AE3111 ANALISIS AERODINAMIKA dan

PRESTASI TERBANG II

Bab 1 Pendahuluan

Hari Muhammad, Ph.D.

Program Studi Aeronotika dan Astronotika

Fakultas Teknik Mesin dan Dirgantara
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Semester 1-2016/2017

Sem 1-2016/2017 AE3111 AAPT II - Pendahuluan 1

 Take-off and Landings

Sem 1-2016/2017 AE3111 AAPT II - Pendahuluan 2

 1. Flight Phases

Typical flight phases: take-off > climb -> cruise ->

descent -> holding -> approach -> landing

Cruise

Climb: power MCP, Cruise: power for Descent

flaps up, L/G up level flight, flaps
Climb Holding
clean, L/G up Approach

Takeoff Landing

Takeoff: engine thrust or Landing: throttle closed,

power for takeoff, flaps for L/G down, flaps in the
takeoff, L/G down position for landing

Descent: power idle, flaps up, L/G up

Holding: power for level flight, flaps for holding, L/G down
Approach: undercarriage down, flaps and airbrakes in the normal position
for the powered approach, engine thrust or power for level flight at 1.15 VS
or the normal airspeed in the powered approach, if the latter is lower

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 2. Flight Types

Steady flight
if the forces and moments acting on the aircraft do not vary in
time, neither in magnitude nor in direction

Straight flight
if the aircrafts center of gravity travels along a straight line

Symmetric flight
if the velocity vector of the aircrafts center of gravity is
parallel to the plane of symmetry of the aircraft (=0)

Slipping flight
if the velocity vector of the aircrafts center of gravity is not
parallel to the plane of symmetry of the aircraft (0)

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 3. Aircraft Configurations

The aircraft configuration is defined by the aircrafts mass

or weight, the mass distribution, the external shape of the
aircraft, and any parameter specifying the airflow around
the aircraft

Example of aircraft configurations: aircraft mass or weight

(W)*, center of gravity position (c.g.)*, undercarriage
position (L/G), flap angle (F), airbrake and spoiler
deflections, number of operative engines, etc

* W and posisi c.g. kadang dimasukkan dalam flight conditions

Sem 1-2016/2017 AE3111 AAPT II - Pendahuluan 5

 Some definitions as used in U.S. military requirements:

CR (Cruising Flight)
Engine thrust or power for level flight at cruising speed, flaps
in the position for cruising speed (clean), undercarriage
retracted (L/G up)

L (landing)
Throttle closed, undercarriage down (L/G down), flaps in the
position for landing (flaps for L/D)

PA (Powered Approach)
Undercarriage down, flaps and airbrakes in the normal
position for the powered approach, engine thrust or power for
level flight at 1.15 VS or the normal airspeed in the powered
approach, if the latter is lower

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 4. Flight Conditions

The flight condition is the group of variables which

defined the motion of the aircraft at each instant of the
flight

Example of flight conditions: airspeed (V), (pressure)

altitude (H), atmospheric conditions, control surface
deflections, engine/power setting (throttle position,
engine speed, etc)

* Kadang : Berat pesawat W dan posisi titik berat c.g.

dimasukkan dalam kategori Flight Conditions

Sem 1-2016/2017 AE3111 AAPT II - Pendahuluan 7

 5. Flight Envelope [Vmin, Hmin], [Vmax, Hmax]

H
Hmax
Terbang jelajah
Massa m = 350.000 kg
Cruise: V, H, PLF,
C.G. 22,5% mac
L/G up, Flaps-up
Tinggi terbang H = 35.000 ft
Kec. terbang V = 500 knots
Power for Level Flight
Take-off: V, H, MTOP, L/G : up
L/G down, Flaps-TO Flaps : up
Vmin Vmax
V
Take-off
Massa MTOW
C.G. 22,5% mac
Tinggi terbang H = S/L
Power: Max T/O Power
L/G : down
Flaps : T/O
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 6. Airworthiness Requirements

Drawn up by the civil and military airworthiness

authorities in various countries

Refer not only to flying qualities, but also other fields

such as structures, performance, etc

Reqs depend on the purpose for which the aircraft is

used: training, experimental flights only, fare-paying
passengers, military, etc

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 The most commonly used civil reqs are:

FAR (Federal Aviation Regulations) drawn up by FAA (Federal

Aviation Administration) of the US
http://www.faa.gov/

JAR (Joint Airworthiness Requirements) made by JAA (Joint

Aviation Authorities -> European Joint Aviation Authority) in Europe.
http://www.jaa.nl/

CASR (Civil Aviation Safety Regulations) made by DAAO (Directorate

Airworthiness and Aircraft Operation) or DKUPPU (Direktorat
Kelaikan Udara dan Pengoperasian Pesawat Udara), of Indonesia
http://hubud.dephub.go.id/?en+regulasi_dsku+detil+keselamatan

The national reqs in various countries show differences at

several points

If the aircraft satisfies the reqs, then it will obtain C.o.A.

(Certificate of Airworthiness)

Sem 1-2016/2017 AE3111 AAPT II - Pendahuluan 10

 7. Angle of Attack and Angle of Side slip
Aircrafts center of gravity (c.g.)
Translation velocity V along the flight path
Body axis OXBYBZB
Velocity components along the body axis: u, v, w YB

V v
XB
u

c.g.

u V cos cos w
V uvw
v V sin V u 2 v2 w 2
w V cos sin ZB
tan 1 wu ; sin 1 Vv
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 Angle of Attack (AoA)
XB u = V cos cos w

tan 1
u

w = V cos sin
V cos
>0 when w>0 (along the positive ZB axis)

ZB
Angle of Side sideslip (AoS)
XB
v
sin1
V
V cos

V

>0 when v>0 (along the positive YB axis)

YB
v = V sin

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