BRUEL, Therese Justine A.
1C
EXPERIMENT 04: Identification of an
Unknown through Qualitative Analysis
OBJECTIVES.
Understand the concepts behind qualitative analysis and apply it in the experiment.
Understand which compounds react to the tests provided in order to come to a
conclusion regarding the identity of the unknown sample.
REAGENTS.
IUPAC NAME AND PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE PROPERTIES
Appearance: Clear, colorless
liquid
Solubility: less than 1 mg/ml at
64
toluene deg F; in water, 526 mg/L at 25
deg C
Boiling Pt.: 231.1 deg F at 760
mm Hg; 110.6 deg C
Melting Pt.: -139 deg F; -94.9
deg C
Molecular Weight: 92.141 g.mol
Appearance: Clear, colorless
liquid
Solubility: less than 1 mg/mL at
cyclohexane 63 deg F; in water, 55 mg/L at
25 deg C
Boiling Pt: 177.3 deg F at 760
mm
Hg; 80.7 deg C at 760 mm Hg
Melting Pt: 43.7 deg F; 6.47 deg
C
Molecular Weight: 84.162 g/mol
14 September 2017
SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
Vapors irritate eyes
and upper respiratory
tract; cause dizziness,
headache, anesthesia,
respiratory arrest.
Liquid irritates eyes
and causes drying of
skin. If aspirated,
causes coughing,
gagging, distress, and
rapidly developing
pulmonary edema. If
ingested causes
vomiting, griping,
diarrhea, depressed
respiration.(USCG,
1999)
Dizziness, with
nausea and vomiting.
Concentrated vapor
may cause
unconsciousness and
collapse.(USCG,
1999)
 Appearance: Colorless, oily -Vapor is narcotic in
liquid action and irritating
to respiratory
t-butanol Solubility: passages. Liquid is
irritating to skin and
Boiling Pt: 180 deg F at 760 mm eyes.(USCG, 1999)
Hg; 82.3 deg C
-Vapour/air mixtures
Melting Pt: 77.9 deg F; 25.81 deg are explosive.
C Heating will cause
rise in pressure with
Molecular Weight: 74.123 g/mol risk of bursting

Appearance: Clear, colorless -Inhalation or contact

liquid with material may
irritate or burn skin
Solubility: greater than or equal and eyes. Fire may
to 100 mg/mL at 73 deg F; in produce irritating,
water, 1000000 mg/L at 25 deg corrosive and/or
C toxic gases. Vapors
may cause dizziness
Boiling Pt: 173.3 deg F t 760 or suffocation.
mm Hg; 78.2 deg C Runoff from fire
control may cause
Melting Pt: -173.4 deg F; -114.1 pollution.(ERG,
deg C 2016)

Molecular Weight:46.069 g/ml -VAPOR: Irritating

ethanol to eyes, nose and
throat. LIQUID: Not
harmful.(USCG,
1999)

-Symptoms of
exposure to this
compound may
include irritation.
Ingestion may result
in mucous membrane
irritation. Eye contact
may cause immediate
pain and conjunctival
hyperemia, but no
serious injury.
ACUTE/CHRONIC
HAZARDS: This
compound may cause
local irritation. It may
also cause mucous
membrane irritation.
 When heated to
decomposition it
emits acrid smoke
and fumes.(NTP,
1992)
Appearance: Clear, colorless INHALATION:
liquid vapor irritating to
eyes and mucous
Solubility: greater than or equal membranes; acts as
to 100 mg/mL at 72 deg F; 1000 an anesthetic in very
mg/mL at 25 deg C high concentrations.
INGESTION: low
Boiling Pt: 133 deg F at 760 mm order of toxicity but
Hg; 56.08 deg C very irritating to
mucous membranes.
Melting Pt: -137 deg F; -94.9 deg SKIN: prolonged
C excessive contact
causes defatting of
Molecular Weight: 58.08 g/mol the skin, possibly
leading to
dermatitis(USCG,
1999)

HIGHLY
FLAMMABLE: Will
acetone be easily ignited by
heat, sparks or
flames. Vapors may
form explosive
mixtures with air.
Vapors may travel to
source of ignition
and flash back. Most
vapors are heavier
than air. They will
spread along ground
and collect in low or
confined areas
(sewers, basements,
tanks). Vapor
explosion hazard
indoors, outdoors or
in sewers. Those
substances designated
with a (P) may
polymerize
explosively when
heated or involved in
a fire. Runoff to
sewer may create fire
or explosion hazard.

Appearance: Clear, colorless
liquid
Solubility: 50 to 100 mg/mL at
70 deg F; in water, 80 mg/mL at
25 deg C
Boiling Pt: 171 deg F at 760 mm
Hg; 77.1 deg C
Melting Pt: -118.5 deg F; -83.8
deg C
Molecular Weight: 88.106 g/mol
ethyl acetate
benzaldehyde Appearance: Clear, colorless to
yellow liquid
Solubility: less than 0.1 mg/mL
at 67.1 deg F; in water, 6950
mg/L at 25 deg C
Containers may
explode when heated.
Many liquids are
lighter than water.
(ERG, 2016)
HIGHLY
FLAMMABLE: Will
be easily ignited by
heat, sparks or
flames. Vapors may
form explosive
mixtures with air.
Vapors may travel to
source of ignition
and flash back. Most
vapors are heavier
than air. They will
spread along ground
and collect in low or
confined areas
(sewers, basements,
tanks). Vapor
explosion hazard
indoors, outdoors or
in sewers. Those
substances designated
with a (P) may
polymerize
explosively when
heated or involved in
a fire. Runoff to
sewer may create fire
or explosion hazard.
Containers may
explode when heated.
Many liquids are
lighter than
water.(ERG, 2016)
-Vapour/air mixtures
are explosive.
Heating will cause
rise in pressure with
risk of bursting.
HIGHLY
FLAMMABLE: Will
be easily ignited by
heat, sparks or
flames. Vapors may
form explosive
mixtures with air.
 Boiling Pt: 354 deg F at 760 mm Vapors may travel to
Hg; 178.7 deg C source of ignition
and flash back. Most
Melting Pt: -15 deg F; -57.12 deg vapors are heavier
C than air. They will
Molecular Weight: 106.124 spread along ground
g/mol and collect in low or
confined areas
(sewers, basements,
tanks). Vapor
explosion hazard
indoors, outdoors or
in sewers. Those
substances designated
with a (P) may
polymerize
explosively when
heated or involved in
a fire. Runoff to
sewer may create fire
or explosion hazard.
Containers may
explode when heated.
Many liquids are
lighter than
water.(ERG, 2016)
Appearance: Colorless or white -Concentrated
crystalline solid, becomes black solutions will
on exposure to light produce irritation,
ulceration, and
Solubility: greater than or equal discoloration of the
to 100 mg/mL at 61 deg F; 122 skin; also causes
G SOL in 100 CC Water severe irritation of
the eyes. Ingestion
silver nitrate Boiling Pt: 824 deg F at 760 mm will produce violent
Hg; 440 deg C abdominal pain and
other gastroenteric
Melting Pt: 414 deg F; 212 deg C symptoms.(USCG,
1999)
Molecular Weight: 169.872
g/mol -Behavior in Fire:
Increases
flammability of
combustibles.(USCG,
1999)

-Not combustible but

enhances combustion
of other substances.
Gives off irritating or

Appearance: Pale yellow to
reddish brown liquid
Solubility: in water, at 20 deg C
Boiling Pt: 181 deg F at 760 mm
Hg; 83 deg C/ 121 deg C
Melting Pt: -44 deg F; -41.6 deg
nitric acid C corrosive or
Molecular Weight: 63.012 g/mol
Appearance: Purplish colored
crystalline solid
Solubility: 25g/100 at 65 deg C
Boiling Pt:
potassium permanganate Melting Pt: greater than 464 deg
F 1999)
toxic fumes (or gases)
in a fire.
TOXIC; inhalation,
ingestion or contact
(skin, eyes) with
vapors, dusts or
substance may cause
severe injury, burns
or death. Reaction
with water or moist
air may release toxic,
flammable gases.
Reaction with water
may generate much
heat that will increase
the concentration of
fumes in the air. Fire
will produce
irritating, corrosive
and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire
control or dilution
water may be
corrosive and/or
toxic and cause
pollution(ERG,
2016)
-Burns and stains the
skin dark brown. If
ingested will cause
severe distress of
gastro-intestinal
system. May be fatal
if over 4 oz. are
consumed(USCG,

Molecular Weight: 158.032 -Behavior in Fire:

g/mol May cause fire on
contact with
combustibles.
Containers may
explode. (USCG,
1999)

-Risk of fire and

explosion on contact
with combustible
substances or
reducing agents.
 Appearance: White crystalline Exposure Routes:
solid inhalation, skin
and/or eye contact
Solubility: 435% at 70 deg F; Symptoms: Irritation
432g/100g water at 25 deg C; eyes, skin, nose,
614g/100g water at 100 deg C throat; conjunctivitis;
cough, copious
zinc chloride Boiling Pt: 1350 deg F at 760 sputum; dyspnea
mm Hg; 732 deg C (breathing difficulty),
chest pain,
Melting Pt: 554 deg F; 290 deg C pulmonary edema,
pneumonitis;
Molecular Weight: 136.28 g/mol pulmonary fibrosis,
cor pulmonale; fever;
cyanosis; tachypnea;
skin burns Target
Organs: Eyes, skin,
respiratory system,
cardiovascular system
(NIOSH, 2016)
Appearance: Dark purplish-red -A powerful irritant
crystals of skin, eyes, &
Solubility: in water, 169g/100g mucous membranes.
chromic acid at 25 deg C; in water, 1854 g/L
at 20 deg C -Can cause a
dermatitis,
Boiling Pt:decomposes at about bronchoasthma,
250 deg C "chrome holes",
damage to the eyes.
Melting Pt:196 deg C

Molecular Weight: 118.008

g/mol

Appearance: Colorless to light TOXIC; inhalation,

brown aqueous solution
iron (III) chloride Solubility: in cold water,
74.4g/100cc at 0 deg C; in hot
water, 535.7 g/100cc at 100 deg
C; in acetone, 63 g/100cc at 18
deg C
Boiling Pt: ~316 deg C; 288 deg
F skin contact. Effects
Melting Pt: 304 deg C
Molecular Weight: 162.195
g/mol
ingestion or skin
contact with material
may cause severe
injury or death.
Contact with molten
substance may cause
severe burns to skin
and eyes. Avoid any
of contact or
inhalation may be
delayed. Fire may
produce irritating,
corrosive and/or
toxic gases. Runoff
from fire control or
 dilution water may be
corrosive and/or
toxic and cause
pollution. (ERG,
2016)
Appearance: Bright yellow or Exposure Routes:
yellow powder/crystals inhalation, skin
absorption, ingestion,
Solubility: less than 1 mg/mL at skin and/or eye
75 deg F; 13.6g/100ml ether at contact Symptoms:
iodoform 25 deg C; 7.8g/100ml ethanol at Irritation eyes, skin;
25 deg C; in water, 100mg/L at lassitude (weakness,
room temp. exhaustion),
dizziness, nausea,
Boiling Pt: 424 deg F at 760 mm incoordination,
Hg; 218 deg C central nervous
system depression;
Melting Pt: 248 deg F; 119 deg C dyspnea (breathing
difficulty); liver,
Molecular Weight: 393.732 kidney, heart damage;
g/mol visual disturbance
Target Organs: Eyes,
skin, respiratory
system, liver, kidneys,
heart(NIOSH, 2016)
Appearance: Red or orange Flammable solids
powder Harmful if swallowed
Causes serious eye
Solubility: slightly soluble in irritation
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine water

Boiling Pt:

Melting Pt: 198 to 202 deg C;

388 to 296 deg F; 471 to 475 K

Molecular Weight: 198.138

g/mol

Appearance: Colorless liquid; Strong corrosive

white solid action on contacted
tissues.
sodium hydroxide Solubility: 111%; 1g dissolves in INHALATION: dust
7.2 mL absolute alcohol; in may cause damage to
water, 1g/100mL at 20 deg C upper respiratory
tract and lung itself,
Boiling Pt:< 266 deg F at 760 producing from mild
mm Hg; 1388 deg C; 2534 deg F nose irritation to
pneumonitis.
Melting Pt: 604 deg F; 323 deg C INGESTION: severe
damage to mucous
 Molecular Weight: 39.997 g/mol membranes; severe
scar formation or
perforation may
occur. EYE
CONTACT:
produces severe
damage.(USCG,
1999)
Appearance: White crystalline Symptoms of
powder/lumps exposure to this
compound include
Solubility:100000 mg/L at 25 deg irritation of the skin,
C eyes, nose and
throat, coughing,
Boiling Pt: chest discomfort and
gastrointestinal
Melting Pt: decomposes at 228 disturbance. It may
deg F and at 50 deg C cause distention or
rupture of the
Mol. Weight: 84.006 g/mol stomach, systemic
alkalosis, edema and
expansion of
sodium bicarbonate
extracellular fluid
volume. Severe
alkalosis may be
characterized by
hyperirritability and
tetany. It can cause
cerebral edema
leading to death. It
may also cause renal
injury.
ACUTE/CHRONIC
HAZARDS: When
heated to
decomposition this
compound emits
toxic fumes of
carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide and
sodium oxides.
(NTP, 1992)
Appearance: Colorless watery Inhalation of fumes
hydrochloric acid liquid results in coughing
and choking
Solubility: 82.3 g/100g at 32 deg sensation, and
F irritation of nose and
lungs. Liquid causes
Boiling Pt: 123 deg F at 760 mm burns. (USCG, 1999)
Hg; -85.05 deg C at 760 mm Hg
 Melting Pt: -174.6 deg F; -114.22
deg C
Mol. Weight: 36.458 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless oily liquid
Solubility: in water, at 20 deg C
Boiling Pt: 554 deg F at 760 mm
Hg; 337 deg C
Melting Pt: 50.65 deg F; 10.31
deg C
Mol. Weight: 98.072 g/mol
sulfuric acid
Appearance: clear colorless
ammonia liquid; clear colorless gas
Solubility: In water, 4.82X10+5
mg/L at 24 deg C
Boiling Pt: -28.03 deg F at 760
mm Hg; -33.35 deg C at 760 mm
Hg
Corrosive to all body
tissues. Inhalation of
vapor may cause
serious lung damage.
Contact with eyes
may result in total
loss of vision. Skin
contact may produce
severe necrosis. Fatal
amount for adult:
between 1
teaspoonful and one-
half ounce of the
concentrated
chemical. Even a few
drops may be fatal if
the acid gains access
to the trachea.
Chronic exposure
may cause
tracheobronchitis,
stomatitis,
conjunctivitis, and
gastritis. Gastric
perforation and
peritonitis may occur
and may be followed
by circulatory
collapse. Circulatory
shock is often the
immediate cause of
death. Those with
chronic respiratory,
gastrointestinal, or
nervous diseases and
any eye and skin
diseases are at greater
risk. (EPA, 1998)
TOXIC; may be fatal
if inhaled, ingested or
absorbed through
skin. Vapors are
extremely irritating
and corrosive.
Contact with gas or
liquefied gas may
cause burns, severe

Melting Pt: -107.9 deg F; -77.7
deg C
Mol. Weight: 17.031 g/mol
PROCEDURE.
Figure 1. Solubility.
injury and/or
frostbite. Fire will
produce irritating,
corrosive and/or
toxic gases. Runoff
from fire control
may cause pollution.
(ERG, 2016)
Figure 2: Ignition Test

Figure 3: Alcoholic Silver Nitrate Test

Figure 4: Baeyer Test
Figure 5: Lucas Test
Figure 6: Chromic Acid Test
Figure 7: Iron (III) Chloride
Figure 8: Hydroxamic Acid Test
Figure 9: Iodoform Test
Figure 10: 2,4-DNPH Test
Figure 11: Tollens Test

DATA AND OBSERVATIONS.

Table 1. Noted observations during the experiment.

SAMPLE USED SOLUTION USED OBSERVATIONS ON

CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
Table 2. Results from the experiment.

SAMPLE USED SOLUTION USED POSITIVE REACTION?

SOURCES:

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1140#section=Clinical-Laboratory-
Methods

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/8078

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6386

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/702

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/180

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/8857

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/240

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/24470
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/944

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/516875

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/24425

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/24380

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6374

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3772977

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14798