Dissertation Titled

Seismic protection using Negative Stiffness Damper

Submitted
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of

Master of Technology
(Civil Engineering with Specialization
in Structural Engineering)

By
Mirza Arif Baig
(152040023)

Under the guidance of

DR. M.A. Chakrabarti

Structural Engineering Department

Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute
H. R. Mahajani Marg,
Matunga, Mumbai 400019
2016-17
 I dedicate this work to my family and friends.
Without their love, encouragement and constant support,
this work would have never been possible.
 Declaration of the Candidate

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words

and where others ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and
referenced the original sources.
I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and
integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any
idea/data/fact/source in my submission.
I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary
action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have
thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken
when needed.

Mr. Mirza Arif Baig

ID No.:-152040023
Date:-
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Mirza Arif Baig, a student of Master of Technology in
Civil Engineering with specialization in Structural Engineering has completed
the dissertation report titled Seismic protection using Negative Stiffness
Damper to our satisfaction.

Dr. M. A. Chakrabarti Dr. V.B. Deshmukh

Supervisor Head
Structural Engineering Department

Dr. D. R. Patel
Director
Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Mumbai
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that dissertation titled Seismic protection using Negative
Stiffness Damper submitted by Mr. Mirza Arif Baig, is found to be satisfactory
and is approved for the degree of Master of Technology in Civil Engineering with
specialization in Structural Engineering.

Dr. M. A. Chakrabarti
Supervisor Examiner

Date :

Place: Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Mumbai.

 Abstract

The seismic protection of the structures is one of the most attractive goals of the
structural engineers in order to save lives and minimize damages to structures in case of
earthquakes of high intensity. Many attempts are made to meet this goal, one such attempt is
made by the researchers by introducing a negative stiffness damper (NSD). The NSD is a
device that produces a force which is in the same direction as the imposed displacement thus
the name negative stiffness. NSD is capable of dissipating seismic forces within the structure
without affecting the strength serviceability and functionality of main structure. This study
focuses on modelling the device in a commercial software tool. Further the device is
implemented on 2D and 3D frame models and for various ground motions the parameters such
as base shear, storey acceleration, displacement are studied.

Keywords: Negative stiffness, seismic response control, apparent yielding.

 Contents

List of Figures _______________________________________________________________

List of Tables _______________________________________________________________
Chapter 1. Introduction _______________________________________________________ 1
1.1. General ____________________________________________________________ 1
1.1.1 Active control __________________________________________________ 2
1.1.2 Passive control__________________________________________________ 3
1.1.3. Semi-active control _____________________________________________ 4
1.1.4. Hybrid control Devices __________________________________________ 4
1.2 Damping devices ____________________________________________________ 5
1.2.1. Displacement-Dependent Damping Device ___________________________ 5
1.2.2. Velocity-Dependent Damping Device _______________________________ 6
1.3 Damping system _____________________________________________________ 6
1.4 Modeling of damping device ___________________________________________ 6
1.5 Types of dampers ____________________________________________________ 6
1.5.1 Friction Dampers ________________________________________________ 6
1.5.2 Pall friction damper ______________________________________________ 7
1.5.3 Tuned mass damper: _____________________________________________ 8
1.5.4. Viscous Dampers _______________________________________________ 9
1.6 Method of analysis __________________________________________________ 10
1.6.1 Equivalent static analysis ________________________________________ 10
1.6.2 Nonlinear static analysis _________________________________________ 10
1.6.3 Linear dynamic analysis _________________________________________ 11
1.6.4. Nonlinear dynamic analysis ______________________________________ 11
1.7 Objective and scope _________________________________________________ 11
1.7.1 Objective _____________________________________________________ 11
1.7.2 Scope ________________________________________________________ 12
1.7.3 Thesis overview________________________________________________ 12

Chapter 2. Literature Review _________________________________________________ 13

2.1. General ___________________________________________________________ 13
2.2. Detailed Literature Review ___________________________________________ 14
2.3. Research Gap ______________________________________________________ 18
2.4. Concluding Remarks ________________________________________________ 18

Chapter 3. Negative Stiffness damper __________________________________________ 19

3.1. General ___________________________________________________________ 19
3.2. Introduction to NSD _________________________________________________ 20
3.3. Operation of NSD___________________________________________________ 21
3.4. Gap Spring Assembly________________________________________________ 22
3.5. Concluding Remarks ________________________________________________ 24

Chapter 4. Formulation of the Problem and Validation _____________________________ 25

4.1. General ___________________________________________________________ 25
4.2. Analysis of Negative Stiffness Device ___________________________________ 25
4.3. Analysis Result: Force Displacement Relationship _________________________ 30
4.4. Validation of Analytical Matlab Code Results with published Experimental
Results _________________________________________________________________ 31
4.5. Modelling of NSD in SAP ____________________________________________ 32
4.6. Multi-Linear Elastic Behavior _________________________________________ 35
4.7. Link Element in SAP2000 ____________________________________________ 35
4.8. Fast Non Linear Analysis _____________________________________________ 36
4.9. Concluding Remarks ________________________________________________ 37

Chapter 5. Parametric Study __________________________________________________ 38

5.1. General ___________________________________________________________ 38
5.2. Modeling of damper _________________________________________________ 39
5.3. Description of 2D problems ___________________________________________ 40
5.4. Results of 2D problems ______________________________________________ 44
5.4.1 Base Shear ____________________________________________________ 44
5.4.2 Top storey acceleration __________________________________________ 48
5.4.3 Storey displacement ____________________________________________ 49
5.5. Description of 3D problems ___________________________________________ 51
5.6. Results of 3D problems ______________________________________________ 54
5.6.1 Base Shear ____________________________________________________ 54
 5.6.2 Top storey acceleration __________________________________________ 57
5.6.3 Storey displacement ____________________________________________ 58

Chapter 6. Conclusions ______________________________________________________ 59

6.1. General ___________________________________________________________ 59
6.2. Conclusions _______________________________________________________ 60
6.3. Future scope of work ________________________________________________ 60

References ________________________________________________________________ 61
Appendix I _______________________________________________________________ 63
 List of Figures

Figure 1.1 Structure with active control __________________________________________ 3

Figure 1.2 structure with passive control _________________________________________ 3
Figure 1.3 Structure with Semi-active Control _____________________________________ 4
Figure 1.4 structure with Hybrid control _________________________________________ 5
Figure 1.5 Friction damper ____________________________________________________ 7
Figure 1.6 Pall Friction damper ________________________________________________ 7
Figure 1.7 Tuned mass damper _________________________________________________ 8
Figure 1.8 Location of TMD in Taipei 101 _______________________________________ 9
Figure 1.9 Viscous damper ___________________________________________________ 10
Figure 2.1 Basic principle of the negative stiffness damper __________________________ 14
Figure 2.2 Proposed negative stiffness damper ___________________________________ 15
Figure 2.3 Basic mechanism of the damper ______________________________________ 15
Figure 2.4 Schematic of Negative stiffness damper ________________________________ 17
Figure 3.1 pictorial view of Negative Stiffness Damper ____________________________ 20
Figure 3.2 Deformed Configuration of Negative Stiffness Damper ____________________ 21
Figure 3.3 Gap Spring Assembly ______________________________________________ 22
Figure 3.4 Qualitative force-displacement relations of NSD _________________________ 23
Figure 4.1 NSD at its deformed configuration ____________________________________ 26
Figure 4.2 NSD center mechanism _____________________________________________ 26
Figure 4.3 Free body diagram of bottom chevron _________________________________ 27
Figure 4.4 Force displacement Relationship obtained from MATLAB code _____________ 31
Figure 4.5 comparison of Analytical result with Experiment result of GSA _____________ 31
Figure 4.6 comparison of Analytical result with Experiment result of NSD _____________ 32
Figure 4.7 Force-displacement loops that can be produced using the nonlinear elastic element
in program _______________________________________________________ 33
Figure 4.8 SAP2000 NSD element with and without GSA __________________________ 33
Figure 4.9 Flow chart for Solution of Eq 4.11 and Eq 4.13 __________________________ 34
Figure 4.10 Link element properties in SAP2000 _________________________________ 36
Figure 5.1 Model 1:2D frame with no NSD ______________________________________ 40
Figure 5.2 Model 2: 2D frame with damper D1 ___________________________________ 41
Figure 5.3 Model 3: 2D frame with damper D2 ___________________________________ 41
Figure 5.4 Model 4: 2D frame with damper D3 ___________________________________ 41
Figure 5.5 Deformation of laterally loaded frame _________________________________ 42
Figure 5.6 Force displacement relationship of damper D1 ___________________________ 43
Figure 5.7 Force displacement relationship of damper D2 ___________________________ 43
Figure 5.8 Force displacement relationship of damper D3 ___________________________ 43
Figure 5.9 Base shear of Model 1 for Newhall TH load case _________________________ 44
Figure 5.10 Base shear of Model 2 for Newhall TH load case ________________________ 44
Figure 5.11 Base shear of Model 3 for Newhall TH load case ________________________ 45
Figure 5.12 Base shear of Model 4 for Newhall TH load case ________________________ 45
Figure 5.13 Comparison of base shear for Newhall TH load case _____________________ 45
Figure 5.14 Base shear of Model 1 for Corralitos TH load case ______________________ 46
Figure 5.15 Base shear of Model 2 for Corralitos TH load case ______________________ 46
Figure 5.16 Base shear of Model 3 for Corralitos TH load case ______________________ 47
Figure 5.17 Base shear of Model 4 for Corralitos TH load case ______________________ 47
Figure 5.18 Comparison of base shear for Corralitos TH load case ____________________ 47
Figure 5.19 Absolute top storey acceleration Newhall TH load case ___________________ 48
Figure 5.20 Absolute top storey acceleration Corralitos TH load case _________________ 48
Figure 5.21 Displacement of first storey for model 1 (without NSD) and model 2 (with NSD)
for Newhall TH load case ____________________________________________ 50
Figure 5.22 Displacement of first storey for model 1 (without NSD) and model 2 (with NSD)
for Corralitos TH load case __________________________________________ 50
Figure 5.23 Model 5: 3D frame with no NSD ____________________________________ 52
Figure 5.24 Model 6: 3D frame with NSD at ground floor level ______________________ 52
Figure 5.25 Model 7: 3D frame with NSD at first floor level ________________________ 53
Figure 5.26 Force displacement relationship of damper D4 __________________________ 53
Figure 5.27 Force displacement relationship of damper D5 __________________________ 54
Figure 5.28 Base shear of Model 5 for Newhall TH load case ________________________ 54
Figure 5.29 Base shear of Model 6 for Newhall TH load case ________________________ 55
Figure 5.30 Base shear of Model 7 for Newhall TH load case ________________________ 55
Figure 5.31 Base shear of Model 5 for Corrolitos TH load case ______________________ 56
Figure 5.32 Base shear of Model 6 for Corrolitos TH load case ______________________ 56
Figure 5.33 Base shear of Model 7 for Corrolitos TH load case ______________________ 57
 List of Tables

Table 4.1 Nominal NSD properties ____________________________________________ 24

Table 5.1 secondary properties of NSD link that need to be used in SAP2000. __________ 28