Isabella I of Castile

Isabella I redirects here. For other uses, see Isabella I tions were lackluster, under the careful eye of her mother,
(disambiguation). Isabella was instructed in lessons of practical piety and in
For other people named Isabella of Castile, see Isabella a deep reverence for religion.[4]
of Castile (disambiguation). When the Kings wife, Joan of Portugal, was about to give
birth to their daughter Joanna, Isabella and Alfonso were
Isabella I (Spanish: Isabel I de Castilla, 22 April 1451 summoned to court (Segovia) to come under the direct
26 November 1504) was Queen of Castile. She was supervision of the King and to nish their education. Al-
married to Ferdinand II of Aragon. Their marriage be- fonso was placed in the care of a tutor while Isabella be-
came the basis for the political unication of Spain under came part of the Queens household.[5]
their grandson, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. After
a struggle to claim her right to the throne, she reorga-
nized the governmental system, brought the crime rate to
the lowest it had been in years, and unburdened the king-
dom of the enormous debt her brother had left behind.
Her reforms and those she made with her husband had an
inuence that extended well beyond the borders of their
united kingdoms. Isabella and Ferdinand are known for
completing the Reconquista, ordering conversion or exile
of their Muslim and Jewish subjects, and for supporting
and nancing Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage that
led to the opening of the New World and to the estab-
lishment of Spain as the rst global power which dom-
inated Europe and much of the world for more than a
century. Isabella was granted the title Servant of God by
the Catholic Church in 1974.

1 Life and reign

1.1 Early years

Isabella was born in Madrigal de las Altas Torres, vila,
to John II of Castile and Isabella of Portugal on 22 April
1451.[1] At the time of her birth, she was second in line to
the throne after her older half-brother Henry. Henry was
26 at that time and married, but childless. Her younger
brother Alfonso was born two years later on 17 Novem-
ber 1453, lowering her position to third in line.[2] When
her father died in 1454, her half-brother ascended to the
throne as Henry IV. Isabella and Alfonso were left in
Henrys care.[3] She, her mother, and Alfonso then moved
to Arvalo.[4]
These were times of turmoil for Isabella. Living condi-
tions in their castle in Arvalo were poor, and they suf- Isabella in the Rimado de la Conquista de Granada, from 1482,
fered from a shortage of money. Although her father ar- by Pedro Marcuello
ranged in his will for his children to be nancially well
taken care of, Henry did not comply with their fathers Some of Isabellas living conditions improved in Segovia.
wishes, either from a desire to keep his half-siblings re- She always had food and clothing and lived in a castle
stricted or from ineptitude.[3] Even though living condi- that was adorned with gold and silver. Isabellas basic ed-

1
2 1 LIFE AND REIGN

ucation consisted of reading, spelling, writing, grammar,

mathematics, art, chess, dancing, embroidery, music, and
religious instruction. She and her ladies-in-waiting en-
tertained themselves with art, embroidery, and music.
She lived a relaxed lifestyle, but she rarely left Segovia
as Henry forbade this. Her half-brother was keeping
her from the political turmoils going on in the kingdom,
though Isabella had full knowledge of what was going on
and of her role in the feuds.
The noblemen, anxious for power, confronted King
Henry, demanding that his younger half brother Infante
Alfonso be named his successor. They even went so far
as to ask Alfonso to seize the throne. The nobles, now
in control of Alfonso and claiming that he was the true
heir, clashed with Henry's forces at the Second Battle of The wedding portrait of Ferdinand and Isabella, c. 1469.
Olmedo in 1467. The battle was a draw. Henry agreed
to recognise Alfonso as heir presumptive, provided that
he would marry his daughter, Joanna.[6] Soon after he his father, and because of this, he secretly entered into
was named Prince of Asturias, Alfonso died in July 1468, an alliance with Henry IV of Castile. A major part of
likely of the plague. The nobles who had supported him the alliance was that a marriage was to be arranged be-
suspected poisoning. As she had been named in her tween Charles and Isabella. When John II learned of this
brothers will as his successor, the nobles asked Isabella arranged marriage he was outraged. Isabella had been
to take his place as champion of the rebellion. However, intended for his favourite younger son, Ferdinand, and in
support for the rebels had begun to wane, and Isabella pre- his eyes this alliance was still valid. John II had his son
ferred a negotiated settlement to continuing the war.[7] Charles thrown in prison on charges of plotting against
She met with Henry and, at Toros de Guisando, they his fathers life; Charles died in 1461.[11]
reached a compromise: the war would stop, Henry would
name Isabella his heir-presumptive instead of Joanna, and
Isabella would not marry without Henrys consent but he
would not be able to force her to marry against her will.[8]
Isabellas side came out with most of what they desired,
though they did not go so far as to ocially depose Henry:
they were not powerful enough to do so, and Isabella did
not want to jeopardise the principle of fair inherited suc-
cession, since it was upon this idea that she had based her
argument for legitimacy as heir-presumptive.

1.2 Marriage
The question of Isabellas marriage was not a new one.
Indeed, she had made her debut in the matrimonial mar-
ket at the tender age of six, with a betrothal to Ferdinand,
the younger son of John II of Aragon (whose family was
a cadet branch of the House of Trastmara). At that time,
the two kings, Henry and John, were eager to show their
mutual love and condence and they believed that this
double alliance would make their eternal friendship obvi-
ous to the world.[9] This arrangement, however, did not
last long.
Ferdinands uncle Alfonso V of Aragon died in 1458.
All of Alfonsos Spanish territories, as well as the islands
of Sicily and Sardinia, were left to his brother John II.
John now had a stronger position than ever before and no
longer needed the security of Henrys friendship. Henry
was now in need of a new alliance. He saw the chance Isabella I of Castile
for this much needed new friendship in Charles of Viana,
Johns elder son.[10] Charles was constantly at odds with In 1465, an attempt was made to marry Isabella to
1.3 War with Portugal 3

Alfonso V of Portugal, Henrys brother-in-law. Through

the medium of the Queen and Count of Ledesma, a
Portuguese alliance was made.[12] Isabella, however, was
wary of the marriage and refused to consent.[13]
A civil war broke out in Castile over King Henrys inabil-
ity to act as sovereign. Henry now needed a quick way to
please the rebels of the kingdom. As part of an agreement
to restore peace, Isabella was to be betrothed to Pedro
Girn Acua Pacheco, Master of the Order of Calatrava
and brother to the Kings favourite, Juan Pacheco.[12] In
return, Don Pedro would pay into the impoverished royal
treasury an enormous sum of money. Seeing no alterna-
tive, Henry agreed to the marriage. Isabella was aghast
and prayed to God that the marriage would not come
to pass. Her prayers were answered when Don Pedro
suddenly fell ill and died while on his way to meet his
ance.[12][14]
When Henry recognised Isabella as his heir-presumptive
on 19 September 1468, he also promised that his sister
should not be compelled to marry against her will, while
she in return agreed to obtain his consent.[8] It seemed
that nally the years of failed attempts at political mar-
riages were over. There was talk of a marriage to Edward
IV of England or to one of his brothers, probably Richard,
Duke of Gloucester,[15] but this alliance was never seri-
ously considered.[8] Once again in 1468, a marriage pro-
posal arrived from Alfonso V of Portugal. Going against
his promises made in September, Henry tried to make the
marriage a reality. If Isabella married Alfonso, Henrys
daughter Joanna would marry Alfonsos son John II and
thus, after the death of the old king, John and Joanna Ferdinand and Isabella
could inherit Portugal and Castile.[16] Isabella refused and
made a secret promise to marry her cousin and very rst
upon reuniting, on 19 October 1469, in the Palacio de los
betrothed, Ferdinand of Aragon.
Vivero in the city of Valladolid.[21]
After this failed attempt, Henry once again went against
his promises and tried to marry Isabella to Louis XI's
brother Charles, Duke of Berry.[17] In Henrys eyes, 1.3 War with Portugal
this alliance would cement the friendship of Castile and
France as well as remove Isabella from Castilian aairs.
See also: Battle of Toro, Battle of Guinea, and War of
Isabella once again refused the proposal. Meanwhile,
the Castilian Succession
John II of Aragon negotiated in secret with Isabella a
[18]
wedding to his son Ferdinand.
Isabellas reign got o to a rocky start. Because her
On 18 October 1469, the formal betrothal took place.[19]
brother had named Isabella as his successor, when she as-
Because Isabella and Ferdinand were second cousins,
cended to the throne in 1474, there were already several
they stood within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity
plots against her. Diego Pacheco, the Marquis of Vil-
and the marriage would not be legal unless a dispensa-
lena, and his followers maintained that Joanna, daughter
tion from the Pope was obtained.[20] With the help of the
of Henry IV, was the rightful queen.[22] Shortly after the
Valencian Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (later Alexander VI),
Marquis made his claim, a longtime supporter of Isabella,
Isabella and Ferdinand were presented with a supposed
the Archbishop of Toledo left court to plot with his great-
papal bull by Pius II (who had died in 1464), authorising
nephew the marquis. The archbishop and marquis made
Ferdinand to marry within the third degree of consan-
[19] plans to have the Infanta Joanna marry her uncle, King
guinity, making their marriage legal. Afraid of oppo-
Alfonso V of Portugal and invade Castile to claim the
sition, Isabella eloped from the court of Henry with the
throne for themselves.[23]
excuse of visiting her brother Alfonsos tomb in vila.
Ferdinand, on the other hand, crossed Castile in secret In May 1475, Alfonso and his army crossed into Spain
disguised as a servant. They were married immediately and advanced to Plasencia. Here he married the young
Joanna.[24] A long and bloody war for the Castilian suc-
4 1 LIFE AND REIGN

cession then took place. The war went back and forth the right of conquest over the kingdom of Fez[51][52] ) plus
for almost a year until 1 March 1476, when the Battle a large war compensation: 106.676 dobles of gold.[53]
of Toro took place, a battle in which both sides claimed The Catholic Monarchs also had to accept that Joanna
victory[25][26] and celebrated[26][27] the victory: the troops remain in Portugal instead of Spain[53] and to pardon
of Afonso V were beaten[28][29] by the Castilian centre- all rebellious subjects who had supported Joanna and
left commanded by the Duke of Alba and Cardinal Men- Alfonso.[54] And the Catholic Monarchswho had pro-
doza while the forces led by Prince John of Portugal claimed themselves rulers of Portugal and donated lands
defeated[30][31][32][33] the Castilian right wing and re- to noblemen inside this country[55] had to give up the
mained in possession[34][35] of the battleeld. Portuguese crown.
But despite its uncertain[36][37] outcome, the Battle of At Alcovas, Isabella and Ferdinand had conquered the
Toro represented a great political victory[38][39][40][41] for throne, but the Portuguese exclusive right of navigation
the Catholic Monarchs, assuring them the throne since and commerce in all of the Atlantic Ocean south of the
the supporters of Joanna disbanded and the Portuguese Canary Islands meant that Spain was practically blocked
army, without allies, left Castile. As summarised by the out of the Atlantic and was deprived of the gold of
historian Justo L. Gonzlez: Guinea, which induced anger in Andalusia.[45] Spanish
academic Antonio Rumeu de Armas claims that with the
peace treaty of Alcovas, 1479, the Catholic Monarchs
Both armies faced each other at the camps
"...buy the peace at an excessively expensive price...[56]
of Toro resulting in an indecisive battle. But
and historian M Monserrat Len Guerrero added that
while the Portuguese King reorganised his
they "...nd themselves forced to abandon their expansion
troops, Ferdinand sent news to all the cities
by the Atlantic....[57]
of Castile and to several foreign kingdoms in-
forming them about a huge victory where the Columbus freed Castile from this dicult situation be-
Portuguese were crushed. Faced with these cause his New World discovery led to a new and much
news, the party of la Beltraneja [Joanna] was more balanced sharing of the Atlantic at Tordesillas in
dissolved and the Portuguese were forced to re- 1494, as the orders received by Columbus in his rst voy-
turn to their kingdom.[42] age (1492) show: "[the Catholic Monarchs] have always
in mind that the limits signed in the share of Alco-
vas should not be overcome, and thus they insist with
With great political vision, Isabella took advantage of
Columbus to sail along the parallel of Canary.[57] Thus,
the moment and convoked courts at Madrigal-Segovia
by sponsoring the Columbian adventure to the west, the
(AprilOctober 1476)[43] where her daughter was sworn
Spanish monarchs were trying the only remaining path of
heiress of Castiles crown. That was equivalent to legit-
expansion. As is now known, they would be extremely
imising Isabellas own throne.
successful on this issue. Isabella had proven herself to
In August of the same year, Isabella proved her abilities be a ghter and tough monarch from the start. Now that
as a powerful ruler on her own. A rebellion broke out she had succeeded in securing her place on the Castilian
in Segovia, and Isabella rode out to suppress it, as her throne, she could begin to institute the reforms the king-
husband was o ghting at the time. Going against the dom desperately needed.
advice of her male advisors, Isabella rode by herself into
the city to negotiate with the rebels. She was successful
and the rebellion was quickly brought to an end.[44] Two 1.4 Reform
years later, Isabella further secured her place as ruler with
the birth of her son John, Prince of Asturias, on 30 June 1.4.1 Regulation of crime
1478. To many, the presence of a male heir legitimised
her place as ruler. When Isabella came to the throne in 1474, Castile was in
Meanwhile, the Castilian and Portuguese eets fought for a state of despair thanks to her brother Henrys reign. It
hegemony in the Atlantic Ocean and for the wealth of was not unknown that Henry IV was a big spender and
Guinea (gold and slaves), where the decisive naval Battle did little to enforce the laws of his kingdom. It was even
of Guinea was fought.[45][46] said by one Castilian denizen of the time that murder,
rape, and robbery happened without punishment.[58] Be-
The war dragged on for another three years[47] and ended cause of this, Isabella needed desperately to nd a way to
with a Castilian victory on land[48] and a Portuguese vic- reform her kingdom. Due to the measures imposed, his-
tory on the sea.[48] The four separate peace treaties signed torians during her lifetime saw her to be more inclined to
at Alcovas (4 September 1479) reected that result: justice than to mercy, and indeed far more rigorous and
Portugal gave up the throne of Castile in favour of Isabella unforgiving than her husband Ferdinand.[59]
in exchange for a very favourable share of the Atlantic ter-
ritories disputed with Castile (they all went to Portugal
with the exception of the Canary Islands:[49][50] Guinea La Santa Hermandad Main article: Hermandad
with its mines of gold, Cape Verde, Madeira, Azores and
1.4 Reform 5

Isabellas rst major reform came during the cortes of churches, hospitals, or the poor.[68]
Madrigal in 1476 in the form of a police force, La Santa Another issue of money was the overproduction of
Hermandad (the Holy Brotherhood). While 1476 was not coinage and the abundance of mints in the kingdom. Dur-
the rst time that Castile had seen the Hermandad, it was ing Henrys reign, the number of mints regularly produc-
however the rst time that the police force was used by the ing money had increased from just ve to 150.[67] Much
crown.[60] During the late medieval period, the expression of the coinage produced in these mints was nearly worth-
hermandad had been used to describe groups of men who less. During the rst year of her reign, Isabella established
came together of their own accord to regulate law and or- a monopoly over the royal mints and xed a legal stan-
der by patrolling the roads and countryside and punishing
dard to which the coinage must approximate. By shutting
malefactors.[61] These brotherhoods, however, had usu- down many of the mints and taking royal control over the
ally been suppressed by the monarch. Before 1476, the
production of money, Isabella restored the condence of
justice system in most parts of the country was eectively the public in the Crowns ability to handle the kingdoms
under the control of dissident members of the nobility
nance.
rather than royal ocials.[62] To x this problem, during
the Cortes of 1476, a general Hermandad was established
for Castile, Leon, and Asturias. The police force was to 1.4.3 Government
be made up of locals who were to regulate the crime oc-
curring in the kingdom. It was to be paid for by a tax of Both Isabella and Ferdinand established very few new
1800 mavedus on every one hundred households.[63] In governmental and administrative institutions in their re-
1477, Isabella visited Extremadura and Andalusia to in- spective kingdoms. Especially in Castile, the main
troduce this more ecient police force there as well.[64] achievement was to use more eectively the institutions
that had existed during the reigns of John II and Henry
IV.[69] Historically, the center of the Castilian govern-
Other criminal reforms Keeping with her reforma- ment had been the royal household, together with its sur-
tion of the regulation of laws, in 1481 Isabella charged rounding court. The household was traditionally divided
two ocials with restoring peace in Galicia. This turbu- into two overlapping bodies. The rst body was made
lent province had been the prey of tyrant nobles since the up of household ocials, mainly people of the nobility,
days of Isabellas father, John II.[65] Robbers infested the who carried out governmental and political functions for
highways and oppressed the smaller towns and villages. which they received special payment. The second body
These ocials set o with the Herculean task of restor- was made up of some 200 permanent servants or conti-
ing peace for the province. The ocials were success- nos who performed a wide range of condential functions
ful. They succeeded in driving over 1,500 robbers from on behalf of the rulers.[70] By the 1470s, when Isabella
Galicia.[66] began to take a rm grip on the royal administration, the
senior oces of the royal household were simply hon-
orary titles and held strictly by the nobility. The positions
1.4.2 Finances
of a more secretarial nature were often held by senior
churchmen. Substantial revenues were attached to such
From the very beginning of her reign, Isabella fully
oces and were therefore enjoyed greatly, on an eec-
grasped the importance of restoring the Crowns nances.
tively hereditary basis, by the great Castilian houses of
The reign of Henry IV had left the kingdom of Castile in
nobility. While the nobles held the titles, those individu-
great debt. Upon examination, it was found that the chief
als of lesser breeding did the real work.[71]
cause of the nations poverty was the wholesale alienation
of royal estates during Henrys reign.[67] To make money,
Henry had sold o royal estates at prices well below their
value. The Cortes of Toledo of 1480 came to the conclu-
sion that the only hope of lasting nancial reform lay in a
resumption of these alienated lands and rents. This deci-
sion was warmly approved by many leading nobles of the
court, but Isabella was reluctant to take such drastic mea-
sures. It was decided that the Cardinal of Spain would
hold an enquiry into the tenure of estates and rents ac-
quired during Henry IVs reign. Those that had not been
granted as a reward for services were to be restored with-
out compensation, while those that had been sold at a
price far below their real value were to be bought back
at the same sum. While many of the nobility were forced Ferdinand and Isabella with their subjects
to pay large sums of money for their estates, the royal
treasury became ever richer. Isabellas one stipulation Traditionally, the main advisory body to the rulers of
was that there would be no revocation of gifts made to Castile was the Royal Council. The Council, under the
6 1 LIFE AND REIGN

monarch, had full power to resolve all legal and politi- piling what remained into a comprehensive code. Within
cal disputes. The Council was responsible for supervis- four years the work stood completed in eight bulky vol-
ing all senior administrative ocials, such as the Crown umes and the Ordenanzas Reales took their place on legal
representatives in all of the major towns. It was also the bookshelves.[77]
supreme judicial tribunal of the kingdom.[72] In 1480,
during the Cortes of Toledo, Isabella made many re-
forms to the Royal Council. Previously there had been 1.5 Events of 1492
two distinct yet overlapping categories of royal council-
lor. One formed a group which possessed both judi- 1.5.1 Granada
cial and administrative responsibilities. This portion con-
sisted of some bishops, some nobles, and an increasingly
important element of professional administrators with le-
gal training known as letrados. The second category of
traditional councillor had a less formal role. This role de-
pended greatly on the individuals political inuence and
personal inuence with the monarch. During Isabellas
reign, the role of this second category was completely
eliminated.[73] As mentioned previously, Isabella had lit-
tle care for personal bribes or favours. Because of this,
this second type of councillor, usually of the nobility, was
only allowed to attend the council of Castile as an ob-
server.
Isabella began to rely more on the professional admin-
istrators than ever before. These men were mostly of
the bourgeoisie or lesser nobility. The Council was also
rearranged and it was ocially settled that one bishop,
three caballeros, and eight or nine lawyers would serve
on the council at a time. While the nobles were no longer
directly involved in the matters of state, they were wel-
come to attend the meetings. Isabella hoped by forcing Statue of Isabella by Felipe Bigarny; it resides in the Capilla Real,
the nobility to choose whether to participate or not would in Granada
weed out those who were not dedicated to the state and
its cause.[74] At the end of the Reconquista, only Granada was left
for Isabella and Ferdinand to conquer. The Emirate of
Isabella also saw the need to provide a personal relation- Granada had been held by the Muslim Nasrid dynasty
ship between herself as the monarch and her subjects. since the mid-13th century.[78] Protected by natural barri-
Therefore, Isabella and Ferdinand set aside a time every ers and fortied towns, it had withstood the long process
Friday during which they themselves would sit and allow of the reconquista. On 1 February 1482, the king and
people to come to them with complaints. This was a new queen reached Medina del Campo and this is generally
form of personal justice that Castile had not seen before. considered the beginning of the war for Granada. While
The Council of State was reformed and presided over by Isabellas and Ferdinands involvement in the war was ap-
the King and Queen. This department of public aairs parent from the start, Granadas leadership was divided
dealt mainly with foreign negotiations, hearing embassies, and never able to present a united front.[79] However, it
and transacting business with the Court of Rome. In ad- still took ten years to conquer Granada, culminating in
dition to these departments, there was also a Supreme 1492.
Court of the Santa Hermandad, a Council of Finance,
and a Council for settling purely Aragonese matters.[75] The Spanish monarchs recruited soldiers from many Eu-
Although Isabella made many reforms that seem to have ropean countries and improved[80]
their artillery with the lat-
made the Cortes stronger, in actuality the Cortes lost est and best cannons. Systematically, they proceeded
political power during the reigns of Isabella and Ferdi- to take the kingdom piece by piece. In 1485 they laid
nand. Isabella and her husband moved in the direction siege to Ronda, which surrendered after only a fortnight
[81]
of a non-parliamentary government and the Cortes be- due to extensive bombardment. The following year,
came an almost passive advisory body, giving automatic Loja was taken, and again Muhammad XII was captured
assent to legislation which had been drafted by the royal and released. One year later, with the fall of Mlaga, the
administration.[76] western part of the Muslim Nasrid kingdom had fallen
into Spanish hands. The eastern province succumbed af-
After the reforms of the Cortes of Toledo, the Queen or- ter the fall of Baza in 1489. The siege of Granada be-
dered a noted jurist, Alfonso Diaz de Montalvo, to un- gan in the spring of 1491 and at the end of the year,
dertake the task of clearing away legal rubbish and com- Muhammad XII surrendered. On 2 January 1492 Isabella
1.6 Later years
and Ferdinand entered Granada to receive the keys of
the city and the principal mosque was reconsecrated as
a church.[82] The Treaty of Granada was signed later that
year, and in it Ferdinand and Isabella gave their word to
allow the Muslims and Jews of Granada to live in peace.
An uprising by the Moors in 1500 caused the Catholic
side to consider that the Moors had violated the Treaty:
this gave them a justication for revoking its provisions.
See Morisco Revolt.
During the war, Isabella noted the abilities and energy
of Gonzalo Fernndez de Crdoba and made him one of
the two commissioners for the negotiations. Under her 1.5.3 Expulsion of the Jews
patronage, De Crdoba went on to an extraordinary mili-
tary career that revolutionised the organisation and tactics
of the emerging Spanish military, changing the nature of
warfare and altering the European balance of power.
1.5.2 Columbus and Portuguese relations
Main article: Christopher Columbus
Just three months after entering Granada, Queen Isabella vince Ferdinand. On 31 March 1492, the Alhambra de-
The return of Christopher Columbus; his audience before King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.
agreed to sponsor Christopher Columbus on an expedi-
tion to reach the Indies by sailing west (2000 miles, ac-
cording to Columbus).[83] The crown agreed to pay a sum
of money as a concession from monarch to subject.[84]
On 3 August 1492 his expedition departed and arrived
in San Salvador Island on 12 October. He named it San
Salvador after Jesus the Savior.[84] He returned the next
year and presented his ndings to the monarchs, bring-
ing natives and gold under a heros welcome. Although
Columbus was sponsored by the Castilian queen, trea-
sury accounts show no royal payments to him until 1493,
after his rst voyage was complete.[85] Spain entered a
Golden Age of exploration and colonisation, the period
of the Spanish Empire. The Portuguese did not recognise
that South America belonged to the Spanish because it
was on Portugals sphere of inuence and the Portuguese
King John II threatened to send an army to claim the land
for the Portuguese. In 1494, by the Treaty of Tordesillas,
7
Isabella and Ferdinand agreed to divide the Earth, outside
of Europe, with king John II of Portugal.
Isabella was not in favour of Columbus enslavement of
the American natives and attempted to enforce the re-
cent policies of the Canaries upon the 'New World', stat-
ing that all peoples were under the subject of the Castil-
ian Crown and could not be enslaved in most situations.
The principles she established would have very little ef-
fect during her lifetime, however.[86]
Main articles: Alhambra Decree and Spanish Inquisition
With the institution of the Roman Catholic Inquisition in
Spain, and with the Dominican friar Toms de Torque-
mada as the rst Inquisitor General, the Catholic Monar-
chs pursued a policy of religious and national unity.
Though Isabella opposed taking harsh measures against
Jews on economic grounds, Torquemada was able to con-
cree for the expulsion of the Jews was issued.[87] The
Jews had until the end of July, three months, to leave the
country and they were not to take with them gold, sil-
ver, money, arms, or horses.[87] Traditionally, it had been
claimed that as many as 200,000 Jews left Spain, but re-
cent historians have shown that such gures are exagger-
ated: Henry Kamen has shown that out of a total popula-
tion of 80,000 Jews, a maximum of 40,000 left and the
rest converted.[88] Hundreds of those that remained came
under the Inquisitions investigations into relapsed con-
versos (Marranos) and the Judaizers who had been abet-
ting them.[89]
1.6 Later years
Isabella received the title of Catholic Monarch by Pope
Alexander VI, a pope of whose behaviour and involve-
ment in matters Isabella did not approve. Along with
the physical unication of Spain, Isabella and Ferdinand
embarked on a process of spiritual unication, trying to
bring the country under one faith (Roman Catholicism).
As part of this process, the Inquisition became institu-
tionalised. After a Muslim uprising in 1499, and fur-
ther troubles thereafter, the Treaty of Granada was bro-
ken in 1502, and Muslims were ordered to either become
Christians or to leave. Isabellas confessor, Cisneros, was
named Archbishop of Toledo.[90] He was instrumental in
a program of rehabilitation of the religious institutions
of Spain, laying the groundwork for the later Counter-
Reformation. As Chancellor, he exerted more and more
power.
Isabella and her husband had created an empire and in
later years were consumed with administration and poli-
tics; they were concerned with the succession and worked
to link the Spanish crown to the other rulers in Europe.
8 2 APPEARANCE AND PERSONALITY

By early 1497, all the pieces seemed to be in place:

John, Prince of Asturias, married Archduchess Margaret
of Austria, establishing the connection to the Habsburgs.
The eldest daughter, Isabella, married Manuel I of Portu-
gal, and Joanna was married to another Habsburg prince,
Philip of Burgundy.
However, Isabellas plans for her two eldest children did
not work out. John died shortly after his marriage.
Isabella, Princess of Asturias, died in childbirth and her
son Miguel died at the age of two. Queen Isabella Is
crowns passed to her daughter, Joanna of Castile, and her
son-in-law, Philip of Habsburg.[91]
Isabella did, however, make successful dynastic matches
for her three youngest daughters. The death of Isabella,
Princess of Asturias, created a necessity for Manuel I of
Portugal to remarry and Isabellas third child, Maria, be-
came his next bride. Isabellas youngest daughter, Cather-
ine, married Englands Arthur, Prince of Wales, but his
early death resulted in her being married to his younger
brother, Henry VIII of England.
Isabella ocially withdrew from governmental aairs on
14 September 1504 and she died that same year on 26
November in Medina del Campo, but it is said that she
had truly been in decline since the death of her son Prince
John in 1497.[92] She is entombed in Granada in the
Capilla Real, which was built by her grandson, Charles
V, Holy Roman Emperor (Carlos I of Spain), along-
side her husband Ferdinand, her daughter Joanna and
Joannas husband Philip; and Isabellas 2-year-old grand- Isabella depicted with darker hair, c. 1485
son, Miguel (the son of Isabellas daughter, also named
Isabella, and King Manuel I of Portugal). The museum Hernando del Pulgar: She was very inclined to jus-
next to the Capilla Real holds her crown and scepter. tice, so much so that she was reputed to follow more
the path of rigor than that of mercy, and did so
to remedy the great corruption of crimes that she
2 Appearance and personality found in the kingdom when she succeeded to the
throne.[93]
Isabella was short but of strong stocky build, of a very Lucio Marineo Sculo: "[The royal knight Alvaro
fair complexion, and had a hair color that was between Yez de Lugo] was condemned to be beheaded, al-
strawberry-blonde and auburn. Some portraits, how- though he oered forty thousand ducados for the
ever, show her as a brunette. Her daughters, Joanna and war against the Moors to the court so that these
Catherine, were thought to resemble her the most. Is- monies spare his life. This matter was discussed
abella maintained an austere, temperate lifestyle, and her with the queen, and there were some who told her
religious spirit inuenced her the most in life. In spite of to pardon him, since these funds for the war were
her hostility towards the Muslims in Andalusia, Isabella better than the death of that man, and her highness
developed a taste for Moorish decor and style. Of her, should take them. But the queen, preferring justice
contemporaries said: to cash, very prudently refused them; and although
she could have conscated all his goods, which were
Fernndez de Oviedo: To see her speak was di- many, she did not take any of them to avoid any note
vine. of greed, or that it be thought that she had not wished
to pardon him in order to have his goods; instead,
Andrs Bernldez: She was an endeavored woman, she gave them all to the children of the aforesaid
very powerful, very prudent, wise, very honest, knight.[94]
chaste, devout, discreet, truthful, clear, without de- Ferdinand, in his testament, declared that she was
ceit. Who could count the excellences of this very exemplary in all acts of virtue and of fear of God.
Catholic and happy Queen, always very worthy of
praises. Fray Francisco Jimnez de Cisneros, her confessor,
 9

praised her purity of heart, her big heart and the Towards the end of her life, family tragedies over-
grandness of her soul. whelmed her, although she met these reverses with grace
and fortitude. The death of her beloved son and heir and
the miscarriage of his wife, the death of her daughter Is-
3 Family abella and Isabellas son Miguel (who could have united
the kingdoms of the Catholic Monarchs with that of Por-
tugal), the madness of her daughter Joanna and the in-
dierence of Philip the Handsome, and the uncertainty
Catherine was in after the death of her husband sub-
merged her in profound sadness that made her dress in
black for the rest of her lifetime . Her strong spirituality
is well understood from the words she said after hearing
of her sons death: The Lord gave him to me, the Lord
hath taken him from me, glory be His holy name.
See also: Descendants of Isabella I of Castile and
Ferdinand II of Aragon

4 Sanctity
It is important to note that Isabellas reputation for sanc-
tity derives in large measure from an image carefully
shaped and disseminated by the queen herself.[95] In
1958, the Catholic canonical process of the Cause of
Canonization of Isabella was started by Jos Garca
Goldaraz, the Bishop of Valladolid, where she died in
1504. 17 experts were appointed to investigate more
than 100,000 documents in the archives of Spain and the
Vatican and the merits of opening a canonical process of
canonisation. 3,500 of these were chosen to be included
in 27 volumes.
In 1970, the Commission determined that A Canonical
Isabella and Ferdinand with their daughter, Joanna, c. 1482.
process for the canonization of Isabella the Catholic could
Isabella and Ferdinand had ve surviving children. be undertaken with a sense of security since there was
not found one single act, public or private, of Queen Is-
Isabella (14701498) married rstly to Alfonso, abella that was not inspired by Christian and evangelical
Prince of Portugal, no issue. Married secondly to criteria; moreover there was a 'reputation of sanctity' un-
Manuel I of Portugal, no surviving issue. interrupted for ve centuries and as the investigation was
progressing, it was more accentuated.
A son, miscarried on 31 May 1475 in Cebreros
In 1972, the Process of Valladolid was ocially submit-
John (14781497), Prince of Asturias. Married ted to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in the
Archduchess Margaret of Austria, no surviving is- Vatican. This process was approved and Isabel was given
sue. the title "Servant of God" in March 1974.[96]

Joanna (14791555), Queen of Castile. Married

Philip the Handsome, had issue.
5 Arms
Maria (14821517), married Manuel I of Portugal,
her sisters widower, had issue. As Princess of Asturias, Isabella bore the undierenced
A stillborn daughter, twin of Maria. Born 1 July royal arms of the Crown of Castile and added the Saint
1482 at dawn. John the Evangelists Eagle, an eagle displayed as sin-
gle supporter.[97][98] As queen, she quartered the Royal
Catherine (14851536), married rstly to Arthur, Arms of the Crown of Castile with the Royal Arms of
Prince of Wales, no issue. Married his younger the Crown of Aragon, she and Ferdinand II of Aragon
brother, Henry VIII of England and was mother of adopted a yoke and a bundle of arrows as heraldic badges.
Mary I of England. As co-monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand used the motto
10 7 DEPICTION IN MEDIA

"Tanto Monta" (They amount to the same, or Equal op- 7.1 Films
posites in balance), it refers their prenuptial agreement.
The conquest of Granada in 1492 was symbolised by the
addition ent en point of a quarter with a pomegranate for
Granada (in Spanish Granada means pomegranate).[99] 7.2 TV series
There was an uncommon variant with the Saint John the
Evangelists eagle and two lions adopted as Castilian royal
supporters by John II, Isabellas father.[100] 7.3 Books

A biography of Isabella is Isabella, The Warrior Queen

by Kirsten Downey, published by Anchor Books of Pen-
guin Random House in 2014.
Isabella is the subject of The Queens Vow by C.W.
6 Commemoration Gortner, published in 2012.
A young Isabella is the main protagonist in " Isabel, Jewel
of Castile, a part of the Royal Diaries series by Scholas-
tic.
Isabellas life from her early youth through the con-
quest of Granada is novelised in The Queens Cross:
A biographical romance of Queen Isabella of Spain by
Lawrence Schoonover, William Sloane Associates, Inc.
(New York: 1 January 1955), reprinted 1 September
2008, Fountain City Publishing, ISBN 0976086743.
Isabella is a main character in The Prisoner of Tordesillas
by Lawrence Schoonover, Boston: Little, Brown & Com-
pany; 2nd Printing edition (1959), ASIN B000P0O1DM,
a novel of her daughter and successor, Joanna of Castile,
mother of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.
Queen Isabella ~ Christopher Columbus
Isabella is the narrator of Crown of Aloes by Norah Lofts,
Issue of 1893 Doubleday (1973) ASIN B00DY1H8TI.

Isabella was the rst woman to be featured on US postage

stamps,[101] namely on three stamps of the Columbian
Issue, also in celebration of Columbus. She appears in
the 'Columbus soliciting aid of Isabella', 5-cent issue,
and on the Spanish court scene replicated on the 15-cent
Columbian, and on the $4 issue, in full portrait, side by
side with Columbus.
The $4 stamp is the only stamp of that denomination 7.4 Video games
ever issued and one which collectors prize not only for
its rarity (only 30,000 were printed) but its beauty, an
exquisite carmine with some copies having a crimson As the leader of the Spanish civilization in Sid Meiers Civ-
hue. Mint specimens of this commemorative have been ilization V, Isabella I is depicted carrying a gilded Chris-
sold for more than $20,000.[102] Isabella was also the rst tian cross while standing behind a Moorish-style palace
named woman to appear on a United States coin, an 1893 likely to be the Alhambra.
commemorative quarter, celebrating the 400th anniver-
sary of Columbus's rst voyage. Isabella I is listed in Assassins Creed: Brotherhood and
Assassins Creed: Project Legacy as a potential assassina-
tion target for the players assassin recruits.
She made an appearance in Age of Empires III, where her
personality can be seen when the AI plays Spain. Special
7 Depiction in media dialogue has been written to reect her personality and
behavior.
 11

8 Ancestry Ferdinand; on the right: Cardinal Cisneros (black

cap).

9 Gallery

Statue of Isabella at the Sabatini Gar-

The Capitula- dens in Madrid
tion of Granada by F. Padilla: Muhammad XII
before Ferdinand and Isabella.

Isabellas
crown and scepter, and Ferdinands sword, are
Isabella meeting preserved in the Capilla Real of Granada
Christopher Columbus

Posthumous portrait of Isabella

Columbus before Queen
Isabella. Detail of the Columbus monument in
Madrid (1885).

Royal Monogram

Engraving
of Isabella donating her jewels for Columbus
voyage

This section of the main

front altar of the church of Miraores Charterhouse
in Burgos portrays Isabella at prayer. Isabella
commissioned it herself in honour of her parents,
Queen Isabellas who are buried within the church.
Will, by Eduardo Rosales. On the left: Juana and
12
Isabella and Ferdi-
nands tomb in La Capilla Real, in Granada [16] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Statue of Is-
abella I the Catholic in front of the seat of the
Organization of American States in Washington
D.C.
10 Notes
[1] Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl, Women Rulers throughout
the Ages: An Illustrated Guide, (ABC-CLIO, 1999), 180.
[2] Weissberger,Barbara, Queen Isabel I of Castile Power,
Patronage, Persona. Tamesis, Woodbridge, 2008, p. 20
21
[3] Prescott, William. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and
Isabella, The Catholic. J.B Lippincott & Co., 1860, p. 28
[4] Prescott, William. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and
Isabella, The Catholic. J.B Lippincott & CO., 1860, p. 83
[5] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 52
[6] Prescott, William. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and
Isabella, The Catholic. J.B Lippincott & CO., 1860, p.
8587
[7] Prescott, William. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and
Isabella, The Catholic. J.B Lippincott & CO., 1860, p.
9394
[8] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 68
[9] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 35
[10] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 3639
[11] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 39-40
[12] Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474
1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 5
10 NOTES
[13] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 53
[14] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 6263
[15] Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474
1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 9
Press, 1915, p. 7071
[17] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 72
[18] Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474
1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, pp. 10,1314
[19] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 78
[20] Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474
1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, pp. 11,13
[21] Gerli, p. 219
[22] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 93
[23] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 96
[24] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 98
[25] Spanish historian Ana Carrasco Manchado: "...The bat-
tle [of Toro] was erce and uncertain, and because of that
both sides attributed themselves the victory. Prince John,
the son of Alfonso of Portugal, sent letters to the Portuguese
cities declaring victory. And Ferdinand of Aragon did the
same. Both wanted to take advantage of the victorys pro-
paganda. In Isabel I de Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimi-
dad: propaganda y representacin en el conicto sucesorio
(14741482), 2006, p. 195, 196.
[26] Spanish historian Cesreo Fernndez Duro: "...For those
who ignore the background of these circumstances it will
certainly seem strange that while the Catholic Monarchs
raised a temple in Toledo in honour of the victory that God
granted them on that occasion, the same fact [the Battle of
Toro] was festively celebrated with solemn processions on
its anniversary in Portugal in La batalla de Toro (1476).
Datos y documentos para su monografa histrica, in Bo-
letn de la Real Academia de la Historia, tome 38, Madrid,
1901,p. 250.
[27] Manchado, Isabel I de Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimi-
dad: propaganda y representacin en el conicto sucesorio
(14741482), 2006, p. 199 (foot note nr.141).
[28] Pulgar, Crnica de los Seores Reyes Catlicos Don Fer-
nando y Doa Isabel de Castilla y de Aragn, chapter
XLV.
[29] Garcia de Resende- Vida e feitos d'El Rei D.Joo II,
chapter XIII.

[30] chronicler Hernando del Pulgar (Castilian): "...promptly,
those 6 Castilian captains, which we already told were at
the right side of the royal battle, and were invested by the
prince of Portugal and the bishop of vora, turned their
backs and put themselves on the run. in Crnica de los
Seores Reyes Catlicos Don Fernando y Doa Isabel de
Castilla y de Aragn, chapter XLV.
[31] chronicler Garcia de Resende (Portuguese): "... And be-
ing the battles of both sides ordered that way and prepared
to attack by nearly sunshine, the King ordered the prince
to attack the enemy with his and Gods blessing, which he
obeyed (...). (...) and after the sound of the trumpets and
screaming all for S. George invested so bravely the enemy
battles, and in spite of their enormous size, they could not
stand the hard ght and were rapidly beaten and put on the
run with great losses. In Vida e feitos d'El Rei D.Joo II,
chapter XIII.
[32] chronicler Juan de Mariana (Castilian): "(...) the [Castil-
ian] horsemen (...) moved forward(...).They were received
by prince D. John... which charge... they couldn't stand but
instead were defeated and ran away " in Historia General
de Espaa, tome V, book XXIV, chapter X, p. 299,300.
[33] chronicler Damio de Gis (Portuguese): "(...)these
Castilians who were on the right of the Castilian Royal
battle, received [the charge of] the Princes men as brave
knights invoking Santiago but they couldn't resist them and
began to ee, and [so] our men killed and arrested many of
them, and among those who escaped some took refuge (...)
in their Royal battle that was on left of these six [Castil-
ian] divisions. " in Chronica do Principe D. Joam, chapter
LXXVIII.
[34] chronicler Juan de Mariana (Castilian): "...the enemy
led by prince D. John of Portugal, who without suer-
ing defeat, stood on a hill with his forces in good order
until very late (...). Thus, both forces [Castilian and Por-
tuguese] remained face to face for some hours; and the
Portuguese kept their position during more time (...)" in
Historia General de Espaa, tome V, book XXIV, chapter
X, p. 299,300.
[35] chronicler Rui de Pina (Portuguese): And being the two
enemy battles face to face, the Castilian battle was deeply
agitated and showing clear signs of defeat if attacked as it
was without King and dubious of the outcome.(...) And
without discipline and with great disorder they went to
Zamora. So being the Prince alone on the eld without suf-
fering defeat but inicting it on the adversary he became
heir and master of his own victory in Chronica de El- rei
D.Aonso V... 3rd book, chapter CXCI.
[36] French historian Jean Dumont in La imcomparable Is-
abel la Catolica/ The incomparable Isabel the Catholic,
Encuentro Ediciones, printed by Rogar-Fuenlabrada,
Madrid, 1993 (Spanish edition), p. 49: "...But in the left
[Portuguese] Wing, in front of the Asturians and Galician,
the reinforcement army of the Prince heir of Portugal, well
provided with artillery, could leave the battleeld with its
head high. The battle resulted this way, inconclusive. But
its global result stays after that decided by the withdraw
of the Portugals King, the surrender... of the Zamoras
fortress on March 19, and the multiple adhesions of the
nobles to the young princes.
13
[37] French historian Joseph-Louis Desormeaux: "... The
result of the battle was very uncertain; Ferdinand de-
feated the enemys right wing led by Alfonso, but the Prince
had the same advantage over the Castilians. In Abrg
chronologique de l'histoire de l'spagne, Duchesne, Paris,
1758, 3rd Tome, p. 25.
[38] Spanish academic Antnio M. Serrano: " From all of
this it is deductible that the battle [of Toro] was inconclu-
sive, but Isabella and Ferdinand made it y with wings of
victory. (...) Actually, since this battle transformed in vic-
tory; since 1 March 1476, Isabella and Ferdinand started
to rule in the Spains throne. (...) The inconclusive wings
of the battle became the secure and powerful wings of San
Juans eagle [the commemorative temple of the Battle of
Toro] . in San Juan de los Reyes y la batalla de Toro,
revista Toletum, segunda poca, 1979 (9), pp. 5570.
Real Academia de Bellas Artes y Ciencias Histricas de
Toledo, Toledo. ISSN: 0210-6310
[39] A. Ballesteros Beretta: His moment is the inconclusive
Battle of Toro.(...) both sides attributed themselves the vic-
tory.... The letters written by the King [Ferdinand] to the
main cities... are a model of skill. (...) what a power-
ful description of the battle! The nebulous transforms into
light, the doubtful acquires the prole of a certain triumph.
The politic [Ferdinand] achieved the fruits of a discussed
victory. In Fernando el Catlico, el mejor rey de Espaa,
Ejrcito revue, nr 16, p. 56, May 1941.
[40] Vicente lvarez Palenzuela- La guerra civil Castellana y
el enfrentamiento con Portugal (14751479): That is the
battle of Toro. The Portuguese army had not been exactly
defeated, however, the sensation was that D. Juanas cause
had completely sunk. It made sense that for the Castilians
Toro was considered as the divine retribution, the compen-
sation desired by God to compensate the terrible disaster of
Aljubarrota, still alive in the Castilian memory.
[41] Spanish academic Rafael Dominguez Casas: "...San
Juan de los Reyes resulted from the royal will to build a
monastery to commemorate the victory in a battle with an
uncertain outcome but decisive, the one fought in Toro in
1476, which consolidated the union of the two most impor-
tant Peninsular Kingdoms. In San Juan de los reyes: espa-
cio funerrio y aposento rgio in Boletn del Seminrio de
Estdios de Arte y Arqueologia, number 56, p. 364, 1990.
[42] Justo L. Gonzlez- Historia del Cristianismo Archived
16 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine., Editorial Unilit,
Miami, 1994, Tome 2, Parte II (La era de los conquista-
dores), p. 68.
[43] Historian Marvin Lunenfeld: In 1476, immediately af-
ter the indecisive battle of Peleagonzalo [near Toro], Fer-
dinand and Isabella hailed the result as a great victory and
called a cortes at Madrigal. The newly created prestige
was used to gain municipal support from their allies(...)"
in The council of the Santa Hermandad: a study of the
pacication forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, University
of Miami Press, 1970, p. 27.
[44] Prescott, William. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and
Isabella, The Catholic. J.B. Lippincott & CO., 1860, p.
184185
14
[45] Battle of Guinea: Alonso de Palencia, Dcada IV, Book
XXXIII, Chapter V (Disaster among those sent to the
mines of gold [Guinea]. Charges against the King...), pp.
9194. This was a decisive battle because after it, in spite
of the Catholic Monarchs attempts, they were unable to
send new eets to Guinea, Canary or to any part of the
Portuguese empire until the end of the war. The Perfect
Prince sent an order to drown any Castilian crew captured
in Guinea waters. Even the Castilian navies which left
Guinea before the signature of the peace treaty had to pay
the tax (quinto) to the Portuguese crown when they re-
turned to Castile after the peace treaty. Isabella had to
ask permission of Afonso V so that this tax could be paid
in Castilian harbours. Naturally all this caused a grudge
against the Catholic Monarchs in Andalusia.
[46] Historian Malyn Newitt: However, in 1478 the Por-
tuguese surprised thirty-ve Castilian ships returning from
Mina [Guinea] and seized them and all their gold. An-
other...Castilian voyage to Mina, that of Eustache de la
Fosse, was intercepted ... in 1480. (...) All things con-
sidered, it is not surprising that the Portuguese emerged
victorious from this rst maritime colonial war. They
were far better organised than the Castilians, were able to
raise money for the preparation and supply of their eets,
and had clear central direction from ... [Prince] John. In
A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 14001668,
Routledge, New York, 2005, pp. 3940.
[47] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile The Knickerbocker Press,
1915, p. 109110
[48] Bailey W. Die and George D. Winius In a war in
which the Castilians were victorious on land and the Por-
tuguese at sea, ... in Foundations of the Portuguese em-
pire 14151580, volume I, University of Minnesota Press,
1985, p. 152.
[49] Alonso de Palencia, Decada IV, Book
XXXI, Chapters VIII and IX (preparation
of 2 eets [to Guinea and to Canary, respec-
tively] so that with them King Ferdinand crush
its enemies [the Portuguese]...).
[50] Alonso de Palencia, Decada IV, book XXXII, chapter
III: in 1478 a Portuguese eet intercepted the armada of
25 navies sent by Ferdinand to conquer Gran Canary
capturing 5 of its navies plus 200 Castilians and forced
it to ed hastily and denitively from Canary waters. This
victory allowed Prince John to use the Canary Islands as
an exchange coin in the peace treaty of Alcovas.
[51] Pina, Chronica de El-Rei D. Aonso V, 3rd book, chap-
ter CXCIV (Editorial error: Chapter CXCIV erroneously
appears as Chapter CLXIV.Reports the end of the siege
of Ceuta by the arrival of the eet with Afonso V).
[52] Quesada, Portugueses en la frontera de Granada, 2000,
p. 98. In 1476 Ceuta was simultaneously besieged by the
moors and a Castilian army led by the Duke of Medina
Sidnia. The Castilians conquered the city from the Por-
tuguese who took refuge in the inner fortress, but a Por-
tuguese eet arrived in extremis and regained the city.
A Ceuta dominated by the Castilians would certainly have
forced the right to conquer Fez (Morocco) to be shared
10 NOTES
between Portugal and Castile instead of the monopoly the
Portuguese acquired.
[53] Mendona, 2007, p. 101103.
[54] Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474
1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 38
[55] Mendona, 2007, p. 53.
[56] Antnio Rumeu de Armas- book description,
MAPFRE, Madrid, 1992, page 88.
[57] M Monserrat Len Guerrero in El segundo viaje colom-
bino, University of Valladolid, 2000, chapter 2, pp. 49
50.
[58] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 121
[59] Borucho, David A. Historiography with License: Is-
abel, the Catholic Monarch, and the Kingdom of God.
Isabel la Catlica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays. Pal-
grave Macmillan, 2003, pp. 242247.
[60] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 125
[61] Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474
1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 42
[62] Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474
1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, pp. 4849
[63] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 125-126
[64] Prescott, William. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and
Isabella, The Catholic. J.B Lippincott & CO., 1860, p.
186
[65] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 123
[66] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 133
[67] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 150
[68] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 152155
[69] Edwards, John. Ferdinand and Isabella. Pearson Educa-
tion Limited, 2005, p. 28
[70] Edwards, John. Ferdinand and Isabella. Pearson Educa-
tion Limited, 2005, p. 29
[71] Edwards, John. Ferdinand and Isabella. Pearson Educa-
tion Limited, 2005, p. 2932
[72] Edwards, John. Ferdinand and Isabella. Pearson Educa-
tion Limited, 2005, p. 30
[73] Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474
1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 4247
[74] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabella of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 142

[75] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 143
[76] Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474
1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 49
[77] Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker
Press, 1915, p. 146
[78] Edwards, John. Ferdinand and Isabella. Pearson Educa-
tion Limited, 2005, p. 48
[79] Edwards, John. Ferdinand and Isabella. Pearson Educa-
tion Limited, 2005, p. 4849
[80] Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474
1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 104106
[81] Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474
1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 111
[82] Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474
1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 112130
[83] Liss,Peggy. Isabel the Queen, Oxford University Press,
1992. p. 316
[84] Edwards, John. Ferdinand and Isabella. Pearson Educa-
tion Limited, 2005, p. 120
[85] Edwards, John. Ferdinand and Isabella. Pearson Educa-
tion Limited, 2005, p. 119
[86] F. Weissberger, Barbara Queen Isabel I of Castile: Power,
Patronage, Persona, Tamesis Books, 2008, p. 27, ac-
cessed 9 July 2012
[87] Liss,Peggy. Isabel the Queen, Oxford University Press,
1992. p. 298
[88] Henry Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Re-
vision. (Yale University Press, 1997. p. 2931).
[89] Liss,Peggy. Isabel the Queen, Oxford University Press,
1992. p. 308
[90] Hunt, Jocelyn. Spain 14741598. Routledge, 2001, p. 20
[91] Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474
1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 241260
[92] Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474
1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 282
[93] Pulgar, Crnica de los Reyes Catlicos, trans. in David
A. Borucho, Historiography with License: Isabel, the
Catholic Monarch, and the Kingdom of God, Isabel la
Catlica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays (New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 242.
[94] Marineo Sculo, De las cosas memorables de Espaa
(1539), trans. in David A. Borucho, Instructions for
Sainthood and Other Feminine Wiles in the Historiogra-
phy of Isabel I, Isabel la Catlica, Queen of Castile: Criti-
cal Essays (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 12.
[95] Borucho, David A. Instructions for Sainthood and
Other Feminine Wiles in the Historiography of Isabel I.
Isabel la Catlica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays. Pal-
grave Macmillan, 2003, pp. 123.
15
[96] http://www.queenisabel.com/Canonisation/
CanonicalProcess.html Accessed 8 October 2012
[97] Isabel la Catlica en la Real Academia de la Historia.
Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia. 2004. p. 72.
ISBN 84-95983-54-0.
[98] Princess of Isabellas coat of arms with crest: Garca-
Menacho Osset, Eduardo (2010). El origen militar de
los smbolos de Espaa. El escudo de Espaa [Military
Origin of Symbols of Spain. The Coat of Arms of Spain].
Revista de Historia Militar (in Spanish). Instituto de His-
toria y Cultura Militar (Extra): 387. ISSN 0482-5748.
[99] Menndez-Pidal De Navascus, Faustino; El escudo;
Menndez Pidal y Navascus, Faustino; O'Donnell, Hugo;
Lolo, Begoa. Smbolos de Espaa. Madrid: Centro de
Estudios Polticos y Constitucionales, 1999. ISBN 84-
259-1074-9
[100] Image of the Isabellas coat of arms with lions as support-
ers, facade of the St. Paul Church inValladolid (Spain)
Artehistoria. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
[101] Scotts Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps
[102] Scotts Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps:
Quantities Issued
11 Further reading
Borucho, David A. Isabel la Catlica, Queen of
Castile: Critical Essays. New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2003.
Die, Bailey W. and Winius, George D. (1977)
Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 14151580,
Volume 1, University of Minnesota Press.
Downey, Kirsten Isabella, The Warrior Queen,.
New York, Anchor Books, Penguin, 2014.
Gerli, Edmondo Michael (1992) Medieval Iberia:
An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis.
Hunt, Joceyln (2001) Spain, 14741598. Rout-
ledge, 1st Ed.
Kamen, Henry. The Spanish Inquisition: a historical
revision (Yale University Press, 2014)
Liss, Peggy K. (1992) Isabel the Queen. New York:
Oxford University Press;
Lunenfeld, Marvin (1970) The council of the Santa
Hermandad: a study of the pacication forces of
Ferdinand and Isabella, University of Miami Press.
ISBN 978-0870241437
Miller, Townsend Miller (1963) The Castles and the
Crown: Spain 14511555. New York: Coward-
McCann
16
Roth, Norman (1995) Conversos, Inquisition, and
the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain. (Madison:
The University of Wisconsin Press)
Stuart, Nancy Rubin. Isabella of Castile: the First
Renaissance Queen (New York: St. Martins Press,
1991)
Tremlett, Giles. 'Isabella of Castile. Europes
First Great Queen"' (London: Bloomsbury, 2017)
Tremlett, Giles. "Catherine of Aragon. Henrys
Spanish Queen (London: Faber and Faber, 2010)
Weissberger, Barbara F. Queen Isabel I of Castile:
Power, Patronage, Persona (2008)
Weissberger, Barbara F. Isabel Rules: Constructing
Queenship, Wielding Power (2003)
11.1 In Spanish and Portuguese
Articles
Beretta, Antonio Ballesteros (1941) Fernando el
Catlico, in Ejrcito revue, Ministerio del Ejercito,
Madrid, nr 16, p. 5466, May 1941.
Pereira, Isabel Violante (2001) De Mendo da
Casas, Rafael Dominguez (1990) San Juan de los
reyes: espacio funerrio y aposento rgio in Bo-
letn del Seminrio de Estdios de Arte y Arqueolo-
gia, number 56, p. 364383, University of Val- Chronicles
ladolid.
Duro, Cesreo Fernndez (1901) La batalla de Toro
(1476). Datos y documentos para su monografa
histrica, Madrid: Boletn de la Real Academia de
la Historia, tomo 38.
Palenzuela,Vicente ngel Alvarez (2006) La guerra
civil castellana y el enfrentamiento con Portugal
(14751479), Universidad de Alicante, Biblioteca
Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.
Quesada, Miguel-ngel Ladero (2000) Portugueses
en la frontera de Granada, Revista En la Espaa me-
dieval, Universidad Complutense, nr. 23, pages 67
100.
Serrano, Antnio Macia- San Juan de los Reyes y
la batalla de Toro, revista Toletum, segunda poca,
1979 (9), pp. 5570. Toledo: Real Academia de
Bellas Artes y Ciencias Histricas de Toledo. ISSN:
0210-6310
Books
Armas, Antonio Rumeu (1992) El tratado de Torde-
sillas. Madrid: Colecciones MAPFRE 1492, book
description.
11 FURTHER READING
Desormeaux, Joseph-Louis Ripault (1758) Abrg
chronologique de l'histoire de l'spagne, Duchesne,
Paris, 3rd Tome.
Dumont, Jean (1993) La imcomparable Isabel
la Catolica (The incomparable Isabella, the
Catholic), Madrid: Encuentro Editiones, printed by
Rogar-Fuenlabrada (Spanish edition).
Gonzlez, Justo L. (1994) Historia del Cristian-
ismo, Miami: Editorial Unilit, Tome 2. ISBN
1560634766
Guerrero, M Monserrat Len (2002) El segundo vi-
aje colombino, Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel
de Cervantes. ISBN 8468812080
Manchado, Ana Isabel Carrasco (2006) Isabel I de
Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimidad. Propaganda y
representacin en el conicto sucesorio (14741482),
Madrid: Slex ediciones.
Mendona, Manuela (2007) O Sonho da Unio
Ibrica guerra Luso-Castelhana 1475/1479, Lis-
boa: Quidnovi, book description. ISBN 978-
9728998882
Guarda a D. Manuel I. Lisboa: Livros Horizonte
Gis, Damio de (1724) Chronica do Principe D.
Joam, edited by Lisboa occidental at the ocina da
Msica, Lisboa (Biblioteca Nacional Digital).
Mariana, Juan de (1839) Historia General de Es-
paa, tome V Barcelona: printing press of D. Fran-
cisco Oliva.
Palencia, Alfonso de Gesta Hispaniensia ex annal-
ibus suorum diebus colligentis, Dcada III and IV (the
three rst Dcadas were edited as Cronica del rey
Enrique IV by Antonio Paz y Meli in 1904 and the
fourth as Cuarta Dcada by Jos Lopes de Toro in
1970).
Pina, Ruy de (1902) Chronica de El- rei D. Aonso
V, Project Gutenberg Ebook, Biblioteca de Clssi-
cos Portugueses, 3rd book, Lisboa.
Pulgar, Hernando del (1780) Crnica de los Seores
Reyes Catlicos Don Fernando y Doa Isabel de
Castilla y de Aragn, (Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de
Cervantes), Valencia: edited by Benito Monfort.
Resende, Garcia de Vida e feitos d'El Rei D.Joo
II electronic version, wikisource.
 17

12 External links
Isabella I in the Catholic Encyclopedia

Medieval Sourcebook: Columbus letter to King and

Queen of Spain, 1494

Music at Isabellas court

University of Hull: Genealogy information on Is-

abella I

El obispo judo que bloquea a la santa. A report

in Spanish about the beatication in El Mundo
18 12 EXTERNAL LINKS

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la Catlica en la Real Academia de la Historia</a>, Real Academia de la Historia, 2004. ISBN 978-84-95983-54-1. Cfr. para la herldica
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