The Academic Word List

TheAcademicWordList(AWL)wasreleasedintheyear2000byAverilCoxheadfromthe
SchoolofLinguisticsandAppliedLanguageStudiesatVictoriaUniversityofWellington,New
Zealand.Thelistcontains570wordfamilieswhichwereselectedbyanalysingacorpusof
millionsofwordsfromover400academictexts.Wordsweretakenfrom28different
academicsubjectareaswithinthedisciplinesofArts,Commerce,LawandScience,sothey
arerelevantforallareasofacademicstudy.Thelistof570wordswasthendividedinto
tensublists,withthemostfrequent60wordsinSublist1,totheleastfrequentwordsin
Sublist10.Thelistexcludesthemostfrequent2000wordsofEnglish.

TheAWLwasdevelopedtoprovidelearnersofacademicEnglishtotargettheirvocabulary
developmentforallacademicdisciplines.Itwasprimarilymadesothatitcouldbeusedby
teachersaspartofaprogrampreparinglearnersfortertiarylevelstudyorusedbystudents
workingalonetolearnthewordsmostneededtostudyattertiaryinstitutions.The
completelist(below)hastheheadwords(themostcommonformofthewordfamily)forall
570words,andincludesthesublist(110)thatitcomesfrom.

Wehaveprovidedyouwithhandoutswhichcontainexercisesbasedoneachoftheten
sublists.Theyhavebeendesignedtohelpyoudevelopyourvocabularyofthesewords.

FordetailonthedevelopmentandevaluationoftheAWL,seeCoxhead,Averil(2000)ANew
AcademicWordList.TESOLQuarterly,34(2):213238.

abandon 8 abstract 6 academy 5

access 4 accommodate 9 accompany 8

accumulate 8 accurate 6 achieve 2

acknowledge 6 acquire 2 adapt 7

adequate 4 adjacent 10 adjust 5

administrate 2 adult 7 advocate 7

affect 2 aggregate 6 aid 7

albeit 10 allocate 6 alter 5

alternative 3 ambiguous 8 amend 5

analogy 9 analyse 1 annual 4

anticipate 9 apparent 4 append 8

appreciate 8 approach 1 appropriate 2

approximate 4 arbitrary 8 area 1

 aspect 2 assemble 10 assess 1

assign 6 assist 2 assume 1

assure 9 attach 6 attain 9

attitude 4 attribute 4 author 6

authority 1 automate 8 available 1

aware 5 behalf 9 benefit 1

bias 8 bond 6 brief 6

bulk 9 capable 6 capacity 5

category 2 cease 9 challenge 5

channel 7 chapter 2 chart 8

chemical 7 circumstance 3 cite 6

civil 4 clarify 8 classic 7

clause 5 code 4 coherent 9

coincide 9 collapse 10 colleague 10

commence 9 comment 3 commission 2

commit 4 commodity 8 communicate 4

community 2 compatible 9 compensate 3

compile 10 complement 8 complex 2

component 3 compound 5 comprehensive 7

comprise 7 compute 2 conceive 10

concentrate 4 concept 1 conclude 2

concurrent 9 conduct 2 confer 4

confine 9 confirm 7 conflict 5

conform 8 consent 3 consequent 2

considerable 3 consist 1 constant 3

constitute 1 constrain 3 construct 2

consult 5 consume 2 contact 5

contemporary 8 context 1 contract 1

contradict 8 contrary 7 contrast 4

contribute 3 controversy 9 convene 3

 converse 9 convert 7 convince 10

cooperate 6 coordinate 3 core 3

corporate 3 correspond 3 couple 7

create 1 credit 2 criteria 3

crucial 8 culture 2 currency 8

cycle 4 data 1 debate 4

decade 7 decline 5 deduce 3

define 1 definite 7 demonstrate 3

denote 8 deny 7 depress 10

derive 1 design 2 despite 4

detect 8 deviate 8 device 9

devote 9 differentiate 7 dimension 4

diminish 9 discrete 5 discriminate 6

displace 8 display 6 dispose 7

distinct 2 distort 9 distribute 1

diverse 6 document 3 domain 6

domestic 4 dominate 3 draft 5

drama 8 duration 9 dynamic 7

economy 1 edit 6 element 2

eliminate 7 emerge 4 emphasis 3

empirical 7 enable 5 encounter 10

energy 5 enforce 5 enhance 6

enormous 10 ensure 3 entity 5

environment 1 equate 2 equip 7

equivalent 5 erode 9 error 4

establish 1 estate 6 estimate 1

ethic 9 ethnic 4 evaluate 2

eventual 8 evident 1 evolve 5

exceed 6 exclude 3 exhibit 8

expand 5 expert 6 explicit 6

 exploit 8 export 1 expose 5

external 5 extract 7 facilitate 5

factor 1 feature 2 federal 6

fee 6 file 7 final 2

finance 1 finite 7 flexible 6

fluctuate 8 focus 2 format 9

formula 1 forthcoming 10 foundation 7

found 9 framework 3 function 1

fund 3 fundamental 5 furthermore 6

gender 6 generate 5 generation 5

globe 7 goal 4 grade 7

grant 4 guarantee 7 guideline 8

hence 4 hierarchy 7 highlight 8

hypothesis 4 identical 7 identify 1

ideology 7 ignorance 6 illustrate 3

image 5 immigrate 3 impact 2

implement 4 implicate 4 implicit 8

imply 3 impose 4 incentive 6

incidence 6 incline 10 income 1

incorporate 6 index 6 indicate 1

individual 1 induce 8 inevitable 8

infer 7 infrastructure 8 inherent 9

inhibit 6 initial 3 initiate 6

injure 2 innovate 7 input 6

insert 7 insight 9 inspect 8

instance 3 institute 2 instruct 6

integral 9 integrate 4 integrity 10

intelligence 6 intense 8 interact 3

intermediate 9 internal 4 interpret 1

interval 6 intervene 7 intrinsic 10

 invest 2 investigate 4 invoke 10

involve 1 isolate 7 issue 1

item 2 job 4 journal 2

justify 3 label 4 labour 1

layer 3 lecture 6 legal 1

legislate 1 levy 10 liberal 5

licence 5 likewise 10 link 3

locate 3 logic 5 maintain 2

major 1 manipulate 8 manual 9

margin 5 mature 9 maximise 3

mechanism 4 media 7 mediate 9

medical 5 medium 9 mental 5

method 1 migrate 6 military 9

minimal 9 minimise 8 minimum 6

ministry 6 minor 3 mode 7

modify 5 monitor 5 motive 6

mutual 9 negate 3 network 5

neutral 6 nevertheless 6 nonetheless 10

norm 9 normal 2 notion 5

notwithstanding 10 nuclear 8 objective 5

obtain 2 obvious 4 occupy 4

occur 1 odd 10 offset 8

ongoing 10 option 4 orient 5

outcome 3 output 4 overall 4

overlap 9 overseas 6 panel 10

paradigm 7 paragraph 8 parallel 4

parameter 4 participate 2 partner 3

passive 9 perceive 2 percent 1

period 1 persist 10 perspective 5

phase 4 phenomenon 7 philosophy 3

 physical 3 plus 8 policy 1

portion 9 pose 10 positive 2

potential 2 practitioner 8 precede 6

precise 5 predict 4 predominant 8

preliminary 9 presume 6 previous 2

primary 2 prime 5 principal 4

principle 1 prior 4 priority 7

proceed 1 process 1 professional 4

prohibit 7 project 4 promote 4

proportion 3 prospect 8 protocol 9

psychology 5 publication 7 publish 3

purchase 2 pursue 5 qualitative 9

quote 7 radical 8 random 8

range 2 ratio 5 rational 6

react 3 recover 6 refine 9

regime 4 region 2 register 3

regulate 2 reinforce 8 reject 5

relax 9 release 7 relevant 2

reluctance 10 rely 3 remove 3

require 1 research 1 reside 2

resolve 4 resource 2 respond 1

restore 8 restrain 9 restrict 2

retain 4 reveal 6 revenue 5

reverse 7 revise 8 revolution 9

rigid 9 role 1 route 9

scenario 9 schedule 8 scheme 3

scope 6 section 1 sector 1

secure 2 seek 2 select 2

sequence 3 series 4 sex 3

shift 3 significant 1 similar 1

 simulate 7 site 2 so-called 10

sole 7 somewhat 7 source 1

specific 1 specify 3 sphere 9

stable 5 statistic 4 status 4

straightforward 10 strategy 2 stress 4

structure 1 style 5 submit 7

subordinate 9 subsequent 4 subsidy 6

substitute 5 successor 7 sufficient 3

sum 4 summary 4 supplement 9

survey 2 survive 7 suspend 9

sustain 5 symbol 5 tape 6

target 5 task 3 team 9

technical 3 technique 3 technology 3

temporary 9 tense 8 terminate 8

text 2 theme 8 theory 1

thereby 8 thesis 7 topic 7

trace 6 tradition 2 transfer 2

transform 6 transit 5 transmit 7

transport 6 trend 5 trigger 9

ultimate 7 undergo 10 underlie 6

undertake 4 uniform 8 unify 9

unique 7 utilise 6 valid 3

vary 1 vehicle 8 version 5

via 8 violate 9 virtual 8

visible 7 vision 9 visual 8

volume 3 voluntary 7 welfare 5

whereas 5 whereby 10 widespread 8



Sublist1Exercises
1) Completethetablewiththecorrectpartofspeech.

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

analysis

approach N/A

context

derived N/A

financially

identified

interpretation N/A

legally

proceed N/A

respond

significant

2)Completethefollowingsentenceswithawordfromthebox.Youmayneedtochangethegrammar.

factor conception assess source policy assume legislation

a) Thiscourseisbasedoncontinual___________intheformofprojectworkandassignmentsrather
thanendoftermexaminations.
b) Thereisageneral____________thatwomenareworsedriversthanmenbutstatisticsdonot
supportthis.
c) Thisprocessiseasytounderstandonceyouhavegraspedthe___________ofprecipitation.
d) Several____________influencedthecommitteesdecisiontoappointanewteacher.
e) New____________needstogothroughParliamenttodealwiththeproblemofillegalimmigration.
f) Thecollegehasadoptedastrictnosmoking_____________.
g) Solarpowerisconsideredasustainable_____________ofenergy.

3) Hereisatextonthetopicofhealth.Completethetextusingthewordsbelow.

assumed establishing identified individual occurred role significant

Thetwentiethcenturysaw__________________advancesinmedicalknowledge.Atthe
endofthenineteenthcenturylifeexpectancywascomparativelyshortforpeopleinBritain
and many children did not survive to adulthood. By the end of the twentieth century,
however, perinatal mortality was low and many people anticipated living beyond their
threescoreyearsandten.Thisrapidprogress__________________asaresultofaseries
of microbiological and technological breakthroughs, along with a political focus on social
welfareandpublichealth.
Today, however, we face new threats. Although it had been __________________ that
infectious diseases would be eliminated, new strains of TB and malaria have recently
emerged and are fast __________________ themselves. The viral infection, Aids, has
reached epidemic proportions in some countries. The incidence of heart disease is
increasing,along with other socalled "selfinflicted" illnesses. Superbugs, resistant to our
rangeofantibiotics,continuetoevolve.
Predictionsforthetwentyfirstcenturysuggestthatwewillseethedevelopmentofour
understandingofthe__________________ofgenesinthemaintenanceofgoodhealth.
Manydiseaseswillbepreventedasscreeningforsusceptibilityallowsdefectiveembryos
tobe__________________.Thosewhodogetill,willreceivedrugstailoredtosuit
their__________________needsandthusmoreeffectiveinaction.Willtherealsobe
surprisesawaitingusastheworldpopulationages?

4) Choosethecorrectwordfromthelistonthelefttogowitheachmeaning.

1. authority
2. consistency officialagreement
3. contract actionofshowingwhatishappening
4. distribution whenthingshavethesamestandard
5. indication
6. labour

7. available
8. beneficial basedonaclearidea
9. functional havingagoodeffect
10. major particular
11. principled
12. specific


SublistOnethislistofwordscontainsthemostfrequentwordsintheAcademiccorpus

analysis established occur

approach estimate percent

area evidence period

assessment export policy

assume factors principle

authority financial procedure

available formula process

benefit function required

concept identified research

consistent income response

constitutional indicate role

context individual section

contract interpretation sector

create involved significant

data issues similar

definition labour source

derived legal specific

distribution legislation structure

economic major theory

environment method variable


VocabularyANSWERSbasedonSublistOneoftheAcademicWordList

1) Completethetablewiththecorrectpartofspeech.

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

analysis analyse analytical analytically

approach approach approaching/approachable N/A

context contextualise contextual contextually

derivation/derivative derive derived N/A

finance/financier finance financial financially

identity/identification identify identified/identifiable identifiably

interpretation/interpreter interpret interpretive/interpretative N/A

legality/legalisation legalise/legalize legal legally

procedure proceed procedural N/A

response/respondent respond responsive/respondent responsively

significance signify significant significantly

2) Completethefollowingsentenceswithawordfromthebox.Youmayneedtochangethegrammar.

factor conception assess source policy assume legislation

a) Thiscourseisbasedoncontinualassessmentintheformofprojectworkandassignmentsrather
thanendoftermexaminations.
b) Thereisageneralassumptionthatwomenareworsedriversthanmenbutstatisticsdonotsupport
this.
c) Thisprocessiseasytounderstandonceyouhavegraspedtheconceptofprecipitation.
d) Severalfactorsinfluencedthecommitteesdecisiontoappointanewteacher.
e) NewlegislationneedstogothroughParliamenttodealwiththeproblemofillegalimmigration.
f) Thecollegehasadoptedastrictnosmokingpolicy
g) Solarpowerisconsideredasustainablesourceofenergy.



3) Hereisatextabouthealth.Completethetextusingthewordsbelow.

assumed establishing identified individual occurred role significant

Thetwentiethcenturysawsignificantadvancesinmedicalknowledge.Attheendofthenineteenth
century life expectancy was comparatively short for people in Britain and many children did not
survive to adulthood. By the end of the twentieth century, however, perinatal mortality was low
and many people anticipated living beyond their three score years and ten. This rapid progress
occurred as a result of a series of microbiological and technological breakthroughs, along with a
politicalfocusonsocialwelfareandpublichealth.
Today,however,wefacenewthreats.Althoughithadbeenassumedthatinfectiousdiseaseswould
be eliminated, new strains of TB and malaria have recently emerged and are fast establishing
themselves. The viral infection, Aids, has reached epidemic proportions in some countries. The
incidence of heart disease is increasing, along with other socalled "selfinflicted" illnesses.
Superbugs,resistanttoourrangeofantibiotics,continuetoevolve.
Predictionsforthetwentyfirstcenturysuggestthatwewillseethedevelopmentofour
understandingoftheroleofgenesinthemaintenanceofgoodhealth.Manydiseaseswillbe
preventedasscreeningforsusceptibilityallowsdefectiveembryostobeidentifiedThosewhodo
getill,willreceivedrugstailoredtosuittheirindividualneedsandthusmoreeffectiveinaction.
Willtherealsobesurprisesawaitingusastheworldpopulationages?

4) Choosethecorrectwordfromthelistonthelefttogowitheachmeaning.

1. authority
2. consistency officialagreement
3. contract actionofshowingwhatishappening
4. distribution whenthingshavethesamestandard
5. indication
6. labour

7. available
8. beneficial basedonaclearidea
9. functional havingagoodeffect
10. major particular
11. principled
12. specific

Sublist2Exercises

1)Collocations.Readthesesentencesandchoosethemostsuitablepreposition.

a) Thecommitteeisinvestigatingtheacquisitionin/of/fromnewresources.

b) Weexpectyoutohavemoreparticipationof/in/todecisionmaking.

c) Studentsneedtolearnstrategiesto/for/fromstudyingindependently.

d) Ourfindingshaveworryingconsequencesfor/in/ofresearchers.

e) ProfessorJoneshasthedistinctionto/of/fromwinningtheawardontwooccasions.

f) Wearecommittedtoalongterminvestmentof/in/atthisprogramme.

2)Choosethecorrectpartofspeech,addingaffixesifnecessary,tocompletethefollowingsentences.

a) Academicsuccesscanonlybe__________byhardwork.
ACHIEVEMENT
b) Theproblemsthatweexperienced___________theresults.
AFFECT
c) Wehave___________proofofourfindings.
CONCLUSION
d) Thenewinformationhasforcedthescientiststo___________theirfindings.
EVALUATE
e) Forinsurancepurposes,weneedan______________listofyourbelongings.
ITEM
f) Testscannowidentifygenetic______________inanunbornbaby.
NORMAL

3)Choosewordsfromtheboxtocompletethetext.Youmayhavetochangethepartofspeech.

transfer computer survey regulate consumption security range

Inrecentyears,thebankingandfinancialservicessectorhasundergoneanumberofchanges.New___________

aredesignedtoimprovethe___________ofphoneandinternettransactionsinthefaceofahugeincreaseinthe

___________of___________crimes.Examplesofthistypeofcrimeincludetheunauthorised___________of

fundsfromoneaccounttoanother.Inarecent________ofbothbanksand____________,itwasfoundthat

confidenceinthesafetyofinternetbankingwasatanalltimelow.


SublisttwothislistofwordscontainsthesecondmostfrequentgroupofwordsintheAcademiccorpus

achieve design potential

acquisition distinction previous

administration elements primary

affect equation purchase

appropriate evaluation range

aspects features region

assistance final regulations

categories focus relevant

chapter impact resident

commission injury resources

community institute restricted

complex investment security

computer items sought

conclusion journal select

conduct maintenance site

consequences normal strategies

construction obtained survey

consumer participation text

credit perceived traditional

cultural positive transfer



VocabularyANSWERSbasedonSublistTwooftheAcademicWordList

1)Collocations.Readthesesentencesandchoosethemostsuitableword.

a) Thecommitteeisinvestigatingtheacquisitionin/of/fromnewresources.

b) Weexpectyoutohavemoreparticipationof/in/todecisionmaking.

c) Studentsneedtolearnstrategiesto/for/fromstudyingindependently.

d) Ourfindingshaveworryingconsequencesfor/in/ofresearchers.

e) ProfessorJoneshasthedistinctionto/of/fromwinningtheawardontwooccasions.

f) Wearecommittedtoalongterminvestmentof/in/atthisprogramme.

2)Choosethecorrectpartofspeech,addingaffixesifnecessary,tocompletethefollowingsentences.

a) Academicsuccesscanonlybeachievedbyhardwork.

ACHIEVEMENT

b) Theproblemsthatweexperiencedaffectedtheresults.

AFFECT

c) Wehaveconclusiveproofofourfindings.

CONCLUSION

d) Thenewinformationhasforcedthescientiststoreevaluatetheirfindings.

EVALUATE

e) Forinsurancepurposes,weneedanitemisedlistofyourbelongings.

ITEM

f) Testscannowidentifygeneticabnormalitiesinanunbornbaby.

NORMAL

3)Choosewordsfromtheboxtocompletethetext.Youmayhavetochangethepartofspeech.

transfer computer survey regulate consumption security range

Inrecentyears,thebankingandfinancialservicessectorhasundergoneanumberofchanges.Newregulations

aredesignedtoimprovethesecurityofphoneandinternettransactionsinthefaceofahugeincreaseinthe

rangeofcomputercrimes.Examplesofthistypeofcrimeincludetheunauthorisedtransferoffundsfromone

accounttoanother.Inarecentsurveyofbothbanksandconsumersitwasfoundthatconfidenceinthesafetyof

internetbankingwasatanalltimelow.

 Sublist3Exercises

1)Antonyms.Foreachoftheadjectives,writeitsoppositeusingaprefix.

A B
justified
proportionate
registered
reliable
specified
sufficient
valid

2)MatchthewordsorexpressionsinBwithaverbfromAandaphrasefromC.

A B C

put adeduction withanothercompany.

establish areaction basedonevidence.

pay acontribution tosomeone.

make apartnership toacharity.

observe emphasis onsomething.

make compensation inatesttube.

3)Completethetextwithwordsfromthelist.Youmayhavetochangethepartofspeech.

outcome criteria considerable commented

shift circumstances immigration minority

TheAustraliangovernmenthasannounceda________________________inits____________policy.Inaneffort

toincreasethenumbersofbothskilledandunskilledworkers,theapplication_____________havebeenrelaxed.A

governmentspokesperson_______________,Current_____________haveledtoaneedfor20,000more

migrants.Wearetargeting____________applicantsinparticularandhopethe_____________forAustraliawillbe

avibrantworkforcewhichcancontinuethiscountryspositivegrowth.

SublistThreethislistofwordscontainsthethirdmostfrequentwordsintheAcademiccorpus

alternative emphasis philosophy

circumstances ensure physical

comments excluded proportion

compensation framework published

components funds reaction

consent illustration registered

considerable immigration reliance

constant implies removed

constraints initial scheme

contribution instance sequence

convention interaction sex

coordination justification shift

core layer specified

corporate link sufficient

corresponding location task

criteria maximum technical

deduction minorities techniques

demonstrate negative technology

document outcomes validity

dominant partnership volume

 VocabularyANSWERSbasedonSublistThreeoftheAcademicWordList

1)Antonyms.Foreachoftheadjectives,writeitsoppositeusingaprefix.

A B
justified unjustified
proportionate disproportionate
registered unregistered
reliable unreliable
specified unspecified
sufficient insufficient
valid invalid

2)MatchthewordsorexpressionsinBwithaverbfromAandaphrasefromC.

A B C

put emphasis onsomething.

establish apartnership withanothercompany.

pay compensation tosomeone.

make acontribution toacharity.

observe areaction inatesttube.

make adeduction basedonevidence.

3)Completethetextwithwordsfromthelist.Youmayhavetochangethepartofspeech.

outcome criteria considerable commented

shift circumstances immigration minority

TheAustraliangovernmenthasannouncedaconsiderableshiftinitsimmigrationpolicy.Inanefforttoincreasethe

numbersofbothskilledandunskilledworkers,theapplicationcriteriahavebeenrelaxed.Agovernment

spokespersoncommented,Currentcircumstanceshaveledtoaneedfor20,000moremigrants.Wearetargeting

minorityapplicantsinparticularandhopetheoutcomeforAustraliawillbeavibrantworkforcewhichcancontinue

thiscountryspositivegrowth.

 Sublist 4 Exercises
1) Complete the table with the correct part of speech.

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

access N/A
commit N/A
cycle N/A
emerged N/A
N/A internally
optional
prediction
N/A principally
promote N/A N/A
project N/A
summarised

2) Complete the following sentences with a word from the box. You may need to change the grammar.

contrast hypothesis ethnic mechanism undertaken prior adequate

a) The government is setting up __________ to help unemployed people return to work.

b) He _____________ to pay the money back within 6 months.
c) We hope that further research will confirm our ___________.
d) You do not need any __________ experience in order to do this job.
e) The results __________ sharply with other medical tests carried out in Australia.
f) The company has yet to give an _____________ explanation for its actions.
g) There are plans to divide the country along __________ lines.

3) Choose the correct word from the list on the left to go with each meaning.

1. adequacy
2. civility large formal meeting
3. conference formal discussion of an issue
4. debate possible future effect/result
5. goal
6. implication
 7. imposed
8. predicted experiencing pressure
9. stressed related to one particular country
10. occupational forced somebody to do something
11. granted
12. domestic

Sublist Four this list of words contains the fourth-most-frequent words in the Academic corpus

access error parallel

adequate ethnic parameters

annual goals phase

apparent granted predicted

approximated hence principal

attitudes hypothesis prior

attributed implementation professional

civil implications project

code imposed promote

commitment integration regime

communication internal resolution

concentration investigation retained

conference job series

contrast label statistics

cycle mechanism status

debate obvious stress

despite occupational subsequent

dimensions option sum

domestic output summary

emerged overall undertaken

 Vocabulary ANSWERS based on Sublist Four of the Academic Word List

3) Complete the table with the correct part of speech.

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

access access accessible N/A
commitment commit committed N/A
cycle cycle (recycle) cyclic (al) N/A
emergence emerge emerged/emerging N/A
N/A internalise/internalize internal internally
option opt (for/to) optional optionally
prediction predict predictable predictably
principal N/A principal principally
promotion promote N/A N/A
projection project projecting/projected N/A
summary summarise/summarize summarised summarily (diff meaning)

2) Complete the following sentences with a word from the box. You may need to change the grammar.

contrast hypothesis ethnic mechanism undertaken prior adequate

a) The government is setting up mechanisms to help unemployed people return to work.

b) He undertook to pay the money back within 6 months.
c) We hope that further research will confirm our hypothesis.
d) You do not need any prior experience in order to do this job.
e) The results contrast sharply with other medical tests carried out in Australia.
f) The company has yet to give an adequate explanation for its actions.
g) There are plans to divide the country along ethnic lines.

3) Choose the correct word from the list on the left to go with each meaning.

1) adequacy
2) civility large formal meeting
3) conference formal discussion of an issue
4) debate possible future effect/result
5) goal
6) implication
7) imposed
8) predicted experiencing pressure
9) stressed related to one particular country
10) occupational forced somebody to do something
11) granted
12) domestic
 Sublist 5 Exercises
1) Collocations. Read these sentences and choose the most suitable word.

a) Once we make adjustments to / for / of inflation, the fall in interest rates is quite small.
b) Many developing countries are making the transition towards / from / in a market economy.
c) The traditional notion of / in / from marriage goes back thousands of years.
d) A childs capacity of / at / for love is without limit.
e) His fathers death gave him a new perspective to / for / on life.
f) The visit to Germany gave them exposure in / at / to the language.

2) Choose the correct part of speech to complete the following sentences. You may have to add an affix.

a) I was ___________ that I had to pay a fee because you didnt tell me.
AWARENESS
b) We engaged the services of an international __________ firm.
CONSULT
c) The awards are given at the _____________ of the President.
DISCRETE
d) The findings of the report are ______________ wrong.
FUNDAMENTAL
e) It is _____________ to think you can do the work of three people.
LOGIC
f) How can we get students to adopt a more serious ______________ towards learning?
ORIENT

3) Choose words from the box to complete the text. You may have to change the part of speech.

monitor energy decline enable expand generate sustainability

In a recent policy speech, a spokesman for the President has announced an ___________ in the number of nuclear

power stations in the United States. He indicated that ____________ oil resources have led to the need to identify a

secure power source. This form of power, under secure conditions and ___________ carefully, will ____________ us

to supply electricity cleanly and safely, he said. The power _____________ by just one nuclear plant can provide

enough electricity for millions of homes. Critics immediately responded with concerns over health and safety. A

spokesman for Greenpeace said, What we need to do is focus more on _____________ forms of _____________.
Sublist Five this list of words contains the fifth-most-frequent words in the Academic corpus

academic evolution orientation

adjustment expansion perspective

alter exposure precise

amendment external prime

aware facilitate psychology

capacity fundamental pursue

challenge generated ratio

clause generation rejected

compounds image revenue

conflict liberal stability

consultation licence styles

contact logic substitution

decline marginal sustainable

discretion medical symbolic

draft mental target

enable modified transition

energy monitoring trend

enforcement network version

entities notion welfare

equivalent objective whereas

 Vocabulary ANSWERS based on Sublist Five of the Academic Word List

1) Collocations. Read these sentences and choose the most suitable word.

a) Once we make adjustments to / for / of inflation, the fall in interest rates is quite small.
b) Many developing countries are making the transition towards / from / in a market economy.
c) The traditional notion of / in / from marriage goes back thousands of years.
d) A childs capacity of / at / for love is without limit.
e) His fathers death gave him a new perspective to / for / on life.
f) The visit to Germany gave them exposure in / at / to the language.

2) Choose the correct part of speech to complete the following sentences. You may have to add an affix.

a) I was unaware that I had to pay a fee because you didnt tell me.
AWARENESS
b) We engaged the services of an international consultancy firm.
CONSULT
c) The awards are given at the discretion of the President.
DISCRETE
d) The findings of the report are fundamentally wrong.
FUNDAMENTAL
e) It is illogical to think you can do the work of three people.
LOGIC
f) How can we get students to adopt a more serious orientation towards learning?
ORIENT

3) Choose words from the box to complete the text. You may have to change the part of speech.

monitor energy decline enable expand generate sustainability

In a recent policy speech, a spokesman for the President has announced an expansion in the number of nuclear

power stations in the United States. He indicated that declining oil resources have led to the need to identify a

secure power source. This form of power, under secure conditions and monitored carefully, will enable us to

supply electricity cleanly and safely, he said. The power generated by just one nuclear plant can provide enough

electricity for millions of homes. Critics immediately responded with concerns over health and safety. A

spokesman for Greenpeace said, What we need to do is focus more on sustainable forms of energy.
 Sublist6Exercises

1)Antonyms.Foreachoftheadjectives,writeitsoppositeusingaprefix.

A B
flexible
capable
inhibited
motivated
rational
subsidized
traceable

2)Completethefollowingsentenceswithawordfromthebox.Youmayneedtochangethegrammar.

enhanced exceeded diverse initiative minimum precede allocating

a) Thisnewsystemwillgive___________accesstoinformationwithinthelibrary.

b) Herperformance___________ourexpectations.

c) Thenewcurriculumwilltakeintoaccountthe__________ofthepopulation.

d) Wehavedecidedto___________legalproceedingsagainstthenewspaper.

e) Ratesoftruancyhaveonlyincreased____________.

f) Hetookthe___________stepofmakingapubliccomment.

g) Youshould__________thesameamountoftimeforeachquestion.

3)Choosewordsfromtheboxtocompletethetext.Youmayhavetochangethepartofspeech.

ignore presumption incentive transformation overseas edition

Inarecent____________inTheAustralian,theissueofthedrasticfallinnumbersofyoungpeopletakingup

apprenticeshipswasraised.Themodernemploymentlandscapehasbeen___________bychangestouniversities

inrecentyears,whichhaveseenhugeincreasesinthenumbersofpeopletakingadegree.Now,thegovernmentis

tryingtoprovide____________toencourageyoungpeopletoconsidertakingupanapprenticeship,aswellas

allowingmoreskilledmigrantstocometoAustralia.Anoppositionspokesmansaid,Theresamistaken

____________thatimportingtheseskillsfrom__________willsolvetheproblem.This___________thefactthat

thisgovernmenthasbeenunderfundingtrainingforyears.


SublistSixthislistofwordscontainsthesixthmostfrequentwordsintheAcademiccorpus

abstract exceed migration

accurate expert minimum

acknowledged explicit ministry

aggregate federal motivation

allocation fees neutral

assigned flexibility nevertheless

attached furthermore overseas

author gender preceding

bond ignored presumption

brief incentive rational

capable incidence recovery

cited incorporated revealed

cooperative index scope

discrimination inhibition subsidiary

display initiatives tapes

diversity input trace

domain instructions transformation

edition intelligence transport

enhanced interval underlying

estate lecture utility

 VocabularyANSWERSbasedonSublistSixoftheAcademicWordList

1)Antonyms.Foreachoftheadjectives,writeitsoppositeusingaprefix.

A B
flexible inflexible
capable incapable
inhibited uninhibited
motivated unmotivated
rational irrational
subsidized unsubsidised
traceable untraceable

2)Completethefollowingsentenceswithawordfromthebox.Youmayneedtochangethegrammar.

enhanced exceeded diverse initiative minimum precede allocating

a) Thisnewsystemwillgiveenhancedaccesstoinformationwithinthelibrary.
b) Herperformanceexceededourexpectations.
c) Thenewcurriculumwilltakeintoaccountthediversityofthepopulation.
d) Wehavedecidedtoinitiatelegalproceedingsagainstthenewspaper.
e) Ratesoftruancyhaveonlyincreasedminimally.
f) Hetooktheunprecedentedstepofmakingapubliccomment.
g) Youshouldallocatethesameamountoftimeforeachquestion.

3)Choosewordsfromtheboxtocompletethetext.Youmayhavetochangethepartofspeech.

ignore presumption incentive transformation overseas edition

InarecenteditionofTheAustralian,theissueofthedrasticfallinnumbersofyoungpeopletakingup

apprenticeshipswasraised.Themodernemploymentlandscapehasbeentransformedbychangestouniversitiesin

recentyears,whichhaveseenhugeincreasesinthenumbersofpeopletakingadegree.Now,thegovernmentis

tryingtoprovideincentivestoencourageyoungpeopletoconsidertakingupanapprenticeship,aswellasallowing

moreskilledmigrantstocometoAustralia.Anoppositionspokesmansaid,Theresamistakenpresumptionthat

importingtheseskillsfromoverseaswillsolvetheproblem.Thisignoresthefactthatthisgovernmenthasbeen

underfundingtrainingforyears.

 Sublist7Exercises

1) Completethetablewiththecorrectpartofspeech.

Noun Verb Adjective(+negative) Adverb

adapt N/A

convert N/A

innovation N/A
priority N/A

prohibitively

denied N/A
disposal N/A

equipped N/A

N/A ideologically

Submit
transmission N/A

2)Completethefollowingsentenceswithawordfromthebox.Youmayneedtochangethegrammar.

empirically classical paradigm couple aid finite intervention

a) Herinjuriesmeanthatsheisnolongerabletowalk_________________.
b) ScholarshavefoundsimilaritiesbetweenthemovieStarWarsandcharactersandsituationsin__________
mythology.
c) Lackofrain____________________withhightemperaturescausedthecropstofail.
d) Theseresultsaresupported________________________byseveralstudies.
e) Theearthonlypossesses____________________resources,whichwilleventuallyrunout.
f) Hewasestablishinghisreputationasascholarwhenthewar_______________________.
g) Writinginstructioninthelasttenyearshasbeenshapedbytwo__________________shapingtheories.

3) Choosethecorrectwordfromthelistonthelefttogowitheachmeaning.

1. adults
2. channel wayofcommunicating
3. decade noinvolvementwithothercountries
4. equipment systemsofsendinginformation
5. isolationism
6. media

7. confirmation
8. elimination removingsubstances
9. guarantee somethingthathappensinnature
10. mode aparticularwayofdoingsomething
11. phenomenon
12. thesis

SublistSeventhislistofwordscontainstheseventhmostfrequentwordsintheAcademiccorpus

adaptation empirical phenomenon

adults equipment priority

advocate extract prohibited

aid file publication

channel finite quotation

chemical foundation release

classical global reverse

comprehensive grade simulation

comprise guarantee solely

confirmed hierarchical somewhat

contrary identical submitted

converted ideology successive

couple inferred survive

decades innovation thesis

definite insert topic

deny intervention transmission

differentiation isolated ultimately

disposal media unique

dynamic mode visible

eliminate paradigm voluntary

 1) Completethetablewiththecorrectpartofspeech.

Noun Verb Adjective(+negative) Adverb

adaption/adaptation adapt adaptive(nonadaptive) N/A
convert/conversion convert converted(unconverted) N/A

innovation innovate innovative N/A

priority prioritise prioritised N/A
prohibition prohibit prohibitive prohibitively
denial/denier deny denied N/A
disposal dispose disposable(indisposed) N/A

equipment equip equipped(unequipped) N/A

ideology/ideologue N/A ideological ideologically
submission/submissiveness submit submissive submissively

transmission transmit transmittable N/A

2) Completethefollowingsentenceswithawordfromthebox.Youmayneedtochangethegrammar.

empirically classical paradigm couple aid finite intervention

a) Herinjuriesmeanthatsheisnolongerabletowalkunaided.
b) ScholarshavefoundsimilaritiesbetweenthemovieStarWarsandcharactersandsituationsinclassical
mythology.
c) Lackofraincoupledwithhightemperaturescausedthecropstofail.
d) Theseresultsaresupportedempiricallybyseveralstudies.
e) Theearthonlypossessesfiniteresources,whichwilleventuallyrunout.
f) Hewasestablishinghisreputationasascholarwhenthewarintervened.
g) Writinginstructioninthelasttenyearshasbeenshapedbytwoparadigmsshapingtheories.

3) Choosethecorrectwordfromthelistonthelefttogowitheachmeaning.

1) adults
2) channel wayofcommunicating

3) decade
noinvolvementwithothercountries
4) equipment systemsofsendinginformation

5) isolationism

6) media



7) confirmation
8) elimination removingsubstances
9) guarantee somethingthathappensinnature
10) mode aparticularwayofdoingsomething
11) phenomenon
12) thesis
 Sublist 8 Exercises
1) Collocations. Read these sentences and choose the most suitable preposition.

a) The disease is accompanied with / by / from a high temperature.

b) It helps children develop an appreciation of / for / in poetry and drama.
c) We must behave in conformity of / to / with local customs.
d) There must be no deviation from / in / to the normal procedure.
e) The film industry thrives on the exploitation to / of / in women.
f) The fluctuation of / on / in interest rates is very worrying.

2) Choose the correct part of speech of the word in brackets, adding affixes if necessary, to complete the following
sentences.

a) We expected a completely _______________ response from the government, but this response is very
confusing.
AMBIGUITY
b) Could you help me _______________ one or two points?
CLARITY
c) The decision will _______________ lead to political tensions.
INEVITABILITY
d) The _______________ costs of increasing superannuation must be considered.
PROSPECT
e) The press conference had to be _______________ until July 29th due to a clash of dates.
SCHEDULE
f) Forecasts for the economic are being _______________ downwards.
REVISION

3) Choose words from the box to complete the text. You may have to change the part of speech.

currency tensions widespread commodity fluctuate dramatic inevitable

Economic conditions continue to be of _____________ concern to many analysts around the world, who cannot

see any improvements, particularly in the ___________ market. The dollar has been unstable for several weeks.

___________ in the troubled Middle-East are causing the high prices, particularly in _____________ such as oil,

a spokesman said today, and this is why we have seen the _____________ of recent weeks. The _____________

increase in the price of a barrel of oil is having a knock-on effect around the world. Transport providers have to

pay more for petrol and this will _____________ affect customers, she said.
Sublist Eight this list of words contains the eighth most-frequent words in the Academic corpus

abandon deviation plus

accompanied displacement practitioners

accumulation dramatic predominantly

ambiguous eventually prospect

appendix exhibit radical

appreciation exploitation random

arbitrary fluctuations reinforced

automatically guidelines restore

bias highlighted revision

chart implicit schedule

clarity induced tension

conformity inevitably termination

commodity infrastructure theme

complement inspection thereby

contemporary intensity uniform

contradiction manipulation vehicle

crucial minimised via

currency nuclear virtually

denote offset widespread

detected paragraph visual

 Vocabulary ANSWERS based on Sublist Eight of the Academic Word List

1) Collocations. Read these sentences and choose the most suitable preposition.

a) The disease is accompanied with / by / from a high temperature.

b) It helps children develop an appreciation of / for / in poetry and drama.
c) We must behave in conformity of / to / with local customs.
d) There must be no deviation from / in / to the normal procedure.
e) The film industry thrives on the exploitation to / of / in women.
f) The fluctuation of / on / in interest rates is very worrying.

2) Choose the correct part of speech of the word in brackets, adding affixes if necessary, to complete the following
sentences.

a) We expected a completely unambiguous response from the government, but this response is very
confusing.
AMBIGUITY
b) Could you help me clarify one or two points?
CLARITY
c) The decision will inevitably lead to political tensions.
INEVITABILITY
d) The prospective costs of increasing superannuation must be considered.
PROSPECT
e) The press conference had to be rescheduled until July 29th due to a clash of dates.
SCHEDULE
f) Forecasts for the economic are being revised downwards.
REVISION

3) Choose words from the box to complete the text. You may have to change the part of speech.

currency tensions widespread commodity fluctuate dramatic inevitable

Economic conditions continue to be of widespread concern to many analysts, who cannot see any improvements,

particularly in the currency market. The dollar has seen been unstable for several weeks. Tensions in the Middle-

East are causing the high prices, particularly in commodities such as oil, a spokesman said today, and this is why

we have seen the fluctuations of recent weeks. The dramatic increase in the price of a barrel of oil is having a

knock-on effect around the world. Transport providers have to pay more for petrol and this will inevitably affect

customers, she said.

 Sublist9Exercises

1)Antonyms.Foreachoftheadjectives,writeitsoppositeusingaprefix.

A B
restrained
mature
ethical
diminished
confined
compatible
attainable

2)Choosethecorrectwordfromthelistonthelefttomatcheachmeaning.

1. rigidity
2. suspension improvement(usu.small)
3. violation understanding
4. refinement actionthatbreaksalaw
5. insight
6. erosion

7. diminution
8. device systemofrules
9. compatibility whenthingsexisttogetherwell
10. attainment reductioninamount
11. protocol
12. revolution

3)Choosewordsfromtheboxtocompletethetext.Youmayhavetochangethepartofspeech.

preliminary integral concurrent trigger mediation supplementary qualitative

a) ThePresidentsassassination______________awaveofriots.

b) Imafraidthebankwillrequiresome____________informationinordertoproceed.

c) Theresearcherprovidedonlya______________studyofeducationalservices,whichwillneedfurther

work.

d) Womensexperiencesare_____________differentfrommens.

e) TheUnitedNationshasofferedto____________betweenthewarringfactions.

f) Statisticsarean____________partofmedicalresearch.

g) Heshouldbereleasedinonlytwoyears,becausehissentencesarerunning________________.


SublistNinethislistofwordscontainstheninthmostfrequentwordsintheAcademiccorpus.

accommodation duration preliminary

analogous erosion protocol

anticipated ethical qualitative

assurance format refine

attained founded relaxed

behalf inherent restraints

bulk insights revolution

ceases integral rigid

coherence intermediate route

coincide manual scenario

commenced mature sphere

incompatible mediation subordinate

concurrent medium supplementary

confined military suspended

controversy minimal team

conversely mutual temporary

device norms trigger

devoted overlap unified

diminish passive violation

distort portion vision

 VocabularyANSWERSbasedonSublistNineoftheAcademicWordList

1)Antonyms.Foreachoftheadjectives,writeitsoppositeusingaprefix.

A B
restrained unrestrained
mature immature
ethical unethical
diminished undiminished
confined unconfined
compatible incompatible
attainable unattainable

2)Choosethecorrectwordfromthelistonthelefttomatcheachmeaning.

1. rigidity
2. suspension improvement(usu.small)
3. violation understanding
4. refinement actionthatbreaksalaw
5. insight
6. erosion

7. diminution
8. device systemofrules
9. compatibility whenthingsexisttogetherwell
10. attainment reductioninamount
11. protocol
12. revolution

3)Choosewordsfromtheboxtocompletethetext.Youmayhavetochangethepartofspeech.

preliminary integral concurrent trigger mediation supplementary qualitative

a) ThePresidentsassassinationtriggeredawaveofriots.
b) Imafraidthebankwillrequiresomesupplementaryinformationinordertoproceed.
c) Theresearcherprovidedonlyapreliminarystudyofeducationalservices,whichwillneedfurther
work.
d) Womensexperiencesarequalitativelydifferentfrommens.
e) TheUnitedNationshasofferedtomediatebetweenthewarringfactions.
f) Statisticsareanintegralpartofmedicalresearch.
g) Heshouldbereleasedinonlytwoyears,becausehissentencesarerunningconcurrently.
 Sublist10Exercises

1)Choosethecorrectpartofspeechofthewordinbrackets,addingaffixesifnecessary,tocompletethefollowing
sentences.

a) Theargumentputforwardbytheministerwasso____________thatshelostherseat.
CONVINCED
b) Manypatientsfallintoa_________________statewhiletheyareonthismedication.
DEPRESSION
c) Theteacherwasnot__________________tohelpthestudentswhodidlittleornohomework.
INCLINATION
d) Thecity________________aseriesofupgradestoitsroadnetworkduringthe1990s.
UNDERGO
e) Duringthe19thCenturytheideathatinstantcommunicationcouldhappenacrosscontinentswas
__________________.
CONCEIVED
f) Nobodycouldblametheyoungboyforhis_________________toswimacrossthewildriver.
RELUCTANT

2)Choosethecorrectwordfromthelistonthelefttomatcheachmeaning.

1. collapse
2. levy beinganextremelyimportantandbasiccharacteristic
3. encountered similartoatax
4. intrinsic lastingforalongtime/difficulttogetridof
5. persistent
6. colleagues

7. depression
8. integrity aregularmeetingofaparticulargroup
9. reluctant notwillingtodosomething(maybeslowtodoit)
10. assembly thequalityofbeinghonestandhavingprinciples.
11. enormous
12. convinced

3)Choosewordsfromtheboxtocompletethetext.Youmayhavetochangethepartofspeech.

adjacent albeit persistent whereby nonetheless enormous likewise

Abreakthroughinresearchonararebonediseasehasgivenhopetosufferers,andhasgreatsignificanceforthe
futureofosteopathy.The______________painassociatedwiththediseasecanbeminimisedwithoutdrugs,
_____________forshortperiods.Bystrengtheningtissues______________totheaffectedjoints,suffererscan
graduallyimprovepainfreemobility.Thecourseoftreatment,___________apatientattendsacliniconceaweek,
hasproducedencouragingresultsinclinicaltrials._____________,researchersareoptimisticabouttheresultsofa
concurrentstudywhichtreatsthediseasewithacalcium richdiet.Trialsareasyetinconclusive;_______________
researchersarereasonablycertainthatthisbreakthroughwillimprovethelivesofsufferers_______________.


SublistTenthislistofwordscontainsthe30leastfrequentwordsintheAcademiccorpus.

adjacent enormous odd

albeit forthcoming ongoing

assembly inclination panel

collapse integrity persistent

colleagues intrinsic posed

compiled invoked reluctant

conceived levy so-called

convinced likewise straightforward

depression nonetheless undergo

encountered notwithstanding whereby

 VocabularyANSWERSbasedonSublistTenoftheAcademicWordList

1)Choosethecorrectpartofspeechofthewordinbrackets,addingaffixesifnecessary,tocompletethefollowing
sentences.

a) Theargumentputforwardbytheministerwassounconvincingthatshelostherseat.
CONVINCED
b) Manypatientsfallintoadepressive statewhiletheyareonthismedication.
DEPRESSION
c) Theteacherwasnotinclined tohelpthestudentswhodidlittleornohomework.
INCLINATION
d) Thecityunderwentaseriesofupgradestoitsroadnetworkduringthe1990s.
UNDERGO
e) Duringthe19thCenturytheideathatinstantcommunicationcouldhappenacrosscontinentswas

inconceivable .

CONCEIVED
f) Nobodycouldblametheyoungboyforhisreluctancetoswimacrossthewildriver.
RELUCTANT

2)Choosethecorrectwordfromthelistonthelefttomatcheachmeaning.

1. collapse
2. levy beinganextremelyimportantandbasiccharacteristic
3. encountered similartoatax
4. intrinsic lastingforalongtime/difficulttogetridof
5. persistent
6. colleagues

7. depression
8. integrity aregularmeetingofaparticulargroup
9. reluctant notwillingtodosomething(maybeslowtodoit)
10. assembly thequalityofbeinghonestandhavingprinciples.
11. enormous
12. convinced

3)Choosewordsfromtheboxtocompletethetext.Youmayhavetochangethepartofspeech.

adjacent albeit persistent whereby nonetheless enormous likewise

Abreakthroughinresearchonararebonediseasehasgivenhopetosufferers,andhasgreatsignificanceforthe
futureofosteopathy.Thepersistentpainassociatedwiththediseasecanbeminimisedwithoutdrugs,albeit
forshortperiods.Bystrengtheningtissuesadjacent totheaffectedjoints,suffererscangraduallyimprovepain
freemobility.Thecourseoftreatment,wherebyapatientattendsacliniconceaweek,hasproduced
encouragingresultsinclinicaltrials.Likewise,researchersareoptimisticabouttheresultsofaconcurrent
studywhichtreatsthediseasewithacalcium richdiet.Trialsareasyetinconclusive;nonetheless,researchers
arereasonablycertainthatthisbreakthroughwillimprovethelivesofsufferers_enormously.