans: B A person whose self-esteem is momentarily 184. threatened is especially likely to demonstrate an independence from social A) pressure to conform. B) criticize others. C) experience narcissism. D) be motivated by a desire for self-actualization. Ans: B
Compared with European-American students,
Asian-American students express a somewhat 185. greater ________ about their future performance, which may help to explain their impressive academic achievements. A) unconditional positive regard B) self-serving bias C) fixation D) pessimism Ans: D
Most college students perceive themselves as
less likely than their average classmate to 186. develop drinking problems. This best illustrates A) unconditional positive regard. B) the spotlight effect. C) unrealistic optimism. D) low self-efficacy. Ans: C
Some sexually active college students do not
consistently use contraceptives because they 187. see themselves as less vulnerable to unwanted pregnancy than the average college student. This best illustrates the impact of A) low self-esteem. B) free association. C) the spotlight effect. D) unrealistic optimism. Ans: D Unrealistic optimism about future events in 188. one's life best illustrates A) self-serving bias. B) unconditional positive regard C) a fixation. D) the spotlight effect. Ans: A
Throughout a National Football League
season, fans of all teams incorrectly guessed 189. on average (across teams and weeks) that their own team stood about a 2 in 3 chance of winning their next game. This best illustrated A) reciprocal determinism. B) the spotlight effect. C) illusory optimism. D) narcissism. Ans: C
Our ignorance of what we don't know helps to
190. sustain A) confidence in our own abilities. B) a pessimistic attitude. C) learned helplessness. D) free association. Ans: A
Athletes often attribute their losses to bad
191. officiating. This best illustrates A) unconditional positive regard. B) the spotlight effect. C) self-serving bias. D) free association. Ans: C
Research on self-perception indicates that
192. most people feel more personally responsible for their A) failures than for their successes. view themselves very favorably in B) comparison to most others. underestimate the accuracy of their beliefs Research on self-perception indicates that 192. most people feel more personally responsible for their A) failures than for their successes. view themselves very favorably in B) comparison to most others. underestimate the accuracy of their beliefs C) and judgments. are unrealistically pessimistic about their D) personal future. Ans: B
Jacinda failed her last history midterm. Which
of the following conclusions would be most 193. representative of a self-serving bias on Jacinda's part? I really didn't prepare well enough for that A) test. I wasn't concentrating as hard as I should B) have during the test. C) I lack ability in history. I think the test questions were ambiguous D) and confusing. Ans: D
194. The better-than-average effect best illustrates
A) reciprocal determinism. B) unconditional positive regard. C) free association. D) self-serving bias. Ans: D
Although Rolf frequently cheats on classroom
tests, he justifies his behavior by erroneously 195. thinking that most other students cheat even more than he does. His mistaken belief best illustrates A) the spotlight effect. B) reciprocal determinism. C) unconditional positive regard. D) self-serving bias. Ans: D illustrates A) the spotlight effect. B) reciprocal determinism. C) unconditional positive regard. D) self-serving bias. Ans: D
In every one of the 53 countries surveyed,
people typically expressed self-esteem above 196. the midpoint of the most widely used self- esteem scale. This best illustrates the pervasiveness of A) extraversion. B) the spotlight effect. C) self-serving bias. D) unconditional positive regard. Ans: C
Which of the following is MOST likely to be
197. associated with high self-esteem? A) the spotlight effect B) self-serving bias C) free association D) reciprocal determinism Ans: B
Researchers have found that personal insults
198. are especially likely to trigger a response of aggression from those who experience A) high self-efficacy. B) reaction formation. C) inflated self-esteem. D) unconditional positive regard. Ans: C
Psychologist Jean Twenge refers to today's
199. new generation as Generation Me because it expresses high levels of A) reciprocal determinism. B) narcissism. C) free association. D) unconditional positive regard. Ans: B 200. Narcissism is associated with A) less gambling and less cheating. B) less gambling and more cheating. C) more gambling and less cheating. D) more gambling and more cheating. Ans: D
Alexis brags excessively about her good looks
and frequently deceives others in order to 201. establish romantic relationships with them. Her behavior most clearly illustrates A) the false consensus effect. B) unconditional positive regard. C) the spotlight effect. D) narcissism. Ans: D
People are more critical of their ________
202. selves than of their ________ selves. A) past; current B) current; past C) possible; impossible D) impossible; possible Ans: A
A person who experiences defensive self-
esteem is ________ to demonstrate self- 203. serving bias and is ________ to feel angry when criticized. A) unlikely; likely B) likely; unlikely C) unlikely; unlikely D) likely; likely Ans: D Kelly loves to boast about her accomplishments and becomes very upset 204. when anyone criticizes her. Kelly most clearly demonstrates A) the spotlight effect. B) unconditional positive regard. C) defensive self-esteem. D) free association. Ans: C
Accepting ourselves without excessive
205. dependence on the approval of others best illustrates A) reciprocal determinism. B) free association. C) self-serving bias. D) secure self-esteem. Ans: D
Julie's positive feelings about herself are very
consistent and do not depend on her frequent 206. athletic and academic successes or on her level of popularity among friends and classmates. Julie best illustrates A) narcissism. B) low self-efficacy. C) excessive optimism. D) secure self-esteem. Ans: D