DATA and ANALYSIS

In this section, I will list all the data that we had collected and calculated
during our experiment. Included in this are the diameter, height, thickness,
volume and Density. Also, I will include the calculations we did to find the
required densities in the two experiments. Since we did two different
experiments, this section is further divided into two sub-sections of
Experiment 1 and Experiment 2.

Experiment 1: Finding the density of a Hollow cylinder

In this experiment, we had to find the density of a hollow cylinder.

The readings taken from the Vernier caliper:

No. of Main Scale Veriner Least Total
repetitions Reading Scale Count Reading=Main
(mm) Reading (mm) Scale+(vernier
(mm) Scale reading
x Least count)
(mm)
1 80 1 0.05 80.05
Length 2 80 1 0.05 80.05
3 80 1 0.05 80.05
External 1 8 0.5 0.05 8.025
Diameter 2 8 0.5 0.05 8.025
3 8 0.5 0.05 8.025
Internal 1 7 7 0.05 7.35
Diameter 2 7 8 0.05 7.40
3 7 8 0.05 7.40

Using the above Readings to calculate External and Internal Area:

L D1 A1 D2 A2
Length Ext Ext. Cross- Int. Int. Cross-
(mm) Diameter sectional Diameter sectional
(mm) Area(mm^2) (mm^2) Area
(mm^2)
80.05 8.025 50.55 7.37 42.69
Then finding the External and Internal Volume and finally the Density
External Internal Occupied Volume Mass (g) Density(g/mm^3)
Volume(mm^3) Volume (mm^3) (mm^3)
V1 = A1 x L V2=A2 x L V= V1 V2 M D=M/V
4046 3417 629 50 7.9x 10^-2

To calculate the Area, we used the formula [ = ( )2 ], because we found
2

the Diameter, not the radius, so we use r = . After that we find the External
2
and the Internal Volume by multiplying Area with Length, external volume is
found by using (V1=A1 x Length) and the internal Volume is found by using
(V1=A1 x Length) Then we subtract V1 with V2 to find the Occupied volume.

After that, we eventually found the Density by dividing the Mass with the
Occupied Volume.

Density =

And our density was found to be 7.9 102

Experiment 2: Finding the Density of a hanging mass

In this experiment we had to find the density of a hanging mass which are
used as weighs in physics experiments.

Since the object didn't have a regular shape, we divided it into three sections,
and then to find the occupied volume, we subtracted its total volume with the
sum of its two unoccupied volume.
Volume of the Whole Mass:

2 2 2 2
No. of Height Diameter Cross-sectional Area Volume
repetition (mm) (mm) (2 ) (3 )

1 8.10 32 803.84 6511.1

2 8.10 32 803.84 6511.1
3 8.10 32 803.84 6511.1
First we found the height of the mass and found it to be 8.10,if the
values were different for the height then it would mean the object is irregular
in shape but this is not the case here therefore since our values for height and
diameter are same this means we were measuring the quantities accurately.

To find the Area of the Cross-sectional we used the formula

2 2
2 = ( )
2
Then to find the Volume of the whole mass, we used the formula

2 = ( 2 )2 H2
2

, because the whole mass is a cylindrical in shape.

Now we find the first unoccupied volume which has a shape of a rectangle so
the data to be collected to find its volume is its length, width and height. So
the table is:

Volume of rectangular shape:

Length Width Height Volume

(mm) (mm) (mm) (3 )
1 14.05 3.25 8.1 369.8
2 14.05 3.25 8.1 369.8
3 14.05 3.25 8.1 369.8

We found the Volume of the rectangular shape by using the formula

Volume = Width x Length x Height

Now we find second unoccupied volume which has a shape of a small cylinder
so we find its diameter and then its height then from it we can calculate its
volume.

Volume of Inner cylinder:

Diameter of Inner circle Height Cross-sectional area Volume

(mm) (mm) (2 ) (3 )
3 3 3 3
1 6 8.1 28.3 228.9
2 6 8.1 28.3 228.9
3 6 8.1 28.3 228.9

So again by using the Formula = ( 3 )2 , we find its cross-sectional area
2

Then by using the formula = ( 3 )2 H3
2

Now, to find the Total Occupied volume we will do it in the following way

Total Occupied Volume = Total Volume (Volume of Inner Cylinder + Volume

of the Rectangle)

= 6511.1 (228.9 + 369.8)

=5912.4 3

We know the mass of the object to be 50 g

So using the formula for density

=

50
Density =
5912.4
 However, we need the density in g/3 so now we convert our density into
that form
1 3
=8.46 x 103 x 3
x
103 3

103
= 8.46 x
103

= 8.46 3

Calculated density of the copper = 8.46 3

Actual density of the copper = 8.96 3

Percentage Error = x 100

8.968.46
= x 100
8.96

= 5.58 %

CONCLUSION
Based on our results, our calculated density and the actual
density were very close with an error of only 5.58%.This means that our result
matches the predictions from the physical theory. The sources of errors were
parallax error when reading the scale of the Veriner calliper, errors due to
approximation during the calculations.

We conclude that measuring the length, diameter or the depth

using a Veriner Calliper or a Micrometer can give us very accurate
measurements, as suggested by our calculated value for the density of the
copper.