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 )%7 c is a joint venture between well known media group of
Mumbai, #% $ and world fame broadcasting group, 0!! In last 70
years Mid Day Multimedia has grown from a family-owned, one-paper company to a full-
fledged, multiple-media corporation listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National
Stock Exchange.

In first faze of privatization of FM Radio Service in India, Mid Day has started their FM
Radio Service in Mumbai in 2003 by name of  and on frequency 5
" -6 In second
faze they expand their service in six other metro cities namely Delhi, Bangalore, Kolkata,
Chennai, Pune and Ahmedabad with brand name of   on frequency at 5'  -6
(except Ahemdabad where frequency is 95 MHz). In Delhi they have started their service on 23rd
September 2006.

  )% 7  c is the fastest growing radio station company in the
metros headed by 1
-$( who is their Managing Director. 341 is
their 89) and :2 is heading their ) station as

 -. Their ) Station¶s 9 and ; team is leaded by )4:

. Radio One is one of the most revenue generating station in Delhi under the leadership of
their
-<::

With their motto = (7($>Radio One is the most exciting group to work in.
They empowering and enabling young professionals to become truly multi-media professional.


 62?#
 In radio one 94.3 FM the major work is information broadcasting. The major part of
information contains songs, music, chats, live shows, news, advertisements and many more.
These programs have been done professionally as well as socially. The main source of their
income is through these advertisements. The company has many centers in different cities with a
no. of employees and running successfully.























 


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FM radio was invented by Edwin H. Armstrong in the 1930s for the specific purpose of
overcoming the interference (static) problem of AM radio, to which it is relatively immune. At
the same time, greater fidelity was made possible by spacing stations further apart. Instead of 10
kHz apart, they are 200 kHz part.

FM refers to frequency modulation, and occurs on VHF airwaves in the frequency range
of 88 to 108 MHz everywhere (except Japan). Japan uses the 76 to 90 MHz band. FM stations
are much more popular in economically developed regions, such as Europe and the United
States, especially since higher sound fidelity and stereo broadcasting became common in this
format.

Radio broadcasting is an audio (sound) broadcasting service, traditionally broadcast

through the air as radio waves (a form of electromagnetic radiation) from a transmitter to an
antenna and a thus to a receiving device. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast
common programming, either in syndication or simulcast or both. Audio broadcasting also can
be done via cable FM, local wire networks, satellite and the Internet


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)?#
 Process of varying the instantaneous frequency of a carrier according to the amplitude of
the modulating signal is called frequency.

Total frequency deviation allowed in FM:-

For Radio broadcasting = + /- 75 kHz

For TV sound = + /- 50 kHz

Total frequency swing = 150 kHz (radio)
= 100 kHz (TV)










 

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The instantaneous voltage of FM wave is:-

v = A sin ? = A sin ( c t + mf Sin m t)

Modulation index is defined as the ratio of freq deviation to the modulating signal frequency

Modulation index = ¨f / f m
For a given freq deviation, the modulation index is inversely proportional to modulating freq.
Example if modulating freq is 100 Hz, and freq deviation is 75 kHz, the modulation index will
be 750. But if modulating freq is increased to 15 kHz, modulation index will become as low as 5.
Thus modulation index varies over a large range as frequency is varied.

  $!2

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v = A sin ( c t + mf Sin m t)

v = J0(mf)Cos ct ± J1(mf)[Cos ( c- m) t - Cos ( c+ m) t]

+ J2 (mf) [Cos ( c- 2 m) t +Cos ( c+ 2 m) t]

+ J3 (mf) [Cos ( c- 3 m) t +Cos ( c+ 3 m) t]
+«««««««.

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Jn (mf) = (mf / 2) n [1/n! - (mf / 2)2/1!(n+1)! + (mf / 2)4/2! (n+2)! - «.]
 





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Since in fm radio broadcasting, freq deviation is 75 kHz and highest modulating signal freq is
15 kHz, by Carson¶s rule

BW = 2 (75 + 15)

= 180 kHz

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A guard band of 10 kHz is provided on each side to prevent adjacent channel interference
thus total channel bandwidth is 200 kHz.
 Guard and




 
 
 


fc- fc- fc  fc fc


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Fm has a much better noise performance than AM. The channel noise affects the signal in
two ways:-

1. Changes in the amplitude of the signal resulting in AM noise.

2. Changes in the phase of the signal resulting in pm noise and thereby fm noise

In FM the noise still adds to the signal, but because the information resides in frequency
changes instead of amplitude changes, the noise tends to have less of an effect.

+89 # 9-3

) # 9-3

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FM noise is directly proportional to the modulating signal frequency therefore , F noise is

more at higher audio frequencies as compared to lower ones but in any complex audio signal ,
the amplitudes of higher audio frequencies are much less than that of the lower ones therefore the
S / N ratio at higher audio frequencies becomes poor to overcome this problem 9#
of audio signal before modulation is being done.

Air has adopted 50 U sec curve which gives about 13 db boost at 15 kHz $@AB
@4) illustrate the effect of pre-emphasis on the modulating signal frequency response at the
transmitter @AB@A show the effect of de-emphasis on the modulating signal and noise at
the fm receiver. The de-emphasis cancels out the pre-emphasis on the signal and also attenuates
the noise at the receiver
 
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 1 3 

There are several advantages of Frequency modulation some of them are given below:-

° FM broadcasts operate in the VHF and UHF ranges in which there happens to be less
noise than in the MF and HF ranges occupied by AM bands.
° Due to the use of space wave propagation in which the range of operation is limited to
slightly more than line of sight, it is possible to operate several independent transmitters
with much less co-channel interference.
° Stereo transmission is possible with FM due to its wider bandwidth.
° Additional information such as RDS, SCA can be sent along with the stereo signal.


 0 

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The layout of studio equipments is shown in  It consist of

° Mixing console
° Telephone set
° RCS computer software
° Mikes & Head phones
° Speakers
° Preamplifiers
° And other necessary equipments

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The block diagram of studio equipment is shown below

 
4($

A .:-
Mixing console is a device which works as a multiplexer. There is no. of inputs and
outputs fed and emerge from it.
.2'$<!?#
a) 4 i/p lines from mike
b) 4 i/p lines from work station
c) 2 i/p lines from telephone interface
d) 2 i/p lines from CD player
e) 2 i/p lines are kept spare
 2C9!?#

a) P M (program) O/P to control room.

b) AUX (auxiliary) O/P to telephone interface
c) AUD(audio) O/P to work station
d) UTL O/P is normally kept free

4A :-
Microphone is a device which converts the voice signal to electrical signal. In Radio One
94.3FM 8  388#c D  are used. It is a device to interact with live
audience at studio as well listeners at their home. enerally they are four in no., two of them are
used daily live processing and other two are reserved for different purposes like conferencing,
and celebrity shows. One microphone is provided to the Radio Jokey (R.J.).

8  388#c D 

A  ?-

It is a device in which many users can interact simultaneously. In Radio One fm 94.3
 c

.
apparatus is used at which twelve users can call simultaneously and R.J. can
receive any two out of these twelve calls.

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.

A 0
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In Radio One fm94.3 RCS software is used which provide the facility to make a schedule
of songs and advertisement for weeks, months and holidays. The changes can be done in that
schedule means new songs can be added and old songs can be deleted.

A 0)%?#
Automatic ) 880)9c3E )8F+DDDis used in 5' . The features
of this CD player is like, whenever the system is unable to feed data from computer memory,
microphone or telephone to control room it automatically starts and play songs of respective CD
insert in it. One CD player is also at transmitter section it works when data from studio failed to
reach to transmitter because of some faults.

) 880)9c3E )8F+DDD


 
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Back up studio is used as secondary studio which works when main studio fails to give
transmission. The schedule program is stored and kept as back up if due to some reasons main
studio transmission stops the transmission automatically continues by this.

It is similar to main studio as well as this is recording studio also.

 32
It have mainly have 3 team which can be divided according to their works . they are generally
bieng divided into the following:-
 ° RJ¶s team:- They mainly handle the live broadcasting as well as the song selection which
is to be played in the particular day and back up for the coming days is also framed by
them.
° Sales and marketing team:- They mainly handle the sales department of the company that
include advertisements of the company as well as they also seeks for the advertisement
which is to be played on the radio.
° Advertising team:- They mainly frame the outlook of the advertisement which is to be
played on the radio.

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In the control room the analog output from main studio, back up studio are taken and
given to the switcher. Then the AES/EBU signals are fed to codecs. After this the digital outputs
are transmitted through LEASED- LINE, V-SAT, ISDN modems. Where for 128 KHz ISDN
modem is used, for 256 KHz VSAT modem and for 2MBPS LEASED LINE modem is used.
Again several equipments are used for switching purposes in the control room that¶s why it is
also called machine room.

The transmission from studio is carried to the BSNL local exchange and then transmits to
transmitter section at Pitampura via BSNL lines
 'c

A Leased Line modem is a high-speed modem designed for use in a private

communications channel leased from a common carrier. Most digital lines require four wires
(two pairs) for full-duplex transmission. It may have built-in lower speeds for alternate use in
dial-up lines.

A leased line is a fixed, dedicated, digital, point to point line for data transfer. The term
"leased line" is a general description of a point to point circuit from a data carrier supplier. These
circuits can be supplied at various speeds and be presented at your site with various interfaces. A
leased line is not connected to a telephone exchange and does not provide DC power, dial tone,
busy tone or ring signal.

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Abbreviation of integrated services digital network, an international communications

standard for sending voice, video, and data over digital telephone lines or normal telephone
wires. ISDN supports data transfer rates of 64 Kbps (64,000 bits per second).

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Basic Rate Interface (BRI) -- consists of two 64-Kbps B-channels and one D-channel for
transmitting control information.

Primary Rate Interface (PRI) -- consists of 23 B-channels and one D-channel (U.S.) or 30 B-
channels and one D-channel (Europe).

The original version of ISDN employs baseband transmission

' 1%$

Very small aperture terminal, an earthbound station used in satellite communications of

data, voice and video signals, excluding broadcast television. A VSAT consists of two parts, a
transceiver that is placed outdoors in direct line of sight to the satellite and a device that is placed
indoors to interface the transceiver with the end user's communications device, such as a PC.
VSAT handles data, voice, and video signals.

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The pictorial view of transmitter section is shown $'

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The block diagram of transmitter antenna section is shown in fig.

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Î

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The radio signal from the local exchange on broadband line of 2 Mbps is received here
for further relay to household radios.

A ?G
 Modem (from modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal
to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the
transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and
decoded to reproduce the original digital data. At the transmitter section it demodulates the
received signal so that it can be processed for relay.

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4A 0#
A codec is a device or computer program capable of encoding and/or decoding a digital
data stream or signal. A codec encodes a data stream or signal for transmission, storage or
encryption, or decodes it for playback or editing. An example of this are the codecs used in the
sound cards of personal computers. The coding of signal in Radio one 94.3 fm transmitter is
done through AES/EBU.

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Codecs are often designed to emphasize certain aspects of the media, or their use, to be
encoded.

Types-- AAC ‡ HE-AAC ‡ MPE -1 Layer II ‡ AMR-WB+

3
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 The digital audio standard frequently called AES/EBU, officially known as AES3, is used
for carrying digital audio signals between various devices. It was developed by the Audio
Engineering Society (AES) and the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and first published in
1992. Later several different physical connectors are also defined as part of the overall group of
standards. A related system, S/PDIF, was developed essentially as a consumer version of
AES/EBU, using connectors more commonly found in the consumer market. These are now part
of the expanded AES3 standard as well.

Now, the received signal in now processed here under different tools for further relay

A
!#
It receives the i/p signal from various codec as well as player and route any one of them
on the o/p line for audio processing. The switcher works on the priority mode and switches the
received signal from either of lease line, VSAT, & ISDN on the basis of priority feed to them. At
radio one the priority is in order of lease line, ISDN then VSAT. In case the received signal from
all three of them are not available for sometime the C.D. player automatically plays the song
which can be transmitted over the switcher

'" )*!



A 3$#

3$  , sometimes referred to as $ , is the intentional

alteration of auditory signals, or sound. As audio signals may be electronically represented in
either digital or analog format, signal processing may occur in either domain. Analog processors
operate directly on the electrical signal, while digital processors operate mathematically on the
binary representation of that signal.
 Traditionally the most important audio processing (in audio broadcasting) takes place just
before the transmitter. Studio audio processing is limited in the modern era due to digital audio
systems (mixers, routers) being pervasive in the studio.

'+$

In audio broadcasting, the audio processor must:-

š prevent over modulation, and minimize it when it occurs

š maximize overall loudness

š compensate for non-linear transmitters, more common with medium

wave and shortwave broadcasting

A .#

It is basically the combination of modulator and amplifier. At radio one the exciter
modulates the i/p audio signal at 94.3 MHz frequency which is the transmitting frequency band
for radio one. The exciter also excites the signal to 30watt power. At radio one we use the exciter
which is manufactured by -3
. Here we use digital exciter.
 
',-.
Sustainable performance is another key benefit of Harris. Unlike analog exciters whose
performance can degenerate over time. Harris will deliver the same exceptional signal quality
years after Installation as it did In the factory on the day of final test.

The signal after being processed is feed to the amplifiers block where they are amplified
to 10kwatt power

A 0$G

A microprocessor-based controller monitors over 100 operating functions of the

transmitter and makes intelligent operating decisions based on operating conditions The
controller is designed for direct connection to standard remote control systems, and includes an
RS-232 serial communications port The controller also includes built-in logic and controls for
automatic switching to a backup FM exciter and a reserve IPA section. The main controller
provides automatic power control, VSWR overload protection, automatic RF power soft start,
AC restart and diagnostics. Base control functions without the main controller are VSWR
protection, IPA protection, transmitter on/off, failsafe, and interlock.

A 9!C !?#

The purpose of a power amplifier, in very simple terms, is to take a signal from a source
device and make it suitable for driving a loudspeaker. Ideally, the only thing different between
the input signal and the output signal is the strength of the signal. Power amplifier modules
consist of two independent MOSFET amplifiers. Each power amplifier module is conservatively
rated to produce over 660 watts of output power into a system VSWR of 1.5:1 at up to 50
degrees Celsius ambient temperature at sea level. The IPA amplifier uses a single pair of
MOSFETs from a standard PA module. The second pair will automatically replace the first pair
on failure, to keep the transmitter on the air. Any PA module can be used as an IPA module,
without modification the transmitter on the air. Any PA module can be used as an IPA module,
without modification

A 3

In 3)  8    5' 
 pairs of 0

#1  is used. These antennas are
used in such a way that they are radically outward from main center pillar. This method or
technique is used to increase some range of the coverage area. The cross antenna is a medium
gain and circular polarization structure made of a conductor or strip line over a ground plane,
following a cross contour of four or more branches. One end is feed by a generator and the other
one is charged with a load impedance.

'/01

The radio pattern of v antenna is directed in one one direction. To radiate the sound
signal in all direction we use 2 pairs of cross antenna. Thus , the main purpose of using 2 pairs of
cross v antenna is to get the uniform radiation pattern in all direction.
 

0"

"

The radio signal can be received at home at the F.M radio kit. The radio set at home
consists of tuner for tuning the signal from various radio stations.
The block diagram of radio receiver is shown below:-

"2
%

"(2%

The power supply (not shown) is connected to the audio amplifier block.

° 3 - picks up radio signals from many stations.

° $ - selects the signal from just one radio station.
° ) - extracts the audio signal carried by the radio signal.
° 3$ 3 - increases the strength (power) of the audio signal.
This could be broken down into the blocks
 "
($%


°  - a transducer which converts sound to voltage.

° 9#3 - amplifies the small audio signal (voltage) from the microphone.
°   1$ 0 - adjust the nature of the audio signal.
The tone control adjusts the balance of high and low frequencies.
The volume control adjusts the strength of the signal.
° 9!3 - increases the strength (power) of the audio signal.
° c$( - a transducer which converts the audio signal to sound.
 0+

+  

h

  


Digital Radio Mondiale (abbreviated DRM; Mondiale being French for "worldwide") is a
set of digital audio broadcasting technologies designed to work over the bands currently used for
AM broadcasting, particularly shortwave. DRM can fit more channels than AM, at higher
quality, into a given amount of bandwidth, using various MPE -4 codecs. Digital Radio
Mondiale is also the name of the international non-profit consortium designing and
implementing the platform. Radio France International, TeleDiffusion de France, BBC World
Service, Deutsche Welle, Voice of America, Telefunken (now Transradio) and Thomcast (now
Thomson SA) took part at the formation of the DRM consortium. DRM was originally designed
to allow digital radio broadcasting in the LW, MW and SW bands, using frequencies below
30MHz Radio signals at frequencies below 30 MHz have rather odd propagation characteristics
compared to transmissions that use higher frequencies. DRM has near-FM sound quality plus the
ease-of-use that comes from digital transmissions. The improvement over AM is immediately
noticeable. DRM can be used for a range of audio content, and has the capacity to integrate text
and data. This additional content can be displayed on DRM receivers to enhance the listening
experience.

+
7%)8H
 There is a global trend towards the adoption of digital technology in radio and
communications, especially for distribution and transmission. Digitalization offers many
substantial advantages to national / international broadcasters and info casters.

We are seeing the introduction of high quality delivery system in homes. FM sound
broadcasting is gradually moving to a DAB standard. But coverage on FM 88-108 MHz (VHF)
is limited.  %    4<  2  
%  4 %  c7 D -6  4  However,
the limited fidelity of existing AM services is causing listeners to search for other alternatives.

Implementation of digital radio in today's AM bands (i.e. long, medium and shortwave)
will enable operators to provide services which will be successful with both existing and future
high-quality services operating on other parts of the dial. Digital broadcasting on short-,
medium-, or long wave (AM) has many advantages when compared to the conventional analogue
system we use now.

+ 32) 

The advent of DRM has meant that new avenues of obtaining media have been opened up
to the general public. This is down in no small part to the fact that the large music labels and
movie studios feel confident enough in what DRM offers, to make their copyrighted media
available via online methods of distribution. Before DRM the major players in the movie and
music game wouldn't have contemplated making their material available on anything other than a
hard medium such as a CD or DVD.

This is a testament to the fact the DRM technology has advanced to a level where it can
maintain a level of security that even large multinational corporations are happy to use, and to an
extent invest their futures in, as the culture of media distribution shifts towards the online
environment

+'7-)H
 HD Radio is the brand name for a method of digital radio transmission. The HD Radio
system allows stations to broadcast digital audio, multiple program streams, text-based services
and traditional FM, all on the same frequency.

HD Radio: Innovative Digital Audio Broadcast for the Real World

Simultaneous broadcast of both conventional analog and digital signals on the same
channel:

° Uses current frequency²you may even be able to use your current transmitter

° HD Radio digital AM has FM-analog quality

° HD Radio digital FM has near-CD quality

° Provides display of Program Associated Data, station branding and enhanced data
services

° Capable of multicasting additional digital audio channels on frequency

° Data tunneling for file transfer

 

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+"32-)

There are a host of new benefits that HD Radio technology provides with the upgrade to
digital broadcasting:

 Enhanced sound fidelity

 Upgraded audio quality: It offers new and crisp, crystal-clear sound.

 AM digital will have FM audio quality

 FM digital will have CD audio quality

 Improved reception

 static-free, crystal-clear reception, without pops, hiss, or fades

 Advanced data and audio services:

 multi-casting (multiple audio sources at the same dial position)

 on-demand audio services

 store-and-replay (listener store a Radio program for replay later)

 overlaying real-time traffic information on a navigational map

 This advanced digital display mechanism of the HD Radio has now enabled syndicated
radio programs to provide regional and local information in a text format.

 New wireless data services

 Scrolling text displayed on Radio screen including song titles, artist names, traffic
updates, weather forecasts, sports scores, and more. The HD Radio uses the advanced
technology to display informational text on the radio screen.

 maintain station brand equity

 Smooth evolution to a digital Radio world

 It¶s FREE! No subscription fees.

 ++3
1. Single Frequency Networks / Boosters

a. External 10MHz reference input

i. Allows FM carrier and pilot to be locked to PS

ii. Carriers are locked dead-on

2. FM Multicast Capabilit

3. Data and Text Capability

4. AES/EBU input allows precise modulationlevel.