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Article history: In this paper, exergy analysis of double effect lithium bromide/water absorption refrigeration system is
Available online 20 June 2008 presented. The system consists of a second effect generator between the generator and condenser of the
single effect absorption refrigeration system, including two solution heat exchangers between the absor-
Keywords: ber and the two generators.
Absorption cooler In order to simulate the refrigeration system by using a computer, a new set of computationally ef-
H2OLiBr cient formulations of thermodynamic properties of lithium bromide/water solution developed is used.
Double effect
The exergy analysis is carried out for each component of the system. All exergy losses that exist in double
Energy
Exergy
effect lithium bromide/water absorption system are calculated. In addition to the coefcient of perfor-
Modelling mance and the exergetic efciency of the system, the number of exergy of each component of the system
is also estimated.
This study suggests the component of the absorption refrigeration system that should be developed.
The results show that the performance of the system increases with increasing low pressure generator
(LPG) temperature, but decreases with increasing high pressure generator (HPG) temperature. The high-
est exergy loss occurs in the absorber and in the HPG, which therefore makes the absorber and HPG the
most important components of the double effect refrigeration system.
2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction tem, the number of exergy of each component of the system is also
estimated.
Absorption cooling systems have become increasingly popular
in recent years from the viewpoints of energy and environment.
2. Description of absorption system
Despite a lower coefcient of performance (COP) as compared to
the vapour compression cycle, absorption refrigeration systems
The double effect absorption refrigeration system as shown in
are attractive for using inexpensive waste heat, solar, geothermal
Fig. 1 consists of two generators, condenser, evaporator, absorber,
or biomass energy sources for which the cost of supply is negligible
pump, two solution heat exchangers, two solution reducing valves
in many cases. In addition absorption refrigeration use natural sub-
and two refrigerant expansion valves. As shown in Figs. 1 and 2,
stances, which do not cause ozone depletion and global warming
the system is a ve temperature (temperature in LPG, temperature
as working uids [14].
in HPG, evaporator temperature, condenser temperature, and ab-
A number of researchers have used exergy analysis of absorp-
sorber temperature) and three pressure level (low pressure in the
tion refrigeration system. A particular attention was given to sim-
evaporator and absorber, medium pressure in the condenser and
ple effect absorption refrigeration system [57]. However, the few
the low pressure generator, the high pressure in the high pressure
relatively works available on analysis of double effect refrigeration
generator). In the system operation, the strong solution is pumped
system consider only the analysis by the rst law of thermody-
from the absorber to the HPG where it is heated at relatively high
namic [812].
temperature to boil out the refrigerant vapour from the solution.
In this paper, exergy analysis of double effect lithium bromide/
The primary vapour, from the HPG comes into the LPG heating
water absorption system is presented.
the medium concentration solution from the HPG and then being
The exergy analysis is carried out for each component of the
condensed. At the outlet of LPG secondary vapour is produced,
system. All exergy losses that exist in double effect lithium bro-
which together with the condensed water of primary vapour ows
mide/water absorption system are calculated. In addition to the
into the condenser in which the heat rejection takes place. The heat
coefcient of performance and the exergetic efciency of the sys-
of condensation of the primary vapour from the HPG is used in the
LPG to get the secondary vapour. Thus, the total amount of liquid
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +21364317045. refrigerant leaving condenser is the sum of refrigerant originating
E-mail address: rabahgomri@yahoo.fr (R. Gomri). from HPG and LPG. The refrigerant liquid from the condenser, on
0196-8904/$ - see front matter 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2007.09.033
3344 R. Gomri, R. Hakimi / Energy Conversion and Management 49 (2008) 33433348
Nomenclature
11 18
HPG
19
8 7
14 Heat
Exchanger
21 II
LPG
Condenser 9
13 12 10
20 6
1 15
Heat
Exchanger
I
2 16
5
3
17
23
Pump
Evaporator Absorber
22 4
25 24
expansion, continues to the evaporator where it is evaporated at Strong solution concentration, pressure condenser Pcd, evapora-
low pressure, extracting the heat of vaporization from the medium tor pressure Pev, absorber pressure Pab (Pab = Pev) and LPG pres-
to be cooled. This cold vapour is then dissolved in weak solution sure Pgl (Pgl = Pcd) are calculated.
coming from the LPG through the solution heat exchanger (HEX- Assuming the temperature in the LPG, the concentration of the
I), thereby rejecting its heat of absorption in the absorber. The weak solution leaving LPG is calculated.
resulting strong solution is then pumped to HPG through HEX-I Assume initial value of medium solution concentration (Xm) and
and HEX-II, respectively. nd the pressure in HPG: Pgh = f(Xm, Tgh).
Find enthalpy and mass ow rate of all points in the system.
3. Procedure for modelling a double effect refrigeration system Verify the energy balance for LPG (energy balance in the LPG
less or equal to 104 kW). If energy balance is not occurred to
The operating parameters are: evaporator temperature Tev, the desired accuracy, increase Xm and repeat calculation with
condenser temperature Tcd, absorber temperature Tab, HPG tem- the new value of Xm, till energy balance occurs across the LPG.
perature Thg, effectiveness of heat exchangers (eI, eII), efciency If energy balance is occurred, to the desired accuracy, calculate
of the solution pump gp and refrigeration load Qev. energy ow at the various components of the system,
R. Gomri, R. Hakimi / Energy Conversion and Management 49 (2008) 33433348 3345
Temperature
T
Tgh 8 8a HPG 11
7
12
12a
Tgl 15 LPG 14
15a
9
6
16 Condenser
Tcd 1 13a
13
4b Absorber 4a
Tab
4
Evaporator
Tev
2 3
Saturated
Saturated vapour
liquid
Entropy s
Fig. 2. LiBr/water double effect absorption refrigeration cycle on Ts diagram.
all input exergy and all output exergy in the system, ally efcient formulations of thermodynamic properties of lithium
all exergy losses that exit in the system, bromide/water solution and liquid water developed by Patek and
coefcient of performance (COP), Klomfar [13] are used in this work.
exergy efciency of the system. The equations for the thermal properties of steam are obtained
from correlation provided by Irvine and Liley [14].
The energy balance of LPG is
Q gl m11 h11 m10 h10 m14 m14 m12 h12 m15 h15 0 4. Assumptions
Table 1 double effect refrigeration system. To solve the large set of equa-
Fixed data used in the simulation tions simultaneously a computer program, which is written in
Refrigeration capacity Qev 300 kW FORTRAN was developed. Computer simulation was carried out
Condenser Condensation temperature Tcd 35 C in order to determine the various stream properties and the
Inlet temperature of cooling water Ticw 27 C amount of heat and work exchanged by all equipments of the chil-
Outlet temperature of cooling water Tocw 32 C ler. The results of the energetic and exergetic analysis of the pro-
Absorber Absorber temperature Tab 35 C cess are given in Tables 24.
Inlet temperature of cooling water Ticw 27 C Table 4 shows the simulation results of the second law analysis
Outlet temperature of cooling water Tocw 32 C of the double effect refrigeration system. The absorber has the
Evaporator Evaporation temperature Tev 4 C highest exergy loss rate, and the next largest exergy loss rate
Inlet temperature of chilled water Tichw 12 C
Outlet temperature of chilled water Tochw 7 C
HPG HPG Tgh 130 C Table 2
Outlet temperature of hot Water Tohw Tgh + 8 C Energy ows at the various components of the system and coefcient of performance
Inlet temperature of hot Water Tihw Tohw + 10 C Component Symbol Energy ow (kW)
LPG LPG Tgl 80 C
HEX-I Heat exchanger effectiveness eI 70 % HP generator Qg 252.407
HEX-II Heat exchanger effectiveness eII 70 % Condenser Qcd 167.205
Pump Pump efciency gP 95 % Evaporator Qev 300.000
Absorber Qab 385.236
Pump W 0.000
The system produce chilled water, and HPG is driven by pressur- COP 1.189
ized hot water.
The system rejects heat to cooling water at the condenser and
absorber.
Table 3
Fixed data used in the simulation are summarized in Table 1. Double effect absorption data obtained from thermodynamic analysis
occurred in the HPG and heat exchanger II. Since exergy loss rates slop curves of the COP and gexergy become almost at. In other
in the pump and solution valves are very small, their effects on the words, increasing the LPG temperature higher than a certain value
total exergy loss rate are inconsiderable. does not provide much improvement for the COP and gexergy.
Fig. 3 presents the variation of the number of exergy of every It is clear that much lower is Tgh, much higher are the COP and
component in the system and the overall number of exergy of gexergy. Moreover, much higher is Tgh, much higher must be Tgl to
the system (chiller). This gure allowed us to know immediately maximize the COP and gexergy.
the exergy efciency of every component and the exergy efciency In this study, and for commonly used condenser and absorber
of the system. The absorber has the highest number of exergy, and cooling water temperature (27 C/32 C) and chilled water temper-
the next largest number of exergy occurred in the HPG and heat ex- ature (12 C/7 C) the best COP and gexergy were obtained for LPG
changer II. The number of exergy in the pump and solution valves temperature varying between 78 C and 81 C and HPG tempera-
are very small, their effects on the exergy efciency of the system ture varying between 125 C and 135 C.
are negligible and are not represented in Fig. 3.
Figs. 4 and 5 present the variation of the coefcient of perfor- 8. Conclusion
mance (COP) and exergy efciency (gexergy), at different HPG tem-
perature, versus LPG temperatures. Double effect absorption refrigeration system is analyzed by
As it can be seen from these gures, the COP and gexergy initially using a computer. A new set of computationally efcient formula-
increase sharply when the LPG temperature increase and then the tions of thermodynamic properties of lithium bromide/water
100
90
80 exergy
70
Number of exergy [%]
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
HPGenrator LPGenerator A bsorber Condenser Evaporator Heat Exchanger Heat Exchanger Valve between Valve between Chiller
I II Evaporator and LPG and
condenser condenser
Components
1.3
1.2
1.1
Coefficient of Performance (COP)
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.5
72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91
LPG Temperature [C]
Fig. 4. Coefcient of performance (COP) of double effect absorption refrigeration system versus HPG and LPG temperatures.
3348 R. Gomri, R. Hakimi / Energy Conversion and Management 49 (2008) 33433348
37
33
Exergy efficiency [%]
29
25
17
72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91
LPG Temperature [C]
Fig. 5. Exergy efciency of double effect absorption refrigeration system versus HPG and LPG temperatures.
solution developed by Patek and Klomfar are used. Exergy loss of [6] Lee FS, Sherif SA. Thermodynamic analysis of a lithium bromide/water
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