Tutorial 1

Overview
Epidemiological principles and methods are used to describe the frequency and the determinants
of disease, injury and death occurrence. In this chapter you will learn about the epidemiological
measures that are used to quantify the frequency of morbidity and mortality in a population.

Objective
After this session, students were expected to better able to:
1. define the basic measurement including proportion, rate and ratio
2. define and calculate define and calculate a range of measures of frequency of disease,
including prevalence, risk, odds and rates
3. define and calculate crude and specific morbidity rates

Activity 1.
a. Determine whether each of the following statements is ratio, proportion or rate

No Statements Answer

A. The incidence of malaria is 30/100.000 population per year

Occurrence of typhoid cases in a elementary school for class 4 to class 5

B.
is 1: 5

Person who had consumed fried rice has 5.4 higher risk to develop
C.
illness compare to those who did not consumed fried rice

80% of measles cases in Yogyakarta have no history of measles

D.
vaccination

Patient who had surgery procedure at room A has 4.3 higher risk to
E. develop post-surgery infection compare to those who had surgery
procedure at room C in the Y Hospital

b. Your tutor will give you five minutes to develop your own example and ask your friend to
answer, please explain the answer based on your friend answer.
Low Birth Weight Neonates and outcome in 28th of live in Magelang District 2016

category
date of date of delivery mom
ID sex outcome weight of
birth death place education
birth
Mn male 2-Feb-56 death 1500-2449 2-Jun-56 hospital intermediate
Ge female 4-Apr-56 death <1500 28-May-56 clinic low
Su female 12-Dec-56 death 1500-2449 27-Jan-57 hospital low
Ma female 19-Feb-56 death 1500-2449 4-Apr-56 clinic low
So female 2-Apr-56 death 1500-2449 10-May-56 hospital low
Se male 17-Dec-56 death 1500-2449 17-Jan-57 hospital low
Te female 8-Apr-56 death 1500-2449 8-May-56 hospital low
Ja female 31-Dec-55 live 1500-2449 hospital high
Bl male 1-Mar-56 death 1500-2449 29-Mar-56 puskesmas low
Tm female 31-Dec-55 live 1500-2449 hospital low
Sa male 18-Jan-56 death 1500-2449 14-Feb-56 hospital low
Ng male 21-Nov-56 death <1500 16-Dec-56 clinic intermediate
Ba male 15-Sep-56 death 1500-2449 8-Oct-56 clinic low
Gn male 1-Mar-56 death 1500-2449 21-Mar-56 puskesmas intermediate
Sb male 3-Feb-56 death <1500 21-Feb-56 hospital low
Km male 1-Aug-56 death <1500 18-Aug-56 hospital low
Sd male 17-Sep-56 death 1500-2449 3-Oct-56 hospital low
Do male 7-Mar-56 death 1500-2449 22-Mar-56 hospital low
Me female 17-Apr-56 death 1500-2449 1-May-56 hospital low
Source data: Chrisnaety Silaban, 2016

Based on information provide in the table above, answer the questions below
a. What is the ratio of death outcome to live outcome among low birth weight baby in Magelang
District 2016?
b. What proportion of infants lived?
c. What proportion of mother low education background among death infant?
d. What is the ratio of male and female among death infant?

Activity 2
On January 2015, Borda Garment Factory was reported a number of their employee suffering
from nausea and vomiting after the lunch break. The lunch break was provided by three
catering and served the same menu for the entire employee. There were 1917 employee who
had lunch on that day and 107 of them got ill and hospitalized.
During the investigation, it found that there were 527-lunch box served by A catering and 7
were ill, 625-lunch box served by B catering and 80 were ill, and 738-lunch box served by
catering C and 20 were ill. Calculate and interpret the following:
a) Crude attack rate?
b) Catering-specific attack rate (hint: create a table)?
c) Interpret your finding?. Help the DHO to find out which catering seems to be responsible
for this outbreak?
d) Why not all of the employees were sick?

e) Could you mention the other term (synonyms) for attack rate?

Activity 3
Five hundred men who were working in Factory Aun were screened for HIV on 31 January 2005 for
the first time, and 30 of them were found to be positive for HIV antibodies. These 30 employees
were than referred to HIV clinic for further examination and treatment. The screening was a part
of health reproductive program in the factory and establish on yearly basis. The yearly HIV
screening program for employee was than repeated again on 31 January 2006 in the same 500
men and found that 50 employee were positive, including 30 men who were positive on the 2005
screening (no one had died or lost to follow-up)

1. What is the prevalence of HIV in men working in factory A on 31 January 2005, and on 31
January 2006?

2. What is the annual risk of developing HIV infection in men working in factory A in 2005?

2000 men from factory Hun were screened for HIV on 1 January 2012 and 60 men were found to
be HIV positive. For those who are positive, the factory clinic referred them to HIV clinic at the
district level for further exam and treatment. All the men were tested for HIV once a month until
31 December 2012 and all test carried out at the end of the month. 20 men became HIV positive
during these 12 months. Figure below shows when these 20 men become HIV positive. The
remaining 1920 men were still HIV negative by December 2012. No one died or was lost to follow
up during this period.

1. What were the odds of becoming infected with HIV in the first 6 months of 2012 in the 20
men who became HIV-positive that year?

2. What is the total number of person-months at risk of HIV infection observed in this
study?

3. What is the incidence rate of HIV infection in men working in factory Hun?
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