Name of exp:

Measurement of Resistance

Objectives
1. Determine the listed value of a resistor using the resistor color code
2. Use the DMM (or VOM) to measure the value of a resistor
3. Determine the percent difference between the measured and listed values of resistor
4. Measure the resistance of a potentiometer and explain its operation.
Materials Needed
1. 10 Resistors
2. Wire
3. Ohm meter

Theory
We have different method to measure the value of resistance as show:
1. First method is color code
The carbon resister have 4 or 5 colors on the body of resister from these color we can
measure the value of resistance as show

We obtain the value of resistance

If we have three colors
c
ab 10 D

If we have four colors

abc 10d E
 2. The second method is ohm meter which is device connect with resister
without voltage source to get the value of resister

The ohm meter given the value of resister R In or K as device measure

Procedure
1. Obtain 3 four-band fixed resistors. Record the colors of each resistor in Table 3-2
Use the resistor color code to determine the color-code resistance of each resistor.
Then measure the resistance of each resistor and record the measured value in Table
3-2. The first line has been completed as an example

2. Compute the percent difference between the measured and color-coded values using
the equation

R 100
|R measuredR coler code|
%difrence=

Color of Band
Color code Measured %
Resistor value value differences
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
1 yellow violet brown gold 470 5 470 0%
2 Green blue brown gold 560 5 558 0.35%
3 orange orange brown gold 330 5 328 0.60%
Conclusion:
The value which gain from the color coed is the same value of the ohm meter
with small error which doesnt make large error in the current
Name of Exp:
Voltage Measurement and circuit ground

Objectives
1. Connect a circuit from a schematic diagram.

2. Use voltages measured with respect to ground to compute the voltage drop across a
resistor
3. Explain the meaning of circuit ground and subscripts used in voltage definition
Materials Needed
1. 3 Resistors
2. Wire
3. Digital multi meter

Theory
Energy is require to move charge from lower potential to higher potential.
Voltage is a measure of this Energy per charge
Voltage is always measured with respect to some point in the circuit. For this
reason only potential differences have meaning. We can refer to the voltage
across a component, in which case the reference is one side of the component.
Alternatively, we can refer to the voltage at some point in the circuit. In this case
the reference point is assumed to be ground." Circuit ground is usually called
reference ground to differentiate it from the potential of the earth, which is
called earth ground. Circuit or earth grounds are shown with
An analogy can clarify the meaning of reference ground. Assume a building has
two floors below ground level. The floors in the building could be numbered
from the ground floor, by numbering the lower floors with negative numbers.
The reference for numbering the floors could be made the lowest floor in the
basement. Then all floors would have a positive floor number. The choice of the
numbering system does not change the height of the building, but it does
change each floor number. Likewise, the ground reference is used in circuits as a
point of reference for voltage measurements. The circuit is not changed by the
ground reference chosen
Procedure:
1. Choice three resistor for use in the experiment
2. Construct the circuit show in the figure set the power supply to +10V

3. Measure the voltage difference Between al resistor and record it

4. Change the reference point (common grand )and measure the voltage at
other point
5. Calculate the difference voltage referrer to value measures from different
point
Calculation
First the measure of volt defiance between resistance

Measure
point
Volt (V)
Vs 10
VAB 3.46
VBC 4.11
VCD 2.41

Voltage when the reference on point D

 Measure Voltage Differences
point
Volt (V) Calculation
Va 9.98 VAb=Va-Vb=3.45 V
VB 6.53 Vbc=Vb-Vc=4.12V
Vcd=Vc-Vd=2.41V
VC 2.41
VD 0

Voltage when the reference on point C

Measure Voltage Differences
point
Volt (V) Calculation
Va 7.58 VAb=Va-Vb=3.45 V
VB 4.11 Vbc=Vb-Vc=4.11V
Vcd=Vc-Vd=2.41V
VC 0.0V
VD -2.41

Voltage when the reference on point B

Measure
point Voltage Differences
Volt (V)
Calculation
Va 3.46 VAb=Va-Vb=3.45 V
VB 0 Vbc=Vb-Vc=4.11V
VC -4.11 Vcd=Vc-Vd=2.41V
VD -6.52

Voltage when the reference on point d

 Measure
point
Volt (V) Voltage Differences
Va 0 Calculation
VB -3.47 VAb=Va-Vb=3.45 V
VC -7.58 Vbc=Vb-Vc=4.11V
Vcd=Vc-Vd=2.41V
VD -9.98

Conclusion:
1. The difference of voltage is constant for the resistor even if the common
ground in deferent location
2. When change the location of common ground the value of voltage and
sign for it well be refer these location